Generate a class reference document

docs/class_reference.md

@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+Class Reference
+===============
+
+infi.clickhouse_orm.database
+----------------------------
+
+### Database
+
+
+Database instances connect to a specific ClickHouse database for running queries, 
+inserting data and other operations.
+
+#### Database(db_name, db_url="http://localhost:8123/", username=None, password=None, readonly=False)
+
+
+Initializes a database instance. Unless it's readonly, the database will be
+created on the ClickHouse server if it does not already exist.
+
+- `db_name`: name of the database to connect to.
+- `db_url`: URL of the ClickHouse server.
+- `username`: optional connection credentials.
+- `password`: optional connection credentials.
+- `readonly`: use a read-only connection.
+
+
+#### count(model_class, conditions=None)
+
+
+Counts the number of records in the model's table.
+
+- `model_class`: the model to count.
+- `conditions`: optional SQL conditions (contents of the WHERE clause).
+
+
+#### create_database()
+
+
+Creates the database on the ClickHouse server if it does not already exist.
+
+
+#### create_table(model_class)
+
+
+Creates a table for the given model class, if it does not exist already.
+
+
+#### drop_database()
+
+
+Deletes the database on the ClickHouse server.
+
+
+#### drop_table(model_class)
+
+
+Drops the database table of the given model class, if it exists.
+
+
+#### insert(model_instances, batch_size=1000)
+
+
+Insert records into the database.
+
+- `model_instances`: any iterable containing instances of a single model class.
+- `batch_size`: number of records to send per chunk (use a lower number if your records are very large).
+
+
+#### migrate(migrations_package_name, up_to=9999)
+
+
+Executes schema migrations.
+
+- `migrations_package_name` - fully qualified name of the Python package 
+  containing the migrations.
+- `up_to` - number of the last migration to apply.
+
+
+#### paginate(model_class, order_by, page_num=1, page_size=100, conditions=None, settings=None)
+
+
+Selects records and returns a single page of model instances.
+
+- `model_class`: the model class matching the query's table,
+  or `None` for getting back instances of an ad-hoc model.
+- `order_by`: columns to use for sorting the query (contents of the ORDER BY clause).
+- `page_num`: the page number (1-based), or -1 to get the last page.
+- `page_size`: number of records to return per page.
+- `conditions`: optional SQL conditions (contents of the WHERE clause).
+- `settings`: query settings to send as HTTP GET parameters
+
+The result is a namedtuple containing `objects` (list), `number_of_objects`, 
+`pages_total`, `number` (of the current page), and `page_size`.
+
+
+#### raw(query, settings=None, stream=False)
+
+
+Performs a query and returns its output as text.
+
+- `query`: the SQL query to execute.
+- `settings`: query settings to send as HTTP GET parameters
+- `stream`: if true, the HTTP response from ClickHouse will be streamed.
+
+
+#### select(query, model_class=None, settings=None)
+
+
+Performs a query and returns a generator of model instances.
+
+- `query`: the SQL query to execute.
+- `model_class`: the model class matching the query's table,
+  or `None` for getting back instances of an ad-hoc model.
+- `settings`: query settings to send as HTTP GET parameters
+
+
+### DatabaseException
+
+Extends Exception
+
+
+Raised when a database operation fails.
+
+infi.clickhouse_orm.models
+--------------------------
+
+### Model
+
+
+A base class for ORM models. Each model class represent a ClickHouse table. For example:
+    
+    class CPUStats(Model):
+        timestamp = DateTimeField()
+        cpu_id = UInt16Field()
+        cpu_percent = Float32Field()
+        engine = Memory()
+
+#### Model(**kwargs)
+
+
+Creates a model instance, using keyword arguments as field values.
+Since values are immediately converted to their Pythonic type,
+invalid values will cause a `ValueError` to be raised.
+Unrecognized field names will cause an `AttributeError`.
+
+
+#### Model.create_table_sql(db_name)
+
+
+Returns the SQL command for creating a table for this model.
+
+
+#### Model.drop_table_sql(db_name)
+
+
+Returns the SQL command for deleting this model's table.
+
+
+#### Model.from_tsv(line, field_names=None, timezone_in_use=UTC, database=None)
+
+
+Create a model instance from a tab-separated line. The line may or may not include a newline.
+The `field_names` list must match the fields defined in the model, but does not have to include all of them.
+If omitted, it is assumed to be the names of all fields in the model, in order of definition.
+
+- `line`: the TSV-formatted data.
+- `field_names`: names of the model fields in the data.
+- `timezone_in_use`: the timezone to use when parsing dates and datetimes.
+- `database`: if given, sets the database that this instance belongs to.
+
+
+#### get_database()
+
+
+Gets the `Database` that this model instance belongs to. 
+Returns `None` unless the instance was read from the database or written to it.
+
+
+#### get_field(name)
+
+
+Gets a `Field` instance given its name, or `None` if not found.
+
+
+#### Model.objects_in(database)
+
+
+Returns a `QuerySet` for selecting instances of this model class.
+
+
+#### set_database(db)
+
+
+Sets the `Database` that this model instance belongs to. 
+This is done automatically when the instance is read from the database or written to it.
+
+
+#### Model.table_name()
+
+
+Returns the model's database table name. By default this is the
+class name converted to lowercase. Override this if you want to use
+a different table name.
+
+
+#### to_dict(include_readonly=True, field_names=None)
+
+
+Returns the instance's column values as a dict.
+
+- `include_readonly`: if false, returns only fields that can be inserted into database.
+- `field_names`: an iterable of field names to return (optional)
+
+
+#### to_tsv(include_readonly=True)
+
+
+Returns the instance's column values as a tab-separated line. A newline is not included.
+
+- `include_readonly`: if false, returns only fields that can be inserted into database.
+
+
+### BufferModel
+
+Extends Model
+
+#### BufferModel(**kwargs)
+
+
+Creates a model instance, using keyword arguments as field values.
+Since values are immediately converted to their Pythonic type,
+invalid values will cause a `ValueError` to be raised.
+Unrecognized field names will cause an `AttributeError`.
+
+
+#### BufferModel.create_table_sql(db_name)
+
+
+Returns the SQL command for creating a table for this model.
+
+
+#### BufferModel.drop_table_sql(db_name)
+
+
+Returns the SQL command for deleting this model's table.
+
+
+#### BufferModel.from_tsv(line, field_names=None, timezone_in_use=UTC, database=None)
+
+
+Create a model instance from a tab-separated line. The line may or may not include a newline.
+The `field_names` list must match the fields defined in the model, but does not have to include all of them.
+If omitted, it is assumed to be the names of all fields in the model, in order of definition.
+
+- `line`: the TSV-formatted data.
+- `field_names`: names of the model fields in the data.
+- `timezone_in_use`: the timezone to use when parsing dates and datetimes.
+- `database`: if given, sets the database that this instance belongs to.
+
+
+#### get_database()
+
+
+Gets the `Database` that this model instance belongs to. 
+Returns `None` unless the instance was read from the database or written to it.
+
+
+#### get_field(name)
+
+
+Gets a `Field` instance given its name, or `None` if not found.
+
+
+#### BufferModel.objects_in(database)
+
+
+Returns a `QuerySet` for selecting instances of this model class.
+
+
+#### set_database(db)
+
+
+Sets the `Database` that this model instance belongs to. 
+This is done automatically when the instance is read from the database or written to it.
+
+
+#### BufferModel.table_name()
+
+
+Returns the model's database table name. By default this is the
+class name converted to lowercase. Override this if you want to use
+a different table name.
+
+
+#### to_dict(include_readonly=True, field_names=None)
+
+
+Returns the instance's column values as a dict.
+
+- `include_readonly`: if false, returns only fields that can be inserted into database.
+- `field_names`: an iterable of field names to return (optional)
+
+
+#### to_tsv(include_readonly=True)
+
+
+Returns the instance's column values as a tab-separated line. A newline is not included.
+
+- `include_readonly`: if false, returns only fields that can be inserted into database.
+
+
+infi.clickhouse_orm.fields
+--------------------------
+
+### Field
+
+
+Abstract base class for all field types.
+
+#### Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### StringField
+
+Extends Field
+
+#### StringField(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### DateField
+
+Extends Field
+
+#### DateField(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### DateTimeField
+
+Extends Field
+
+#### DateTimeField(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### BaseIntField
+
+Extends Field
+
+
+Abstract base class for all integer-type fields.
+
+#### BaseIntField(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### BaseFloatField
+
+Extends Field
+
+
+Abstract base class for all float-type fields.
+
+#### BaseFloatField(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### BaseEnumField
+
+Extends Field
+
+
+Abstract base class for all enum-type fields.
+
+#### BaseEnumField(enum_cls, default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### ArrayField
+
+Extends Field
+
+#### ArrayField(inner_field, default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### FixedStringField
+
+Extends StringField
+
+#### FixedStringField(length, default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### UInt8Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### UInt8Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### UInt16Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### UInt16Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### UInt32Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### UInt32Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### UInt64Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### UInt64Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Int8Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### Int8Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Int16Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### Int16Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Int32Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### Int32Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Int64Field
+
+Extends BaseIntField
+
+#### Int64Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Float32Field
+
+Extends BaseFloatField
+
+#### Float32Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Float64Field
+
+Extends BaseFloatField
+
+#### Float64Field(default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Enum8Field
+
+Extends BaseEnumField
+
+#### Enum8Field(enum_cls, default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+### Enum16Field
+
+Extends BaseEnumField
+
+#### Enum16Field(enum_cls, default=None, alias=None, materialized=None)
+
+
+infi.clickhouse_orm.engines
+---------------------------
+
+### Engine
+
+### TinyLog
+
+Extends Engine
+
+### Log
+
+Extends Engine
+
+### Memory
+
+Extends Engine
+
+### MergeTree
+
+Extends Engine
+
+#### MergeTree(date_col, key_cols, sampling_expr=None, index_granularity=8192, replica_table_path=None, replica_name=None)
+
+
+### Buffer
+
+Extends Engine
+
+
+Buffers the data to write in RAM, periodically flushing it to another table.
+Must be used in conjuction with a `BufferModel`.
+Read more [here](https://clickhouse.yandex/reference_en.html#Buffer).
+
+#### Buffer(main_model, num_layers=16, min_time=10, max_time=100, min_rows=10000, max_rows=1000000, min_bytes=10000000, max_bytes=100000000)
+
+
+### CollapsingMergeTree
+
+Extends MergeTree
+
+#### CollapsingMergeTree(date_col, key_cols, sign_col, sampling_expr=None, index_granularity=8192, replica_table_path=None, replica_name=None)
+
+
+### SummingMergeTree
+
+Extends MergeTree
+
+#### SummingMergeTree(date_col, key_cols, summing_cols=None, sampling_expr=None, index_granularity=8192, replica_table_path=None, replica_name=None)
+
+
+### ReplacingMergeTree
+
+Extends MergeTree
+
+#### ReplacingMergeTree(date_col, key_cols, ver_col=None, sampling_expr=None, index_granularity=8192, replica_table_path=None, replica_name=None)
+
+
+infi.clickhouse_orm.query
+-------------------------
+
+### QuerySet
+
+
+A queryset is an object that represents a database query using a specific `Model`. 
+It is lazy, meaning that it does not hit the database until you iterate over its 
+matching rows (model instances).
+
+#### QuerySet(model_cls, database)
+
+
+Initializer. It is possible to create a queryset like this, but the standard
+way is to use `MyModel.objects_in(database)`.
+
+
+#### as_sql()
+
+
+Returns the whole query as a SQL string.
+
+
+#### conditions_as_sql()
+
+
+Returns the contents of the query's `WHERE` clause as a string.
+
+
+#### count()
+
+
+Returns the number of matching model instances.
+
+
+#### exclude(**kwargs)
+
+
+Returns a new `QuerySet` instance that excludes all rows matching the conditions.
+
+
+#### filter(**kwargs)
+
+
+Returns a new `QuerySet` instance that includes only rows matching the conditions.
+
+
+#### only(*field_names)
+
+
+Returns a new `QuerySet` instance limited to the specified field names.
+Useful when there are large fields that are not needed,
+or for creating a subquery to use with an IN operator.
+
+
+#### order_by(*field_names)
+
+
+Returns a new `QuerySet` instance with the ordering changed.
+
+
+#### order_by_as_sql()
+
+
+Returns the contents of the query's `ORDER BY` clause as a string.
+
+

docs/toc.md

@@ -42,45 +42,45 @@
 
    * [Contributing](contributing.md#contributing)
 
-   * [Class Reference](ref.md#class-reference)
+   * [Class Reference](class_reference.md#class-reference)
-      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.database](ref.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.database)
+      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.database](class_reference.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.database)
-         * [Database](ref.md#database)
+         * [Database](class_reference.md#database)
-         * [DatabaseException](ref.md#databaseexception)
+         * [DatabaseException](class_reference.md#databaseexception)
-      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.models](ref.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.models)
+      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.models](class_reference.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.models)
-         * [Model](ref.md#model)
+         * [Model](class_reference.md#model)
-         * [BufferModel](ref.md#buffermodel)
+         * [BufferModel](class_reference.md#buffermodel)
-      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.fields](ref.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.fields)
+      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.fields](class_reference.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.fields)
-         * [Field](ref.md#field)
+         * [Field](class_reference.md#field)
-         * [StringField](ref.md#stringfield)
+         * [StringField](class_reference.md#stringfield)
-         * [DateField](ref.md#datefield)
+         * [DateField](class_reference.md#datefield)
-         * [DateTimeField](ref.md#datetimefield)
+         * [DateTimeField](class_reference.md#datetimefield)
-         * [BaseIntField](ref.md#baseintfield)
+         * [BaseIntField](class_reference.md#baseintfield)
-         * [BaseFloatField](ref.md#basefloatfield)
+         * [BaseFloatField](class_reference.md#basefloatfield)
-         * [BaseEnumField](ref.md#baseenumfield)
+         * [BaseEnumField](class_reference.md#baseenumfield)
-         * [ArrayField](ref.md#arrayfield)
+         * [ArrayField](class_reference.md#arrayfield)
-         * [FixedStringField](ref.md#fixedstringfield)
+         * [FixedStringField](class_reference.md#fixedstringfield)
-         * [UInt8Field](ref.md#uint8field)
+         * [UInt8Field](class_reference.md#uint8field)
-         * [UInt16Field](ref.md#uint16field)
+         * [UInt16Field](class_reference.md#uint16field)
-         * [UInt32Field](ref.md#uint32field)
+         * [UInt32Field](class_reference.md#uint32field)
-         * [UInt64Field](ref.md#uint64field)
+         * [UInt64Field](class_reference.md#uint64field)
-         * [Int8Field](ref.md#int8field)
+         * [Int8Field](class_reference.md#int8field)
-         * [Int16Field](ref.md#int16field)
+         * [Int16Field](class_reference.md#int16field)
-         * [Int32Field](ref.md#int32field)
+         * [Int32Field](class_reference.md#int32field)
-         * [Int64Field](ref.md#int64field)
+         * [Int64Field](class_reference.md#int64field)
-         * [Float32Field](ref.md#float32field)
+         * [Float32Field](class_reference.md#float32field)
-         * [Float64Field](ref.md#float64field)
+         * [Float64Field](class_reference.md#float64field)
-         * [Enum8Field](ref.md#enum8field)
+         * [Enum8Field](class_reference.md#enum8field)
-         * [Enum16Field](ref.md#enum16field)
+         * [Enum16Field](class_reference.md#enum16field)
-      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.engines](ref.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.engines)
+      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.engines](class_reference.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.engines)
-         * [Engine](ref.md#engine)
+         * [Engine](class_reference.md#engine)
-         * [TinyLog](ref.md#tinylog)
+         * [TinyLog](class_reference.md#tinylog)
-         * [Log](ref.md#log)
+         * [Log](class_reference.md#log)
-         * [Memory](ref.md#memory)
+         * [Memory](class_reference.md#memory)
-         * [MergeTree](ref.md#mergetree)
+         * [MergeTree](class_reference.md#mergetree)
-         * [Buffer](ref.md#buffer)
+         * [Buffer](class_reference.md#buffer)
-         * [CollapsingMergeTree](ref.md#collapsingmergetree)
+         * [CollapsingMergeTree](class_reference.md#collapsingmergetree)
-         * [SummingMergeTree](ref.md#summingmergetree)
+         * [SummingMergeTree](class_reference.md#summingmergetree)
-         * [ReplacingMergeTree](ref.md#replacingmergetree)
+         * [ReplacingMergeTree](class_reference.md#replacingmergetree)
-      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.query](ref.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.query)
+      * [infi.clickhouse_orm.query](class_reference.md#infi.clickhouse_orm.query)
-         * [QuerySet](ref.md#queryset)
+         * [QuerySet](class_reference.md#queryset)
 

scripts/README.md

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ generate_toc
 ------------
 Generates the table of contents (toc.md). Requires Pandoc.
 Usage:
+
     cd docs
     ../scripts/generate_toc.sh
 
@@ -22,6 +23,29 @@ Usage:
     ../scripts/docs2html.sh
 
 
+generate_ref
+------------
+Generates a class reference.
+Usage:
+
+    cd docs
+    ../bin/python ../scripts/generate_ref.py > class_reference.md
+
+
+generate_all
+------------
+Does everything:
+
+    - Generates the class reference using generate_ref
+    - Generates the table of contents using generate_toc
+    - Converts to HTML for visual inspection using docs2html
+
+Usage:
+
+    cd docs
+    ../scripts/generate_all.sh
+
+
 test_python3
 ------------
 Creates a Python 3 virtualenv, clones the project into it, and runs the tests.

scripts/generate_all.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Class reference
+../bin/python ../scripts/generate_ref.py > class_reference.md
+
+# Table of contents
+../scripts/generate_toc.sh
+
+# Convert to HTML for visual inspection
+../scripts/docs2html.sh

scripts/generate_ref.py

@@ -63,10 +63,14 @@ def get_method_sig(method):
 
 
 def docstring(obj):
-    doc = (obj.__doc__ or '').strip()
+    doc = (obj.__doc__ or '').rstrip()
     if doc:
-        for line in doc.split('\n'):
+        lines = doc.split('\n')
-            print line.strip()
+        # Find the length of the whitespace prefix common to all non-empty lines
+        indentation = min(len(line) - len(line.lstrip()) for line in lines if line.strip())
+        # Output the lines without the indentation
+        for line in lines:
+            print line[indentation:]
         print
 
 

scripts/generate_toc.sh

@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ generate_one "table_engines.md"
 generate_one "schema_migrations.md"
 generate_one "system_models.md"
 generate_one "contributing.md"
-generate_one "ref.md"
+generate_one "class_reference.md"

src/infi/clickhouse_orm/database.py

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ class DatabaseException(Exception):
 
 
 class Database(object):
+    '''
+    Database instances connect to a specific ClickHouse database for running queries, 
+    inserting data and other operations.
+    '''
 
     def __init__(self, db_name, db_url='http://localhost:8123/', username=None, password=None, readonly=False):
         '''

src/infi/clickhouse_orm/engines.py

@@ -98,8 +98,10 @@ class ReplacingMergeTree(MergeTree):
 
 
 class Buffer(Engine):
-    """Here we define Buffer engine
+    """
-    Read more here https://clickhouse.yandex/reference_en.html#Buffer
+    Buffers the data to write in RAM, periodically flushing it to another table.
+    Must be used in conjuction with a `BufferModel`.
+    Read more [here](https://clickhouse.yandex/reference_en.html#Buffer).
     """
     
     #Buffer(database, table, num_layers, min_time, max_time, min_rows, max_rows, min_bytes, max_bytes)

src/infi/clickhouse_orm/models.py

@@ -71,7 +71,13 @@ class ModelBase(type):
 
 class Model(with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
     '''
-    A base class for ORM models.
+    A base class for ORM models. Each model class represent a ClickHouse table. For example:
+        
+        class CPUStats(Model):
+            timestamp = DateTimeField()
+            cpu_id = UInt16Field()
+            cpu_percent = Float32Field()
+            engine = Memory()
     '''
 
     engine = None

src/infi/clickhouse_orm/query.py

@@ -152,8 +152,17 @@ class Q(object):
 
 
 class QuerySet(object):
+    """
+    A queryset is an object that represents a database query using a specific `Model`. 
+    It is lazy, meaning that it does not hit the database until you iterate over its 
+    matching rows (model instances).
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, model_cls, database):
+        """
+        Initializer. It is possible to create a queryset like this, but the standard
+        way is to use `MyModel.objects_in(database)`.
+        """
         self._model_cls = model_cls
         self._database = database
         self._order_by = [f[0] for f in model_cls._fields]
@@ -168,7 +177,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def __bool__(self):
         """
-        Return true if this queryset matches any rows.
+        Returns true if this queryset matches any rows.
         """
         return bool(self.count())
 
@@ -180,7 +189,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
         
     def as_sql(self):
         """
-        Return the whole queryset as SQL.
+        Returns the whole query as a SQL string.
         """
         fields = '*'
         if self._fields:
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def order_by_as_sql(self):
         """
-        Return the contents of the queryset's ORDER BY clause.
+        Returns the contents of the query's `ORDER BY` clause as a string.
         """
         return ', '.join([
             '%s DESC' % field[1:] if field[0] == '-' else field
@@ -199,7 +208,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def conditions_as_sql(self):
         """
-        Return the contents of the queryset's WHERE clause.
+        Returns the contents of the query's `WHERE` clause as a string.
         """
         if self._q:
             return ' AND '.join([q.to_sql(self._model_cls) for q in self._q])
@@ -214,7 +223,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
         
     def order_by(self, *field_names):
         """
-        Returns a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed.
+        Returns a new `QuerySet` instance with the ordering changed.
         """
         qs = copy(self)
         qs._order_by = field_names
@@ -222,7 +231,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def only(self, *field_names):
         """
-        Limit the query to return only the specified field names.
+        Returns a new `QuerySet` instance limited to the specified field names.
         Useful when there are large fields that are not needed,
         or for creating a subquery to use with an IN operator.
         """
@@ -232,7 +241,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def filter(self, **kwargs):
         """
-        Returns a new QuerySet instance that includes only rows matching the conditions.
+        Returns a new `QuerySet` instance that includes only rows matching the conditions.
         """
         qs = copy(self)
         qs._q = list(self._q) + [Q(**kwargs)]
@@ -240,7 +249,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
 
     def exclude(self, **kwargs):
         """
-        Returns a new QuerySet instance that excludes all rows matching the conditions.
+        Returns a new `QuerySet` instance that excludes all rows matching the conditions.
         """
         qs = copy(self)
         qs._q = list(self._q) + [~Q(**kwargs)]