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162 lines
6.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
162 lines
6.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _entities:
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=========================
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Users, Chats and Channels
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=========================
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Introduction
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************
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The library widely uses the concept of "entities". An entity will refer
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to any :tl:`User`, :tl:`Chat` or :tl:`Channel` object that the API may return
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in response to certain methods, such as :tl:`GetUsersRequest`.
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.. note::
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When something "entity-like" is required, it means that you need to
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provide something that can be turned into an entity. These things include,
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but are not limited to, usernames, exact titles, IDs, :tl:`Peer` objects,
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or even entire :tl:`User`, :tl:`Chat` and :tl:`Channel` objects and even
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phone numbers from people you have in your contacts.
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To "encounter" an ID, you would have to "find it" like you would in the
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normal app. If the peer is in your dialogs, you would need to
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`client.get_dialogs() <telethon.client.dialogs.DialogMethods.get_dialogs>`.
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If the peer is someone in a group, you would similarly
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`client.get_participants(group) <telethon.client.chats.ChatMethods.get_participants>`.
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Once you have encountered an ID, the library will (by default) have saved
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their ``access_hash`` for you, which is needed to invoke most methods.
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This is why sometimes you might encounter this error when working with
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the library. You should ``except ValueError`` and run code that you know
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should work to find the entity.
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Getting entities
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****************
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Through the use of the :ref:`sessions`, the library will automatically
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remember the ID and hash pair, along with some extra information, so
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you're able to just do this:
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.. code-block:: python
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# Dialogs are the "conversations you have open".
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# This method returns a list of Dialog, which
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# has the .entity attribute and other information.
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dialogs = client.get_dialogs()
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# All of these work and do the same.
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lonami = client.get_entity('lonami')
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lonami = client.get_entity('t.me/lonami')
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lonami = client.get_entity('https://telegram.dog/lonami')
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# Other kind of entities.
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channel = client.get_entity('telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAEkk2WdoDrB4-Q8-gg')
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contact = client.get_entity('+34xxxxxxxxx')
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friend = client.get_entity(friend_id)
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# Getting entities through their ID (User, Chat or Channel)
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entity = client.get_entity(some_id)
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# You can be more explicit about the type for said ID by wrapping
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# it inside a Peer instance. This is recommended but not necessary.
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from telethon.tl.types import PeerUser, PeerChat, PeerChannel
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my_user = client.get_entity(PeerUser(some_id))
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my_chat = client.get_entity(PeerChat(some_id))
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my_channel = client.get_entity(PeerChannel(some_id))
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All methods in the :ref:`telegram-client` call `.get_input_entity()
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<telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_input_entity>` prior
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to sending the requst to save you from the hassle of doing so manually.
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That way, convenience calls such as `client.send_message('lonami', 'hi!')
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<telethon.client.messages.MessageMethods.send_message>`
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become possible.
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Every entity the library encounters (in any response to any call) will by
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default be cached in the ``.session`` file (an SQLite database), to avoid
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performing unnecessary API calls. If the entity cannot be found, additonal
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calls like :tl:`ResolveUsernameRequest` or :tl:`GetContactsRequest` may be
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made to obtain the required information.
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Entities vs. Input Entities
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***************************
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.. note::
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Don't worry if you don't understand this section, just remember some
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of the details listed here are important. When you're calling a method,
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don't call `client.get_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_entity>`
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beforehand, just use the username or phone, or the entity retrieved by
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other means like `client.get_dialogs()
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<telethon.client.dialogs.DialogMethods.get_dialogs>`.
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On top of the normal types, the API also make use of what they call their
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``Input*`` versions of objects. The input version of an entity (e.g.
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:tl:`InputPeerUser`, :tl:`InputChat`, etc.) only contains the minimum
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information that's required from Telegram to be able to identify
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who you're referring to: a :tl:`Peer`'s **ID** and **hash**.
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This ID/hash pair is unique per user, so if you use the pair given by another
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user **or bot** it will **not** work.
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To save *even more* bandwidth, the API also makes use of the :tl:`Peer`
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versions, which just have an ID. This serves to identify them, but
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peers alone are not enough to use them. You need to know their hash
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before you can "use them".
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As we just mentioned, API calls don't need to know the whole information
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about the entities, only their ID and hash. For this reason, another method,
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`client.get_input_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_input_entity>`
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is available. This will always use the cache while possible, making zero API
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calls most of the time. When a request is made, if you provided the full
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entity, e.g. an :tl:`User`, the library will convert it to the required
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:tl:`InputPeer` automatically for you.
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**You should always favour**
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`client.get_input_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_input_entity>`
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**over**
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`client.get_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_entity>`
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for this reason! Calling the latter will always make an API call to get
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the most recent information about said entity, but invoking requests don't
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need this information, just the :tl:`InputPeer`. Only use
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`client.get_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_entity>`
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if you need to get actual information, like the username, name, title, etc.
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of the entity.
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To further simplify the workflow, since the version ``0.16.2`` of the
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library, the raw requests you make to the API are also able to call
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`client.get_input_entity() <telethon.client.users.UserMethods.get_input_entity>`
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wherever needed, so you can even do things like:
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.. code-block:: python
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client(SendMessageRequest('username', 'hello'))
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The library will call the ``.resolve()`` method of the request, which will
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resolve ``'username'`` with the appropriated :tl:`InputPeer`. Don't worry if
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you don't get this yet, but remember some of the details here are important.
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Full entities
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*************
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In addition to :tl:`PeerUser`, :tl:`InputPeerUser`, :tl:`User` (and its
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variants for chats and channels), there is also the concept of :tl:`UserFull`.
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This full variant has additional information such as whether the user is
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blocked, its notification settings, the bio or about of the user, etc.
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There is also :tl:`messages.ChatFull` which is the equivalent of full entities
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for chats and channels, with also the about section of the channel. Note that
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the ``users`` field only contains bots for the channel (so that clients can
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suggest commands to use).
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You can get both of these by invoking :tl:`GetFullUser`, :tl:`GetFullChat`
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and :tl:`GetFullChannel` respectively.
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