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< a href = "#schemas" > Schemas< / a >
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< a href = "#representing-schemas-internally" > Representing schemas internally< / a >
< / li >
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< a href = "#schema-output-formats" > Schema output formats< / a >
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< a href = "#schemas-vs-hypermedia" > Schemas vs Hypermedia< / a >
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< a href = "#adding-a-schema" > Adding a schema< / a >
< / li >
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< a href = "#the-get_schema_view-shortcut" > The get_schema_view shortcut< / a >
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< / li >
< li >
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< a href = "#using-an-explicit-schema-view" > Using an explicit schema view< / a >
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< / li >
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< a href = "#explicit-schema-definition" > Explicit schema definition< / a >
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< a href = "#static-schema-file" > Static schema file< / a >
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< a href = "#schemas-as-documentation" > Schemas as documentation< / a >
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< a href = "#alternate-schema-formats" > Alternate schema formats< / a >
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< a href = "#schemagenerator" > SchemaGenerator< / a >
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< a href = "#core-api" > Core API< / a >
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< a class = "github" href = "https://github.com/tomchristie/django-rest-framework/tree/master/rest_framework/schemas.py" >
< span class = "label label-info" > schemas.py< / span >
< / a >
< h1 id = "schemas" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#schemas" > Schemas< / a > < / h1 >
< blockquote >
< p > A machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.< / p >
< p > — Heroku, < a href = "https://blog.heroku.com/archives/2014/1/8/json_schema_for_heroku_platform_api" > JSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API< / a > < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > API schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including
generating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that
can interact with your API.< / p >
< h2 id = "representing-schemas-internally" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#representing-schemas-internally" > Representing schemas internally< / a > < / h2 >
< p > REST framework uses < a href = "http://www.coreapi.org/" > Core API< / a > in order to model schema information in
a format-independent representation. This information can then be rendered
into various different schema formats, or used to generate API documentation.< / p >
< p > When using Core API, a schema is represented as a < code > Document< / code > which is the
top-level container object for information about the API. Available API
interactions are represented using < code > Link< / code > objects. Each link includes a URL,
HTTP method, and may include a list of < code > Field< / code > instances, which describe any
parameters that may be accepted by the API endpoint. The < code > Link< / code > and < code > Field< / code >
instances may also include descriptions, that allow an API schema to be
rendered into user documentation.< / p >
< p > Here's an example of an API description that includes a single < code > search< / code >
endpoint:< / p >
< pre > < code > coreapi.Document(
title='Flight Search API',
url='https://api.example.org/',
content={
'search': coreapi.Link(
url='/search/',
action='get',
fields=[
coreapi.Field(
name='from',
required=True,
location='query',
description='City name or airport code.'
),
coreapi.Field(
name='to',
required=True,
location='query',
description='City name or airport code.'
),
coreapi.Field(
name='date',
required=True,
location='query',
description='Flight date in "YYYY-MM-DD" format.'
)
],
description='Return flight availability and prices.'
)
}
)
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "schema-output-formats" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#schema-output-formats" > Schema output formats< / a > < / h2 >
< p > In order to be presented in an HTTP response, the internal representation
has to be rendered into the actual bytes that are used in the response.< / p >
< p > < a href = "http://www.coreapi.org/specification/encoding/#core-json-encoding" > Core JSON< / a > is designed as a canonical format for use with Core API.
REST framework includes a renderer class for handling this media type, which
is available as < code > renderers.CoreJSONRenderer< / code > .< / p >
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< p > Other schema formats such as < a href = "https://openapis.org/" > Open API< / a > ("Swagger"),
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< a href = "http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-hypermedia.html" > JSON HyperSchema< / a > , or < a href = "https://apiblueprint.org/" > API Blueprint< / a > can
also be supported by implementing a custom renderer class.< / p >
< h2 id = "schemas-vs-hypermedia" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#schemas-vs-hypermedia" > Schemas vs Hypermedia< / a > < / h2 >
< p > It's worth pointing out here that Core API can also be used to model hypermedia
responses, which present an alternative interaction style to API schemas.< / p >
< p > With an API schema, the entire available interface is presented up-front
as a single endpoint. Responses to individual API endpoints are then typically
presented as plain data, without any further interactions contained in each
response.< / p >
< p > With Hypermedia, the client is instead presented with a document containing
both data and available interactions. Each interaction results in a new
document, detailing both the current state and the available interactions.< / p >
< p > Further information and support on building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework
is planned for a future version.< / p >
< hr / >
< h1 id = "adding-a-schema" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#adding-a-schema" > Adding a schema< / a > < / h1 >
< p > You'll need to install the < code > coreapi< / code > package in order to add schema support
for REST framework.< / p >
< pre > < code > pip install coreapi
< / code > < / pre >
< p > REST framework includes functionality for auto-generating a schema,
or allows you to specify one explicitly. There are a few different ways to
add a schema to your API, depending on exactly what you need.< / p >
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< h2 id = "the-get_schema_view-shortcut" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#the-get_schema_view-shortcut" > The get_schema_view shortcut< / a > < / h2 >
< p > The simplest way to include a schema in your project is to use the
< code > get_schema_view()< / code > function.< / p >
< pre > < code > schema_view = get_schema_view(title="Server Monitoring API")
urlpatterns = [
url('^$', schema_view),
...
]
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< / code > < / pre >
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< p > Once the view has been added, you'll be able to make API requests to retrieve
the auto-generated schema definition.< / p >
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< pre > < code > $ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Accept:application/vnd.coreapi+json
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/vnd.coreapi+json
{
"_meta": {
"title": "Server Monitoring API"
},
"_type": "document",
...
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > The arguments to < code > get_schema_view()< / code > are:< / p >
< h4 id = "title" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#title" > < code > title< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.< / p >
< h4 id = "url" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#url" > < code > url< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > May be used to pass a canonical URL for the schema.< / p >
< pre > < code > schema_view = get_schema_view(
title='Server Monitoring API',
url='https://www.example.org/api/'
)
< / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "renderer_classes" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#renderer_classes" > < code > renderer_classes< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > May be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can be used to render the API root endpoint.< / p >
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< pre > < code > from rest_framework.renderers import CoreJSONRenderer
from my_custom_package import APIBlueprintRenderer
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schema_view = get_schema_view(
title='Server Monitoring API',
url='https://www.example.org/api/',
renderer_classes=[CoreJSONRenderer, APIBlueprintRenderer]
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)
< / code > < / pre >
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< h2 id = "using-an-explicit-schema-view" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#using-an-explicit-schema-view" > Using an explicit schema view< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If you need a little more control than the < code > get_schema_view()< / code > shortcut gives you,
then you can use the < code > SchemaGenerator< / code > class directly to auto-generate the
< code > Document< / code > instance, and to return that from a view.< / p >
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< p > This option gives you the flexibility of setting up the schema endpoint
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with whatever behaviour you want. For example, you can apply different
permission, throttling, or authentication policies to the schema endpoint.< / p >
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< p > Here's an example of using < code > SchemaGenerator< / code > together with a view to
return the schema.< / p >
< p > < strong > views.py:< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes
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from rest_framework import renderers, response, schemas
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generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')
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@api_view()
@renderer_classes([renderers.CoreJSONRenderer])
def schema_view(request):
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schema = generator.get_schema(request)
return response.Response(schema)
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > urls.py:< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > urlpatterns = [
url('/', schema_view),
...
]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > You can also serve different schemas to different users, depending on the
permissions they have available. This approach can be used to ensure that
unauthenticated requests are presented with a different schema to
authenticated requests, or to ensure that different parts of the API are
made visible to different users depending on their role.< / p >
< p > In order to present a schema with endpoints filtered by user permissions,
you need to pass the < code > request< / code > argument to the < code > get_schema()< / code > method, like so:< / p >
< pre > < code > @api_view()
@renderer_classes([renderers.CoreJSONRenderer])
def schema_view(request):
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generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')
return response.Response(generator.get_schema(request=request))
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< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "explicit-schema-definition" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#explicit-schema-definition" > Explicit schema definition< / a > < / h2 >
< p > An alternative to the auto-generated approach is to specify the API schema
explicitly, by declaring a < code > Document< / code > object in your codebase. Doing so is a
little more work, but ensures that you have full control over the schema
representation.< / p >
< pre > < code > import coreapi
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes
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from rest_framework import renderers, response
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schema = coreapi.Document(
title='Bookings API',
content={
...
}
)
@api_view()
@renderer_classes([renderers.CoreJSONRenderer])
def schema_view(request):
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return response.Response(schema)
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< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "static-schema-file" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#static-schema-file" > Static schema file< / a > < / h2 >
< p > A final option is to write your API schema as a static file, using one
of the available formats, such as Core JSON or Open API.< / p >
< p > You could then either:< / p >
< ul >
< li > Write a schema definition as a static file, and < a href = "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/howto/static-files/" > serve the static file directly< / a > .< / li >
< li > Write a schema definition that is loaded using < code > Core API< / code > , and then
rendered to one of many available formats, depending on the client request.< / li >
< / ul >
< hr / >
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< h1 id = "schemas-as-documentation" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#schemas-as-documentation" > Schemas as documentation< / a > < / h1 >
< p > One common usage of API schemas is to use them to build documentation pages.< / p >
< p > The schema generation in REST framework uses docstrings to automatically
populate descriptions in the schema document.< / p >
< p > These descriptions will be based on:< / p >
< ul >
< li > The corresponding method docstring if one exists.< / li >
< li > A named section within the class docstring, which can be either single line or multi-line.< / li >
< li > The class docstring.< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "examples" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#examples" > Examples< / a > < / h2 >
< p > An < code > APIView< / code > , with an explicit method docstring.< / p >
< pre > < code > class ListUsernames(APIView):
def get(self, request):
"""
Return a list of all user names in the system.
"""
usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]
return Response(usernames)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > A < code > ViewSet< / code > , with an explict action docstring.< / p >
< pre > < code > class ListUsernames(ViewSet):
def list(self, request):
"""
Return a list of all user names in the system.
"""
usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]
return Response(usernames)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > A generic view with sections in the class docstring, using single-line style.< / p >
< pre > < code > class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
"""
get: Create a new user.
post: List all the users.
"""
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > A generic viewset with sections in the class docstring, using multi-line style.< / p >
< pre > < code > class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
retrieve:
Return a user instance.
list:
Return all users, ordered by most recently joined.
"""
queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
serializer_class = UserSerializer
< / code > < / pre >
< hr / >
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< h1 id = "alternate-schema-formats" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#alternate-schema-formats" > Alternate schema formats< / a > < / h1 >
< p > In order to support an alternate schema format, you need to implement a custom renderer
class that handles converting a < code > Document< / code > instance into a bytestring representation.< / p >
< p > If there is a Core API codec package that supports encoding into the format you
want to use then implementing the renderer class can be done by using the codec.< / p >
< h2 id = "example" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#example" > Example< / a > < / h2 >
< p > For example, the < code > openapi_codec< / code > package provides support for encoding or decoding
to the Open API ("Swagger") format:< / p >
< pre > < code > from rest_framework import renderers
from openapi_codec import OpenAPICodec
class SwaggerRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):
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media_type = 'application/openapi+json'
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format = 'swagger'
def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):
codec = OpenAPICodec()
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return codec.dump(data)
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< / code > < / pre >
< hr / >
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< h1 id = "api-reference" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#api-reference" > API Reference< / a > < / h1 >
< h2 id = "schemagenerator" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#schemagenerator" > SchemaGenerator< / a > < / h2 >
< p > A class that deals with introspecting your API views, which can be used to
generate a schema.< / p >
< p > Typically you'll instantiate < code > SchemaGenerator< / code > with a single argument, like so:< / p >
< pre > < code > generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Arguments:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > title< / code > - The name of the API. < strong > required< / strong > < / li >
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< li > < code > url< / code > - The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.< / li >
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< li > < code > patterns< / code > - A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.< / li >
< li > < code > urlconf< / code > - A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to < code > settings.ROOT_URLCONF< / code > .< / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "get_schema" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#get_schema" > get_schema()< / a > < / h3 >
< p > Returns a < code > coreapi.Document< / code > instance that represents the API schema.< / p >
< pre > < code > @api_view
@renderer_classes([renderers.CoreJSONRenderer])
def schema_view(request):
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generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')
return Response(generator.get_schema())
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > Arguments:< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > request< / code > - The incoming request. Optionally used if you want to apply per-user permissions to the schema-generation.< / li >
< / ul >
< hr / >
< h2 id = "core-api" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#core-api" > Core API< / a > < / h2 >
< p > This documentation gives a brief overview of the components within the < code > coreapi< / code >
package that are used to represent an API schema.< / p >
< p > Note that these classes are imported from the < code > coreapi< / code > package, rather than
from the < code > rest_framework< / code > package.< / p >
< h3 id = "document" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#document" > Document< / a > < / h3 >
< p > Represents a container for the API schema.< / p >
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< h4 id = "title_1" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#title_1" > < code > title< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
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< p > A name for the API.< / p >
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< h4 id = "url_1" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#url_1" > < code > url< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
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< p > A canonical URL for the API.< / p >
< h4 id = "content" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#content" > < code > content< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A dictionary, containing the < code > Link< / code > objects that the schema contains.< / p >
< p > In order to provide more structure to the schema, the < code > content< / code > dictionary
may be nested, typically to a second level. For example:< / p >
< pre > < code > content={
"bookings": {
"list": Link(...),
"create": Link(...),
...
},
"venues": {
"list": Link(...),
...
},
...
}
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "link" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#link" > Link< / a > < / h3 >
< p > Represents an individual API endpoint.< / p >
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< h4 id = "url_2" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#url_2" > < code > url< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
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< p > The URL of the endpoint. May be a URI template, such as < code > /users/{username}/< / code > .< / p >
< h4 id = "action" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#action" > < code > action< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > The HTTP method associated with the endpoint. Note that URLs that support
more than one HTTP method, should correspond to a single < code > Link< / code > for each.< / p >
< h4 id = "fields" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#fields" > < code > fields< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A list of < code > Field< / code > instances, describing the available parameters on the input.< / p >
< h4 id = "description" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#description" > < code > description< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the endpoint.< / p >
< h3 id = "field" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#field" > Field< / a > < / h3 >
< p > Represents a single input parameter on a given API endpoint.< / p >
< h4 id = "name" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#name" > < code > name< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A descriptive name for the input.< / p >
< h4 id = "required" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#required" > < code > required< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A boolean, indicated if the client is required to included a value, or if
the parameter can be omitted.< / p >
< h4 id = "location" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#location" > < code > location< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > Determines how the information is encoded into the request. Should be one of
the following strings:< / p >
< p > < strong > "path"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Included in a templated URI. For example a < code > url< / code > value of < code > /products/{product_code}/< / code > could be used together with a < code > "path"< / code > field, to handle API inputs in a URL path such as < code > /products/slim-fit-jeans/< / code > .< / p >
< p > These fields will normally correspond with < a href = "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/http/urls/#named-groups" > named arguments in the project URL conf< / a > .< / p >
< p > < strong > "query"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Included as a URL query parameter. For example < code > ?search=sale< / code > . Typically for < code > GET< / code > requests.< / p >
< p > These fields will normally correspond with pagination and filtering controls on a view.< / p >
< p > < strong > "form"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Included in the request body, as a single item of a JSON object or HTML form. For example < code > {"colour": "blue", ...}< / code > . Typically for < code > POST< / code > , < code > PUT< / code > and < code > PATCH< / code > requests. Multiple < code > "form"< / code > fields may be included on a single link.< / p >
< p > These fields will normally correspond with serializer fields on a view.< / p >
< p > < strong > "body"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Included as the complete request body. Typically for < code > POST< / code > , < code > PUT< / code > and < code > PATCH< / code > requests. No more than one < code > "body"< / code > field may exist on a link. May not be used together with < code > "form"< / code > fields.< / p >
< p > These fields will normally correspond with views that use < code > ListSerializer< / code > to validate the request input, or with file upload views.< / p >
< h4 id = "encoding" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#encoding" > < code > encoding< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > < strong > "application/json"< / strong > < / p >
< p > JSON encoded request content. Corresponds to views using < code > JSONParser< / code > .
Valid only if either one or more < code > location="form"< / code > fields, or a single
< code > location="body"< / code > field is included on the < code > Link< / code > .< / p >
< p > < strong > "multipart/form-data"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Multipart encoded request content. Corresponds to views using < code > MultiPartParser< / code > .
Valid only if one or more < code > location="form"< / code > fields is included on the < code > Link< / code > .< / p >
< p > < strong > "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"< / strong > < / p >
< p > URL encoded request content. Corresponds to views using < code > FormParser< / code > . Valid
only if one or more < code > location="form"< / code > fields is included on the < code > Link< / code > .< / p >
< p > < strong > "application/octet-stream"< / strong > < / p >
< p > Binary upload request content. Corresponds to views using < code > FileUploadParser< / code > .
Valid only if a < code > location="body"< / code > field is included on the < code > Link< / code > .< / p >
< h4 id = "description_1" > < a class = "toclink" href = "#description_1" > < code > description< / code > < / a > < / h4 >
< p > A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the input field.< / p >
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