From 26b1bdf09be0d234e62ca65c3ac006d51e6dbc06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Tom Christie Date: Thu, 15 Nov 2018 13:53:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Deployed 2c0b2bd4 with MkDocs version: 0.16.3 --- .DS_Store | Bin 10244 -> 0 bytes api-guide/authentication/index.html | 2 +- api-guide/testing/index.html | 2 +- community/3.0-announcement/index.html | 4 +- community/3.9-announcement/index.html | 6 +- community/release-notes/index.html | 4 +- img/drf-openapi.png | Bin 75416 -> 0 bytes img/premium/lightson-readme.png | Bin 0 -> 10618 bytes index.html | 3 +- mkdocs/search_index.json | 7413 ++++++++--------- sitemap.xml | 128 +- topics/documenting-your-api/index.html | 12 - .../index.html | 2 +- 13 files changed, 3780 insertions(+), 3796 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 .DS_Store delete mode 100644 img/drf-openapi.png create mode 100644 img/premium/lightson-readme.png diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store deleted file mode 100644 index 3c8c9dfebd820b7165612b3f866a3b675e185aba..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 GIT binary patch literal 0 HcmV?d00001 literal 10244 zcmeI1Yitx%6vxlMymp;gm;!}T9$9E2Ra?>)q`V?aDbVteN((K|vb!_F=ys>>Y+Dox zRbzZ0KF}EB3-OhR2w!+!ov^hxp!u1w-3++3F1sLbMD-8 z&&-{(|9gMAcZmq4jd~GLkcfPI3ahDn>E;lAadtT}+!}=~IG$(?HIhj>8M@u2wO8R~ zz{`M_0WSky2D}Vh4;f%)i^C`Q?HyhQybO35=$HX9KLq&{Hssn?$I7XLFLDXMwl`PH zgUh@QkTF5mhFsg~SQ*OCbXE^=L*Xtl;Dob3D4Mekxwh4@PB_5{C%A8hyF!6{JI4iO zb3(|m-qp*1mw~Ps5bXC;m>PK9UeIy<9*spTD<(!;H}06-R2hj`5uN~cMjB$Koh&Ro zfs9_g`}FPS^WUT>f&Q~*&ly}^QKxB*wz0^Fg_CBJQ5H@bcAYlBUTZa1M6Gyb!e}y$ z<~l7i8jeL9xsfp=7OOHJFzlMB6>F@I%hu6^6^m6`wwW}o_|n>>u`VgvhzF&)YM0qo zA~{nA)|&i$r`165j)e^(*j{2JY_@*CZ^wY_k)v5AceH7l0|yPxQj}$;Zp4%3 z-KLRP+-&N}wM)Zx)QIb5d`(T0X`7LlQ5_H08=1)W`(@OyoPe@I=YB7+bP=a(dwq^) zR8AnUTzFBD%`B;D@Sbpo$ z#6~=d$M86|Vmsc%TX-A0um>OG6MTU$@fE(sDg1(SPTw+IM$la6K6S+fE_JWw23O6` z_n_uEpH!a+9-GIv89Y85Z+<~Q(R#^IAiP50S|6!*aXYa@ zQMBH2M2Op|)7aZr3SZoYMzNQ8w1}IsJbn;-{=cKzD`@s}Iz~T8y*;vsCt7Cen-@GM@!D|ijt z@H*bbd)SHhu@49E0Y1bb9L3k2R68%FSI6S}?p51Vm59fz_!{;Kz4zh?yq?xXnr&Ch zv^%BcqWwem9m@+CmZe3a6)=2!^ySmk>zTp z0hd>}t!u>eSf^#LUtdyOm>--lenLxraD7RMEKh1_@%wy!?Gazrm~qp}tHT>wHg0O= zPV#}&;0!qTm#z?^n=0J`4qNa^Q$rs`2hA*O;2c6o^7f~}dPgUFbB5Lvr)Q)@+RYk>WI$uQP#4I(9 zFQTp|zA#<}1#$vqJ$<6j*G`z+P_^@`xAP^Xg4`5e{Bo!kQyJCLYD&<0+CneVcE*c< z%KN2!fY&?)+r&M;uk(nVxofP~8+jF51-72`2U!etr{+_@4iccKO>C0xR|hX<^H zOA|IpxIBU9@P>rTJJ^l=_z0ikFh0XEoWxH!jq^?~FN>FU1z#2^tl-&m%7;{3&kDX) zOkpuzJ*KE>Oi|OBqN-_3VXwoK5jn$$siV|Vzh5KC6eTa9GEuIAPLHrke`JlGrQhjK z^n;3F7{lru$I1+$R03rVDzQicWeF=YEP-Mmjs^*oBwARX0w@pTNjxQivK24mRSA^s z*ddX!i}fmyau7$*hVMElwL7G^O6`P^zLX?Ot_GrHUwfDo7Z>FR#}{1{n52D*ZnrOJ z(j1+>KQ$3~*2}<+o`GJ@2L{C+z^tDC|G&}G;C-K$f&X;|(7UXvtdvubTAFpvhS+Nl z^0}H%afo)Uj+G&N5luwB+>YlPu^lfrkGRg=GLrs~+pg8IGMwXNI9q2o|KI;Jp!+>5 SZ~b58t^fb|2J?S%{r?x6El1%1 diff --git a/api-guide/authentication/index.html b/api-guide/authentication/index.html index 12f93e272..16fb1f98f 100644 --- a/api-guide/authentication/index.html +++ b/api-guide/authentication/index.html @@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ WSGIPassAuthorization On 
from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
 
 token = Token.objects.create(user=...)
-print token.key
+print(token.key)

For clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the Authorization HTTP header. The key should be prefixed by the string literal "Token", with whitespace separating the two strings. For example:

Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b
diff --git a/api-guide/testing/index.html b/api-guide/testing/index.html
index 0f083d9ef..ea79a4dd2 100644
--- a/api-guide/testing/index.html
+++ b/api-guide/testing/index.html
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ response = view(request)
 
APIClient

 
Extends Django's existing Client class.

 
Making requests

-
The APIClient class supports the same request interface as Django's standard Client class.  This means the that standard .get(), .post(), .put(), .patch(), .delete(), .head() and .options() methods are all available.  For example:

+
The APIClient class supports the same request interface as Django's standard Client class.  This means that the standard .get(), .post(), .put(), .patch(), .delete(), .head() and .options() methods are all available.  For example:

 
from rest_framework.test import APIClient
 
 client = APIClient()
diff --git a/community/3.0-announcement/index.html b/community/3.0-announcement/index.html
index 1a5c6e136..6eb2acc70 100644
--- a/community/3.0-announcement/index.html
+++ b/community/3.0-announcement/index.html
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ def create(self, validated_data):
 
The reason behind this is that Django's ValidationError class is intended for use with HTML forms and its API makes using it slightly awkward with nested validation errors that can occur in serializers.

 
For most users this change shouldn't require any updates to your codebase, but it is worth ensuring that whenever raising validation errors you should prefer using the serializers.ValidationError exception class, and not Django's built-in exception.

 
We strongly recommend that you use the namespaced import style of import serializers and not from serializers import ValidationError in order to avoid any potential confusion.

-
Change to validate_<field_name>.

+
Change to validate_<field_name>.

 
The validate_<field_name> method hooks that can be attached to serializer classes change their signature slightly and return type. Previously these would take a dictionary of all incoming data, and a key representing the field name, and would return a dictionary including the validated data for that field:

 
def validate_score(self, attrs, source):
     if attrs['score'] % 10 != 0:
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ def create(self, validated_data):
     raise serializers.ValidationError({'my_field': 'A field error'})
 

 
This ensures you can still write validation that compares all the input fields, but that marks the error against a particular field.

-
Removal of transform_<field_name>.

+
Removal of transform_<field_name>.

 
The under-used transform_<field_name> on serializer classes is no longer provided. Instead you should just override to_representation() if you need to apply any modifications to the representation style.

 
For example:

 
def to_representation(self, instance):
diff --git a/community/3.9-announcement/index.html b/community/3.9-announcement/index.html
index c6705e1c8..1718d51ac 100644
--- a/community/3.9-announcement/index.html
+++ b/community/3.9-announcement/index.html
@@ -577,12 +577,12 @@ They will be removed entirely in 3.10.

 
exclude_from_schema

 
Both APIView.exclude_from_schema and the exclude_from_schema argument to the @api_view have now been removed.

 
For APIView you should instead set a schema = None attribute on the view class.

-
For function based views the @schema decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using @schema(None).

+
For function-based views the @schema decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using @schema(None).

 

 
Minor fixes and improvements

 
There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the release notes page for a complete listing.

 
What's next

-
We're planning to iteratively working towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema
+
We're planning to iteratively work towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema
 representation. This will mean that the coreapi dependency will gradually become
 removed, and we'll instead generate the schema directly, rather than building
 a CoreAPI Document object.

@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ validating API schemas, and providing a dynamic client library.

 with the possibility that some of this work will eventually feed back into
 Django.

 
There will be further work on the Uvicorn
-webserver, as well as lots of functionality planned for the Starlette
+web server, as well as lots of functionality planned for the Starlette
 web framework, which is building a foundational set of tooling for working with
 ASGI.

             
diff --git a/community/release-notes/index.html b/community/release-notes/index.html
index 8d89bd9a4..6cdae155d 100644
--- a/community/release-notes/index.html
+++ b/community/release-notes/index.html
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
 

 
3.9.x series

 
3.9.0

-
Date: 18st October 2018

+
Date: 18th October 2018

 
    
 
  • Improvements to ViewSet extra actions #5605
    • 
 
  • Fix action support for ViewSet suffixes #6081
    • 
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ Previously may have been stored internally as None.
    
 
  • Added regex style to SearchFilter. (#3316)
    • 
 
  • Resolve issues with setting blank HTML fields. (#3318) (#3321)
    • 
 
  • Correctly display existing 'select multiple' values in browsable API forms. (#3290)
    • 
-
  • Resolve duplicated validation message for IPAddressField. ([#3249gh3249) (#3250)
    • 
+
  • Resolve duplicated validation message for IPAddressField. ([#3249[gh3249]) (#3250)
    • 
 
  • Fix to ensure admin renderer continues to work when pagination is disabled. (#3275)
    • 
 
  • Resolve error with LimitOffsetPagination when count=0, offset=0. (#3303)
    • 
 

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prz!ZKR?sHL0CfESOzl{IXtGl=9p9}*signing up for a p
     
  • Cadre
    • 
     
  • Load Impact
    • 
     
  • Kloudless
    • 
+    
  • Lights On Software
    • 
 
 
 
    
 
-
    Many thanks to all our wonderful sponsors, and in particular to our premium backers, Rover, Sentry, Stream, Auklet, Rollbar, Cadre, Load Impact, and Kloudless.
    
+
    Many thanks to all our wonderful sponsors, and in particular to our premium backers, Rover, Sentry, Stream, Auklet, Rollbar, Cadre, Load Impact, Kloudless, and Lights On Software.
    
 
    
 
    Requirements
    
 
    REST framework requires the following:
    
diff --git a/mkdocs/search_index.json b/mkdocs/search_index.json
index 73fc0bc25..6a4eabb38 100644
--- a/mkdocs/search_index.json
+++ b/mkdocs/search_index.json
@@ -1,6183 +1,6178 @@
 {
     "docs": [
         {
-            "location": "/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n    \n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Framework\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework is a powerful and flexible toolkit for building Web APIs.\n\n\nSome reasons you might want to use REST framework:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nWeb browsable API\n is a huge usability win for your developers.\n\n\nAuthentication policies\n including packages for \nOAuth1a\n and \nOAuth2\n.\n\n\nSerialization\n that supports both \nORM\n and \nnon-ORM\n data sources.\n\n\nCustomizable all the way down - just use \nregular function-based views\n if you don't need the \nmore\n \npowerful\n \nfeatures\n.\n\n\nExtensive documentation\n, and \ngreat community support\n.\n\n\nUsed and trusted by internationally recognised companies including \nMozilla\n, \nRed Hat\n, \nHeroku\n, and \nEventbrite\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nREST framework is a \ncollaboratively funded project\n. If you use\nREST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by \nsigning up for a paid plan\n.\n\n\nEvery single sign-up helps us make REST framework long-term financially sustainable.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nAuklet\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nCadre\n\n    \nLoad Impact\n\n    \nKloudless\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nwonderful sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nAuklet\n, \nRollbar\n, \nCadre\n, \nLoad Impact\n, and \nKloudless\n.\n\n\n\n\nRequirements\n\n\nREST framework requires the following:\n\n\n\n\nPython (2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7)\n\n\nDjango (1.11, 2.0, 2.1)\n\n\n\n\nThe following packages are optional:\n\n\n\n\ncoreapi\n (1.32.0+) - Schema generation support.\n\n\nMarkdown\n (2.1.0+) - Markdown support for the browsable API.\n\n\ndjango-filter\n (1.0.1+) - Filtering support.\n\n\ndjango-crispy-forms\n - Improved HTML display for filtering.\n\n\ndjango-guardian\n (1.1.1+) - Object level permissions support.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation\n\n\nInstall using \npip\n, including any optional packages you want...\n\n\npip install djangorestframework\npip install markdown       # Markdown support for the browsable API.\npip install django-filter  # Filtering support\n\n\n\n...or clone the project from github.\n\n\ngit clone git@github.com:encode/django-rest-framework.git\n\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework'\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting.\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)\n\n\n\nIf you're intending to use the browsable API you'll probably also want to add REST framework's login and logout views.  Add the following to your root \nurls.py\n file.\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls'))\n]\n\n\n\nNote that the URL path can be whatever you want.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nLet's take a look at a quick example of using REST framework to build a simple model-backed API.\n\n\nWe'll create a read-write API for accessing information on the users of our project.\n\n\nAny global settings for a REST framework API are kept in a single configuration dictionary named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n.  Start off by adding the following to your \nsettings.py\n module:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,\n    # or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly'\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nDon't forget to make sure you've also added \nrest_framework\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n.\n\n\nWe're ready to create our API now.\nHere's our project's root \nurls.py\n module:\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets\n\n# Serializers define the API representation.\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'is_staff')\n\n# ViewSets define the view behavior.\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n# Routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the URL conf.\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]\n\n\n\nYou can now open the API in your browser at \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/\n, and view your new 'users' API. If you use the login control in the top right corner you'll also be able to add, create and delete users from the system.\n\n\nQuickstart\n\n\nCan't wait to get started? The \nquickstart guide\n is the fastest way to get up and running, and building APIs with REST framework.\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nSee the \nContribution guidelines\n for information on how to clone\nthe repository, run the test suite and contribute changes back to REST\nFramework.\n\n\nSupport\n\n\nFor support please see the \nREST framework discussion group\n, try the  \n#restframework\n channel on \nirc.freenode.net\n, search \nthe IRC archives\n, or raise a  question on \nStack Overflow\n, making sure to include the \n'django-rest-framework'\n tag.\n\n\nFor priority support please sign up for a \nprofessional or premium sponsorship plan\n.\n\n\nFor updates on REST framework development, you may also want to follow \nthe author\n on Twitter.\n\n\nFollow @_tomchristie\n\n\n!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");\n\n\nSecurity\n\n\nIf you believe you\u2019ve found something in Django REST framework which has security implications, please \ndo not raise the issue in a public forum\n.\n\n\nSend a description of the issue via email to \nrest-framework-security@googlegroups.com\n.  The project maintainers will then work with you to resolve any issues where required, prior to any public disclosure.\n\n\nLicense\n\n\nCopyright \u00a9 2011-present, \nEncode OSS Ltd\n.\nAll rights reserved.\n\n\nRedistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\nmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRedistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\n  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRedistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its\n  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n  this software without specific prior written permission.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTHIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\nANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\nWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\nDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\nFOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\nDAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR\nSERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER\nCAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,\nOR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\nOF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", 
+            "location": "/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n    \n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Framework\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework is a powerful and flexible toolkit for building Web APIs.\n\n\nSome reasons you might want to use REST framework:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nWeb browsable API\n is a huge usability win for your developers.\n\n\nAuthentication policies\n including packages for \nOAuth1a\n and \nOAuth2\n.\n\n\nSerialization\n that supports both \nORM\n and \nnon-ORM\n data sources.\n\n\nCustomizable all the way down - just use \nregular function-based views\n if you don't need the \nmore\n \npowerful\n \nfeatures\n.\n\n\nExtensive documentation\n, and \ngreat community support\n.\n\n\nUsed and trusted by internationally recognised companies including \nMozilla\n, \nRed Hat\n, \nHeroku\n, and \nEventbrite\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nREST framework is a \ncollaboratively funded project\n. If you use\nREST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by \nsigning up for a paid plan\n.\n\n\nEvery single sign-up helps us make REST framework long-term financially sustainable.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nAuklet\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nCadre\n\n    \nLoad Impact\n\n    \nKloudless\n\n    \nLights On Software\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nwonderful sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nAuklet\n, \nRollbar\n, \nCadre\n, \nLoad Impact\n, \nKloudless\n, and \nLights On Software\n.\n\n\n\n\nRequirements\n\n\nREST framework requires the following:\n\n\n\n\nPython (2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7)\n\n\nDjango (1.11, 2.0, 2.1)\n\n\n\n\nThe following packages are optional:\n\n\n\n\ncoreapi\n (1.32.0+) - Schema generation support.\n\n\nMarkdown\n (2.1.0+) - Markdown support for the browsable API.\n\n\ndjango-filter\n (1.0.1+) - Filtering support.\n\n\ndjango-crispy-forms\n - Improved HTML display for filtering.\n\n\ndjango-guardian\n (1.1.1+) - Object level permissions support.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation\n\n\nInstall using \npip\n, including any optional packages you want...\n\n\npip install djangorestframework\npip install markdown       # Markdown support for the browsable API.\npip install django-filter  # Filtering support\n\n\n\n...or clone the project from github.\n\n\ngit clone git@github.com:encode/django-rest-framework.git\n\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework'\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting.\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)\n\n\n\nIf you're intending to use the browsable API you'll probably also want to add REST framework's login and logout views.  Add the following to your root \nurls.py\n file.\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls'))\n]\n\n\n\nNote that the URL path can be whatever you want.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nLet's take a look at a quick example of using REST framework to build a simple model-backed API.\n\n\nWe'll create a read-write API for accessing information on the users of our project.\n\n\nAny global settings for a REST framework API are kept in a single configuration dictionary named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n.  Start off by adding the following to your \nsettings.py\n module:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,\n    # or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly'\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nDon't forget to make sure you've also added \nrest_framework\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n.\n\n\nWe're ready to create our API now.\nHere's our project's root \nurls.py\n module:\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets\n\n# Serializers define the API representation.\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'is_staff')\n\n# ViewSets define the view behavior.\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n# Routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the URL conf.\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]\n\n\n\nYou can now open the API in your browser at \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/\n, and view your new 'users' API. If you use the login control in the top right corner you'll also be able to add, create and delete users from the system.\n\n\nQuickstart\n\n\nCan't wait to get started? The \nquickstart guide\n is the fastest way to get up and running, and building APIs with REST framework.\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nSee the \nContribution guidelines\n for information on how to clone\nthe repository, run the test suite and contribute changes back to REST\nFramework.\n\n\nSupport\n\n\nFor support please see the \nREST framework discussion group\n, try the  \n#restframework\n channel on \nirc.freenode.net\n, search \nthe IRC archives\n, or raise a  question on \nStack Overflow\n, making sure to include the \n'django-rest-framework'\n tag.\n\n\nFor priority support please sign up for a \nprofessional or premium sponsorship plan\n.\n\n\nFor updates on REST framework development, you may also want to follow \nthe author\n on Twitter.\n\n\nFollow @_tomchristie\n\n\n!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");\n\n\nSecurity\n\n\nIf you believe you\u2019ve found something in Django REST framework which has security implications, please \ndo not raise the issue in a public forum\n.\n\n\nSend a description of the issue via email to \nrest-framework-security@googlegroups.com\n.  The project maintainers will then work with you to resolve any issues where required, prior to any public disclosure.\n\n\nLicense\n\n\nCopyright \u00a9 2011-present, \nEncode OSS Ltd\n.\nAll rights reserved.\n\n\nRedistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\nmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRedistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\n  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRedistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its\n  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n  this software without specific prior written permission.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTHIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\nANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\nWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\nDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\nFOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\nDAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR\nSERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER\nCAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,\nOR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\nOF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.",
             "title": "Home"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#funding", 
-            "text": "REST framework is a  collaboratively funded project . If you use\nREST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by  signing up for a paid plan .  Every single sign-up helps us make REST framework long-term financially sustainable.  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Auklet \n     Rollbar \n     Cadre \n     Load Impact \n     Kloudless    Many thanks to all our  wonderful sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Auklet ,  Rollbar ,  Cadre ,  Load Impact , and  Kloudless .", 
+            "location": "/#funding",
+            "text": "REST framework is a  collaboratively funded project . If you use\nREST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by  signing up for a paid plan .  Every single sign-up helps us make REST framework long-term financially sustainable.  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Auklet \n     Rollbar \n     Cadre \n     Load Impact \n     Kloudless \n     Lights On Software    Many thanks to all our  wonderful sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Auklet ,  Rollbar ,  Cadre ,  Load Impact ,  Kloudless , and  Lights On Software .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#requirements", 
-            "text": "REST framework requires the following:   Python (2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7)  Django (1.11, 2.0, 2.1)   The following packages are optional:   coreapi  (1.32.0+) - Schema generation support.  Markdown  (2.1.0+) - Markdown support for the browsable API.  django-filter  (1.0.1+) - Filtering support.  django-crispy-forms  - Improved HTML display for filtering.  django-guardian  (1.1.1+) - Object level permissions support.", 
+            "location": "/#requirements",
+            "text": "REST framework requires the following:   Python (2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7)  Django (1.11, 2.0, 2.1)   The following packages are optional:   coreapi  (1.32.0+) - Schema generation support.  Markdown  (2.1.0+) - Markdown support for the browsable API.  django-filter  (1.0.1+) - Filtering support.  django-crispy-forms  - Improved HTML display for filtering.  django-guardian  (1.1.1+) - Object level permissions support.",
             "title": "Requirements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#installation", 
-            "text": "Install using  pip , including any optional packages you want...  pip install djangorestframework\npip install markdown       # Markdown support for the browsable API.\npip install django-filter  # Filtering support  ...or clone the project from github.  git clone git@github.com:encode/django-rest-framework.git  Add  'rest_framework'  to your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting.  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)  If you're intending to use the browsable API you'll probably also want to add REST framework's login and logout views.  Add the following to your root  urls.py  file.  urlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls'))\n]  Note that the URL path can be whatever you want.", 
+            "location": "/#installation",
+            "text": "Install using  pip , including any optional packages you want...  pip install djangorestframework\npip install markdown       # Markdown support for the browsable API.\npip install django-filter  # Filtering support  ...or clone the project from github.  git clone git@github.com:encode/django-rest-framework.git  Add  'rest_framework'  to your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting.  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)  If you're intending to use the browsable API you'll probably also want to add REST framework's login and logout views.  Add the following to your root  urls.py  file.  urlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls'))\n]  Note that the URL path can be whatever you want.",
             "title": "Installation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#example", 
-            "text": "Let's take a look at a quick example of using REST framework to build a simple model-backed API.  We'll create a read-write API for accessing information on the users of our project.  Any global settings for a REST framework API are kept in a single configuration dictionary named  REST_FRAMEWORK .  Start off by adding the following to your  settings.py  module:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,\n    # or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly'\n    ]\n}  Don't forget to make sure you've also added  rest_framework  to your  INSTALLED_APPS .  We're ready to create our API now.\nHere's our project's root  urls.py  module:  from django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets\n\n# Serializers define the API representation.\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'is_staff')\n\n# ViewSets define the view behavior.\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n# Routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the URL conf.\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]  You can now open the API in your browser at  http://127.0.0.1:8000/ , and view your new 'users' API. If you use the login control in the top right corner you'll also be able to add, create and delete users from the system.", 
+            "location": "/#example",
+            "text": "Let's take a look at a quick example of using REST framework to build a simple model-backed API.  We'll create a read-write API for accessing information on the users of our project.  Any global settings for a REST framework API are kept in a single configuration dictionary named  REST_FRAMEWORK .  Start off by adding the following to your  settings.py  module:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions,\n    # or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users.\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.permissions.DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly'\n    ]\n}  Don't forget to make sure you've also added  rest_framework  to your  INSTALLED_APPS .  We're ready to create our API now.\nHere's our project's root  urls.py  module:  from django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import routers, serializers, viewsets\n\n# Serializers define the API representation.\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'is_staff')\n\n# ViewSets define the view behavior.\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n# Routers provide an easy way of automatically determining the URL conf.\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]  You can now open the API in your browser at  http://127.0.0.1:8000/ , and view your new 'users' API. If you use the login control in the top right corner you'll also be able to add, create and delete users from the system.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#quickstart", 
-            "text": "Can't wait to get started? The  quickstart guide  is the fastest way to get up and running, and building APIs with REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/#quickstart",
+            "text": "Can't wait to get started? The  quickstart guide  is the fastest way to get up and running, and building APIs with REST framework.",
             "title": "Quickstart"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#development", 
-            "text": "See the  Contribution guidelines  for information on how to clone\nthe repository, run the test suite and contribute changes back to REST\nFramework.", 
+            "location": "/#development",
+            "text": "See the  Contribution guidelines  for information on how to clone\nthe repository, run the test suite and contribute changes back to REST\nFramework.",
             "title": "Development"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#support", 
-            "text": "For support please see the  REST framework discussion group , try the   #restframework  channel on  irc.freenode.net , search  the IRC archives , or raise a  question on  Stack Overflow , making sure to include the  'django-rest-framework'  tag.  For priority support please sign up for a  professional or premium sponsorship plan .  For updates on REST framework development, you may also want to follow  the author  on Twitter.  Follow @_tomchristie  !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");", 
+            "location": "/#support",
+            "text": "For support please see the  REST framework discussion group , try the   #restframework  channel on  irc.freenode.net , search  the IRC archives , or raise a  question on  Stack Overflow , making sure to include the  'django-rest-framework'  tag.  For priority support please sign up for a  professional or premium sponsorship plan .  For updates on REST framework development, you may also want to follow  the author  on Twitter.  Follow @_tomchristie  !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,\"script\",\"twitter-wjs\");",
             "title": "Support"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#security", 
-            "text": "If you believe you\u2019ve found something in Django REST framework which has security implications, please  do not raise the issue in a public forum .  Send a description of the issue via email to  rest-framework-security@googlegroups.com .  The project maintainers will then work with you to resolve any issues where required, prior to any public disclosure.", 
+            "location": "/#security",
+            "text": "If you believe you\u2019ve found something in Django REST framework which has security implications, please  do not raise the issue in a public forum .  Send a description of the issue via email to  rest-framework-security@googlegroups.com .  The project maintainers will then work with you to resolve any issues where required, prior to any public disclosure.",
             "title": "Security"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/#license", 
-            "text": "Copyright \u00a9 2011-present,  Encode OSS Ltd .\nAll rights reserved.  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\nmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:    Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\n  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.    Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.    Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its\n  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n  this software without specific prior written permission.    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\nANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\nWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\nDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\nFOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\nDAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR\nSERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER\nCAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,\nOR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\nOF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", 
+            "location": "/#license",
+            "text": "Copyright \u00a9 2011-present,  Encode OSS Ltd .\nAll rights reserved.  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\nmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:    Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\n  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.    Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.    Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its\n  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n  this software without specific prior written permission.    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND\nANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\nWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\nDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\nFOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\nDAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR\nSERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER\nCAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,\nOR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\nOF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.",
             "title": "License"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/", 
-            "text": "Quickstart\n\n\nWe're going to create a simple API to allow admin users to view and edit the users and groups in the system.\n\n\nProject setup\n\n\nCreate a new Django project named \ntutorial\n, then start a new app called \nquickstart\n.\n\n\n# Create the project directory\nmkdir tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n# Create a virtualenv to isolate our package dependencies locally\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  # On Windows use `env\\Scripts\\activate`\n\n# Install Django and Django REST framework into the virtualenv\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\n\n# Set up a new project with a single application\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial .  # Note the trailing '.' character\ncd tutorial\ndjango-admin startapp quickstart\ncd ..\n\n\n\nThe project layout should look like:\n\n\n$ pwd\n\nsome path\n/tutorial\n$ find .\n.\n./manage.py\n./tutorial\n./tutorial/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart\n./tutorial/quickstart/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/admin.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/apps.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/models.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/tests.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/views.py\n./tutorial/settings.py\n./tutorial/urls.py\n./tutorial/wsgi.py\n\n\n\nIt may look unusual that the application has been created within the project directory. Using the project's namespace avoids name clashes with external module (topic goes outside the scope of the quickstart).\n\n\nNow sync your database for the first time:\n\n\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nWe'll also create an initial user named \nadmin\n with a password of \npassword123\n. We'll authenticate as that user later in our example.\n\n\npython manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin\n\n\n\nOnce you've set up a database and the initial user is created and ready to go, open up the app's directory and we'll get coding...\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\nFirst up we're going to define some serializers. Let's create a new module named \ntutorial/quickstart/serializers.py\n that we'll use for our data representations.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')\n\n\nclass GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Group\n        fields = ('url', 'name')\n\n\n\nNotice that we're using hyperlinked relations in this case, with \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.  You can also use primary key and various other relationships, but hyperlinking is good RESTful design.\n\n\nViews\n\n\nRight, we'd better write some views then.  Open \ntutorial/quickstart/views.py\n and get typing.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom tutorial.quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Group.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = GroupSerializer\n\n\n\nRather than write multiple views we're grouping together all the common behavior into classes called \nViewSets\n.\n\n\nWe can easily break these down into individual views if we need to, but using viewsets keeps the view logic nicely organized as well as being very concise.\n\n\nURLs\n\n\nOkay, now let's wire up the API URLs.  On to \ntutorial/urls.py\n...\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework import routers\nfrom tutorial.quickstart import views\n\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]\n\n\n\nBecause we're using viewsets instead of views, we can automatically generate the URL conf for our API, by simply registering the viewsets with a router class.\n\n\nAgain, if we need more control over the API URLs we can simply drop down to using regular class-based views, and writing the URL conf explicitly.\n\n\nFinally, we're including default login and logout views for use with the browsable API.  That's optional, but useful if your API requires authentication and you want to use the browsable API.\n\n\nPagination\n\n\nPagination allows you to control how many objects per page are returned. To enable it add following lines to the \ntutorial/settings.py\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}\n\n\n\nSettings\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework'\n to \nINSTALLED_APPS\n. The settings module will be in \ntutorial/settings.py\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're done.\n\n\n\n\nTesting our API\n\n\nWe're now ready to test the API we've built.  Let's fire up the server from the command line.\n\n\npython manage.py runserver\n\n\n\nWe can now access our API, both from the command-line, using tools like \ncurl\n...\n\n\nbash: curl -H 'Accept: application/json; indent=4' -u admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"admin\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nOr using the \nhttpie\n, command line tool...\n\n\nbash: http -a admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://localhost:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"paul\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nOr directly through the browser, by going to the URL \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n...\n\n\n\n\nIf you're working through the browser, make sure to login using the control in the top right corner.\n\n\nGreat, that was easy!\n\n\nIf you want to get a more in depth understanding of how REST framework fits together head on over to \nthe tutorial\n, or start browsing the \nAPI guide\n.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/",
+            "text": "Quickstart\n\n\nWe're going to create a simple API to allow admin users to view and edit the users and groups in the system.\n\n\nProject setup\n\n\nCreate a new Django project named \ntutorial\n, then start a new app called \nquickstart\n.\n\n\n# Create the project directory\nmkdir tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n# Create a virtualenv to isolate our package dependencies locally\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  # On Windows use `env\\Scripts\\activate`\n\n# Install Django and Django REST framework into the virtualenv\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\n\n# Set up a new project with a single application\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial .  # Note the trailing '.' character\ncd tutorial\ndjango-admin startapp quickstart\ncd ..\n\n\n\nThe project layout should look like:\n\n\n$ pwd\n/tutorial\n$ find .\n.\n./manage.py\n./tutorial\n./tutorial/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart\n./tutorial/quickstart/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/admin.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/apps.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/models.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/tests.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/views.py\n./tutorial/settings.py\n./tutorial/urls.py\n./tutorial/wsgi.py\n\n\n\nIt may look unusual that the application has been created within the project directory. Using the project's namespace avoids name clashes with external module (topic goes outside the scope of the quickstart).\n\n\nNow sync your database for the first time:\n\n\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nWe'll also create an initial user named \nadmin\n with a password of \npassword123\n. We'll authenticate as that user later in our example.\n\n\npython manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin\n\n\n\nOnce you've set up a database and the initial user is created and ready to go, open up the app's directory and we'll get coding...\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\nFirst up we're going to define some serializers. Let's create a new module named \ntutorial/quickstart/serializers.py\n that we'll use for our data representations.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')\n\n\nclass GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Group\n        fields = ('url', 'name')\n\n\n\nNotice that we're using hyperlinked relations in this case, with \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.  You can also use primary key and various other relationships, but hyperlinking is good RESTful design.\n\n\nViews\n\n\nRight, we'd better write some views then.  Open \ntutorial/quickstart/views.py\n and get typing.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom tutorial.quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Group.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = GroupSerializer\n\n\n\nRather than write multiple views we're grouping together all the common behavior into classes called \nViewSets\n.\n\n\nWe can easily break these down into individual views if we need to, but using viewsets keeps the view logic nicely organized as well as being very concise.\n\n\nURLs\n\n\nOkay, now let's wire up the API URLs.  On to \ntutorial/urls.py\n...\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework import routers\nfrom tutorial.quickstart import views\n\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]\n\n\n\nBecause we're using viewsets instead of views, we can automatically generate the URL conf for our API, by simply registering the viewsets with a router class.\n\n\nAgain, if we need more control over the API URLs we can simply drop down to using regular class-based views, and writing the URL conf explicitly.\n\n\nFinally, we're including default login and logout views for use with the browsable API.  That's optional, but useful if your API requires authentication and you want to use the browsable API.\n\n\nPagination\n\n\nPagination allows you to control how many objects per page are returned. To enable it add following lines to the \ntutorial/settings.py\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}\n\n\n\nSettings\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework'\n to \nINSTALLED_APPS\n. The settings module will be in \ntutorial/settings.py\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're done.\n\n\n\n\nTesting our API\n\n\nWe're now ready to test the API we've built.  Let's fire up the server from the command line.\n\n\npython manage.py runserver\n\n\n\nWe can now access our API, both from the command-line, using tools like \ncurl\n...\n\n\nbash: curl -H 'Accept: application/json; indent=4' -u admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"admin\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nOr using the \nhttpie\n, command line tool...\n\n\nbash: http -a admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://localhost:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"paul\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nOr directly through the browser, by going to the URL \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n...\n\n\n\n\nIf you're working through the browser, make sure to login using the control in the top right corner.\n\n\nGreat, that was easy!\n\n\nIf you want to get a more in depth understanding of how REST framework fits together head on over to \nthe tutorial\n, or start browsing the \nAPI guide\n.",
             "title": "Quickstart"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#quickstart", 
-            "text": "We're going to create a simple API to allow admin users to view and edit the users and groups in the system.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#quickstart",
+            "text": "We're going to create a simple API to allow admin users to view and edit the users and groups in the system.",
             "title": "Quickstart"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#project-setup", 
-            "text": "Create a new Django project named  tutorial , then start a new app called  quickstart .  # Create the project directory\nmkdir tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n# Create a virtualenv to isolate our package dependencies locally\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  # On Windows use `env\\Scripts\\activate`\n\n# Install Django and Django REST framework into the virtualenv\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\n\n# Set up a new project with a single application\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial .  # Note the trailing '.' character\ncd tutorial\ndjango-admin startapp quickstart\ncd ..  The project layout should look like:  $ pwd some path /tutorial\n$ find .\n.\n./manage.py\n./tutorial\n./tutorial/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart\n./tutorial/quickstart/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/admin.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/apps.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/models.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/tests.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/views.py\n./tutorial/settings.py\n./tutorial/urls.py\n./tutorial/wsgi.py  It may look unusual that the application has been created within the project directory. Using the project's namespace avoids name clashes with external module (topic goes outside the scope of the quickstart).  Now sync your database for the first time:  python manage.py migrate  We'll also create an initial user named  admin  with a password of  password123 . We'll authenticate as that user later in our example.  python manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin  Once you've set up a database and the initial user is created and ready to go, open up the app's directory and we'll get coding...", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#project-setup",
+            "text": "Create a new Django project named  tutorial , then start a new app called  quickstart .  # Create the project directory\nmkdir tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n# Create a virtualenv to isolate our package dependencies locally\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  # On Windows use `env\\Scripts\\activate`\n\n# Install Django and Django REST framework into the virtualenv\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\n\n# Set up a new project with a single application\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial .  # Note the trailing '.' character\ncd tutorial\ndjango-admin startapp quickstart\ncd ..  The project layout should look like:  $ pwd\n/tutorial\n$ find .\n.\n./manage.py\n./tutorial\n./tutorial/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart\n./tutorial/quickstart/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/admin.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/apps.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations\n./tutorial/quickstart/migrations/__init__.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/models.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/tests.py\n./tutorial/quickstart/views.py\n./tutorial/settings.py\n./tutorial/urls.py\n./tutorial/wsgi.py  It may look unusual that the application has been created within the project directory. Using the project's namespace avoids name clashes with external module (topic goes outside the scope of the quickstart).  Now sync your database for the first time:  python manage.py migrate  We'll also create an initial user named  admin  with a password of  password123 . We'll authenticate as that user later in our example.  python manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin  Once you've set up a database and the initial user is created and ready to go, open up the app's directory and we'll get coding...",
             "title": "Project setup"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#serializers", 
-            "text": "First up we're going to define some serializers. Let's create a new module named  tutorial/quickstart/serializers.py  that we'll use for our data representations.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')\n\n\nclass GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Group\n        fields = ('url', 'name')  Notice that we're using hyperlinked relations in this case, with  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  You can also use primary key and various other relationships, but hyperlinking is good RESTful design.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#serializers",
+            "text": "First up we're going to define some serializers. Let's create a new module named  tutorial/quickstart/serializers.py  that we'll use for our data representations.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')\n\n\nclass GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Group\n        fields = ('url', 'name')  Notice that we're using hyperlinked relations in this case, with  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  You can also use primary key and various other relationships, but hyperlinking is good RESTful design.",
             "title": "Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#views", 
-            "text": "Right, we'd better write some views then.  Open  tutorial/quickstart/views.py  and get typing.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom tutorial.quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Group.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = GroupSerializer  Rather than write multiple views we're grouping together all the common behavior into classes called  ViewSets .  We can easily break these down into individual views if we need to, but using viewsets keeps the view logic nicely organized as well as being very concise.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#views",
+            "text": "Right, we'd better write some views then.  Open  tutorial/quickstart/views.py  and get typing.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom tutorial.quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Group.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = GroupSerializer  Rather than write multiple views we're grouping together all the common behavior into classes called  ViewSets .  We can easily break these down into individual views if we need to, but using viewsets keeps the view logic nicely organized as well as being very concise.",
             "title": "Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#urls", 
-            "text": "Okay, now let's wire up the API URLs.  On to  tutorial/urls.py ...  from django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework import routers\nfrom tutorial.quickstart import views\n\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]  Because we're using viewsets instead of views, we can automatically generate the URL conf for our API, by simply registering the viewsets with a router class.  Again, if we need more control over the API URLs we can simply drop down to using regular class-based views, and writing the URL conf explicitly.  Finally, we're including default login and logout views for use with the browsable API.  That's optional, but useful if your API requires authentication and you want to use the browsable API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#urls",
+            "text": "Okay, now let's wire up the API URLs.  On to  tutorial/urls.py ...  from django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework import routers\nfrom tutorial.quickstart import views\n\nrouter = routers.DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)\n\n# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.\n# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))\n]  Because we're using viewsets instead of views, we can automatically generate the URL conf for our API, by simply registering the viewsets with a router class.  Again, if we need more control over the API URLs we can simply drop down to using regular class-based views, and writing the URL conf explicitly.  Finally, we're including default login and logout views for use with the browsable API.  That's optional, but useful if your API requires authentication and you want to use the browsable API.",
             "title": "URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#pagination", 
-            "text": "Pagination allows you to control how many objects per page are returned. To enable it add following lines to the  tutorial/settings.py  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#pagination",
+            "text": "Pagination allows you to control how many objects per page are returned. To enable it add following lines to the  tutorial/settings.py  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}",
             "title": "Pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#settings", 
-            "text": "Add  'rest_framework'  to  INSTALLED_APPS . The settings module will be in  tutorial/settings.py  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)  Okay, we're done.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#settings",
+            "text": "Add  'rest_framework'  to  INSTALLED_APPS . The settings module will be in  tutorial/settings.py  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n)  Okay, we're done.",
             "title": "Settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#testing-our-api", 
-            "text": "We're now ready to test the API we've built.  Let's fire up the server from the command line.  python manage.py runserver  We can now access our API, both from the command-line, using tools like  curl ...  bash: curl -H 'Accept: application/json; indent=4' -u admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"admin\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}  Or using the  httpie , command line tool...  bash: http -a admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://localhost:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"paul\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}  Or directly through the browser, by going to the URL  http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/ ...   If you're working through the browser, make sure to login using the control in the top right corner.  Great, that was easy!  If you want to get a more in depth understanding of how REST framework fits together head on over to  the tutorial , or start browsing the  API guide .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/quickstart/#testing-our-api",
+            "text": "We're now ready to test the API we've built.  Let's fire up the server from the command line.  python manage.py runserver  We can now access our API, both from the command-line, using tools like  curl ...  bash: curl -H 'Accept: application/json; indent=4' -u admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"admin\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}  Or using the  httpie , command line tool...  bash: http -a admin:password123 http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n    \"count\": 2,\n    \"next\": null,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"results\": [\n        {\n            \"email\": \"admin@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [],\n            \"url\": \"http://localhost:8000/users/1/\",\n            \"username\": \"paul\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"email\": \"tom@example.com\",\n            \"groups\": [                ],\n            \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n            \"username\": \"tom\"\n        }\n    ]\n}  Or directly through the browser, by going to the URL  http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/ ...   If you're working through the browser, make sure to login using the control in the top right corner.  Great, that was easy!  If you want to get a more in depth understanding of how REST framework fits together head on over to  the tutorial , or start browsing the  API guide .",
             "title": "Testing our API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 1: Serialization\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nThis tutorial will cover creating a simple pastebin code highlighting Web API.  Along the way it will introduce the various components that make up REST framework, and give you a comprehensive understanding of how everything fits together.\n\n\nThe tutorial is fairly in-depth, so you should probably get a cookie and a cup of your favorite brew before getting started.  If you just want a quick overview, you should head over to the \nquickstart\n documentation instead.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The code for this tutorial is available in the \ntomchristie/rest-framework-tutorial\n repository on GitHub.  The completed implementation is also online as a sandbox version for testing, \navailable here\n.\n\n\n\n\nSetting up a new environment\n\n\nBefore we do anything else we'll create a new virtual environment, using \nvirtualenv\n.  This will make sure our package configuration is kept nicely isolated from any other projects we're working on.\n\n\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\n\n\n\nNow that we're inside a virtualenv environment, we can install our package requirements.\n\n\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\npip install pygments  # We'll be using this for the code highlighting\n\n\n\nNote:\n To exit the virtualenv environment at any time, just type \ndeactivate\n.  For more information see the \nvirtualenv documentation\n.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nOkay, we're ready to get coding.\nTo get started, let's create a new project to work with.\n\n\ncd ~\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n\n\nOnce that's done we can create an app that we'll use to create a simple Web API.\n\n\npython manage.py startapp snippets\n\n\n\nWe'll need to add our new \nsnippets\n app and the \nrest_framework\n app to \nINSTALLED_APPS\n. Let's edit the \ntutorial/settings.py\n file:\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n    'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',\n)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're ready to roll.\n\n\nCreating a model to work with\n\n\nFor the purposes of this tutorial we're going to start by creating a simple \nSnippet\n model that is used to store code snippets.  Go ahead and edit the \nsnippets/models.py\n file.  Note: Good programming practices include comments.  Although you will find them in our repository version of this tutorial code, we have omitted them here to focus on the code itself.\n\n\nfrom django.db import models\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers\nfrom pygments.styles import get_all_styles\n\nLEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]\nLANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])\nSTYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())\n\n\nclass Snippet(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')\n    code = models.TextField()\n    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)\n    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)\n    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('created',)\n\n\n\nWe'll also need to create an initial migration for our snippet model, and sync the database for the first time.\n\n\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nCreating a Serializer class\n\n\nThe first thing we need to get started on our Web API is to provide a way of serializing and deserializing the snippet instances into representations such as \njson\n.  We can do this by declaring serializers that work very similar to Django's forms.  Create a file in the \nsnippets\n directory named \nserializers.py\n and add the following.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)\n    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)\n    code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)\n    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')\n    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance\n\n\n\nThe first part of the serializer class defines the fields that get serialized/deserialized.  The \ncreate()\n and \nupdate()\n methods define how fully fledged instances are created or modified when calling \nserializer.save()\n\n\nA serializer class is very similar to a Django \nForm\n class, and includes similar validation flags on the various fields, such as \nrequired\n, \nmax_length\n and \ndefault\n.\n\n\nThe field flags can also control how the serializer should be displayed in certain circumstances, such as when rendering to HTML. The \n{'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n flag above is equivalent to using \nwidget=widgets.Textarea\n on a Django \nForm\n class. This is particularly useful for controlling how the browsable API should be displayed, as we'll see later in the tutorial.\n\n\nWe can actually also save ourselves some time by using the \nModelSerializer\n class, as we'll see later, but for now we'll keep our serializer definition explicit.\n\n\nWorking with Serializers\n\n\nBefore we go any further we'll familiarize ourselves with using our new Serializer class.  Let's drop into the Django shell.\n\n\npython manage.py shell\n\n\n\nOkay, once we've got a few imports out of the way, let's create a couple of code snippets to work with.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='foo = \"bar\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='print \"hello, world\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\n\n\nWe've now got a few snippet instances to play with.  Let's take a look at serializing one of those instances.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print \"hello, world\"\\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}\n\n\n\nAt this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalize the serialization process we render the data into \njson\n.\n\n\ncontent = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\ncontent\n# '{\"id\": 2, \"title\": \"\", \"code\": \"print \\\\\"hello, world\\\\\"\\\\n\", \"linenos\": false, \"language\": \"python\", \"style\": \"friendly\"}'\n\n\n\nDeserialization is similar.  First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...\n\n\nimport io\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(content)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)\n\n\n\n...then we restore those native datatypes into a fully populated object instance.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# OrderedDict([('title', ''), ('code', 'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])\nserializer.save()\n# \nSnippet: Snippet object\n\n\n\n\nNotice how similar the API is to working with forms.  The similarity should become even more apparent when we start writing views that use our serializer.\n\n\nWe can also serialize querysets instead of model instances.  To do so we simply add a \nmany=True\n flag to the serializer arguments.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [OrderedDict([('id', 1), ('title', u''), ('code', u'foo = \"bar\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 2), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 3), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])]\n\n\n\nUsing ModelSerializers\n\n\nOur \nSnippetSerializer\n class is replicating a lot of information that's also contained in the \nSnippet\n model.  It would be nice if we could keep our code a bit  more concise.\n\n\nIn the same way that Django provides both \nForm\n classes and \nModelForm\n classes, REST framework includes both \nSerializer\n classes, and \nModelSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nLet's look at refactoring our serializer using the \nModelSerializer\n class.\nOpen the file \nsnippets/serializers.py\n again, and replace the \nSnippetSerializer\n class with the following.\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\n\nOne nice property that serializers have is that you can inspect all the fields in a serializer instance, by printing its representation. Open the Django shell with \npython manage.py shell\n, then try the following:\n\n\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nserializer = SnippetSerializer()\nprint(repr(serializer))\n# SnippetSerializer():\n#    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n#    title = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n#    code = CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n#    linenos = BooleanField(required=False)\n#    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('Clipper', 'FoxPro'), ('Cucumber', 'Gherkin'), ('RobotFramework', 'RobotFramework'), ('abap', 'ABAP'), ('ada', 'Ada')...\n#    style = ChoiceField(choices=[('autumn', 'autumn'), ('borland', 'borland'), ('bw', 'bw'), ('colorful', 'colorful')...\n\n\n\nIt's important to remember that \nModelSerializer\n classes don't do anything particularly magical, they are simply a shortcut for creating serializer classes:\n\n\n\n\nAn automatically determined set of fields.\n\n\nSimple default implementations for the \ncreate()\n and \nupdate()\n methods.\n\n\n\n\nWriting regular Django views using our Serializer\n\n\nLet's see how we can write some API views using our new Serializer class.\nFor the moment we won't use any of REST framework's other features, we'll just write the views as regular Django views.\n\n\nEdit the \nsnippets/views.py\n file, and add the following.\n\n\nfrom django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse\nfrom django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n\nThe root of our API is going to be a view that supports listing all the existing snippets, or creating a new snippet.\n\n\n@csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n\n\nNote that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as \ncsrf_exempt\n.  This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.\n\n\nWe'll also need a view which corresponds to an individual snippet, and can be used to retrieve, update or delete the snippet.\n\n\n@csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return HttpResponse(status=404)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return HttpResponse(status=204)\n\n\n\nFinally we need to wire these views up.  Create the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file:\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\n\n\nWe also need to wire up the root urlconf, in the \ntutorial/urls.py\n file, to include our snippet app's URLs.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path, include\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include('snippets.urls')),\n]\n\n\n\nIt's worth noting that there are a couple of edge cases we're not dealing with properly at the moment.  If we send malformed \njson\n, or if a request is made with a method that the view doesn't handle, then we'll end up with a 500 \"server error\" response.  Still, this'll do for now.\n\n\nTesting our first attempt at a Web API\n\n\nNow we can start up a sample server that serves our snippets.\n\n\nQuit out of the shell...\n\n\nquit()\n\n\n\n...and start up Django's development server.\n\n\npython manage.py runserver\n\nValidating models...\n\n0 errors found\nDjango version 1.11, using settings 'tutorial.settings'\nDevelopment server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/\nQuit the server with CONTROL-C.\n\n\n\nIn another terminal window, we can test the server.\n\n\nWe can test our API using \ncurl\n or \nhttpie\n. Httpie is a user friendly http client that's written in Python. Let's install that.\n\n\nYou can install httpie using pip:\n\n\npip install httpie\n\n\n\nFinally, we can get a list of all of the snippets:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]\n\n\n\nOr we can get a particular snippet by referencing its id:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n  \"id\": 2,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nSimilarly, you can have the same json displayed by visiting these URLs in a web browser.\n\n\nWhere are we now\n\n\nWe're doing okay so far, we've got a serialization API that feels pretty similar to Django's Forms API, and some regular Django views.\n\n\nOur API views don't do anything particularly special at the moment, beyond serving \njson\n responses, and there are some error handling edge cases we'd still like to clean up, but it's a functioning Web API.\n\n\nWe'll see how we can start to improve things in \npart 2 of the tutorial\n.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 1: Serialization\n\n\nIntroduction\n\n\nThis tutorial will cover creating a simple pastebin code highlighting Web API.  Along the way it will introduce the various components that make up REST framework, and give you a comprehensive understanding of how everything fits together.\n\n\nThe tutorial is fairly in-depth, so you should probably get a cookie and a cup of your favorite brew before getting started.  If you just want a quick overview, you should head over to the \nquickstart\n documentation instead.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The code for this tutorial is available in the \ntomchristie/rest-framework-tutorial\n repository on GitHub.  The completed implementation is also online as a sandbox version for testing, \navailable here\n.\n\n\n\n\nSetting up a new environment\n\n\nBefore we do anything else we'll create a new virtual environment, using \nvirtualenv\n.  This will make sure our package configuration is kept nicely isolated from any other projects we're working on.\n\n\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\n\n\n\nNow that we're inside a virtualenv environment, we can install our package requirements.\n\n\npip install django\npip install djangorestframework\npip install pygments  # We'll be using this for the code highlighting\n\n\n\nNote:\n To exit the virtualenv environment at any time, just type \ndeactivate\n.  For more information see the \nvirtualenv documentation\n.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nOkay, we're ready to get coding.\nTo get started, let's create a new project to work with.\n\n\ncd ~\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial\ncd tutorial\n\n\n\nOnce that's done we can create an app that we'll use to create a simple Web API.\n\n\npython manage.py startapp snippets\n\n\n\nWe'll need to add our new \nsnippets\n app and the \nrest_framework\n app to \nINSTALLED_APPS\n. Let's edit the \ntutorial/settings.py\n file:\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n    'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',\n)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're ready to roll.\n\n\nCreating a model to work with\n\n\nFor the purposes of this tutorial we're going to start by creating a simple \nSnippet\n model that is used to store code snippets.  Go ahead and edit the \nsnippets/models.py\n file.  Note: Good programming practices include comments.  Although you will find them in our repository version of this tutorial code, we have omitted them here to focus on the code itself.\n\n\nfrom django.db import models\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers\nfrom pygments.styles import get_all_styles\n\nLEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]\nLANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])\nSTYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())\n\n\nclass Snippet(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')\n    code = models.TextField()\n    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)\n    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)\n    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('created',)\n\n\n\nWe'll also need to create an initial migration for our snippet model, and sync the database for the first time.\n\n\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nCreating a Serializer class\n\n\nThe first thing we need to get started on our Web API is to provide a way of serializing and deserializing the snippet instances into representations such as \njson\n.  We can do this by declaring serializers that work very similar to Django's forms.  Create a file in the \nsnippets\n directory named \nserializers.py\n and add the following.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)\n    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)\n    code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)\n    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')\n    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance\n\n\n\nThe first part of the serializer class defines the fields that get serialized/deserialized.  The \ncreate()\n and \nupdate()\n methods define how fully fledged instances are created or modified when calling \nserializer.save()\n\n\nA serializer class is very similar to a Django \nForm\n class, and includes similar validation flags on the various fields, such as \nrequired\n, \nmax_length\n and \ndefault\n.\n\n\nThe field flags can also control how the serializer should be displayed in certain circumstances, such as when rendering to HTML. The \n{'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n flag above is equivalent to using \nwidget=widgets.Textarea\n on a Django \nForm\n class. This is particularly useful for controlling how the browsable API should be displayed, as we'll see later in the tutorial.\n\n\nWe can actually also save ourselves some time by using the \nModelSerializer\n class, as we'll see later, but for now we'll keep our serializer definition explicit.\n\n\nWorking with Serializers\n\n\nBefore we go any further we'll familiarize ourselves with using our new Serializer class.  Let's drop into the Django shell.\n\n\npython manage.py shell\n\n\n\nOkay, once we've got a few imports out of the way, let's create a couple of code snippets to work with.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='foo = \"bar\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='print \"hello, world\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\n\n\nWe've now got a few snippet instances to play with.  Let's take a look at serializing one of those instances.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print \"hello, world\"\\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}\n\n\n\nAt this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalize the serialization process we render the data into \njson\n.\n\n\ncontent = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\ncontent\n# '{\"id\": 2, \"title\": \"\", \"code\": \"print \\\\\"hello, world\\\\\"\\\\n\", \"linenos\": false, \"language\": \"python\", \"style\": \"friendly\"}'\n\n\n\nDeserialization is similar.  First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...\n\n\nimport io\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(content)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)\n\n\n\n...then we restore those native datatypes into a fully populated object instance.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# OrderedDict([('title', ''), ('code', 'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])\nserializer.save()\n# \n\n\n\nNotice how similar the API is to working with forms.  The similarity should become even more apparent when we start writing views that use our serializer.\n\n\nWe can also serialize querysets instead of model instances.  To do so we simply add a \nmany=True\n flag to the serializer arguments.\n\n\nserializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [OrderedDict([('id', 1), ('title', u''), ('code', u'foo = \"bar\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 2), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 3), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])]\n\n\n\nUsing ModelSerializers\n\n\nOur \nSnippetSerializer\n class is replicating a lot of information that's also contained in the \nSnippet\n model.  It would be nice if we could keep our code a bit  more concise.\n\n\nIn the same way that Django provides both \nForm\n classes and \nModelForm\n classes, REST framework includes both \nSerializer\n classes, and \nModelSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nLet's look at refactoring our serializer using the \nModelSerializer\n class.\nOpen the file \nsnippets/serializers.py\n again, and replace the \nSnippetSerializer\n class with the following.\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\n\nOne nice property that serializers have is that you can inspect all the fields in a serializer instance, by printing its representation. Open the Django shell with \npython manage.py shell\n, then try the following:\n\n\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nserializer = SnippetSerializer()\nprint(repr(serializer))\n# SnippetSerializer():\n#    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n#    title = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n#    code = CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n#    linenos = BooleanField(required=False)\n#    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('Clipper', 'FoxPro'), ('Cucumber', 'Gherkin'), ('RobotFramework', 'RobotFramework'), ('abap', 'ABAP'), ('ada', 'Ada')...\n#    style = ChoiceField(choices=[('autumn', 'autumn'), ('borland', 'borland'), ('bw', 'bw'), ('colorful', 'colorful')...\n\n\n\nIt's important to remember that \nModelSerializer\n classes don't do anything particularly magical, they are simply a shortcut for creating serializer classes:\n\n\n\n\nAn automatically determined set of fields.\n\n\nSimple default implementations for the \ncreate()\n and \nupdate()\n methods.\n\n\n\n\nWriting regular Django views using our Serializer\n\n\nLet's see how we can write some API views using our new Serializer class.\nFor the moment we won't use any of REST framework's other features, we'll just write the views as regular Django views.\n\n\nEdit the \nsnippets/views.py\n file, and add the following.\n\n\nfrom django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse\nfrom django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n\nThe root of our API is going to be a view that supports listing all the existing snippets, or creating a new snippet.\n\n\n@csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n\n\nNote that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as \ncsrf_exempt\n.  This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.\n\n\nWe'll also need a view which corresponds to an individual snippet, and can be used to retrieve, update or delete the snippet.\n\n\n@csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return HttpResponse(status=404)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return HttpResponse(status=204)\n\n\n\nFinally we need to wire these views up.  Create the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file:\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets//', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\n\n\nWe also need to wire up the root urlconf, in the \ntutorial/urls.py\n file, to include our snippet app's URLs.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path, include\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include('snippets.urls')),\n]\n\n\n\nIt's worth noting that there are a couple of edge cases we're not dealing with properly at the moment.  If we send malformed \njson\n, or if a request is made with a method that the view doesn't handle, then we'll end up with a 500 \"server error\" response.  Still, this'll do for now.\n\n\nTesting our first attempt at a Web API\n\n\nNow we can start up a sample server that serves our snippets.\n\n\nQuit out of the shell...\n\n\nquit()\n\n\n\n...and start up Django's development server.\n\n\npython manage.py runserver\n\nValidating models...\n\n0 errors found\nDjango version 1.11, using settings 'tutorial.settings'\nDevelopment server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/\nQuit the server with CONTROL-C.\n\n\n\nIn another terminal window, we can test the server.\n\n\nWe can test our API using \ncurl\n or \nhttpie\n. Httpie is a user friendly http client that's written in Python. Let's install that.\n\n\nYou can install httpie using pip:\n\n\npip install httpie\n\n\n\nFinally, we can get a list of all of the snippets:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]\n\n\n\nOr we can get a particular snippet by referencing its id:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n  \"id\": 2,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nSimilarly, you can have the same json displayed by visiting these URLs in a web browser.\n\n\nWhere are we now\n\n\nWe're doing okay so far, we've got a serialization API that feels pretty similar to Django's Forms API, and some regular Django views.\n\n\nOur API views don't do anything particularly special at the moment, beyond serving \njson\n responses, and there are some error handling edge cases we'd still like to clean up, but it's a functioning Web API.\n\n\nWe'll see how we can start to improve things in \npart 2 of the tutorial\n.",
             "title": "1 - Serialization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#tutorial-1-serialization", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#tutorial-1-serialization",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Tutorial 1: Serialization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#introduction", 
-            "text": "This tutorial will cover creating a simple pastebin code highlighting Web API.  Along the way it will introduce the various components that make up REST framework, and give you a comprehensive understanding of how everything fits together.  The tutorial is fairly in-depth, so you should probably get a cookie and a cup of your favorite brew before getting started.  If you just want a quick overview, you should head over to the  quickstart  documentation instead.   Note : The code for this tutorial is available in the  tomchristie/rest-framework-tutorial  repository on GitHub.  The completed implementation is also online as a sandbox version for testing,  available here .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#introduction",
+            "text": "This tutorial will cover creating a simple pastebin code highlighting Web API.  Along the way it will introduce the various components that make up REST framework, and give you a comprehensive understanding of how everything fits together.  The tutorial is fairly in-depth, so you should probably get a cookie and a cup of your favorite brew before getting started.  If you just want a quick overview, you should head over to the  quickstart  documentation instead.   Note : The code for this tutorial is available in the  tomchristie/rest-framework-tutorial  repository on GitHub.  The completed implementation is also online as a sandbox version for testing,  available here .",
             "title": "Introduction"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#setting-up-a-new-environment", 
-            "text": "Before we do anything else we'll create a new virtual environment, using  virtualenv .  This will make sure our package configuration is kept nicely isolated from any other projects we're working on.  virtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  Now that we're inside a virtualenv environment, we can install our package requirements.  pip install django\npip install djangorestframework\npip install pygments  # We'll be using this for the code highlighting  Note:  To exit the virtualenv environment at any time, just type  deactivate .  For more information see the  virtualenv documentation .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#setting-up-a-new-environment",
+            "text": "Before we do anything else we'll create a new virtual environment, using  virtualenv .  This will make sure our package configuration is kept nicely isolated from any other projects we're working on.  virtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate  Now that we're inside a virtualenv environment, we can install our package requirements.  pip install django\npip install djangorestframework\npip install pygments  # We'll be using this for the code highlighting  Note:  To exit the virtualenv environment at any time, just type  deactivate .  For more information see the  virtualenv documentation .",
             "title": "Setting up a new environment"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#getting-started", 
-            "text": "Okay, we're ready to get coding.\nTo get started, let's create a new project to work with.  cd ~\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial\ncd tutorial  Once that's done we can create an app that we'll use to create a simple Web API.  python manage.py startapp snippets  We'll need to add our new  snippets  app and the  rest_framework  app to  INSTALLED_APPS . Let's edit the  tutorial/settings.py  file:  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n    'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',\n)  Okay, we're ready to roll.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#getting-started",
+            "text": "Okay, we're ready to get coding.\nTo get started, let's create a new project to work with.  cd ~\ndjango-admin startproject tutorial\ncd tutorial  Once that's done we can create an app that we'll use to create a simple Web API.  python manage.py startapp snippets  We'll need to add our new  snippets  app and the  rest_framework  app to  INSTALLED_APPS . Let's edit the  tutorial/settings.py  file:  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework',\n    'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',\n)  Okay, we're ready to roll.",
             "title": "Getting started"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#creating-a-model-to-work-with", 
-            "text": "For the purposes of this tutorial we're going to start by creating a simple  Snippet  model that is used to store code snippets.  Go ahead and edit the  snippets/models.py  file.  Note: Good programming practices include comments.  Although you will find them in our repository version of this tutorial code, we have omitted them here to focus on the code itself.  from django.db import models\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers\nfrom pygments.styles import get_all_styles\n\nLEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]\nLANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])\nSTYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())\n\n\nclass Snippet(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')\n    code = models.TextField()\n    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)\n    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)\n    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('created',)  We'll also need to create an initial migration for our snippet model, and sync the database for the first time.  python manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#creating-a-model-to-work-with",
+            "text": "For the purposes of this tutorial we're going to start by creating a simple  Snippet  model that is used to store code snippets.  Go ahead and edit the  snippets/models.py  file.  Note: Good programming practices include comments.  Although you will find them in our repository version of this tutorial code, we have omitted them here to focus on the code itself.  from django.db import models\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers\nfrom pygments.styles import get_all_styles\n\nLEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]\nLANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])\nSTYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())\n\n\nclass Snippet(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')\n    code = models.TextField()\n    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)\n    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)\n    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        ordering = ('created',)  We'll also need to create an initial migration for our snippet model, and sync the database for the first time.  python manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate",
             "title": "Creating a model to work with"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#creating-a-serializer-class", 
-            "text": "The first thing we need to get started on our Web API is to provide a way of serializing and deserializing the snippet instances into representations such as  json .  We can do this by declaring serializers that work very similar to Django's forms.  Create a file in the  snippets  directory named  serializers.py  and add the following.  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)\n    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)\n    code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)\n    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')\n    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance  The first part of the serializer class defines the fields that get serialized/deserialized.  The  create()  and  update()  methods define how fully fledged instances are created or modified when calling  serializer.save()  A serializer class is very similar to a Django  Form  class, and includes similar validation flags on the various fields, such as  required ,  max_length  and  default .  The field flags can also control how the serializer should be displayed in certain circumstances, such as when rendering to HTML. The  {'base_template': 'textarea.html'}  flag above is equivalent to using  widget=widgets.Textarea  on a Django  Form  class. This is particularly useful for controlling how the browsable API should be displayed, as we'll see later in the tutorial.  We can actually also save ourselves some time by using the  ModelSerializer  class, as we'll see later, but for now we'll keep our serializer definition explicit.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#creating-a-serializer-class",
+            "text": "The first thing we need to get started on our Web API is to provide a way of serializing and deserializing the snippet instances into representations such as  json .  We can do this by declaring serializers that work very similar to Django's forms.  Create a file in the  snippets  directory named  serializers.py  and add the following.  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)\n    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)\n    code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)\n    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')\n    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.\n        \"\"\"\n        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance  The first part of the serializer class defines the fields that get serialized/deserialized.  The  create()  and  update()  methods define how fully fledged instances are created or modified when calling  serializer.save()  A serializer class is very similar to a Django  Form  class, and includes similar validation flags on the various fields, such as  required ,  max_length  and  default .  The field flags can also control how the serializer should be displayed in certain circumstances, such as when rendering to HTML. The  {'base_template': 'textarea.html'}  flag above is equivalent to using  widget=widgets.Textarea  on a Django  Form  class. This is particularly useful for controlling how the browsable API should be displayed, as we'll see later in the tutorial.  We can actually also save ourselves some time by using the  ModelSerializer  class, as we'll see later, but for now we'll keep our serializer definition explicit.",
             "title": "Creating a Serializer class"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#working-with-serializers", 
-            "text": "Before we go any further we'll familiarize ourselves with using our new Serializer class.  Let's drop into the Django shell.  python manage.py shell  Okay, once we've got a few imports out of the way, let's create a couple of code snippets to work with.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='foo = \"bar\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='print \"hello, world\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()  We've now got a few snippet instances to play with.  Let's take a look at serializing one of those instances.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print \"hello, world\"\\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}  At this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalize the serialization process we render the data into  json .  content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\ncontent\n# '{\"id\": 2, \"title\": \"\", \"code\": \"print \\\\\"hello, world\\\\\"\\\\n\", \"linenos\": false, \"language\": \"python\", \"style\": \"friendly\"}'  Deserialization is similar.  First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...  import io\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(content)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)  ...then we restore those native datatypes into a fully populated object instance.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# OrderedDict([('title', ''), ('code', 'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])\nserializer.save()\n#  Snippet: Snippet object   Notice how similar the API is to working with forms.  The similarity should become even more apparent when we start writing views that use our serializer.  We can also serialize querysets instead of model instances.  To do so we simply add a  many=True  flag to the serializer arguments.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [OrderedDict([('id', 1), ('title', u''), ('code', u'foo = \"bar\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 2), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 3), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])]", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#working-with-serializers",
+            "text": "Before we go any further we'll familiarize ourselves with using our new Serializer class.  Let's drop into the Django shell.  python manage.py shell  Okay, once we've got a few imports out of the way, let's create a couple of code snippets to work with.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='foo = \"bar\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()\n\nsnippet = Snippet(code='print \"hello, world\"\\n')\nsnippet.save()  We've now got a few snippet instances to play with.  Let's take a look at serializing one of those instances.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 2, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print \"hello, world\"\\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}  At this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalize the serialization process we render the data into  json .  content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\ncontent\n# '{\"id\": 2, \"title\": \"\", \"code\": \"print \\\\\"hello, world\\\\\"\\\\n\", \"linenos\": false, \"language\": \"python\", \"style\": \"friendly\"}'  Deserialization is similar.  First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...  import io\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(content)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)  ...then we restore those native datatypes into a fully populated object instance.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# OrderedDict([('title', ''), ('code', 'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])\nserializer.save()\n#   Notice how similar the API is to working with forms.  The similarity should become even more apparent when we start writing views that use our serializer.  We can also serialize querysets instead of model instances.  To do so we simply add a  many=True  flag to the serializer arguments.  serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [OrderedDict([('id', 1), ('title', u''), ('code', u'foo = \"bar\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 2), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"\\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 3), ('title', u''), ('code', u'print \"hello, world\"'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])]",
             "title": "Working with Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#using-modelserializers", 
-            "text": "Our  SnippetSerializer  class is replicating a lot of information that's also contained in the  Snippet  model.  It would be nice if we could keep our code a bit  more concise.  In the same way that Django provides both  Form  classes and  ModelForm  classes, REST framework includes both  Serializer  classes, and  ModelSerializer  classes.  Let's look at refactoring our serializer using the  ModelSerializer  class.\nOpen the file  snippets/serializers.py  again, and replace the  SnippetSerializer  class with the following.  class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')  One nice property that serializers have is that you can inspect all the fields in a serializer instance, by printing its representation. Open the Django shell with  python manage.py shell , then try the following:  from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nserializer = SnippetSerializer()\nprint(repr(serializer))\n# SnippetSerializer():\n#    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n#    title = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n#    code = CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n#    linenos = BooleanField(required=False)\n#    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('Clipper', 'FoxPro'), ('Cucumber', 'Gherkin'), ('RobotFramework', 'RobotFramework'), ('abap', 'ABAP'), ('ada', 'Ada')...\n#    style = ChoiceField(choices=[('autumn', 'autumn'), ('borland', 'borland'), ('bw', 'bw'), ('colorful', 'colorful')...  It's important to remember that  ModelSerializer  classes don't do anything particularly magical, they are simply a shortcut for creating serializer classes:   An automatically determined set of fields.  Simple default implementations for the  create()  and  update()  methods.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#using-modelserializers",
+            "text": "Our  SnippetSerializer  class is replicating a lot of information that's also contained in the  Snippet  model.  It would be nice if we could keep our code a bit  more concise.  In the same way that Django provides both  Form  classes and  ModelForm  classes, REST framework includes both  Serializer  classes, and  ModelSerializer  classes.  Let's look at refactoring our serializer using the  ModelSerializer  class.\nOpen the file  snippets/serializers.py  again, and replace the  SnippetSerializer  class with the following.  class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')  One nice property that serializers have is that you can inspect all the fields in a serializer instance, by printing its representation. Open the Django shell with  python manage.py shell , then try the following:  from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nserializer = SnippetSerializer()\nprint(repr(serializer))\n# SnippetSerializer():\n#    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n#    title = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n#    code = CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})\n#    linenos = BooleanField(required=False)\n#    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('Clipper', 'FoxPro'), ('Cucumber', 'Gherkin'), ('RobotFramework', 'RobotFramework'), ('abap', 'ABAP'), ('ada', 'Ada')...\n#    style = ChoiceField(choices=[('autumn', 'autumn'), ('borland', 'borland'), ('bw', 'bw'), ('colorful', 'colorful')...  It's important to remember that  ModelSerializer  classes don't do anything particularly magical, they are simply a shortcut for creating serializer classes:   An automatically determined set of fields.  Simple default implementations for the  create()  and  update()  methods.",
             "title": "Using ModelSerializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#writing-regular-django-views-using-our-serializer", 
-            "text": "Let's see how we can write some API views using our new Serializer class.\nFor the moment we won't use any of REST framework's other features, we'll just write the views as regular Django views.  Edit the  snippets/views.py  file, and add the following.  from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse\nfrom django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer  The root of our API is going to be a view that supports listing all the existing snippets, or creating a new snippet.  @csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)  Note that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as  csrf_exempt .  This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.  We'll also need a view which corresponds to an individual snippet, and can be used to retrieve, update or delete the snippet.  @csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return HttpResponse(status=404)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return HttpResponse(status=204)  Finally we need to wire these views up.  Create the  snippets/urls.py  file:  from django.urls import path\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /', views.snippet_detail),\n]  We also need to wire up the root urlconf, in the  tutorial/urls.py  file, to include our snippet app's URLs.  from django.urls import path, include\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include('snippets.urls')),\n]  It's worth noting that there are a couple of edge cases we're not dealing with properly at the moment.  If we send malformed  json , or if a request is made with a method that the view doesn't handle, then we'll end up with a 500 \"server error\" response.  Still, this'll do for now.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#writing-regular-django-views-using-our-serializer",
+            "text": "Let's see how we can write some API views using our new Serializer class.\nFor the moment we won't use any of REST framework's other features, we'll just write the views as regular Django views.  Edit the  snippets/views.py  file, and add the following.  from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse\nfrom django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer  The root of our API is going to be a view that supports listing all the existing snippets, or creating a new snippet.  @csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)  Note that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as  csrf_exempt .  This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.  We'll also need a view which corresponds to an individual snippet, and can be used to retrieve, update or delete the snippet.  @csrf_exempt\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return HttpResponse(status=404)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        data = JSONParser().parse(request)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)\n        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return HttpResponse(status=204)  Finally we need to wire these views up.  Create the  snippets/urls.py  file:  from django.urls import path\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets//', views.snippet_detail),\n]  We also need to wire up the root urlconf, in the  tutorial/urls.py  file, to include our snippet app's URLs.  from django.urls import path, include\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include('snippets.urls')),\n]  It's worth noting that there are a couple of edge cases we're not dealing with properly at the moment.  If we send malformed  json , or if a request is made with a method that the view doesn't handle, then we'll end up with a 500 \"server error\" response.  Still, this'll do for now.",
             "title": "Writing regular Django views using our Serializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#testing-our-first-attempt-at-a-web-api", 
-            "text": "Now we can start up a sample server that serves our snippets.  Quit out of the shell...  quit()  ...and start up Django's development server.  python manage.py runserver\n\nValidating models...\n\n0 errors found\nDjango version 1.11, using settings 'tutorial.settings'\nDevelopment server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/\nQuit the server with CONTROL-C.  In another terminal window, we can test the server.  We can test our API using  curl  or  httpie . Httpie is a user friendly http client that's written in Python. Let's install that.  You can install httpie using pip:  pip install httpie  Finally, we can get a list of all of the snippets:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]  Or we can get a particular snippet by referencing its id:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n  \"id\": 2,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  Similarly, you can have the same json displayed by visiting these URLs in a web browser.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#testing-our-first-attempt-at-a-web-api",
+            "text": "Now we can start up a sample server that serves our snippets.  Quit out of the shell...  quit()  ...and start up Django's development server.  python manage.py runserver\n\nValidating models...\n\n0 errors found\nDjango version 1.11, using settings 'tutorial.settings'\nDevelopment server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/\nQuit the server with CONTROL-C.  In another terminal window, we can test the server.  We can test our API using  curl  or  httpie . Httpie is a user friendly http client that's written in Python. Let's install that.  You can install httpie using pip:  pip install httpie  Finally, we can get a list of all of the snippets:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]  Or we can get a particular snippet by referencing its id:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n{\n  \"id\": 2,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  Similarly, you can have the same json displayed by visiting these URLs in a web browser.",
             "title": "Testing our first attempt at a Web API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#where-are-we-now", 
-            "text": "We're doing okay so far, we've got a serialization API that feels pretty similar to Django's Forms API, and some regular Django views.  Our API views don't do anything particularly special at the moment, beyond serving  json  responses, and there are some error handling edge cases we'd still like to clean up, but it's a functioning Web API.  We'll see how we can start to improve things in  part 2 of the tutorial .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/1-serialization/#where-are-we-now",
+            "text": "We're doing okay so far, we've got a serialization API that feels pretty similar to Django's Forms API, and some regular Django views.  Our API views don't do anything particularly special at the moment, beyond serving  json  responses, and there are some error handling edge cases we'd still like to clean up, but it's a functioning Web API.  We'll see how we can start to improve things in  part 2 of the tutorial .",
             "title": "Where are we now"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 2: Requests and Responses\n\n\nFrom this point we're going to really start covering the core of REST framework.\nLet's introduce a couple of essential building blocks.\n\n\nRequest objects\n\n\nREST framework introduces a \nRequest\n object that extends the regular \nHttpRequest\n, and provides more flexible request parsing.  The core functionality of the \nRequest\n object is the \nrequest.data\n attribute, which is similar to \nrequest.POST\n, but more useful for working with Web APIs.\n\n\nrequest.POST  # Only handles form data.  Only works for 'POST' method.\nrequest.data  # Handles arbitrary data.  Works for 'POST', 'PUT' and 'PATCH' methods.\n\n\n\nResponse objects\n\n\nREST framework also introduces a \nResponse\n object, which is a type of \nTemplateResponse\n that takes unrendered content and uses content negotiation to determine the correct content type to return to the client.\n\n\nreturn Response(data)  # Renders to content type as requested by the client.\n\n\n\nStatus codes\n\n\nUsing numeric HTTP status codes in your views doesn't always make for obvious reading, and it's easy to not notice if you get an error code wrong.  REST framework provides more explicit identifiers for each status code, such as \nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\n in the \nstatus\n module.  It's a good idea to use these throughout rather than using numeric identifiers.\n\n\nWrapping API views\n\n\nREST framework provides two wrappers you can use to write API views.\n\n\n\n\nThe \n@api_view\n decorator for working with function based views.\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class for working with class-based views.\n\n\n\n\nThese wrappers provide a few bits of functionality such as making sure you receive \nRequest\n instances in your view, and adding context to \nResponse\n objects so that content negotiation can be performed.\n\n\nThe wrappers also provide behaviour such as returning \n405 Method Not Allowed\n responses when appropriate, and handling any \nParseError\n exception that occurs when accessing \nrequest.data\n with malformed input.\n\n\nPulling it all together\n\n\nOkay, let's go ahead and start using these new components to write a few views.\n\n\nWe don't need our \nJSONResponse\n class in \nviews.py\n any more, so go ahead and delete that.  Once that's done we can start refactoring our views slightly.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n\n\nOur instance view is an improvement over the previous example.  It's a little more concise, and the code now feels very similar to if we were working with the Forms API.  We're also using named status codes, which makes the response meanings more obvious.\n\n\nHere is the view for an individual snippet, in the \nviews.py\n module.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)\n\n\n\nThis should all feel very familiar - it is not a lot different from working with regular Django views.\n\n\nNotice that we're no longer explicitly tying our requests or responses to a given content type.  \nrequest.data\n can handle incoming \njson\n requests, but it can also handle other formats.  Similarly we're returning response objects with data, but allowing REST framework to render the response into the correct content type for us.\n\n\nAdding optional format suffixes to our URLs\n\n\nTo take advantage of the fact that our responses are no longer hardwired to a single content type let's add support for format suffixes to our API endpoints.  Using format suffixes gives us URLs that explicitly refer to a given format, and means our API will be able to handle URLs such as \nhttp://example.com/api/items/4.json\n.\n\n\nStart by adding a \nformat\n keyword argument to both of the views, like so.\n\n\ndef snippet_list(request, format=None):\n\n\n\nand\n\n\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):\n\n\n\nNow update the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file slightly, to append a set of \nformat_suffix_patterns\n in addition to the existing URLs.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)\n\n\n\nWe don't necessarily need to add these extra url patterns in, but it gives us a simple, clean way of referring to a specific format.\n\n\nHow's it looking?\n\n\nGo ahead and test the API from the command line, as we did in \ntutorial part 1\n.  Everything is working pretty similarly, although we've got some nicer error handling if we send invalid requests.\n\n\nWe can get a list of all of the snippets, as before.\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]\n\n\n\nWe can control the format of the response that we get back, either by using the \nAccept\n header:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:application/json  # Request JSON\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:text/html         # Request HTML\n\n\n\nOr by appending a format suffix:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.json  # JSON suffix\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.api   # Browsable API suffix\n\n\n\nSimilarly, we can control the format of the request that we send, using the \nContent-Type\n header.\n\n\n# POST using form data\nhttp --form POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n  \"id\": 3,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print 123\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n# POST using JSON\nhttp --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 456\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 4,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print 456\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nIf you add a \n--debug\n switch to the \nhttp\n requests above, you will be able to see the request type in request headers.\n\n\nNow go and open the API in a web browser, by visiting \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n.\n\n\nBrowsability\n\n\nBecause the API chooses the content type of the response based on the client request, it will, by default, return an HTML-formatted representation of the resource when that resource is requested by a web browser.  This allows for the API to return a fully web-browsable HTML representation.\n\n\nHaving a web-browsable API is a huge usability win, and makes developing and using your API much easier.  It also dramatically lowers the barrier-to-entry for other developers wanting to inspect and work with your API.\n\n\nSee the \nbrowsable api\n topic for more information about the browsable API feature and how to customize it.\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nIn \ntutorial part 3\n, we'll start using class-based views, and see how generic views reduce the amount of code we need to write.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 2: Requests and Responses\n\n\nFrom this point we're going to really start covering the core of REST framework.\nLet's introduce a couple of essential building blocks.\n\n\nRequest objects\n\n\nREST framework introduces a \nRequest\n object that extends the regular \nHttpRequest\n, and provides more flexible request parsing.  The core functionality of the \nRequest\n object is the \nrequest.data\n attribute, which is similar to \nrequest.POST\n, but more useful for working with Web APIs.\n\n\nrequest.POST  # Only handles form data.  Only works for 'POST' method.\nrequest.data  # Handles arbitrary data.  Works for 'POST', 'PUT' and 'PATCH' methods.\n\n\n\nResponse objects\n\n\nREST framework also introduces a \nResponse\n object, which is a type of \nTemplateResponse\n that takes unrendered content and uses content negotiation to determine the correct content type to return to the client.\n\n\nreturn Response(data)  # Renders to content type as requested by the client.\n\n\n\nStatus codes\n\n\nUsing numeric HTTP status codes in your views doesn't always make for obvious reading, and it's easy to not notice if you get an error code wrong.  REST framework provides more explicit identifiers for each status code, such as \nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\n in the \nstatus\n module.  It's a good idea to use these throughout rather than using numeric identifiers.\n\n\nWrapping API views\n\n\nREST framework provides two wrappers you can use to write API views.\n\n\n\n\nThe \n@api_view\n decorator for working with function based views.\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class for working with class-based views.\n\n\n\n\nThese wrappers provide a few bits of functionality such as making sure you receive \nRequest\n instances in your view, and adding context to \nResponse\n objects so that content negotiation can be performed.\n\n\nThe wrappers also provide behaviour such as returning \n405 Method Not Allowed\n responses when appropriate, and handling any \nParseError\n exception that occurs when accessing \nrequest.data\n with malformed input.\n\n\nPulling it all together\n\n\nOkay, let's go ahead and start using these new components to write a few views.\n\n\nWe don't need our \nJSONResponse\n class in \nviews.py\n any more, so go ahead and delete that.  Once that's done we can start refactoring our views slightly.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n\n\nOur instance view is an improvement over the previous example.  It's a little more concise, and the code now feels very similar to if we were working with the Forms API.  We're also using named status codes, which makes the response meanings more obvious.\n\n\nHere is the view for an individual snippet, in the \nviews.py\n module.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)\n\n\n\nThis should all feel very familiar - it is not a lot different from working with regular Django views.\n\n\nNotice that we're no longer explicitly tying our requests or responses to a given content type.  \nrequest.data\n can handle incoming \njson\n requests, but it can also handle other formats.  Similarly we're returning response objects with data, but allowing REST framework to render the response into the correct content type for us.\n\n\nAdding optional format suffixes to our URLs\n\n\nTo take advantage of the fact that our responses are no longer hardwired to a single content type let's add support for format suffixes to our API endpoints.  Using format suffixes gives us URLs that explicitly refer to a given format, and means our API will be able to handle URLs such as \nhttp://example.com/api/items/4.json\n.\n\n\nStart by adding a \nformat\n keyword argument to both of the views, like so.\n\n\ndef snippet_list(request, format=None):\n\n\n\nand\n\n\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):\n\n\n\nNow update the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file slightly, to append a set of \nformat_suffix_patterns\n in addition to the existing URLs.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)\n\n\n\nWe don't necessarily need to add these extra url patterns in, but it gives us a simple, clean way of referring to a specific format.\n\n\nHow's it looking?\n\n\nGo ahead and test the API from the command line, as we did in \ntutorial part 1\n.  Everything is working pretty similarly, although we've got some nicer error handling if we send invalid requests.\n\n\nWe can get a list of all of the snippets, as before.\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]\n\n\n\nWe can control the format of the response that we get back, either by using the \nAccept\n header:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:application/json  # Request JSON\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:text/html         # Request HTML\n\n\n\nOr by appending a format suffix:\n\n\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.json  # JSON suffix\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.api   # Browsable API suffix\n\n\n\nSimilarly, we can control the format of the request that we send, using the \nContent-Type\n header.\n\n\n# POST using form data\nhttp --form POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n  \"id\": 3,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print 123\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n# POST using JSON\nhttp --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 456\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 4,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print 456\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nIf you add a \n--debug\n switch to the \nhttp\n requests above, you will be able to see the request type in request headers.\n\n\nNow go and open the API in a web browser, by visiting \nhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n.\n\n\nBrowsability\n\n\nBecause the API chooses the content type of the response based on the client request, it will, by default, return an HTML-formatted representation of the resource when that resource is requested by a web browser.  This allows for the API to return a fully web-browsable HTML representation.\n\n\nHaving a web-browsable API is a huge usability win, and makes developing and using your API much easier.  It also dramatically lowers the barrier-to-entry for other developers wanting to inspect and work with your API.\n\n\nSee the \nbrowsable api\n topic for more information about the browsable API feature and how to customize it.\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nIn \ntutorial part 3\n, we'll start using class-based views, and see how generic views reduce the amount of code we need to write.",
             "title": "2 - Requests and responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#tutorial-2-requests-and-responses", 
-            "text": "From this point we're going to really start covering the core of REST framework.\nLet's introduce a couple of essential building blocks.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#tutorial-2-requests-and-responses",
+            "text": "From this point we're going to really start covering the core of REST framework.\nLet's introduce a couple of essential building blocks.",
             "title": "Tutorial 2: Requests and Responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#request-objects", 
-            "text": "REST framework introduces a  Request  object that extends the regular  HttpRequest , and provides more flexible request parsing.  The core functionality of the  Request  object is the  request.data  attribute, which is similar to  request.POST , but more useful for working with Web APIs.  request.POST  # Only handles form data.  Only works for 'POST' method.\nrequest.data  # Handles arbitrary data.  Works for 'POST', 'PUT' and 'PATCH' methods.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#request-objects",
+            "text": "REST framework introduces a  Request  object that extends the regular  HttpRequest , and provides more flexible request parsing.  The core functionality of the  Request  object is the  request.data  attribute, which is similar to  request.POST , but more useful for working with Web APIs.  request.POST  # Only handles form data.  Only works for 'POST' method.\nrequest.data  # Handles arbitrary data.  Works for 'POST', 'PUT' and 'PATCH' methods.",
             "title": "Request objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#response-objects", 
-            "text": "REST framework also introduces a  Response  object, which is a type of  TemplateResponse  that takes unrendered content and uses content negotiation to determine the correct content type to return to the client.  return Response(data)  # Renders to content type as requested by the client.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#response-objects",
+            "text": "REST framework also introduces a  Response  object, which is a type of  TemplateResponse  that takes unrendered content and uses content negotiation to determine the correct content type to return to the client.  return Response(data)  # Renders to content type as requested by the client.",
             "title": "Response objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#status-codes", 
-            "text": "Using numeric HTTP status codes in your views doesn't always make for obvious reading, and it's easy to not notice if you get an error code wrong.  REST framework provides more explicit identifiers for each status code, such as  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST  in the  status  module.  It's a good idea to use these throughout rather than using numeric identifiers.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#status-codes",
+            "text": "Using numeric HTTP status codes in your views doesn't always make for obvious reading, and it's easy to not notice if you get an error code wrong.  REST framework provides more explicit identifiers for each status code, such as  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST  in the  status  module.  It's a good idea to use these throughout rather than using numeric identifiers.",
             "title": "Status codes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#wrapping-api-views", 
-            "text": "REST framework provides two wrappers you can use to write API views.   The  @api_view  decorator for working with function based views.  The  APIView  class for working with class-based views.   These wrappers provide a few bits of functionality such as making sure you receive  Request  instances in your view, and adding context to  Response  objects so that content negotiation can be performed.  The wrappers also provide behaviour such as returning  405 Method Not Allowed  responses when appropriate, and handling any  ParseError  exception that occurs when accessing  request.data  with malformed input.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#wrapping-api-views",
+            "text": "REST framework provides two wrappers you can use to write API views.   The  @api_view  decorator for working with function based views.  The  APIView  class for working with class-based views.   These wrappers provide a few bits of functionality such as making sure you receive  Request  instances in your view, and adding context to  Response  objects so that content negotiation can be performed.  The wrappers also provide behaviour such as returning  405 Method Not Allowed  responses when appropriate, and handling any  ParseError  exception that occurs when accessing  request.data  with malformed input.",
             "title": "Wrapping API views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#pulling-it-all-together", 
-            "text": "Okay, let's go ahead and start using these new components to write a few views.  We don't need our  JSONResponse  class in  views.py  any more, so go ahead and delete that.  Once that's done we can start refactoring our views slightly.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)  Our instance view is an improvement over the previous example.  It's a little more concise, and the code now feels very similar to if we were working with the Forms API.  We're also using named status codes, which makes the response meanings more obvious.  Here is the view for an individual snippet, in the  views.py  module.  @api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)  This should all feel very familiar - it is not a lot different from working with regular Django views.  Notice that we're no longer explicitly tying our requests or responses to a given content type.   request.data  can handle incoming  json  requests, but it can also handle other formats.  Similarly we're returning response objects with data, but allowing REST framework to render the response into the correct content type for us.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#pulling-it-all-together",
+            "text": "Okay, let's go ahead and start using these new components to write a few views.  We don't need our  JSONResponse  class in  views.py  any more, so go ahead and delete that.  Once that's done we can start refactoring our views slightly.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef snippet_list(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'POST':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)  Our instance view is an improvement over the previous example.  It's a little more concise, and the code now feels very similar to if we were working with the Forms API.  We're also using named status codes, which makes the response meanings more obvious.  Here is the view for an individual snippet, in the  views.py  module.  @api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])\ndef snippet_detail(request, pk):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    try:\n        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n    if request.method == 'GET':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    elif request.method == 'PUT':\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    elif request.method == 'DELETE':\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)  This should all feel very familiar - it is not a lot different from working with regular Django views.  Notice that we're no longer explicitly tying our requests or responses to a given content type.   request.data  can handle incoming  json  requests, but it can also handle other formats.  Similarly we're returning response objects with data, but allowing REST framework to render the response into the correct content type for us.",
             "title": "Pulling it all together"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#adding-optional-format-suffixes-to-our-urls", 
-            "text": "To take advantage of the fact that our responses are no longer hardwired to a single content type let's add support for format suffixes to our API endpoints.  Using format suffixes gives us URLs that explicitly refer to a given format, and means our API will be able to handle URLs such as  http://example.com/api/items/4.json .  Start by adding a  format  keyword argument to both of the views, like so.  def snippet_list(request, format=None):  and  def snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):  Now update the  snippets/urls.py  file slightly, to append a set of  format_suffix_patterns  in addition to the existing URLs.  from django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk ', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)  We don't necessarily need to add these extra url patterns in, but it gives us a simple, clean way of referring to a specific format.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#adding-optional-format-suffixes-to-our-urls",
+            "text": "To take advantage of the fact that our responses are no longer hardwired to a single content type let's add support for format suffixes to our API endpoints.  Using format suffixes gives us URLs that explicitly refer to a given format, and means our API will be able to handle URLs such as  http://example.com/api/items/4.json .  Start by adding a  format  keyword argument to both of the views, like so.  def snippet_list(request, format=None):  and  def snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):  Now update the  snippets/urls.py  file slightly, to append a set of  format_suffix_patterns  in addition to the existing URLs.  from django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),\n    path('snippets/', views.snippet_detail),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)  We don't necessarily need to add these extra url patterns in, but it gives us a simple, clean way of referring to a specific format.",
             "title": "Adding optional format suffixes to our URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#hows-it-looking", 
-            "text": "Go ahead and test the API from the command line, as we did in  tutorial part 1 .  Everything is working pretty similarly, although we've got some nicer error handling if we send invalid requests.  We can get a list of all of the snippets, as before.  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]  We can control the format of the response that we get back, either by using the  Accept  header:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:application/json  # Request JSON\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:text/html         # Request HTML  Or by appending a format suffix:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.json  # JSON suffix\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.api   # Browsable API suffix  Similarly, we can control the format of the request that we send, using the  Content-Type  header.  # POST using form data\nhttp --form POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n  \"id\": 3,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print 123\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n# POST using JSON\nhttp --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 456\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 4,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print 456\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  If you add a  --debug  switch to the  http  requests above, you will be able to see the request type in request headers.  Now go and open the API in a web browser, by visiting  http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#hows-it-looking",
+            "text": "Go ahead and test the API from the command line, as we did in  tutorial part 1 .  Everything is working pretty similarly, although we've got some nicer error handling if we send invalid requests.  We can get a list of all of the snippets, as before.  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/\n\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n...\n[\n  {\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"foo = \\\"bar\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": 2,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print \\\"hello, world\\\"\\n\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n  }\n]  We can control the format of the response that we get back, either by using the  Accept  header:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:application/json  # Request JSON\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ Accept:text/html         # Request HTML  Or by appending a format suffix:  http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.json  # JSON suffix\nhttp http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets.api   # Browsable API suffix  Similarly, we can control the format of the request that we send, using the  Content-Type  header.  # POST using form data\nhttp --form POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n  \"id\": 3,\n  \"title\": \"\",\n  \"code\": \"print 123\",\n  \"linenos\": false,\n  \"language\": \"python\",\n  \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n# POST using JSON\nhttp --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 456\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 4,\n    \"title\": \"\",\n    \"code\": \"print 456\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  If you add a  --debug  switch to the  http  requests above, you will be able to see the request type in request headers.  Now go and open the API in a web browser, by visiting  http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ .",
             "title": "How's it looking?"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#browsability", 
-            "text": "Because the API chooses the content type of the response based on the client request, it will, by default, return an HTML-formatted representation of the resource when that resource is requested by a web browser.  This allows for the API to return a fully web-browsable HTML representation.  Having a web-browsable API is a huge usability win, and makes developing and using your API much easier.  It also dramatically lowers the barrier-to-entry for other developers wanting to inspect and work with your API.  See the  browsable api  topic for more information about the browsable API feature and how to customize it.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#browsability",
+            "text": "Because the API chooses the content type of the response based on the client request, it will, by default, return an HTML-formatted representation of the resource when that resource is requested by a web browser.  This allows for the API to return a fully web-browsable HTML representation.  Having a web-browsable API is a huge usability win, and makes developing and using your API much easier.  It also dramatically lowers the barrier-to-entry for other developers wanting to inspect and work with your API.  See the  browsable api  topic for more information about the browsable API feature and how to customize it.",
             "title": "Browsability"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "In  tutorial part 3 , we'll start using class-based views, and see how generic views reduce the amount of code we need to write.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/#whats-next",
+            "text": "In  tutorial part 3 , we'll start using class-based views, and see how generic views reduce the amount of code we need to write.",
             "title": "What's next?"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 3: Class-based Views\n\n\nWe can also write our API views using class-based views, rather than function based views.  As we'll see this is a powerful pattern that allows us to reuse common functionality, and helps us keep our code \nDRY\n.\n\n\nRewriting our API using class-based views\n\n\nWe'll start by rewriting the root view as a class-based view.  All this involves is a little bit of refactoring of \nviews.py\n.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom django.http import Http404\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import status\n\n\nclass SnippetList(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n\n\nSo far, so good.  It looks pretty similar to the previous case, but we've got better separation between the different HTTP methods.  We'll also need to update the instance view in \nviews.py\n.\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self, pk):\n        try:\n            return Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n        except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n            raise Http404\n\n    def get(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def put(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    def delete(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)\n\n\n\nThat's looking good.  Again, it's still pretty similar to the function based view right now.\n\n\nWe'll also need to refactor our \nsnippets/urls.py\n slightly now that we're using class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view()),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/', views.SnippetDetail.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're done.  If you run the development server everything should be working just as before.\n\n\nUsing mixins\n\n\nOne of the big wins of using class-based views is that it allows us to easily compose reusable bits of behaviour.\n\n\nThe create/retrieve/update/delete operations that we've been using so far are going to be pretty similar for any model-backed API views we create.  Those bits of common behaviour are implemented in REST framework's mixin classes.\n\n\nLet's take a look at how we can compose the views by using the mixin classes.  Here's our \nviews.py\n module again.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass SnippetList(mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                  mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                  generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nWe'll take a moment to examine exactly what's happening here.  We're building our view using \nGenericAPIView\n, and adding in \nListModelMixin\n and \nCreateModelMixin\n.\n\n\nThe base class provides the core functionality, and the mixin classes provide the \n.list()\n and \n.create()\n actions.  We're then explicitly binding the \nget\n and \npost\n methods to the appropriate actions.  Simple enough stuff so far.\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,\n                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,\n                    generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nPretty similar.  Again we're using the \nGenericAPIView\n class to provide the core functionality, and adding in mixins to provide the \n.retrieve()\n, \n.update()\n and \n.destroy()\n actions.\n\n\nUsing generic class-based views\n\n\nUsing the mixin classes we've rewritten the views to use slightly less code than before, but we can go one step further.  REST framework provides a set of already mixed-in generic views that we can use to trim down our \nviews.py\n module even more.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\n\nclass SnippetList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\n\nWow, that's pretty concise.  We've gotten a huge amount for free, and our code looks like good, clean, idiomatic Django.\n\n\nNext we'll move onto \npart 4 of the tutorial\n, where we'll take a look at how we can deal with authentication and permissions for our API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 3: Class-based Views\n\n\nWe can also write our API views using class-based views, rather than function based views.  As we'll see this is a powerful pattern that allows us to reuse common functionality, and helps us keep our code \nDRY\n.\n\n\nRewriting our API using class-based views\n\n\nWe'll start by rewriting the root view as a class-based view.  All this involves is a little bit of refactoring of \nviews.py\n.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom django.http import Http404\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import status\n\n\nclass SnippetList(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n\n\nSo far, so good.  It looks pretty similar to the previous case, but we've got better separation between the different HTTP methods.  We'll also need to update the instance view in \nviews.py\n.\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self, pk):\n        try:\n            return Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n        except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n            raise Http404\n\n    def get(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def put(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    def delete(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)\n\n\n\nThat's looking good.  Again, it's still pretty similar to the function based view right now.\n\n\nWe'll also need to refactor our \nsnippets/urls.py\n slightly now that we're using class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view()),\n    path('snippets//', views.SnippetDetail.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)\n\n\n\nOkay, we're done.  If you run the development server everything should be working just as before.\n\n\nUsing mixins\n\n\nOne of the big wins of using class-based views is that it allows us to easily compose reusable bits of behaviour.\n\n\nThe create/retrieve/update/delete operations that we've been using so far are going to be pretty similar for any model-backed API views we create.  Those bits of common behaviour are implemented in REST framework's mixin classes.\n\n\nLet's take a look at how we can compose the views by using the mixin classes.  Here's our \nviews.py\n module again.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass SnippetList(mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                  mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                  generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nWe'll take a moment to examine exactly what's happening here.  We're building our view using \nGenericAPIView\n, and adding in \nListModelMixin\n and \nCreateModelMixin\n.\n\n\nThe base class provides the core functionality, and the mixin classes provide the \n.list()\n and \n.create()\n actions.  We're then explicitly binding the \nget\n and \npost\n methods to the appropriate actions.  Simple enough stuff so far.\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,\n                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,\n                    generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nPretty similar.  Again we're using the \nGenericAPIView\n class to provide the core functionality, and adding in mixins to provide the \n.retrieve()\n, \n.update()\n and \n.destroy()\n actions.\n\n\nUsing generic class-based views\n\n\nUsing the mixin classes we've rewritten the views to use slightly less code than before, but we can go one step further.  REST framework provides a set of already mixed-in generic views that we can use to trim down our \nviews.py\n module even more.\n\n\nfrom snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\n\nclass SnippetList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\n\nWow, that's pretty concise.  We've gotten a huge amount for free, and our code looks like good, clean, idiomatic Django.\n\n\nNext we'll move onto \npart 4 of the tutorial\n, where we'll take a look at how we can deal with authentication and permissions for our API.",
             "title": "3 - Class based views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#tutorial-3-class-based-views", 
-            "text": "We can also write our API views using class-based views, rather than function based views.  As we'll see this is a powerful pattern that allows us to reuse common functionality, and helps us keep our code  DRY .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#tutorial-3-class-based-views",
+            "text": "We can also write our API views using class-based views, rather than function based views.  As we'll see this is a powerful pattern that allows us to reuse common functionality, and helps us keep our code  DRY .",
             "title": "Tutorial 3: Class-based Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#rewriting-our-api-using-class-based-views", 
-            "text": "We'll start by rewriting the root view as a class-based view.  All this involves is a little bit of refactoring of  views.py .  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom django.http import Http404\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import status\n\n\nclass SnippetList(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)  So far, so good.  It looks pretty similar to the previous case, but we've got better separation between the different HTTP methods.  We'll also need to update the instance view in  views.py .  class SnippetDetail(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self, pk):\n        try:\n            return Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n        except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n            raise Http404\n\n    def get(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def put(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    def delete(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)  That's looking good.  Again, it's still pretty similar to the function based view right now.  We'll also need to refactor our  snippets/urls.py  slightly now that we're using class-based views.  from django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view()),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /', views.SnippetDetail.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)  Okay, we're done.  If you run the development server everything should be working just as before.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#rewriting-our-api-using-class-based-views",
+            "text": "We'll start by rewriting the root view as a class-based view.  All this involves is a little bit of refactoring of  views.py .  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom django.http import Http404\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import status\n\n\nclass SnippetList(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    List all snippets, or create a new snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)  So far, so good.  It looks pretty similar to the previous case, but we've got better separation between the different HTTP methods.  We'll also need to update the instance view in  views.py .  class SnippetDetail(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self, pk):\n        try:\n            return Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)\n        except Snippet.DoesNotExist:\n            raise Http404\n\n    def get(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def put(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            serializer.save()\n            return Response(serializer.data)\n        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    def delete(self, request, pk, format=None):\n        snippet = self.get_object(pk)\n        snippet.delete()\n        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)  That's looking good.  Again, it's still pretty similar to the function based view right now.  We'll also need to refactor our  snippets/urls.py  slightly now that we're using class-based views.  from django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view()),\n    path('snippets//', views.SnippetDetail.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)  Okay, we're done.  If you run the development server everything should be working just as before.",
             "title": "Rewriting our API using class-based views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#using-mixins", 
-            "text": "One of the big wins of using class-based views is that it allows us to easily compose reusable bits of behaviour.  The create/retrieve/update/delete operations that we've been using so far are going to be pretty similar for any model-backed API views we create.  Those bits of common behaviour are implemented in REST framework's mixin classes.  Let's take a look at how we can compose the views by using the mixin classes.  Here's our  views.py  module again.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass SnippetList(mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                  mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                  generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)  We'll take a moment to examine exactly what's happening here.  We're building our view using  GenericAPIView , and adding in  ListModelMixin  and  CreateModelMixin .  The base class provides the core functionality, and the mixin classes provide the  .list()  and  .create()  actions.  We're then explicitly binding the  get  and  post  methods to the appropriate actions.  Simple enough stuff so far.  class SnippetDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,\n                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,\n                    generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)  Pretty similar.  Again we're using the  GenericAPIView  class to provide the core functionality, and adding in mixins to provide the  .retrieve() ,  .update()  and  .destroy()  actions.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#using-mixins",
+            "text": "One of the big wins of using class-based views is that it allows us to easily compose reusable bits of behaviour.  The create/retrieve/update/delete operations that we've been using so far are going to be pretty similar for any model-backed API views we create.  Those bits of common behaviour are implemented in REST framework's mixin classes.  Let's take a look at how we can compose the views by using the mixin classes.  Here's our  views.py  module again.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass SnippetList(mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                  mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                  generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)  We'll take a moment to examine exactly what's happening here.  We're building our view using  GenericAPIView , and adding in  ListModelMixin  and  CreateModelMixin .  The base class provides the core functionality, and the mixin classes provide the  .list()  and  .create()  actions.  We're then explicitly binding the  get  and  post  methods to the appropriate actions.  Simple enough stuff so far.  class SnippetDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,\n                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,\n                    generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)  Pretty similar.  Again we're using the  GenericAPIView  class to provide the core functionality, and adding in mixins to provide the  .retrieve() ,  .update()  and  .destroy()  actions.",
             "title": "Using mixins"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#using-generic-class-based-views", 
-            "text": "Using the mixin classes we've rewritten the views to use slightly less code than before, but we can go one step further.  REST framework provides a set of already mixed-in generic views that we can use to trim down our  views.py  module even more.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\n\nclass SnippetList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer  Wow, that's pretty concise.  We've gotten a huge amount for free, and our code looks like good, clean, idiomatic Django.  Next we'll move onto  part 4 of the tutorial , where we'll take a look at how we can deal with authentication and permissions for our API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/3-class-based-views/#using-generic-class-based-views",
+            "text": "Using the mixin classes we've rewritten the views to use slightly less code than before, but we can go one step further.  REST framework provides a set of already mixed-in generic views that we can use to trim down our  views.py  module even more.  from snippets.models import Snippet\nfrom snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\n\nclass SnippetList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n\n\nclass SnippetDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer  Wow, that's pretty concise.  We've gotten a huge amount for free, and our code looks like good, clean, idiomatic Django.  Next we'll move onto  part 4 of the tutorial , where we'll take a look at how we can deal with authentication and permissions for our API.",
             "title": "Using generic class-based views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 4: Authentication \n Permissions\n\n\nCurrently our API doesn't have any restrictions on who can edit or delete code snippets.  We'd like to have some more advanced behavior in order to make sure that:\n\n\n\n\nCode snippets are always associated with a creator.\n\n\nOnly authenticated users may create snippets.\n\n\nOnly the creator of a snippet may update or delete it.\n\n\nUnauthenticated requests should have full read-only access.\n\n\n\n\nAdding information to our model\n\n\nWe're going to make a couple of changes to our \nSnippet\n model class.\nFirst, let's add a couple of fields.  One of those fields will be used to represent the user who created the code snippet.  The other field will be used to store the highlighted HTML representation of the code.\n\n\nAdd the following two fields to the \nSnippet\n model in \nmodels.py\n.\n\n\nowner = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', related_name='snippets', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\nhighlighted = models.TextField()\n\n\n\nWe'd also need to make sure that when the model is saved, that we populate the highlighted field, using the \npygments\n code highlighting library.\n\n\nWe'll need some extra imports:\n\n\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name\nfrom pygments.formatters.html import HtmlFormatter\nfrom pygments import highlight\n\n\n\nAnd now we can add a \n.save()\n method to our model class:\n\n\ndef save(self, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Use the `pygments` library to create a highlighted HTML\n    representation of the code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    lexer = get_lexer_by_name(self.language)\n    linenos = 'table' if self.linenos else False\n    options = {'title': self.title} if self.title else {}\n    formatter = HtmlFormatter(style=self.style, linenos=linenos,\n                              full=True, **options)\n    self.highlighted = highlight(self.code, lexer, formatter)\n    super(Snippet, self).save(*args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nWhen that's all done we'll need to update our database tables.\nNormally we'd create a database migration in order to do that, but for the purposes of this tutorial, let's just delete the database and start again.\n\n\nrm -f db.sqlite3\nrm -r snippets/migrations\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nYou might also want to create a few different users, to use for testing the API.  The quickest way to do this will be with the \ncreatesuperuser\n command.\n\n\npython manage.py createsuperuser\n\n\n\nAdding endpoints for our User models\n\n\nNow that we've got some users to work with, we'd better add representations of those users to our API.  Creating a new serializer is easy. In \nserializers.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('id', 'username', 'snippets')\n\n\n\nBecause \n'snippets'\n is a \nreverse\n relationship on the User model, it will not be included by default when using the \nModelSerializer\n class, so we needed to add an explicit field for it.\n\n\nWe'll also add a couple of views to \nviews.py\n.  We'd like to just use read-only views for the user representations, so we'll use the \nListAPIView\n and \nRetrieveAPIView\n generic class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\nMake sure to also import the \nUserSerializer\n class\n\n\nfrom snippets.serializers import UserSerializer\n\n\n\nFinally we need to add those views into the API, by referencing them from the URL conf. Add the following to the patterns in \nsnippets/urls.py\n.\n\n\npath('users/', views.UserList.as_view()),\npath('users/\nint:pk\n/', views.UserDetail.as_view()),\n\n\n\nAssociating Snippets with Users\n\n\nRight now, if we created a code snippet, there'd be no way of associating the user that created the snippet, with the snippet instance.  The user isn't sent as part of the serialized representation, but is instead a property of the incoming request.\n\n\nThe way we deal with that is by overriding a \n.perform_create()\n method on our snippet views, that allows us to modify how the instance save is managed, and handle any information that is implicit in the incoming request or requested URL.\n\n\nOn the \nSnippetList\n view class, add the following method:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThe \ncreate()\n method of our serializer will now be passed an additional \n'owner'\n field, along with the validated data from the request.\n\n\nUpdating our serializer\n\n\nNow that snippets are associated with the user that created them, let's update our \nSnippetSerializer\n to reflect that.  Add the following field to the serializer definition in \nserializers.py\n:\n\n\nowner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n\n\n\nNote\n: Make sure you also add \n'owner',\n to the list of fields in the inner \nMeta\n class.\n\n\nThis field is doing something quite interesting.  The \nsource\n argument controls which attribute is used to populate a field, and can point at any attribute on the serialized instance.  It can also take the dotted notation shown above, in which case it will traverse the given attributes, in a similar way as it is used with Django's template language.\n\n\nThe field we've added is the untyped \nReadOnlyField\n class, in contrast to the other typed fields, such as \nCharField\n, \nBooleanField\n etc...  The untyped \nReadOnlyField\n is always read-only, and will be used for serialized representations, but will not be used for updating model instances when they are deserialized. We could have also used \nCharField(read_only=True)\n here.\n\n\nAdding required permissions to views\n\n\nNow that code snippets are associated with users, we want to make sure that only authenticated users are able to create, update and delete code snippets.\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of permission classes that we can use to restrict who can access a given view.  In this case the one we're looking for is \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n, which will ensure that authenticated requests get read-write access, and unauthenticated requests get read-only access.\n\n\nFirst add the following import in the views module\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\n\n\nThen, add the following property to \nboth\n the \nSnippetList\n and \nSnippetDetail\n view classes.\n\n\npermission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,)\n\n\n\nAdding login to the Browsable API\n\n\nIf you open a browser and navigate to the browsable API at the moment, you'll find that you're no longer able to create new code snippets.  In order to do so we'd need to be able to login as a user.\n\n\nWe can add a login view for use with the browsable API, by editing the URLconf in our project-level \nurls.py\n file.\n\n\nAdd the following import at the top of the file:\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import include\n\n\n\nAnd, at the end of the file, add a pattern to include the login and logout views for the browsable API.\n\n\nurlpatterns += [\n    path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')),\n]\n\n\n\nThe \n'api-auth/'\n part of pattern can actually be whatever URL you want to use.\n\n\nNow if you open up the browser again and refresh the page you'll see a 'Login' link in the top right of the page.  If you log in as one of the users you created earlier, you'll be able to create code snippets again.\n\n\nOnce you've created a few code snippets, navigate to the '/users/' endpoint, and notice that the representation includes a list of the snippet ids that are associated with each user, in each user's 'snippets' field.\n\n\nObject level permissions\n\n\nReally we'd like all code snippets to be visible to anyone, but also make sure that only the user that created a code snippet is able to update or delete it.\n\n\nTo do that we're going to need to create a custom permission.\n\n\nIn the snippets app, create a new file, \npermissions.py\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Custom permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Write permissions are only allowed to the owner of the snippet.\n        return obj.owner == request.user\n\n\n\nNow we can add that custom permission to our snippet instance endpoint, by editing the \npermission_classes\n property on the \nSnippetDetail\n view class:\n\n\npermission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                      IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n\n\nMake sure to also import the \nIsOwnerOrReadOnly\n class.\n\n\nfrom snippets.permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly\n\n\n\nNow, if you open a browser again, you find that the 'DELETE' and 'PUT' actions only appear on a snippet instance endpoint if you're logged in as the same user that created the code snippet.\n\n\nAuthenticating with the API\n\n\nBecause we now have a set of permissions on the API, we need to authenticate our requests to it if we want to edit any snippets.  We haven't set up any \nauthentication classes\n, so the defaults are currently applied, which are \nSessionAuthentication\n and \nBasicAuthentication\n.\n\n\nWhen we interact with the API through the web browser, we can login, and the browser session will then provide the required authentication for the requests.\n\n\nIf we're interacting with the API programmatically we need to explicitly provide the authentication credentials on each request.\n\n\nIf we try to create a snippet without authenticating, we'll get an error:\n\n\nhttp POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"Authentication credentials were not provided.\"\n}\n\n\n\nWe can make a successful request by including the username and password of one of the users we created earlier.\n\n\nhttp -a admin:password123 POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 789\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"owner\": \"admin\",\n    \"title\": \"foo\",\n    \"code\": \"print 789\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nSummary\n\n\nWe've now got a fairly fine-grained set of permissions on our Web API, and end points for users of the system and for the code snippets that they have created.\n\n\nIn \npart 5\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can tie everything together by creating an HTML endpoint for our highlighted snippets, and improve the cohesion of our API by using hyperlinking for the relationships within the system.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 4: Authentication & Permissions\n\n\nCurrently our API doesn't have any restrictions on who can edit or delete code snippets.  We'd like to have some more advanced behavior in order to make sure that:\n\n\n\n\nCode snippets are always associated with a creator.\n\n\nOnly authenticated users may create snippets.\n\n\nOnly the creator of a snippet may update or delete it.\n\n\nUnauthenticated requests should have full read-only access.\n\n\n\n\nAdding information to our model\n\n\nWe're going to make a couple of changes to our \nSnippet\n model class.\nFirst, let's add a couple of fields.  One of those fields will be used to represent the user who created the code snippet.  The other field will be used to store the highlighted HTML representation of the code.\n\n\nAdd the following two fields to the \nSnippet\n model in \nmodels.py\n.\n\n\nowner = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', related_name='snippets', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\nhighlighted = models.TextField()\n\n\n\nWe'd also need to make sure that when the model is saved, that we populate the highlighted field, using the \npygments\n code highlighting library.\n\n\nWe'll need some extra imports:\n\n\nfrom pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name\nfrom pygments.formatters.html import HtmlFormatter\nfrom pygments import highlight\n\n\n\nAnd now we can add a \n.save()\n method to our model class:\n\n\ndef save(self, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Use the `pygments` library to create a highlighted HTML\n    representation of the code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    lexer = get_lexer_by_name(self.language)\n    linenos = 'table' if self.linenos else False\n    options = {'title': self.title} if self.title else {}\n    formatter = HtmlFormatter(style=self.style, linenos=linenos,\n                              full=True, **options)\n    self.highlighted = highlight(self.code, lexer, formatter)\n    super(Snippet, self).save(*args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\nWhen that's all done we'll need to update our database tables.\nNormally we'd create a database migration in order to do that, but for the purposes of this tutorial, let's just delete the database and start again.\n\n\nrm -f db.sqlite3\nrm -r snippets/migrations\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate\n\n\n\nYou might also want to create a few different users, to use for testing the API.  The quickest way to do this will be with the \ncreatesuperuser\n command.\n\n\npython manage.py createsuperuser\n\n\n\nAdding endpoints for our User models\n\n\nNow that we've got some users to work with, we'd better add representations of those users to our API.  Creating a new serializer is easy. In \nserializers.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('id', 'username', 'snippets')\n\n\n\nBecause \n'snippets'\n is a \nreverse\n relationship on the User model, it will not be included by default when using the \nModelSerializer\n class, so we needed to add an explicit field for it.\n\n\nWe'll also add a couple of views to \nviews.py\n.  We'd like to just use read-only views for the user representations, so we'll use the \nListAPIView\n and \nRetrieveAPIView\n generic class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\nMake sure to also import the \nUserSerializer\n class\n\n\nfrom snippets.serializers import UserSerializer\n\n\n\nFinally we need to add those views into the API, by referencing them from the URL conf. Add the following to the patterns in \nsnippets/urls.py\n.\n\n\npath('users/', views.UserList.as_view()),\npath('users//', views.UserDetail.as_view()),\n\n\n\nAssociating Snippets with Users\n\n\nRight now, if we created a code snippet, there'd be no way of associating the user that created the snippet, with the snippet instance.  The user isn't sent as part of the serialized representation, but is instead a property of the incoming request.\n\n\nThe way we deal with that is by overriding a \n.perform_create()\n method on our snippet views, that allows us to modify how the instance save is managed, and handle any information that is implicit in the incoming request or requested URL.\n\n\nOn the \nSnippetList\n view class, add the following method:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThe \ncreate()\n method of our serializer will now be passed an additional \n'owner'\n field, along with the validated data from the request.\n\n\nUpdating our serializer\n\n\nNow that snippets are associated with the user that created them, let's update our \nSnippetSerializer\n to reflect that.  Add the following field to the serializer definition in \nserializers.py\n:\n\n\nowner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n\n\n\nNote\n: Make sure you also add \n'owner',\n to the list of fields in the inner \nMeta\n class.\n\n\nThis field is doing something quite interesting.  The \nsource\n argument controls which attribute is used to populate a field, and can point at any attribute on the serialized instance.  It can also take the dotted notation shown above, in which case it will traverse the given attributes, in a similar way as it is used with Django's template language.\n\n\nThe field we've added is the untyped \nReadOnlyField\n class, in contrast to the other typed fields, such as \nCharField\n, \nBooleanField\n etc...  The untyped \nReadOnlyField\n is always read-only, and will be used for serialized representations, but will not be used for updating model instances when they are deserialized. We could have also used \nCharField(read_only=True)\n here.\n\n\nAdding required permissions to views\n\n\nNow that code snippets are associated with users, we want to make sure that only authenticated users are able to create, update and delete code snippets.\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of permission classes that we can use to restrict who can access a given view.  In this case the one we're looking for is \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n, which will ensure that authenticated requests get read-write access, and unauthenticated requests get read-only access.\n\n\nFirst add the following import in the views module\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\n\n\nThen, add the following property to \nboth\n the \nSnippetList\n and \nSnippetDetail\n view classes.\n\n\npermission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,)\n\n\n\nAdding login to the Browsable API\n\n\nIf you open a browser and navigate to the browsable API at the moment, you'll find that you're no longer able to create new code snippets.  In order to do so we'd need to be able to login as a user.\n\n\nWe can add a login view for use with the browsable API, by editing the URLconf in our project-level \nurls.py\n file.\n\n\nAdd the following import at the top of the file:\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import include\n\n\n\nAnd, at the end of the file, add a pattern to include the login and logout views for the browsable API.\n\n\nurlpatterns += [\n    path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')),\n]\n\n\n\nThe \n'api-auth/'\n part of pattern can actually be whatever URL you want to use.\n\n\nNow if you open up the browser again and refresh the page you'll see a 'Login' link in the top right of the page.  If you log in as one of the users you created earlier, you'll be able to create code snippets again.\n\n\nOnce you've created a few code snippets, navigate to the '/users/' endpoint, and notice that the representation includes a list of the snippet ids that are associated with each user, in each user's 'snippets' field.\n\n\nObject level permissions\n\n\nReally we'd like all code snippets to be visible to anyone, but also make sure that only the user that created a code snippet is able to update or delete it.\n\n\nTo do that we're going to need to create a custom permission.\n\n\nIn the snippets app, create a new file, \npermissions.py\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Custom permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Write permissions are only allowed to the owner of the snippet.\n        return obj.owner == request.user\n\n\n\nNow we can add that custom permission to our snippet instance endpoint, by editing the \npermission_classes\n property on the \nSnippetDetail\n view class:\n\n\npermission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                      IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n\n\nMake sure to also import the \nIsOwnerOrReadOnly\n class.\n\n\nfrom snippets.permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly\n\n\n\nNow, if you open a browser again, you find that the 'DELETE' and 'PUT' actions only appear on a snippet instance endpoint if you're logged in as the same user that created the code snippet.\n\n\nAuthenticating with the API\n\n\nBecause we now have a set of permissions on the API, we need to authenticate our requests to it if we want to edit any snippets.  We haven't set up any \nauthentication classes\n, so the defaults are currently applied, which are \nSessionAuthentication\n and \nBasicAuthentication\n.\n\n\nWhen we interact with the API through the web browser, we can login, and the browser session will then provide the required authentication for the requests.\n\n\nIf we're interacting with the API programmatically we need to explicitly provide the authentication credentials on each request.\n\n\nIf we try to create a snippet without authenticating, we'll get an error:\n\n\nhttp POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"Authentication credentials were not provided.\"\n}\n\n\n\nWe can make a successful request by including the username and password of one of the users we created earlier.\n\n\nhttp -a admin:password123 POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 789\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"owner\": \"admin\",\n    \"title\": \"foo\",\n    \"code\": \"print 789\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nSummary\n\n\nWe've now got a fairly fine-grained set of permissions on our Web API, and end points for users of the system and for the code snippets that they have created.\n\n\nIn \npart 5\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can tie everything together by creating an HTML endpoint for our highlighted snippets, and improve the cohesion of our API by using hyperlinking for the relationships within the system.",
             "title": "4 - Authentication and permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#tutorial-4-authentication-permissions", 
-            "text": "Currently our API doesn't have any restrictions on who can edit or delete code snippets.  We'd like to have some more advanced behavior in order to make sure that:   Code snippets are always associated with a creator.  Only authenticated users may create snippets.  Only the creator of a snippet may update or delete it.  Unauthenticated requests should have full read-only access.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#tutorial-4-authentication-permissions",
+            "text": "Currently our API doesn't have any restrictions on who can edit or delete code snippets.  We'd like to have some more advanced behavior in order to make sure that:   Code snippets are always associated with a creator.  Only authenticated users may create snippets.  Only the creator of a snippet may update or delete it.  Unauthenticated requests should have full read-only access.",
             "title": "Tutorial 4: Authentication & Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-information-to-our-model", 
-            "text": "We're going to make a couple of changes to our  Snippet  model class.\nFirst, let's add a couple of fields.  One of those fields will be used to represent the user who created the code snippet.  The other field will be used to store the highlighted HTML representation of the code.  Add the following two fields to the  Snippet  model in  models.py .  owner = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', related_name='snippets', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\nhighlighted = models.TextField()  We'd also need to make sure that when the model is saved, that we populate the highlighted field, using the  pygments  code highlighting library.  We'll need some extra imports:  from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name\nfrom pygments.formatters.html import HtmlFormatter\nfrom pygments import highlight  And now we can add a  .save()  method to our model class:  def save(self, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Use the `pygments` library to create a highlighted HTML\n    representation of the code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    lexer = get_lexer_by_name(self.language)\n    linenos = 'table' if self.linenos else False\n    options = {'title': self.title} if self.title else {}\n    formatter = HtmlFormatter(style=self.style, linenos=linenos,\n                              full=True, **options)\n    self.highlighted = highlight(self.code, lexer, formatter)\n    super(Snippet, self).save(*args, **kwargs)  When that's all done we'll need to update our database tables.\nNormally we'd create a database migration in order to do that, but for the purposes of this tutorial, let's just delete the database and start again.  rm -f db.sqlite3\nrm -r snippets/migrations\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate  You might also want to create a few different users, to use for testing the API.  The quickest way to do this will be with the  createsuperuser  command.  python manage.py createsuperuser", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-information-to-our-model",
+            "text": "We're going to make a couple of changes to our  Snippet  model class.\nFirst, let's add a couple of fields.  One of those fields will be used to represent the user who created the code snippet.  The other field will be used to store the highlighted HTML representation of the code.  Add the following two fields to the  Snippet  model in  models.py .  owner = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', related_name='snippets', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\nhighlighted = models.TextField()  We'd also need to make sure that when the model is saved, that we populate the highlighted field, using the  pygments  code highlighting library.  We'll need some extra imports:  from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name\nfrom pygments.formatters.html import HtmlFormatter\nfrom pygments import highlight  And now we can add a  .save()  method to our model class:  def save(self, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Use the `pygments` library to create a highlighted HTML\n    representation of the code snippet.\n    \"\"\"\n    lexer = get_lexer_by_name(self.language)\n    linenos = 'table' if self.linenos else False\n    options = {'title': self.title} if self.title else {}\n    formatter = HtmlFormatter(style=self.style, linenos=linenos,\n                              full=True, **options)\n    self.highlighted = highlight(self.code, lexer, formatter)\n    super(Snippet, self).save(*args, **kwargs)  When that's all done we'll need to update our database tables.\nNormally we'd create a database migration in order to do that, but for the purposes of this tutorial, let's just delete the database and start again.  rm -f db.sqlite3\nrm -r snippets/migrations\npython manage.py makemigrations snippets\npython manage.py migrate  You might also want to create a few different users, to use for testing the API.  The quickest way to do this will be with the  createsuperuser  command.  python manage.py createsuperuser",
             "title": "Adding information to our model"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-endpoints-for-our-user-models", 
-            "text": "Now that we've got some users to work with, we'd better add representations of those users to our API.  Creating a new serializer is easy. In  serializers.py  add:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('id', 'username', 'snippets')  Because  'snippets'  is a  reverse  relationship on the User model, it will not be included by default when using the  ModelSerializer  class, so we needed to add an explicit field for it.  We'll also add a couple of views to  views.py .  We'd like to just use read-only views for the user representations, so we'll use the  ListAPIView  and  RetrieveAPIView  generic class-based views.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer  Make sure to also import the  UserSerializer  class  from snippets.serializers import UserSerializer  Finally we need to add those views into the API, by referencing them from the URL conf. Add the following to the patterns in  snippets/urls.py .  path('users/', views.UserList.as_view()),\npath('users/ int:pk /', views.UserDetail.as_view()),", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-endpoints-for-our-user-models",
+            "text": "Now that we've got some users to work with, we'd better add representations of those users to our API.  Creating a new serializer is easy. In  serializers.py  add:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('id', 'username', 'snippets')  Because  'snippets'  is a  reverse  relationship on the User model, it will not be included by default when using the  ModelSerializer  class, so we needed to add an explicit field for it.  We'll also add a couple of views to  views.py .  We'd like to just use read-only views for the user representations, so we'll use the  ListAPIView  and  RetrieveAPIView  generic class-based views.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer  Make sure to also import the  UserSerializer  class  from snippets.serializers import UserSerializer  Finally we need to add those views into the API, by referencing them from the URL conf. Add the following to the patterns in  snippets/urls.py .  path('users/', views.UserList.as_view()),\npath('users//', views.UserDetail.as_view()),",
             "title": "Adding endpoints for our User models"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#associating-snippets-with-users", 
-            "text": "Right now, if we created a code snippet, there'd be no way of associating the user that created the snippet, with the snippet instance.  The user isn't sent as part of the serialized representation, but is instead a property of the incoming request.  The way we deal with that is by overriding a  .perform_create()  method on our snippet views, that allows us to modify how the instance save is managed, and handle any information that is implicit in the incoming request or requested URL.  On the  SnippetList  view class, add the following method:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  The  create()  method of our serializer will now be passed an additional  'owner'  field, along with the validated data from the request.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#associating-snippets-with-users",
+            "text": "Right now, if we created a code snippet, there'd be no way of associating the user that created the snippet, with the snippet instance.  The user isn't sent as part of the serialized representation, but is instead a property of the incoming request.  The way we deal with that is by overriding a  .perform_create()  method on our snippet views, that allows us to modify how the instance save is managed, and handle any information that is implicit in the incoming request or requested URL.  On the  SnippetList  view class, add the following method:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  The  create()  method of our serializer will now be passed an additional  'owner'  field, along with the validated data from the request.",
             "title": "Associating Snippets with Users"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#updating-our-serializer", 
-            "text": "Now that snippets are associated with the user that created them, let's update our  SnippetSerializer  to reflect that.  Add the following field to the serializer definition in  serializers.py :  owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')  Note : Make sure you also add  'owner',  to the list of fields in the inner  Meta  class.  This field is doing something quite interesting.  The  source  argument controls which attribute is used to populate a field, and can point at any attribute on the serialized instance.  It can also take the dotted notation shown above, in which case it will traverse the given attributes, in a similar way as it is used with Django's template language.  The field we've added is the untyped  ReadOnlyField  class, in contrast to the other typed fields, such as  CharField ,  BooleanField  etc...  The untyped  ReadOnlyField  is always read-only, and will be used for serialized representations, but will not be used for updating model instances when they are deserialized. We could have also used  CharField(read_only=True)  here.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#updating-our-serializer",
+            "text": "Now that snippets are associated with the user that created them, let's update our  SnippetSerializer  to reflect that.  Add the following field to the serializer definition in  serializers.py :  owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')  Note : Make sure you also add  'owner',  to the list of fields in the inner  Meta  class.  This field is doing something quite interesting.  The  source  argument controls which attribute is used to populate a field, and can point at any attribute on the serialized instance.  It can also take the dotted notation shown above, in which case it will traverse the given attributes, in a similar way as it is used with Django's template language.  The field we've added is the untyped  ReadOnlyField  class, in contrast to the other typed fields, such as  CharField ,  BooleanField  etc...  The untyped  ReadOnlyField  is always read-only, and will be used for serialized representations, but will not be used for updating model instances when they are deserialized. We could have also used  CharField(read_only=True)  here.",
             "title": "Updating our serializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-required-permissions-to-views", 
-            "text": "Now that code snippets are associated with users, we want to make sure that only authenticated users are able to create, update and delete code snippets.  REST framework includes a number of permission classes that we can use to restrict who can access a given view.  In this case the one we're looking for is  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly , which will ensure that authenticated requests get read-write access, and unauthenticated requests get read-only access.  First add the following import in the views module  from rest_framework import permissions  Then, add the following property to  both  the  SnippetList  and  SnippetDetail  view classes.  permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,)", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-required-permissions-to-views",
+            "text": "Now that code snippets are associated with users, we want to make sure that only authenticated users are able to create, update and delete code snippets.  REST framework includes a number of permission classes that we can use to restrict who can access a given view.  In this case the one we're looking for is  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly , which will ensure that authenticated requests get read-write access, and unauthenticated requests get read-only access.  First add the following import in the views module  from rest_framework import permissions  Then, add the following property to  both  the  SnippetList  and  SnippetDetail  view classes.  permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,)",
             "title": "Adding required permissions to views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-login-to-the-browsable-api", 
-            "text": "If you open a browser and navigate to the browsable API at the moment, you'll find that you're no longer able to create new code snippets.  In order to do so we'd need to be able to login as a user.  We can add a login view for use with the browsable API, by editing the URLconf in our project-level  urls.py  file.  Add the following import at the top of the file:  from django.conf.urls import include  And, at the end of the file, add a pattern to include the login and logout views for the browsable API.  urlpatterns += [\n    path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')),\n]  The  'api-auth/'  part of pattern can actually be whatever URL you want to use.  Now if you open up the browser again and refresh the page you'll see a 'Login' link in the top right of the page.  If you log in as one of the users you created earlier, you'll be able to create code snippets again.  Once you've created a few code snippets, navigate to the '/users/' endpoint, and notice that the representation includes a list of the snippet ids that are associated with each user, in each user's 'snippets' field.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#adding-login-to-the-browsable-api",
+            "text": "If you open a browser and navigate to the browsable API at the moment, you'll find that you're no longer able to create new code snippets.  In order to do so we'd need to be able to login as a user.  We can add a login view for use with the browsable API, by editing the URLconf in our project-level  urls.py  file.  Add the following import at the top of the file:  from django.conf.urls import include  And, at the end of the file, add a pattern to include the login and logout views for the browsable API.  urlpatterns += [\n    path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')),\n]  The  'api-auth/'  part of pattern can actually be whatever URL you want to use.  Now if you open up the browser again and refresh the page you'll see a 'Login' link in the top right of the page.  If you log in as one of the users you created earlier, you'll be able to create code snippets again.  Once you've created a few code snippets, navigate to the '/users/' endpoint, and notice that the representation includes a list of the snippet ids that are associated with each user, in each user's 'snippets' field.",
             "title": "Adding login to the Browsable API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#object-level-permissions", 
-            "text": "Really we'd like all code snippets to be visible to anyone, but also make sure that only the user that created a code snippet is able to update or delete it.  To do that we're going to need to create a custom permission.  In the snippets app, create a new file,  permissions.py  from rest_framework import permissions\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Custom permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Write permissions are only allowed to the owner of the snippet.\n        return obj.owner == request.user  Now we can add that custom permission to our snippet instance endpoint, by editing the  permission_classes  property on the  SnippetDetail  view class:  permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                      IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)  Make sure to also import the  IsOwnerOrReadOnly  class.  from snippets.permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly  Now, if you open a browser again, you find that the 'DELETE' and 'PUT' actions only appear on a snippet instance endpoint if you're logged in as the same user that created the code snippet.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#object-level-permissions",
+            "text": "Really we'd like all code snippets to be visible to anyone, but also make sure that only the user that created a code snippet is able to update or delete it.  To do that we're going to need to create a custom permission.  In the snippets app, create a new file,  permissions.py  from rest_framework import permissions\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Custom permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Write permissions are only allowed to the owner of the snippet.\n        return obj.owner == request.user  Now we can add that custom permission to our snippet instance endpoint, by editing the  permission_classes  property on the  SnippetDetail  view class:  permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                      IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)  Make sure to also import the  IsOwnerOrReadOnly  class.  from snippets.permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly  Now, if you open a browser again, you find that the 'DELETE' and 'PUT' actions only appear on a snippet instance endpoint if you're logged in as the same user that created the code snippet.",
             "title": "Object level permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#authenticating-with-the-api", 
-            "text": "Because we now have a set of permissions on the API, we need to authenticate our requests to it if we want to edit any snippets.  We haven't set up any  authentication classes , so the defaults are currently applied, which are  SessionAuthentication  and  BasicAuthentication .  When we interact with the API through the web browser, we can login, and the browser session will then provide the required authentication for the requests.  If we're interacting with the API programmatically we need to explicitly provide the authentication credentials on each request.  If we try to create a snippet without authenticating, we'll get an error:  http POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"Authentication credentials were not provided.\"\n}  We can make a successful request by including the username and password of one of the users we created earlier.  http -a admin:password123 POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 789\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"owner\": \"admin\",\n    \"title\": \"foo\",\n    \"code\": \"print 789\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#authenticating-with-the-api",
+            "text": "Because we now have a set of permissions on the API, we need to authenticate our requests to it if we want to edit any snippets.  We haven't set up any  authentication classes , so the defaults are currently applied, which are  SessionAuthentication  and  BasicAuthentication .  When we interact with the API through the web browser, we can login, and the browser session will then provide the required authentication for the requests.  If we're interacting with the API programmatically we need to explicitly provide the authentication credentials on each request.  If we try to create a snippet without authenticating, we'll get an error:  http POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 123\"\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"Authentication credentials were not provided.\"\n}  We can make a successful request by including the username and password of one of the users we created earlier.  http -a admin:password123 POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code=\"print 789\"\n\n{\n    \"id\": 1,\n    \"owner\": \"admin\",\n    \"title\": \"foo\",\n    \"code\": \"print 789\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}",
             "title": "Authenticating with the API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#summary", 
-            "text": "We've now got a fairly fine-grained set of permissions on our Web API, and end points for users of the system and for the code snippets that they have created.  In  part 5  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can tie everything together by creating an HTML endpoint for our highlighted snippets, and improve the cohesion of our API by using hyperlinking for the relationships within the system.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/#summary",
+            "text": "We've now got a fairly fine-grained set of permissions on our Web API, and end points for users of the system and for the code snippets that they have created.  In  part 5  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can tie everything together by creating an HTML endpoint for our highlighted snippets, and improve the cohesion of our API by using hyperlinking for the relationships within the system.",
             "title": "Summary"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 5: Relationships \n Hyperlinked APIs\n\n\nAt the moment relationships within our API are represented by using primary keys.  In this part of the tutorial we'll improve the cohesion and discoverability of our API, by instead using hyperlinking for relationships.\n\n\nCreating an endpoint for the root of our API\n\n\nRight now we have endpoints for 'snippets' and 'users', but we don't have a single entry point to our API.  To create one, we'll use a regular function-based view and the \n@api_view\n decorator we introduced earlier. In your \nsnippets/views.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef api_root(request, format=None):\n    return Response({\n        'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),\n        'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)\n    })\n\n\n\nTwo things should be noticed here. First, we're using REST framework's \nreverse\n function in order to return fully-qualified URLs; second, URL patterns are identified by convenience names that we will declare later on in our \nsnippets/urls.py\n.\n\n\nCreating an endpoint for the highlighted snippets\n\n\nThe other obvious thing that's still missing from our pastebin API is the code highlighting endpoints.\n\n\nUnlike all our other API endpoints, we don't want to use JSON, but instead just present an HTML representation.  There are two styles of HTML renderer provided by REST framework, one for dealing with HTML rendered using templates, the other for dealing with pre-rendered HTML.  The second renderer is the one we'd like to use for this endpoint.\n\n\nThe other thing we need to consider when creating the code highlight view is that there's no existing concrete generic view that we can use.  We're not returning an object instance, but instead a property of an object instance.\n\n\nInstead of using a concrete generic view, we'll use the base class for representing instances, and create our own \n.get()\n method.  In your \nsnippets/views.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n\n\nAs usual we need to add the new views that we've created in to our URLconf.\nWe'll add a url pattern for our new API root in \nsnippets/urls.py\n:\n\n\npath('', views.api_root),\n\n\n\nAnd then add a url pattern for the snippet highlights:\n\n\npath('snippets/\nint:pk\n/highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),\n\n\n\nHyperlinking our API\n\n\nDealing with relationships between entities is one of the more challenging aspects of Web API design.  There are a number of different ways that we might choose to represent a relationship:\n\n\n\n\nUsing primary keys.\n\n\nUsing hyperlinking between entities.\n\n\nUsing a unique identifying slug field on the related entity.\n\n\nUsing the default string representation of the related entity.\n\n\nNesting the related entity inside the parent representation.\n\n\nSome other custom representation.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework supports all of these styles, and can apply them across forward or reverse relationships, or apply them across custom managers such as generic foreign keys.\n\n\nIn this case we'd like to use a hyperlinked style between entities.  In order to do so, we'll modify our serializers to extend \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n instead of the existing \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n has the following differences from \nModelSerializer\n:\n\n\n\n\nIt does not include the \nid\n field by default.\n\n\nIt includes a \nurl\n field, using \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n.\n\n\nRelationships use \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n,\n  instead of \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n.\n\n\n\n\nWe can easily re-write our existing serializers to use hyperlinking. In your \nsnippets/serializers.py\n add:\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n    highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',\n                  'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets')\n\n\n\nNotice that we've also added a new \n'highlight'\n field.  This field is of the same type as the \nurl\n field, except that it points to the \n'snippet-highlight'\n url pattern, instead of the \n'snippet-detail'\n url pattern.\n\n\nBecause we've included format suffixed URLs such as \n'.json'\n, we also need to indicate on the \nhighlight\n field that any format suffixed hyperlinks it returns should use the \n'.html'\n suffix.\n\n\nMaking sure our URL patterns are named\n\n\nIf we're going to have a hyperlinked API, we need to make sure we name our URL patterns.  Let's take a look at which URL patterns we need to name.\n\n\n\n\nThe root of our API refers to \n'user-list'\n and \n'snippet-list'\n.\n\n\nOur snippet serializer includes a field that refers to \n'snippet-highlight'\n.\n\n\nOur user serializer includes a field that refers to \n'snippet-detail'\n.\n\n\nOur snippet and user serializers include \n'url'\n fields that by default will refer to \n'{model_name}-detail'\n, which in this case will be \n'snippet-detail'\n and \n'user-detail'\n.\n\n\n\n\nAfter adding all those names into our URLconf, our final \nsnippets/urls.py\n file should look like this:\n\n\nfrom django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# API endpoints\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', views.api_root),\n    path('snippets/',\n        views.SnippetList.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/',\n        views.SnippetDetail.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/highlight/',\n        views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/',\n        views.UserList.as_view(),\n        name='user-list'),\n    path('users/\nint:pk\n/',\n        views.UserDetail.as_view(),\n        name='user-detail')\n])\n\n\n\nAdding pagination\n\n\nThe list views for users and code snippets could end up returning quite a lot of instances, so really we'd like to make sure we paginate the results, and allow the API client to step through each of the individual pages.\n\n\nWe can change the default list style to use pagination, by modifying our \ntutorial/settings.py\n file slightly. Add the following setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}\n\n\n\nNote that settings in REST framework are all namespaced into a single dictionary setting, named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n, which helps keep them well separated from your other project settings.\n\n\nWe could also customize the pagination style if we needed too, but in this case we'll just stick with the default.\n\n\nBrowsing the API\n\n\nIf we open a browser and navigate to the browsable API, you'll find that you can now work your way around the API simply by following links.\n\n\nYou'll also be able to see the 'highlight' links on the snippet instances, that will take you to the highlighted code HTML representations.\n\n\nIn \npart 6\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can use ViewSets and Routers to reduce the amount of code we need to build our API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 5: Relationships & Hyperlinked APIs\n\n\nAt the moment relationships within our API are represented by using primary keys.  In this part of the tutorial we'll improve the cohesion and discoverability of our API, by instead using hyperlinking for relationships.\n\n\nCreating an endpoint for the root of our API\n\n\nRight now we have endpoints for 'snippets' and 'users', but we don't have a single entry point to our API.  To create one, we'll use a regular function-based view and the \n@api_view\n decorator we introduced earlier. In your \nsnippets/views.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef api_root(request, format=None):\n    return Response({\n        'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),\n        'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)\n    })\n\n\n\nTwo things should be noticed here. First, we're using REST framework's \nreverse\n function in order to return fully-qualified URLs; second, URL patterns are identified by convenience names that we will declare later on in our \nsnippets/urls.py\n.\n\n\nCreating an endpoint for the highlighted snippets\n\n\nThe other obvious thing that's still missing from our pastebin API is the code highlighting endpoints.\n\n\nUnlike all our other API endpoints, we don't want to use JSON, but instead just present an HTML representation.  There are two styles of HTML renderer provided by REST framework, one for dealing with HTML rendered using templates, the other for dealing with pre-rendered HTML.  The second renderer is the one we'd like to use for this endpoint.\n\n\nThe other thing we need to consider when creating the code highlight view is that there's no existing concrete generic view that we can use.  We're not returning an object instance, but instead a property of an object instance.\n\n\nInstead of using a concrete generic view, we'll use the base class for representing instances, and create our own \n.get()\n method.  In your \nsnippets/views.py\n add:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n\n\nAs usual we need to add the new views that we've created in to our URLconf.\nWe'll add a url pattern for our new API root in \nsnippets/urls.py\n:\n\n\npath('', views.api_root),\n\n\n\nAnd then add a url pattern for the snippet highlights:\n\n\npath('snippets//highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),\n\n\n\nHyperlinking our API\n\n\nDealing with relationships between entities is one of the more challenging aspects of Web API design.  There are a number of different ways that we might choose to represent a relationship:\n\n\n\n\nUsing primary keys.\n\n\nUsing hyperlinking between entities.\n\n\nUsing a unique identifying slug field on the related entity.\n\n\nUsing the default string representation of the related entity.\n\n\nNesting the related entity inside the parent representation.\n\n\nSome other custom representation.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework supports all of these styles, and can apply them across forward or reverse relationships, or apply them across custom managers such as generic foreign keys.\n\n\nIn this case we'd like to use a hyperlinked style between entities.  In order to do so, we'll modify our serializers to extend \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n instead of the existing \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n has the following differences from \nModelSerializer\n:\n\n\n\n\nIt does not include the \nid\n field by default.\n\n\nIt includes a \nurl\n field, using \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n.\n\n\nRelationships use \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n,\n  instead of \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n.\n\n\n\n\nWe can easily re-write our existing serializers to use hyperlinking. In your \nsnippets/serializers.py\n add:\n\n\nclass SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n    highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',\n                  'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets')\n\n\n\nNotice that we've also added a new \n'highlight'\n field.  This field is of the same type as the \nurl\n field, except that it points to the \n'snippet-highlight'\n url pattern, instead of the \n'snippet-detail'\n url pattern.\n\n\nBecause we've included format suffixed URLs such as \n'.json'\n, we also need to indicate on the \nhighlight\n field that any format suffixed hyperlinks it returns should use the \n'.html'\n suffix.\n\n\nMaking sure our URL patterns are named\n\n\nIf we're going to have a hyperlinked API, we need to make sure we name our URL patterns.  Let's take a look at which URL patterns we need to name.\n\n\n\n\nThe root of our API refers to \n'user-list'\n and \n'snippet-list'\n.\n\n\nOur snippet serializer includes a field that refers to \n'snippet-highlight'\n.\n\n\nOur user serializer includes a field that refers to \n'snippet-detail'\n.\n\n\nOur snippet and user serializers include \n'url'\n fields that by default will refer to \n'{model_name}-detail'\n, which in this case will be \n'snippet-detail'\n and \n'user-detail'\n.\n\n\n\n\nAfter adding all those names into our URLconf, our final \nsnippets/urls.py\n file should look like this:\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# API endpoints\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', views.api_root),\n    path('snippets/',\n        views.SnippetList.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets//',\n        views.SnippetDetail.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets//highlight/',\n        views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/',\n        views.UserList.as_view(),\n        name='user-list'),\n    path('users//',\n        views.UserDetail.as_view(),\n        name='user-detail')\n])\n\n\n\nAdding pagination\n\n\nThe list views for users and code snippets could end up returning quite a lot of instances, so really we'd like to make sure we paginate the results, and allow the API client to step through each of the individual pages.\n\n\nWe can change the default list style to use pagination, by modifying our \ntutorial/settings.py\n file slightly. Add the following setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}\n\n\n\nNote that settings in REST framework are all namespaced into a single dictionary setting, named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n, which helps keep them well separated from your other project settings.\n\n\nWe could also customize the pagination style if we needed too, but in this case we'll just stick with the default.\n\n\nBrowsing the API\n\n\nIf we open a browser and navigate to the browsable API, you'll find that you can now work your way around the API simply by following links.\n\n\nYou'll also be able to see the 'highlight' links on the snippet instances, that will take you to the highlighted code HTML representations.\n\n\nIn \npart 6\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can use ViewSets and Routers to reduce the amount of code we need to build our API.",
             "title": "5 - Relationships and hyperlinked APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#tutorial-5-relationships-hyperlinked-apis", 
-            "text": "At the moment relationships within our API are represented by using primary keys.  In this part of the tutorial we'll improve the cohesion and discoverability of our API, by instead using hyperlinking for relationships.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#tutorial-5-relationships-hyperlinked-apis",
+            "text": "At the moment relationships within our API are represented by using primary keys.  In this part of the tutorial we'll improve the cohesion and discoverability of our API, by instead using hyperlinking for relationships.",
             "title": "Tutorial 5: Relationships & Hyperlinked APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#creating-an-endpoint-for-the-root-of-our-api", 
-            "text": "Right now we have endpoints for 'snippets' and 'users', but we don't have a single entry point to our API.  To create one, we'll use a regular function-based view and the  @api_view  decorator we introduced earlier. In your  snippets/views.py  add:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef api_root(request, format=None):\n    return Response({\n        'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),\n        'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)\n    })  Two things should be noticed here. First, we're using REST framework's  reverse  function in order to return fully-qualified URLs; second, URL patterns are identified by convenience names that we will declare later on in our  snippets/urls.py .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#creating-an-endpoint-for-the-root-of-our-api",
+            "text": "Right now we have endpoints for 'snippets' and 'users', but we don't have a single entry point to our API.  To create one, we'll use a regular function-based view and the  @api_view  decorator we introduced earlier. In your  snippets/views.py  add:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef api_root(request, format=None):\n    return Response({\n        'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),\n        'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)\n    })  Two things should be noticed here. First, we're using REST framework's  reverse  function in order to return fully-qualified URLs; second, URL patterns are identified by convenience names that we will declare later on in our  snippets/urls.py .",
             "title": "Creating an endpoint for the root of our API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#creating-an-endpoint-for-the-highlighted-snippets", 
-            "text": "The other obvious thing that's still missing from our pastebin API is the code highlighting endpoints.  Unlike all our other API endpoints, we don't want to use JSON, but instead just present an HTML representation.  There are two styles of HTML renderer provided by REST framework, one for dealing with HTML rendered using templates, the other for dealing with pre-rendered HTML.  The second renderer is the one we'd like to use for this endpoint.  The other thing we need to consider when creating the code highlight view is that there's no existing concrete generic view that we can use.  We're not returning an object instance, but instead a property of an object instance.  Instead of using a concrete generic view, we'll use the base class for representing instances, and create our own  .get()  method.  In your  snippets/views.py  add:  from rest_framework import renderers\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)  As usual we need to add the new views that we've created in to our URLconf.\nWe'll add a url pattern for our new API root in  snippets/urls.py :  path('', views.api_root),  And then add a url pattern for the snippet highlights:  path('snippets/ int:pk /highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#creating-an-endpoint-for-the-highlighted-snippets",
+            "text": "The other obvious thing that's still missing from our pastebin API is the code highlighting endpoints.  Unlike all our other API endpoints, we don't want to use JSON, but instead just present an HTML representation.  There are two styles of HTML renderer provided by REST framework, one for dealing with HTML rendered using templates, the other for dealing with pre-rendered HTML.  The second renderer is the one we'd like to use for this endpoint.  The other thing we need to consider when creating the code highlight view is that there's no existing concrete generic view that we can use.  We're not returning an object instance, but instead a property of an object instance.  Instead of using a concrete generic view, we'll use the base class for representing instances, and create our own  .get()  method.  In your  snippets/views.py  add:  from rest_framework import renderers\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)  As usual we need to add the new views that we've created in to our URLconf.\nWe'll add a url pattern for our new API root in  snippets/urls.py :  path('', views.api_root),  And then add a url pattern for the snippet highlights:  path('snippets//highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),",
             "title": "Creating an endpoint for the highlighted snippets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#hyperlinking-our-api", 
-            "text": "Dealing with relationships between entities is one of the more challenging aspects of Web API design.  There are a number of different ways that we might choose to represent a relationship:   Using primary keys.  Using hyperlinking between entities.  Using a unique identifying slug field on the related entity.  Using the default string representation of the related entity.  Nesting the related entity inside the parent representation.  Some other custom representation.   REST framework supports all of these styles, and can apply them across forward or reverse relationships, or apply them across custom managers such as generic foreign keys.  In this case we'd like to use a hyperlinked style between entities.  In order to do so, we'll modify our serializers to extend  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  instead of the existing  ModelSerializer .  The  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  has the following differences from  ModelSerializer :   It does not include the  id  field by default.  It includes a  url  field, using  HyperlinkedIdentityField .  Relationships use  HyperlinkedRelatedField ,\n  instead of  PrimaryKeyRelatedField .   We can easily re-write our existing serializers to use hyperlinking. In your  snippets/serializers.py  add:  class SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n    highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',\n                  'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets')  Notice that we've also added a new  'highlight'  field.  This field is of the same type as the  url  field, except that it points to the  'snippet-highlight'  url pattern, instead of the  'snippet-detail'  url pattern.  Because we've included format suffixed URLs such as  '.json' , we also need to indicate on the  highlight  field that any format suffixed hyperlinks it returns should use the  '.html'  suffix.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#hyperlinking-our-api",
+            "text": "Dealing with relationships between entities is one of the more challenging aspects of Web API design.  There are a number of different ways that we might choose to represent a relationship:   Using primary keys.  Using hyperlinking between entities.  Using a unique identifying slug field on the related entity.  Using the default string representation of the related entity.  Nesting the related entity inside the parent representation.  Some other custom representation.   REST framework supports all of these styles, and can apply them across forward or reverse relationships, or apply them across custom managers such as generic foreign keys.  In this case we'd like to use a hyperlinked style between entities.  In order to do so, we'll modify our serializers to extend  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  instead of the existing  ModelSerializer .  The  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  has the following differences from  ModelSerializer :   It does not include the  id  field by default.  It includes a  url  field, using  HyperlinkedIdentityField .  Relationships use  HyperlinkedRelatedField ,\n  instead of  PrimaryKeyRelatedField .   We can easily re-write our existing serializers to use hyperlinking. In your  snippets/serializers.py  add:  class SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')\n    highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Snippet\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',\n                  'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets')  Notice that we've also added a new  'highlight'  field.  This field is of the same type as the  url  field, except that it points to the  'snippet-highlight'  url pattern, instead of the  'snippet-detail'  url pattern.  Because we've included format suffixed URLs such as  '.json' , we also need to indicate on the  highlight  field that any format suffixed hyperlinks it returns should use the  '.html'  suffix.",
             "title": "Hyperlinking our API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#making-sure-our-url-patterns-are-named", 
-            "text": "If we're going to have a hyperlinked API, we need to make sure we name our URL patterns.  Let's take a look at which URL patterns we need to name.   The root of our API refers to  'user-list'  and  'snippet-list' .  Our snippet serializer includes a field that refers to  'snippet-highlight' .  Our user serializer includes a field that refers to  'snippet-detail' .  Our snippet and user serializers include  'url'  fields that by default will refer to  '{model_name}-detail' , which in this case will be  'snippet-detail'  and  'user-detail' .   After adding all those names into our URLconf, our final  snippets/urls.py  file should look like this:  from django.conf.urls import url, include\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# API endpoints\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', views.api_root),\n    path('snippets/',\n        views.SnippetList.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /',\n        views.SnippetDetail.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /highlight/',\n        views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/',\n        views.UserList.as_view(),\n        name='user-list'),\n    path('users/ int:pk /',\n        views.UserDetail.as_view(),\n        name='user-detail')\n])", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#making-sure-our-url-patterns-are-named",
+            "text": "If we're going to have a hyperlinked API, we need to make sure we name our URL patterns.  Let's take a look at which URL patterns we need to name.   The root of our API refers to  'user-list'  and  'snippet-list' .  Our snippet serializer includes a field that refers to  'snippet-highlight' .  Our user serializer includes a field that refers to  'snippet-detail' .  Our snippet and user serializers include  'url'  fields that by default will refer to  '{model_name}-detail' , which in this case will be  'snippet-detail'  and  'user-detail' .   After adding all those names into our URLconf, our final  snippets/urls.py  file should look like this:  from django.urls import path\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# API endpoints\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', views.api_root),\n    path('snippets/',\n        views.SnippetList.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets//',\n        views.SnippetDetail.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets//highlight/',\n        views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(),\n        name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/',\n        views.UserList.as_view(),\n        name='user-list'),\n    path('users//',\n        views.UserDetail.as_view(),\n        name='user-detail')\n])",
             "title": "Making sure our URL patterns are named"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#adding-pagination", 
-            "text": "The list views for users and code snippets could end up returning quite a lot of instances, so really we'd like to make sure we paginate the results, and allow the API client to step through each of the individual pages.  We can change the default list style to use pagination, by modifying our  tutorial/settings.py  file slightly. Add the following setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}  Note that settings in REST framework are all namespaced into a single dictionary setting, named  REST_FRAMEWORK , which helps keep them well separated from your other project settings.  We could also customize the pagination style if we needed too, but in this case we'll just stick with the default.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#adding-pagination",
+            "text": "The list views for users and code snippets could end up returning quite a lot of instances, so really we'd like to make sure we paginate the results, and allow the API client to step through each of the individual pages.  We can change the default list style to use pagination, by modifying our  tutorial/settings.py  file slightly. Add the following setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 10\n}  Note that settings in REST framework are all namespaced into a single dictionary setting, named  REST_FRAMEWORK , which helps keep them well separated from your other project settings.  We could also customize the pagination style if we needed too, but in this case we'll just stick with the default.",
             "title": "Adding pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#browsing-the-api", 
-            "text": "If we open a browser and navigate to the browsable API, you'll find that you can now work your way around the API simply by following links.  You'll also be able to see the 'highlight' links on the snippet instances, that will take you to the highlighted code HTML representations.  In  part 6  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can use ViewSets and Routers to reduce the amount of code we need to build our API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/#browsing-the-api",
+            "text": "If we open a browser and navigate to the browsable API, you'll find that you can now work your way around the API simply by following links.  You'll also be able to see the 'highlight' links on the snippet instances, that will take you to the highlighted code HTML representations.  In  part 6  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can use ViewSets and Routers to reduce the amount of code we need to build our API.",
             "title": "Browsing the API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 6: ViewSets \n Routers\n\n\nREST framework includes an abstraction for dealing with \nViewSets\n, that allows the developer to concentrate on modeling the state and interactions of the API, and leave the URL construction to be handled automatically, based on common conventions.\n\n\nViewSet\n classes are almost the same thing as \nView\n classes, except that they provide operations such as \nread\n, or \nupdate\n, and not method handlers such as \nget\n or \nput\n.\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n class is only bound to a set of method handlers at the last moment, when it is instantiated into a set of views, typically by using a \nRouter\n class which handles the complexities of defining the URL conf for you.\n\n\nRefactoring to use ViewSets\n\n\nLet's take our current set of views, and refactor them into view sets.\n\n\nFirst of all let's refactor our \nUserList\n and \nUserDetail\n views into a single \nUserViewSet\n.  We can remove the two views, and replace them with a single class:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list` and `detail` actions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\nHere we've used the \nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n class to automatically provide the default 'read-only' operations.  We're still setting the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes exactly as we did when we were using regular views, but we no longer need to provide the same information to two separate classes.\n\n\nNext we're going to replace the \nSnippetList\n, \nSnippetDetail\n and \nSnippetHighlight\n view classes.  We can remove the three views, and again replace them with a single class.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list`, `create`, `retrieve`,\n    `update` and `destroy` actions.\n\n    Additionally we also provide an extra `highlight` action.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                          IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n    @action(detail=True, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\n    def highlight(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n    def perform_create(self, serializer):\n        serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThis time we've used the \nModelViewSet\n class in order to get the complete set of default read and write operations.\n\n\nNotice that we've also used the \n@action\n decorator to create a custom action, named \nhighlight\n.  This decorator can be used to add any custom endpoints that don't fit into the standard \ncreate\n/\nupdate\n/\ndelete\n style.\n\n\nCustom actions which use the \n@action\n decorator will respond to \nGET\n requests by default.  We can use the \nmethods\n argument if we wanted an action that responded to \nPOST\n requests.\n\n\nThe URLs for custom actions by default depend on the method name itself. If you want to change the way url should be constructed, you can include \nurl_path\n as a decorator keyword argument.\n\n\nBinding ViewSets to URLs explicitly\n\n\nThe handler methods only get bound to the actions when we define the URLConf.\nTo see what's going on under the hood let's first explicitly create a set of views from our ViewSets.\n\n\nIn the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file we bind our \nViewSet\n classes into a set of concrete views.\n\n\nfrom snippets.views import SnippetViewSet, UserViewSet, api_root\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\nsnippet_list = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list',\n    'post': 'create'\n})\nsnippet_detail = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve',\n    'put': 'update',\n    'patch': 'partial_update',\n    'delete': 'destroy'\n})\nsnippet_highlight = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'highlight'\n}, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list'\n})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve'\n})\n\n\n\nNotice how we're creating multiple views from each \nViewSet\n class, by binding the http methods to the required action for each view.\n\n\nNow that we've bound our resources into concrete views, we can register the views with the URL conf as usual.\n\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', api_root),\n    path('snippets/', snippet_list, name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/', snippet_detail, name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets/\nint:pk\n/highlight/', snippet_highlight, name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/', user_list, name='user-list'),\n    path('users/\nint:pk\n/', user_detail, name='user-detail')\n])\n\n\n\nUsing Routers\n\n\nBecause we're using \nViewSet\n classes rather than \nView\n classes, we actually don't need to design the URL conf ourselves.  The conventions for wiring up resources into views and urls can be handled automatically, using a \nRouter\n class.  All we need to do is register the appropriate view sets with a router, and let it do the rest.\n\n\nHere's our re-wired \nsnippets/urls.py\n file.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path, include\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# Create a router and register our viewsets with it.\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'snippets', views.SnippetViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\n\n# The API URLs are now determined automatically by the router.\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nRegistering the viewsets with the router is similar to providing a urlpattern.  We include two arguments - the URL prefix for the views, and the viewset itself.\n\n\nThe \nDefaultRouter\n class we're using also automatically creates the API root view for us, so we can now delete the \napi_root\n method from our \nviews\n module.\n\n\nTrade-offs between views vs viewsets\n\n\nUsing viewsets can be a really useful abstraction.  It helps ensure that URL conventions will be consistent across your API, minimizes the amount of code you need to write, and allows you to concentrate on the interactions and representations your API provides rather than the specifics of the URL conf.\n\n\nThat doesn't mean it's always the right approach to take.  There's a similar set of trade-offs to consider as when using class-based views instead of function based views.  Using viewsets is less explicit than building your views individually.\n\n\nIn \npart 7\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can add an API schema,\nand interact with our API using a client library or command line tool.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 6: ViewSets & Routers\n\n\nREST framework includes an abstraction for dealing with \nViewSets\n, that allows the developer to concentrate on modeling the state and interactions of the API, and leave the URL construction to be handled automatically, based on common conventions.\n\n\nViewSet\n classes are almost the same thing as \nView\n classes, except that they provide operations such as \nread\n, or \nupdate\n, and not method handlers such as \nget\n or \nput\n.\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n class is only bound to a set of method handlers at the last moment, when it is instantiated into a set of views, typically by using a \nRouter\n class which handles the complexities of defining the URL conf for you.\n\n\nRefactoring to use ViewSets\n\n\nLet's take our current set of views, and refactor them into view sets.\n\n\nFirst of all let's refactor our \nUserList\n and \nUserDetail\n views into a single \nUserViewSet\n.  We can remove the two views, and replace them with a single class:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list` and `detail` actions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\nHere we've used the \nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n class to automatically provide the default 'read-only' operations.  We're still setting the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes exactly as we did when we were using regular views, but we no longer need to provide the same information to two separate classes.\n\n\nNext we're going to replace the \nSnippetList\n, \nSnippetDetail\n and \nSnippetHighlight\n view classes.  We can remove the three views, and again replace them with a single class.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list`, `create`, `retrieve`,\n    `update` and `destroy` actions.\n\n    Additionally we also provide an extra `highlight` action.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                          IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n    @action(detail=True, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\n    def highlight(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n    def perform_create(self, serializer):\n        serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThis time we've used the \nModelViewSet\n class in order to get the complete set of default read and write operations.\n\n\nNotice that we've also used the \n@action\n decorator to create a custom action, named \nhighlight\n.  This decorator can be used to add any custom endpoints that don't fit into the standard \ncreate\n/\nupdate\n/\ndelete\n style.\n\n\nCustom actions which use the \n@action\n decorator will respond to \nGET\n requests by default.  We can use the \nmethods\n argument if we wanted an action that responded to \nPOST\n requests.\n\n\nThe URLs for custom actions by default depend on the method name itself. If you want to change the way url should be constructed, you can include \nurl_path\n as a decorator keyword argument.\n\n\nBinding ViewSets to URLs explicitly\n\n\nThe handler methods only get bound to the actions when we define the URLConf.\nTo see what's going on under the hood let's first explicitly create a set of views from our ViewSets.\n\n\nIn the \nsnippets/urls.py\n file we bind our \nViewSet\n classes into a set of concrete views.\n\n\nfrom snippets.views import SnippetViewSet, UserViewSet, api_root\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\nsnippet_list = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list',\n    'post': 'create'\n})\nsnippet_detail = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve',\n    'put': 'update',\n    'patch': 'partial_update',\n    'delete': 'destroy'\n})\nsnippet_highlight = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'highlight'\n}, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list'\n})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve'\n})\n\n\n\nNotice how we're creating multiple views from each \nViewSet\n class, by binding the http methods to the required action for each view.\n\n\nNow that we've bound our resources into concrete views, we can register the views with the URL conf as usual.\n\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', api_root),\n    path('snippets/', snippet_list, name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets//', snippet_detail, name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets//highlight/', snippet_highlight, name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/', user_list, name='user-list'),\n    path('users//', user_detail, name='user-detail')\n])\n\n\n\nUsing Routers\n\n\nBecause we're using \nViewSet\n classes rather than \nView\n classes, we actually don't need to design the URL conf ourselves.  The conventions for wiring up resources into views and urls can be handled automatically, using a \nRouter\n class.  All we need to do is register the appropriate view sets with a router, and let it do the rest.\n\n\nHere's our re-wired \nsnippets/urls.py\n file.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import path, include\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# Create a router and register our viewsets with it.\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'snippets', views.SnippetViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\n\n# The API URLs are now determined automatically by the router.\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nRegistering the viewsets with the router is similar to providing a urlpattern.  We include two arguments - the URL prefix for the views, and the viewset itself.\n\n\nThe \nDefaultRouter\n class we're using also automatically creates the API root view for us, so we can now delete the \napi_root\n method from our \nviews\n module.\n\n\nTrade-offs between views vs viewsets\n\n\nUsing viewsets can be a really useful abstraction.  It helps ensure that URL conventions will be consistent across your API, minimizes the amount of code you need to write, and allows you to concentrate on the interactions and representations your API provides rather than the specifics of the URL conf.\n\n\nThat doesn't mean it's always the right approach to take.  There's a similar set of trade-offs to consider as when using class-based views instead of function based views.  Using viewsets is less explicit than building your views individually.\n\n\nIn \npart 7\n of the tutorial we'll look at how we can add an API schema,\nand interact with our API using a client library or command line tool.",
             "title": "6 - Viewsets and routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#tutorial-6-viewsets-routers", 
-            "text": "REST framework includes an abstraction for dealing with  ViewSets , that allows the developer to concentrate on modeling the state and interactions of the API, and leave the URL construction to be handled automatically, based on common conventions.  ViewSet  classes are almost the same thing as  View  classes, except that they provide operations such as  read , or  update , and not method handlers such as  get  or  put .  A  ViewSet  class is only bound to a set of method handlers at the last moment, when it is instantiated into a set of views, typically by using a  Router  class which handles the complexities of defining the URL conf for you.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#tutorial-6-viewsets-routers",
+            "text": "REST framework includes an abstraction for dealing with  ViewSets , that allows the developer to concentrate on modeling the state and interactions of the API, and leave the URL construction to be handled automatically, based on common conventions.  ViewSet  classes are almost the same thing as  View  classes, except that they provide operations such as  read , or  update , and not method handlers such as  get  or  put .  A  ViewSet  class is only bound to a set of method handlers at the last moment, when it is instantiated into a set of views, typically by using a  Router  class which handles the complexities of defining the URL conf for you.",
             "title": "Tutorial 6: ViewSets & Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#refactoring-to-use-viewsets", 
-            "text": "Let's take our current set of views, and refactor them into view sets.  First of all let's refactor our  UserList  and  UserDetail  views into a single  UserViewSet .  We can remove the two views, and replace them with a single class:  from rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list` and `detail` actions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer  Here we've used the  ReadOnlyModelViewSet  class to automatically provide the default 'read-only' operations.  We're still setting the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes exactly as we did when we were using regular views, but we no longer need to provide the same information to two separate classes.  Next we're going to replace the  SnippetList ,  SnippetDetail  and  SnippetHighlight  view classes.  We can remove the three views, and again replace them with a single class.  from rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list`, `create`, `retrieve`,\n    `update` and `destroy` actions.\n\n    Additionally we also provide an extra `highlight` action.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                          IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n    @action(detail=True, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\n    def highlight(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n    def perform_create(self, serializer):\n        serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  This time we've used the  ModelViewSet  class in order to get the complete set of default read and write operations.  Notice that we've also used the  @action  decorator to create a custom action, named  highlight .  This decorator can be used to add any custom endpoints that don't fit into the standard  create / update / delete  style.  Custom actions which use the  @action  decorator will respond to  GET  requests by default.  We can use the  methods  argument if we wanted an action that responded to  POST  requests.  The URLs for custom actions by default depend on the method name itself. If you want to change the way url should be constructed, you can include  url_path  as a decorator keyword argument.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#refactoring-to-use-viewsets",
+            "text": "Let's take our current set of views, and refactor them into view sets.  First of all let's refactor our  UserList  and  UserDetail  views into a single  UserViewSet .  We can remove the two views, and replace them with a single class:  from rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list` and `detail` actions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer  Here we've used the  ReadOnlyModelViewSet  class to automatically provide the default 'read-only' operations.  We're still setting the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes exactly as we did when we were using regular views, but we no longer need to provide the same information to two separate classes.  Next we're going to replace the  SnippetList ,  SnippetDetail  and  SnippetHighlight  view classes.  We can remove the three views, and again replace them with a single class.  from rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass SnippetViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    This viewset automatically provides `list`, `create`, `retrieve`,\n    `update` and `destroy` actions.\n\n    Additionally we also provide an extra `highlight` action.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = SnippetSerializer\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly,\n                          IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)\n\n    @action(detail=True, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\n    def highlight(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        snippet = self.get_object()\n        return Response(snippet.highlighted)\n\n    def perform_create(self, serializer):\n        serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  This time we've used the  ModelViewSet  class in order to get the complete set of default read and write operations.  Notice that we've also used the  @action  decorator to create a custom action, named  highlight .  This decorator can be used to add any custom endpoints that don't fit into the standard  create / update / delete  style.  Custom actions which use the  @action  decorator will respond to  GET  requests by default.  We can use the  methods  argument if we wanted an action that responded to  POST  requests.  The URLs for custom actions by default depend on the method name itself. If you want to change the way url should be constructed, you can include  url_path  as a decorator keyword argument.",
             "title": "Refactoring to use ViewSets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#binding-viewsets-to-urls-explicitly", 
-            "text": "The handler methods only get bound to the actions when we define the URLConf.\nTo see what's going on under the hood let's first explicitly create a set of views from our ViewSets.  In the  snippets/urls.py  file we bind our  ViewSet  classes into a set of concrete views.  from snippets.views import SnippetViewSet, UserViewSet, api_root\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\nsnippet_list = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list',\n    'post': 'create'\n})\nsnippet_detail = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve',\n    'put': 'update',\n    'patch': 'partial_update',\n    'delete': 'destroy'\n})\nsnippet_highlight = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'highlight'\n}, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list'\n})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve'\n})  Notice how we're creating multiple views from each  ViewSet  class, by binding the http methods to the required action for each view.  Now that we've bound our resources into concrete views, we can register the views with the URL conf as usual.  urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', api_root),\n    path('snippets/', snippet_list, name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /', snippet_detail, name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets/ int:pk /highlight/', snippet_highlight, name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/', user_list, name='user-list'),\n    path('users/ int:pk /', user_detail, name='user-detail')\n])", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#binding-viewsets-to-urls-explicitly",
+            "text": "The handler methods only get bound to the actions when we define the URLConf.\nTo see what's going on under the hood let's first explicitly create a set of views from our ViewSets.  In the  snippets/urls.py  file we bind our  ViewSet  classes into a set of concrete views.  from snippets.views import SnippetViewSet, UserViewSet, api_root\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\nsnippet_list = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list',\n    'post': 'create'\n})\nsnippet_detail = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve',\n    'put': 'update',\n    'patch': 'partial_update',\n    'delete': 'destroy'\n})\nsnippet_highlight = SnippetViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'highlight'\n}, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'list'\n})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({\n    'get': 'retrieve'\n})  Notice how we're creating multiple views from each  ViewSet  class, by binding the http methods to the required action for each view.  Now that we've bound our resources into concrete views, we can register the views with the URL conf as usual.  urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([\n    path('', api_root),\n    path('snippets/', snippet_list, name='snippet-list'),\n    path('snippets//', snippet_detail, name='snippet-detail'),\n    path('snippets//highlight/', snippet_highlight, name='snippet-highlight'),\n    path('users/', user_list, name='user-list'),\n    path('users//', user_detail, name='user-detail')\n])",
             "title": "Binding ViewSets to URLs explicitly"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#using-routers", 
-            "text": "Because we're using  ViewSet  classes rather than  View  classes, we actually don't need to design the URL conf ourselves.  The conventions for wiring up resources into views and urls can be handled automatically, using a  Router  class.  All we need to do is register the appropriate view sets with a router, and let it do the rest.  Here's our re-wired  snippets/urls.py  file.  from django.urls import path, include\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# Create a router and register our viewsets with it.\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'snippets', views.SnippetViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\n\n# The API URLs are now determined automatically by the router.\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include(router.urls)),\n]  Registering the viewsets with the router is similar to providing a urlpattern.  We include two arguments - the URL prefix for the views, and the viewset itself.  The  DefaultRouter  class we're using also automatically creates the API root view for us, so we can now delete the  api_root  method from our  views  module.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#using-routers",
+            "text": "Because we're using  ViewSet  classes rather than  View  classes, we actually don't need to design the URL conf ourselves.  The conventions for wiring up resources into views and urls can be handled automatically, using a  Router  class.  All we need to do is register the appropriate view sets with a router, and let it do the rest.  Here's our re-wired  snippets/urls.py  file.  from django.urls import path, include\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\nfrom snippets import views\n\n# Create a router and register our viewsets with it.\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'snippets', views.SnippetViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)\n\n# The API URLs are now determined automatically by the router.\nurlpatterns = [\n    path('', include(router.urls)),\n]  Registering the viewsets with the router is similar to providing a urlpattern.  We include two arguments - the URL prefix for the views, and the viewset itself.  The  DefaultRouter  class we're using also automatically creates the API root view for us, so we can now delete the  api_root  method from our  views  module.",
             "title": "Using Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#trade-offs-between-views-vs-viewsets", 
-            "text": "Using viewsets can be a really useful abstraction.  It helps ensure that URL conventions will be consistent across your API, minimizes the amount of code you need to write, and allows you to concentrate on the interactions and representations your API provides rather than the specifics of the URL conf.  That doesn't mean it's always the right approach to take.  There's a similar set of trade-offs to consider as when using class-based views instead of function based views.  Using viewsets is less explicit than building your views individually.  In  part 7  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can add an API schema,\nand interact with our API using a client library or command line tool.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/#trade-offs-between-views-vs-viewsets",
+            "text": "Using viewsets can be a really useful abstraction.  It helps ensure that URL conventions will be consistent across your API, minimizes the amount of code you need to write, and allows you to concentrate on the interactions and representations your API provides rather than the specifics of the URL conf.  That doesn't mean it's always the right approach to take.  There's a similar set of trade-offs to consider as when using class-based views instead of function based views.  Using viewsets is less explicit than building your views individually.  In  part 7  of the tutorial we'll look at how we can add an API schema,\nand interact with our API using a client library or command line tool.",
             "title": "Trade-offs between views vs viewsets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/", 
-            "text": "Tutorial 7: Schemas \n client libraries\n\n\nA schema is a machine-readable document that describes the available API\nendpoints, their URLS, and what operations they support.\n\n\nSchemas can be a useful tool for auto-generated documentation, and can also\nbe used to drive dynamic client libraries that can interact with the API.\n\n\nCore API\n\n\nIn order to provide schema support REST framework uses \nCore API\n.\n\n\nCore API is a document specification for describing APIs. It is used to provide\nan internal representation format of the available endpoints and possible\ninteractions that an API exposes. It can either be used server-side, or\nclient-side.\n\n\nWhen used server-side, Core API allows an API to support rendering to a wide\nrange of schema or hypermedia formats.\n\n\nWhen used client-side, Core API allows for dynamically driven client libraries\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.\n\n\nAdding a schema\n\n\nREST framework supports either explicitly defined schema views, or\nautomatically generated schemas. Since we're using viewsets and routers,\nwe can simply use the automatic schema generation.\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n python package in order to include an\nAPI schema.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi\n\n\n\nWe can now include a schema for our API, by including an autogenerated schema\nview in our URL configuration.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Pastebin API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n \u00a0 \u00a0path('schema/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nIf you visit the \n/schema/\n endpoint in a browser you should now see \ncorejson\n\nrepresentation become available as an option.\n\n\n\n\nWe can also request the schema from the command line, by specifying the desired\ncontent type in the \nAccept\n header.\n\n\n$ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Pastebin API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n\n\n\nThe default output style is to use the \nCore JSON\n encoding.\n\n\nOther schema formats, such as \nOpen API\n (formerly Swagger) are\nalso supported.\n\n\nUsing a command line client\n\n\nNow that our API is exposing a schema endpoint, we can use a dynamic client\nlibrary to interact with the API. To demonstrate this, let's use the\nCore API command line client.\n\n\nThe command line client is available as the \ncoreapi-cli\n package:\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi-cli\n\n\n\nNow check that it is available on the command line...\n\n\n$ coreapi\nUsage: coreapi [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...\n\n  Command line client for interacting with CoreAPI services.\n\n  Visit https://www.coreapi.org/ for more information.\n\nOptions:\n  --version  Display the package version number.\n  --help     Show this message and exit.\n\nCommands:\n...\n\n\n\nFirst we'll load the API schema using the command line client.\n\n\n$ coreapi get http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\n\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\"\n\n    snippets: {\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n\n\n\nWe haven't authenticated yet, so right now we're only able to see the read only\nendpoints, in line with how we've set up the permissions on the API.\n\n\nLet's try listing the existing snippets, using the command line client:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/\",\n        \"id\": 1,\n        \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/highlight/\",\n        \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n        \"title\": \"Example\",\n        \"code\": \"print('hello, world!')\",\n        \"linenos\": true,\n        \"language\": \"python\",\n        \"style\": \"friendly\"\n    },\n    ...\n\n\n\nSome of the API endpoints require named parameters. For example, to get back\nthe highlight HTML for a particular snippet we need to provide an id.\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets highlight --param id=1\n\n!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\"\n\n\n\nhtml\n\n\nhead\n\n  \ntitle\nExample\n/title\n\n  ...\n\n\n\nAuthenticating our client\n\n\nIf we want to be able to create, edit and delete snippets, we'll need to\nauthenticate as a valid user. In this case we'll just use basic auth.\n\n\nMake sure to replace the \nusername\n and \npassword\n below with your\nactual username and password.\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add 127.0.0.1 \nusername\n:\npassword\n --auth basic\nAdded credentials\n127.0.0.1 \"Basic \n...\n\"\n\n\n\nNow if we fetch the schema again, we should be able to see the full\nset of available interactions.\n\n\n$ coreapi reload\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\"\n\n    snippets: {\n        create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        delete(id)\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        partial_update(id, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        read(id)\n        update(id, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n\n\n\nWe're now able to interact with these endpoints. For example, to create a new\nsnippet:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets create --param title=\"Example\" --param code=\"print('hello, world')\"\n{\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/\",\n    \"id\": 7,\n    \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/highlight/\",\n    \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n    \"title\": \"Example\",\n    \"code\": \"print('hello, world')\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nAnd to delete a snippet:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets delete --param id=7\n\n\n\nAs well as the command line client, developers can also interact with your\nAPI using client libraries. The Python client library is the first of these\nto be available, and a Javascript client library is planned to be released\nsoon.\n\n\nFor more details on customizing schema generation and using Core API\nclient libraries you'll need to refer to the full documentation.\n\n\nReviewing our work\n\n\nWith an incredibly small amount of code, we've now got a complete pastebin Web API, which is fully web browsable, includes a schema-driven client library, and comes complete with authentication, per-object permissions, and multiple renderer formats.\n\n\nWe've walked through each step of the design process, and seen how if we need to customize anything we can gradually work our way down to simply using regular Django views.\n\n\nYou can review the final \ntutorial code\n on GitHub, or try out a live example in \nthe sandbox\n.\n\n\nOnwards and upwards\n\n\nWe've reached the end of our tutorial.  If you want to get more involved in the REST framework project, here are a few places you can start:\n\n\n\n\nContribute on \nGitHub\n by reviewing and submitting issues, and making pull requests.\n\n\nJoin the \nREST framework discussion group\n, and help build the community.\n\n\nFollow \nthe author\n on Twitter and say hi.\n\n\n\n\nNow go build awesome things.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/",
+            "text": "Tutorial 7: Schemas & client libraries\n\n\nA schema is a machine-readable document that describes the available API\nendpoints, their URLS, and what operations they support.\n\n\nSchemas can be a useful tool for auto-generated documentation, and can also\nbe used to drive dynamic client libraries that can interact with the API.\n\n\nCore API\n\n\nIn order to provide schema support REST framework uses \nCore API\n.\n\n\nCore API is a document specification for describing APIs. It is used to provide\nan internal representation format of the available endpoints and possible\ninteractions that an API exposes. It can either be used server-side, or\nclient-side.\n\n\nWhen used server-side, Core API allows an API to support rendering to a wide\nrange of schema or hypermedia formats.\n\n\nWhen used client-side, Core API allows for dynamically driven client libraries\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.\n\n\nAdding a schema\n\n\nREST framework supports either explicitly defined schema views, or\nautomatically generated schemas. Since we're using viewsets and routers,\nwe can simply use the automatic schema generation.\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n python package in order to include an\nAPI schema.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi\n\n\n\nWe can now include a schema for our API, by including an autogenerated schema\nview in our URL configuration.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Pastebin API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n \u00a0 \u00a0path('schema/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nIf you visit the \n/schema/\n endpoint in a browser you should now see \ncorejson\n\nrepresentation become available as an option.\n\n\n\n\nWe can also request the schema from the command line, by specifying the desired\ncontent type in the \nAccept\n header.\n\n\n$ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Pastebin API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n\n\n\nThe default output style is to use the \nCore JSON\n encoding.\n\n\nOther schema formats, such as \nOpen API\n (formerly Swagger) are\nalso supported.\n\n\nUsing a command line client\n\n\nNow that our API is exposing a schema endpoint, we can use a dynamic client\nlibrary to interact with the API. To demonstrate this, let's use the\nCore API command line client.\n\n\nThe command line client is available as the \ncoreapi-cli\n package:\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi-cli\n\n\n\nNow check that it is available on the command line...\n\n\n$ coreapi\nUsage: coreapi [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...\n\n  Command line client for interacting with CoreAPI services.\n\n  Visit https://www.coreapi.org/ for more information.\n\nOptions:\n  --version  Display the package version number.\n  --help     Show this message and exit.\n\nCommands:\n...\n\n\n\nFirst we'll load the API schema using the command line client.\n\n\n$ coreapi get http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\n\n    snippets: {\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n\n\n\nWe haven't authenticated yet, so right now we're only able to see the read only\nendpoints, in line with how we've set up the permissions on the API.\n\n\nLet's try listing the existing snippets, using the command line client:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/\",\n        \"id\": 1,\n        \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/highlight/\",\n        \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n        \"title\": \"Example\",\n        \"code\": \"print('hello, world!')\",\n        \"linenos\": true,\n        \"language\": \"python\",\n        \"style\": \"friendly\"\n    },\n    ...\n\n\n\nSome of the API endpoints require named parameters. For example, to get back\nthe highlight HTML for a particular snippet we need to provide an id.\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets highlight --param id=1\n\n\n\n\n  Example\n  ...\n\n\n\nAuthenticating our client\n\n\nIf we want to be able to create, edit and delete snippets, we'll need to\nauthenticate as a valid user. In this case we'll just use basic auth.\n\n\nMake sure to replace the \n\n and \n\n below with your\nactual username and password.\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add 127.0.0.1 : --auth basic\nAdded credentials\n127.0.0.1 \"Basic <...>\"\n\n\n\nNow if we fetch the schema again, we should be able to see the full\nset of available interactions.\n\n\n$ coreapi reload\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\">\n    snippets: {\n        create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        delete(id)\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        partial_update(id, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        read(id)\n        update(id, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n\n\n\nWe're now able to interact with these endpoints. For example, to create a new\nsnippet:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets create --param title=\"Example\" --param code=\"print('hello, world')\"\n{\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/\",\n    \"id\": 7,\n    \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/highlight/\",\n    \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n    \"title\": \"Example\",\n    \"code\": \"print('hello, world')\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}\n\n\n\nAnd to delete a snippet:\n\n\n$ coreapi action snippets delete --param id=7\n\n\n\nAs well as the command line client, developers can also interact with your\nAPI using client libraries. The Python client library is the first of these\nto be available, and a Javascript client library is planned to be released\nsoon.\n\n\nFor more details on customizing schema generation and using Core API\nclient libraries you'll need to refer to the full documentation.\n\n\nReviewing our work\n\n\nWith an incredibly small amount of code, we've now got a complete pastebin Web API, which is fully web browsable, includes a schema-driven client library, and comes complete with authentication, per-object permissions, and multiple renderer formats.\n\n\nWe've walked through each step of the design process, and seen how if we need to customize anything we can gradually work our way down to simply using regular Django views.\n\n\nYou can review the final \ntutorial code\n on GitHub, or try out a live example in \nthe sandbox\n.\n\n\nOnwards and upwards\n\n\nWe've reached the end of our tutorial.  If you want to get more involved in the REST framework project, here are a few places you can start:\n\n\n\n\nContribute on \nGitHub\n by reviewing and submitting issues, and making pull requests.\n\n\nJoin the \nREST framework discussion group\n, and help build the community.\n\n\nFollow \nthe author\n on Twitter and say hi.\n\n\n\n\nNow go build awesome things.",
             "title": "7 - Schemas and client libraries"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#tutorial-7-schemas-client-libraries", 
-            "text": "A schema is a machine-readable document that describes the available API\nendpoints, their URLS, and what operations they support.  Schemas can be a useful tool for auto-generated documentation, and can also\nbe used to drive dynamic client libraries that can interact with the API.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#tutorial-7-schemas-client-libraries",
+            "text": "A schema is a machine-readable document that describes the available API\nendpoints, their URLS, and what operations they support.  Schemas can be a useful tool for auto-generated documentation, and can also\nbe used to drive dynamic client libraries that can interact with the API.",
             "title": "Tutorial 7: Schemas & client libraries"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#core-api", 
-            "text": "In order to provide schema support REST framework uses  Core API .  Core API is a document specification for describing APIs. It is used to provide\nan internal representation format of the available endpoints and possible\ninteractions that an API exposes. It can either be used server-side, or\nclient-side.  When used server-side, Core API allows an API to support rendering to a wide\nrange of schema or hypermedia formats.  When used client-side, Core API allows for dynamically driven client libraries\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#core-api",
+            "text": "In order to provide schema support REST framework uses  Core API .  Core API is a document specification for describing APIs. It is used to provide\nan internal representation format of the available endpoints and possible\ninteractions that an API exposes. It can either be used server-side, or\nclient-side.  When used server-side, Core API allows an API to support rendering to a wide\nrange of schema or hypermedia formats.  When used client-side, Core API allows for dynamically driven client libraries\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.",
             "title": "Core API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#adding-a-schema", 
-            "text": "REST framework supports either explicitly defined schema views, or\nautomatically generated schemas. Since we're using viewsets and routers,\nwe can simply use the automatic schema generation.  You'll need to install the  coreapi  python package in order to include an\nAPI schema.  $ pip install coreapi  We can now include a schema for our API, by including an autogenerated schema\nview in our URL configuration.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Pastebin API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n \u00a0 \u00a0path('schema/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  If you visit the  /schema/  endpoint in a browser you should now see  corejson \nrepresentation become available as an option.   We can also request the schema from the command line, by specifying the desired\ncontent type in the  Accept  header.  $ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Pastebin API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...  The default output style is to use the  Core JSON  encoding.  Other schema formats, such as  Open API  (formerly Swagger) are\nalso supported.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#adding-a-schema",
+            "text": "REST framework supports either explicitly defined schema views, or\nautomatically generated schemas. Since we're using viewsets and routers,\nwe can simply use the automatic schema generation.  You'll need to install the  coreapi  python package in order to include an\nAPI schema.  $ pip install coreapi  We can now include a schema for our API, by including an autogenerated schema\nview in our URL configuration.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Pastebin API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n \u00a0 \u00a0path('schema/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  If you visit the  /schema/  endpoint in a browser you should now see  corejson \nrepresentation become available as an option.   We can also request the schema from the command line, by specifying the desired\ncontent type in the  Accept  header.  $ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Pastebin API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...  The default output style is to use the  Core JSON  encoding.  Other schema formats, such as  Open API  (formerly Swagger) are\nalso supported.",
             "title": "Adding a schema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#using-a-command-line-client", 
-            "text": "Now that our API is exposing a schema endpoint, we can use a dynamic client\nlibrary to interact with the API. To demonstrate this, let's use the\nCore API command line client.  The command line client is available as the  coreapi-cli  package:  $ pip install coreapi-cli  Now check that it is available on the command line...  $ coreapi\nUsage: coreapi [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...\n\n  Command line client for interacting with CoreAPI services.\n\n  Visit https://www.coreapi.org/ for more information.\n\nOptions:\n  --version  Display the package version number.\n  --help     Show this message and exit.\n\nCommands:\n...  First we'll load the API schema using the command line client.  $ coreapi get http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/ Pastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\" \n    snippets: {\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }  We haven't authenticated yet, so right now we're only able to see the read only\nendpoints, in line with how we've set up the permissions on the API.  Let's try listing the existing snippets, using the command line client:  $ coreapi action snippets list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/\",\n        \"id\": 1,\n        \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/highlight/\",\n        \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n        \"title\": \"Example\",\n        \"code\": \"print('hello, world!')\",\n        \"linenos\": true,\n        \"language\": \"python\",\n        \"style\": \"friendly\"\n    },\n    ...  Some of the API endpoints require named parameters. For example, to get back\nthe highlight HTML for a particular snippet we need to provide an id.  $ coreapi action snippets highlight --param id=1 !DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\"  html  head \n   title Example /title \n  ...", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#using-a-command-line-client",
+            "text": "Now that our API is exposing a schema endpoint, we can use a dynamic client\nlibrary to interact with the API. To demonstrate this, let's use the\nCore API command line client.  The command line client is available as the  coreapi-cli  package:  $ pip install coreapi-cli  Now check that it is available on the command line...  $ coreapi\nUsage: coreapi [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...\n\n  Command line client for interacting with CoreAPI services.\n\n  Visit https://www.coreapi.org/ for more information.\n\nOptions:\n  --version  Display the package version number.\n  --help     Show this message and exit.\n\nCommands:\n...  First we'll load the API schema using the command line client.  $ coreapi get http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\n\n    snippets: {\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }  We haven't authenticated yet, so right now we're only able to see the read only\nendpoints, in line with how we've set up the permissions on the API.  Let's try listing the existing snippets, using the command line client:  $ coreapi action snippets list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/\",\n        \"id\": 1,\n        \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/highlight/\",\n        \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n        \"title\": \"Example\",\n        \"code\": \"print('hello, world!')\",\n        \"linenos\": true,\n        \"language\": \"python\",\n        \"style\": \"friendly\"\n    },\n    ...  Some of the API endpoints require named parameters. For example, to get back\nthe highlight HTML for a particular snippet we need to provide an id.  $ coreapi action snippets highlight --param id=1\n\n\n\n\n  Example\n  ...",
             "title": "Using a command line client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#authenticating-our-client", 
-            "text": "If we want to be able to create, edit and delete snippets, we'll need to\nauthenticate as a valid user. In this case we'll just use basic auth.  Make sure to replace the  username  and  password  below with your\nactual username and password.  $ coreapi credentials add 127.0.0.1  username : password  --auth basic\nAdded credentials\n127.0.0.1 \"Basic  ... \"  Now if we fetch the schema again, we should be able to see the full\nset of available interactions.  $ coreapi reload\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\" \n    snippets: {\n        create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        delete(id)\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        partial_update(id, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        read(id)\n        update(id, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }  We're now able to interact with these endpoints. For example, to create a new\nsnippet:  $ coreapi action snippets create --param title=\"Example\" --param code=\"print('hello, world')\"\n{\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/\",\n    \"id\": 7,\n    \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/highlight/\",\n    \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n    \"title\": \"Example\",\n    \"code\": \"print('hello, world')\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  And to delete a snippet:  $ coreapi action snippets delete --param id=7  As well as the command line client, developers can also interact with your\nAPI using client libraries. The Python client library is the first of these\nto be available, and a Javascript client library is planned to be released\nsoon.  For more details on customizing schema generation and using Core API\nclient libraries you'll need to refer to the full documentation.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#authenticating-our-client",
+            "text": "If we want to be able to create, edit and delete snippets, we'll need to\nauthenticate as a valid user. In this case we'll just use basic auth.  Make sure to replace the    and    below with your\nactual username and password.  $ coreapi credentials add 127.0.0.1 : --auth basic\nAdded credentials\n127.0.0.1 \"Basic <...>\"  Now if we fetch the schema again, we should be able to see the full\nset of available interactions.  $ coreapi reload\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/schema/\">\n    snippets: {\n        create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        delete(id)\n        highlight(id)\n        list()\n        partial_update(id, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n        read(id)\n        update(id, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    }\n    users: {\n        list()\n        read(id)\n    }  We're now able to interact with these endpoints. For example, to create a new\nsnippet:  $ coreapi action snippets create --param title=\"Example\" --param code=\"print('hello, world')\"\n{\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/\",\n    \"id\": 7,\n    \"highlight\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/7/highlight/\",\n    \"owner\": \"lucy\",\n    \"title\": \"Example\",\n    \"code\": \"print('hello, world')\",\n    \"linenos\": false,\n    \"language\": \"python\",\n    \"style\": \"friendly\"\n}  And to delete a snippet:  $ coreapi action snippets delete --param id=7  As well as the command line client, developers can also interact with your\nAPI using client libraries. The Python client library is the first of these\nto be available, and a Javascript client library is planned to be released\nsoon.  For more details on customizing schema generation and using Core API\nclient libraries you'll need to refer to the full documentation.",
             "title": "Authenticating our client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#reviewing-our-work", 
-            "text": "With an incredibly small amount of code, we've now got a complete pastebin Web API, which is fully web browsable, includes a schema-driven client library, and comes complete with authentication, per-object permissions, and multiple renderer formats.  We've walked through each step of the design process, and seen how if we need to customize anything we can gradually work our way down to simply using regular Django views.  You can review the final  tutorial code  on GitHub, or try out a live example in  the sandbox .", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#reviewing-our-work",
+            "text": "With an incredibly small amount of code, we've now got a complete pastebin Web API, which is fully web browsable, includes a schema-driven client library, and comes complete with authentication, per-object permissions, and multiple renderer formats.  We've walked through each step of the design process, and seen how if we need to customize anything we can gradually work our way down to simply using regular Django views.  You can review the final  tutorial code  on GitHub, or try out a live example in  the sandbox .",
             "title": "Reviewing our work"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#onwards-and-upwards", 
-            "text": "We've reached the end of our tutorial.  If you want to get more involved in the REST framework project, here are a few places you can start:   Contribute on  GitHub  by reviewing and submitting issues, and making pull requests.  Join the  REST framework discussion group , and help build the community.  Follow  the author  on Twitter and say hi.   Now go build awesome things.", 
+            "location": "/tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/#onwards-and-upwards",
+            "text": "We've reached the end of our tutorial.  If you want to get more involved in the REST framework project, here are a few places you can start:   Contribute on  GitHub  by reviewing and submitting issues, and making pull requests.  Join the  REST framework discussion group , and help build the community.  Follow  the author  on Twitter and say hi.   Now go build awesome things.",
             "title": "Onwards and upwards"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/", 
-            "text": "Requests\n\n\n\n\nIf you're doing REST-based web service stuff ... you should ignore request.POST.\n\n\n Malcom Tredinnick, \nDjango developers group\n\n\n\n\nREST framework's \nRequest\n class extends the standard \nHttpRequest\n, adding support for REST framework's flexible request parsing and request authentication.\n\n\n\n\nRequest parsing\n\n\nREST framework's Request objects provide flexible request parsing that allows you to treat requests with JSON data or other media types in the same way that you would normally deal with form data.\n\n\n.data\n\n\nrequest.data\n returns the parsed content of the request body.  This is similar to the standard \nrequest.POST\n and \nrequest.FILES\n attributes except that:\n\n\n\n\nIt includes all parsed content, including \nfile and non-file\n inputs.\n\n\nIt supports parsing the content of HTTP methods other than \nPOST\n, meaning that you can access the content of \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests.\n\n\nIt supports REST framework's flexible request parsing, rather than just supporting form data.  For example you can handle incoming JSON data in the same way that you handle incoming form data.\n\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nparsers documentation\n.\n\n\n.query_params\n\n\nrequest.query_params\n is a more correctly named synonym for \nrequest.GET\n.\n\n\nFor clarity inside your code, we recommend using \nrequest.query_params\n instead of the Django's standard \nrequest.GET\n. Doing so will help keep your codebase more correct and obvious - any HTTP method type may include query parameters, not just \nGET\n requests.\n\n\n.parsers\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of \nParser\n instances, based on the \nparser_classes\n set on the view or based on the \nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to access this property.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If a client sends malformed content, then accessing \nrequest.data\n may raise a \nParseError\n.  By default REST framework's \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will catch the error and return a \n400 Bad Request\n response.\n\n\nIf a client sends a request with a content-type that cannot be parsed then a \nUnsupportedMediaType\n exception will be raised, which by default will be caught and return a \n415 Unsupported Media Type\n response.\n\n\n\n\nContent negotiation\n\n\nThe request exposes some properties that allow you to determine the result of the content negotiation stage. This allows you to implement behaviour such as selecting a different serialisation schemes for different media types.\n\n\n.accepted_renderer\n\n\nThe renderer instance what was selected by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\n.accepted_media_type\n\n\nA string representing the media type that was accepted by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\nREST framework provides flexible, per-request authentication, that gives you the ability to:\n\n\n\n\nUse different authentication policies for different parts of your API.\n\n\nSupport the use of multiple authentication policies.\n\n\nProvide both user and token information associated with the incoming request.\n\n\n\n\n.user\n\n\nrequest.user\n typically returns an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.User\n, although the behavior depends on the authentication policy being used.\n\n\nIf the request is unauthenticated the default value of \nrequest.user\n is an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nauthentication documentation\n.\n\n\n.auth\n\n\nrequest.auth\n returns any additional authentication context.  The exact behavior of \nrequest.auth\n depends on the authentication policy being used, but it may typically be an instance of the token that the request was authenticated against.\n\n\nIf the request is unauthenticated, or if no additional context is present, the default value of \nrequest.auth\n is \nNone\n.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nauthentication documentation\n.\n\n\n.authenticators\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of \nAuthentication\n instances, based on the \nauthentication_classes\n set on the view or based on the \nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATORS\n setting.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to access this property.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n You may see a \nWrappedAttributeError\n raised when calling the \n.user\n or \n.auth\n properties. These errors originate from an authenticator as a standard \nAttributeError\n, however it's necessary that they be re-raised as a different exception type in order to prevent them from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the \nAttributeError\n orginates from the authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a \n.user\n or \n.auth\n property. The authenticator will need to be fixed.\n\n\n\n\nBrowser enhancements\n\n\nREST framework supports a few browser enhancements such as browser-based \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n forms.\n\n\n.method\n\n\nrequest.method\n returns the \nuppercased\n string representation of the request's HTTP method.\n\n\nBrowser-based \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n forms are transparently supported.\n\n\nFor more information see the \nbrowser enhancements documentation\n.\n\n\n.content_type\n\n\nrequest.content_type\n, returns a string object representing the media type of the HTTP request's body, or an empty string if no media type was provided.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to directly access the request's content type, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.\n\n\nIf you do need to access the content type of the request you should use the \n.content_type\n property in preference to using \nrequest.META.get('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE')\n, as it provides transparent support for browser-based non-form content.\n\n\nFor more information see the \nbrowser enhancements documentation\n.\n\n\n.stream\n\n\nrequest.stream\n returns a stream representing the content of the request body.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to directly access the request's content, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.\n\n\n\n\nStandard HttpRequest attributes\n\n\nAs REST framework's \nRequest\n extends Django's \nHttpRequest\n, all the other standard attributes and methods are also available.  For example the \nrequest.META\n and \nrequest.session\n dictionaries are available as normal.\n\n\nNote that due to implementation reasons the \nRequest\n class does not inherit from \nHttpRequest\n class, but instead extends the class using composition.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/",
+            "text": "Requests\n\n\n\n\nIf you're doing REST-based web service stuff ... you should ignore request.POST.\n\n\n\u2014 Malcom Tredinnick, \nDjango developers group\n\n\n\n\nREST framework's \nRequest\n class extends the standard \nHttpRequest\n, adding support for REST framework's flexible request parsing and request authentication.\n\n\n\n\nRequest parsing\n\n\nREST framework's Request objects provide flexible request parsing that allows you to treat requests with JSON data or other media types in the same way that you would normally deal with form data.\n\n\n.data\n\n\nrequest.data\n returns the parsed content of the request body.  This is similar to the standard \nrequest.POST\n and \nrequest.FILES\n attributes except that:\n\n\n\n\nIt includes all parsed content, including \nfile and non-file\n inputs.\n\n\nIt supports parsing the content of HTTP methods other than \nPOST\n, meaning that you can access the content of \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests.\n\n\nIt supports REST framework's flexible request parsing, rather than just supporting form data.  For example you can handle incoming JSON data in the same way that you handle incoming form data.\n\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nparsers documentation\n.\n\n\n.query_params\n\n\nrequest.query_params\n is a more correctly named synonym for \nrequest.GET\n.\n\n\nFor clarity inside your code, we recommend using \nrequest.query_params\n instead of the Django's standard \nrequest.GET\n. Doing so will help keep your codebase more correct and obvious - any HTTP method type may include query parameters, not just \nGET\n requests.\n\n\n.parsers\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of \nParser\n instances, based on the \nparser_classes\n set on the view or based on the \nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to access this property.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If a client sends malformed content, then accessing \nrequest.data\n may raise a \nParseError\n.  By default REST framework's \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will catch the error and return a \n400 Bad Request\n response.\n\n\nIf a client sends a request with a content-type that cannot be parsed then a \nUnsupportedMediaType\n exception will be raised, which by default will be caught and return a \n415 Unsupported Media Type\n response.\n\n\n\n\nContent negotiation\n\n\nThe request exposes some properties that allow you to determine the result of the content negotiation stage. This allows you to implement behaviour such as selecting a different serialisation schemes for different media types.\n\n\n.accepted_renderer\n\n\nThe renderer instance what was selected by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\n.accepted_media_type\n\n\nA string representing the media type that was accepted by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\nREST framework provides flexible, per-request authentication, that gives you the ability to:\n\n\n\n\nUse different authentication policies for different parts of your API.\n\n\nSupport the use of multiple authentication policies.\n\n\nProvide both user and token information associated with the incoming request.\n\n\n\n\n.user\n\n\nrequest.user\n typically returns an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.User\n, although the behavior depends on the authentication policy being used.\n\n\nIf the request is unauthenticated the default value of \nrequest.user\n is an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nauthentication documentation\n.\n\n\n.auth\n\n\nrequest.auth\n returns any additional authentication context.  The exact behavior of \nrequest.auth\n depends on the authentication policy being used, but it may typically be an instance of the token that the request was authenticated against.\n\n\nIf the request is unauthenticated, or if no additional context is present, the default value of \nrequest.auth\n is \nNone\n.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nauthentication documentation\n.\n\n\n.authenticators\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of \nAuthentication\n instances, based on the \nauthentication_classes\n set on the view or based on the \nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATORS\n setting.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to access this property.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n You may see a \nWrappedAttributeError\n raised when calling the \n.user\n or \n.auth\n properties. These errors originate from an authenticator as a standard \nAttributeError\n, however it's necessary that they be re-raised as a different exception type in order to prevent them from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the \nAttributeError\n orginates from the authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a \n.user\n or \n.auth\n property. The authenticator will need to be fixed.\n\n\n\n\nBrowser enhancements\n\n\nREST framework supports a few browser enhancements such as browser-based \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n forms.\n\n\n.method\n\n\nrequest.method\n returns the \nuppercased\n string representation of the request's HTTP method.\n\n\nBrowser-based \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n forms are transparently supported.\n\n\nFor more information see the \nbrowser enhancements documentation\n.\n\n\n.content_type\n\n\nrequest.content_type\n, returns a string object representing the media type of the HTTP request's body, or an empty string if no media type was provided.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to directly access the request's content type, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.\n\n\nIf you do need to access the content type of the request you should use the \n.content_type\n property in preference to using \nrequest.META.get('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE')\n, as it provides transparent support for browser-based non-form content.\n\n\nFor more information see the \nbrowser enhancements documentation\n.\n\n\n.stream\n\n\nrequest.stream\n returns a stream representing the content of the request body.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to directly access the request's content, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.\n\n\n\n\nStandard HttpRequest attributes\n\n\nAs REST framework's \nRequest\n extends Django's \nHttpRequest\n, all the other standard attributes and methods are also available.  For example the \nrequest.META\n and \nrequest.session\n dictionaries are available as normal.\n\n\nNote that due to implementation reasons the \nRequest\n class does not inherit from \nHttpRequest\n class, but instead extends the class using composition.",
             "title": "Requests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#requests", 
-            "text": "If you're doing REST-based web service stuff ... you should ignore request.POST.   Malcom Tredinnick,  Django developers group   REST framework's  Request  class extends the standard  HttpRequest , adding support for REST framework's flexible request parsing and request authentication.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#requests",
+            "text": "If you're doing REST-based web service stuff ... you should ignore request.POST.  \u2014 Malcom Tredinnick,  Django developers group   REST framework's  Request  class extends the standard  HttpRequest , adding support for REST framework's flexible request parsing and request authentication.",
             "title": "Requests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#request-parsing", 
-            "text": "REST framework's Request objects provide flexible request parsing that allows you to treat requests with JSON data or other media types in the same way that you would normally deal with form data.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#request-parsing",
+            "text": "REST framework's Request objects provide flexible request parsing that allows you to treat requests with JSON data or other media types in the same way that you would normally deal with form data.",
             "title": "Request parsing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#data", 
-            "text": "request.data  returns the parsed content of the request body.  This is similar to the standard  request.POST  and  request.FILES  attributes except that:   It includes all parsed content, including  file and non-file  inputs.  It supports parsing the content of HTTP methods other than  POST , meaning that you can access the content of  PUT  and  PATCH  requests.  It supports REST framework's flexible request parsing, rather than just supporting form data.  For example you can handle incoming JSON data in the same way that you handle incoming form data.   For more details see the  parsers documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#data",
+            "text": "request.data  returns the parsed content of the request body.  This is similar to the standard  request.POST  and  request.FILES  attributes except that:   It includes all parsed content, including  file and non-file  inputs.  It supports parsing the content of HTTP methods other than  POST , meaning that you can access the content of  PUT  and  PATCH  requests.  It supports REST framework's flexible request parsing, rather than just supporting form data.  For example you can handle incoming JSON data in the same way that you handle incoming form data.   For more details see the  parsers documentation .",
             "title": ".data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#query_params", 
-            "text": "request.query_params  is a more correctly named synonym for  request.GET .  For clarity inside your code, we recommend using  request.query_params  instead of the Django's standard  request.GET . Doing so will help keep your codebase more correct and obvious - any HTTP method type may include query parameters, not just  GET  requests.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#query_params",
+            "text": "request.query_params  is a more correctly named synonym for  request.GET .  For clarity inside your code, we recommend using  request.query_params  instead of the Django's standard  request.GET . Doing so will help keep your codebase more correct and obvious - any HTTP method type may include query parameters, not just  GET  requests.",
             "title": ".query_params"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#parsers", 
-            "text": "The  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of  Parser  instances, based on the  parser_classes  set on the view or based on the  DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES  setting.  You won't typically need to access this property.   Note:  If a client sends malformed content, then accessing  request.data  may raise a  ParseError .  By default REST framework's  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will catch the error and return a  400 Bad Request  response.  If a client sends a request with a content-type that cannot be parsed then a  UnsupportedMediaType  exception will be raised, which by default will be caught and return a  415 Unsupported Media Type  response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#parsers",
+            "text": "The  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of  Parser  instances, based on the  parser_classes  set on the view or based on the  DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES  setting.  You won't typically need to access this property.   Note:  If a client sends malformed content, then accessing  request.data  may raise a  ParseError .  By default REST framework's  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will catch the error and return a  400 Bad Request  response.  If a client sends a request with a content-type that cannot be parsed then a  UnsupportedMediaType  exception will be raised, which by default will be caught and return a  415 Unsupported Media Type  response.",
             "title": ".parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#content-negotiation", 
-            "text": "The request exposes some properties that allow you to determine the result of the content negotiation stage. This allows you to implement behaviour such as selecting a different serialisation schemes for different media types.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#content-negotiation",
+            "text": "The request exposes some properties that allow you to determine the result of the content negotiation stage. This allows you to implement behaviour such as selecting a different serialisation schemes for different media types.",
             "title": "Content negotiation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#accepted_renderer", 
-            "text": "The renderer instance what was selected by the content negotiation stage.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#accepted_renderer",
+            "text": "The renderer instance what was selected by the content negotiation stage.",
             "title": ".accepted_renderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#accepted_media_type", 
-            "text": "A string representing the media type that was accepted by the content negotiation stage.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#accepted_media_type",
+            "text": "A string representing the media type that was accepted by the content negotiation stage.",
             "title": ".accepted_media_type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#authentication", 
-            "text": "REST framework provides flexible, per-request authentication, that gives you the ability to:   Use different authentication policies for different parts of your API.  Support the use of multiple authentication policies.  Provide both user and token information associated with the incoming request.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#authentication",
+            "text": "REST framework provides flexible, per-request authentication, that gives you the ability to:   Use different authentication policies for different parts of your API.  Support the use of multiple authentication policies.  Provide both user and token information associated with the incoming request.",
             "title": "Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#user", 
-            "text": "request.user  typically returns an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.User , although the behavior depends on the authentication policy being used.  If the request is unauthenticated the default value of  request.user  is an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser .  For more details see the  authentication documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#user",
+            "text": "request.user  typically returns an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.User , although the behavior depends on the authentication policy being used.  If the request is unauthenticated the default value of  request.user  is an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser .  For more details see the  authentication documentation .",
             "title": ".user"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#auth", 
-            "text": "request.auth  returns any additional authentication context.  The exact behavior of  request.auth  depends on the authentication policy being used, but it may typically be an instance of the token that the request was authenticated against.  If the request is unauthenticated, or if no additional context is present, the default value of  request.auth  is  None .  For more details see the  authentication documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#auth",
+            "text": "request.auth  returns any additional authentication context.  The exact behavior of  request.auth  depends on the authentication policy being used, but it may typically be an instance of the token that the request was authenticated against.  If the request is unauthenticated, or if no additional context is present, the default value of  request.auth  is  None .  For more details see the  authentication documentation .",
             "title": ".auth"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#authenticators", 
-            "text": "The  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of  Authentication  instances, based on the  authentication_classes  set on the view or based on the  DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATORS  setting.  You won't typically need to access this property.   Note:  You may see a  WrappedAttributeError  raised when calling the  .user  or  .auth  properties. These errors originate from an authenticator as a standard  AttributeError , however it's necessary that they be re-raised as a different exception type in order to prevent them from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the  AttributeError  orginates from the authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a  .user  or  .auth  property. The authenticator will need to be fixed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#authenticators",
+            "text": "The  APIView  class or  @api_view  decorator will ensure that this property is automatically set to a list of  Authentication  instances, based on the  authentication_classes  set on the view or based on the  DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATORS  setting.  You won't typically need to access this property.   Note:  You may see a  WrappedAttributeError  raised when calling the  .user  or  .auth  properties. These errors originate from an authenticator as a standard  AttributeError , however it's necessary that they be re-raised as a different exception type in order to prevent them from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the  AttributeError  orginates from the authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a  .user  or  .auth  property. The authenticator will need to be fixed.",
             "title": ".authenticators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#browser-enhancements", 
-            "text": "REST framework supports a few browser enhancements such as browser-based  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE  forms.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#browser-enhancements",
+            "text": "REST framework supports a few browser enhancements such as browser-based  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE  forms.",
             "title": "Browser enhancements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#method", 
-            "text": "request.method  returns the  uppercased  string representation of the request's HTTP method.  Browser-based  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE  forms are transparently supported.  For more information see the  browser enhancements documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#method",
+            "text": "request.method  returns the  uppercased  string representation of the request's HTTP method.  Browser-based  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE  forms are transparently supported.  For more information see the  browser enhancements documentation .",
             "title": ".method"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#content_type", 
-            "text": "request.content_type , returns a string object representing the media type of the HTTP request's body, or an empty string if no media type was provided.  You won't typically need to directly access the request's content type, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.  If you do need to access the content type of the request you should use the  .content_type  property in preference to using  request.META.get('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE') , as it provides transparent support for browser-based non-form content.  For more information see the  browser enhancements documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#content_type",
+            "text": "request.content_type , returns a string object representing the media type of the HTTP request's body, or an empty string if no media type was provided.  You won't typically need to directly access the request's content type, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.  If you do need to access the content type of the request you should use the  .content_type  property in preference to using  request.META.get('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE') , as it provides transparent support for browser-based non-form content.  For more information see the  browser enhancements documentation .",
             "title": ".content_type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#stream", 
-            "text": "request.stream  returns a stream representing the content of the request body.  You won't typically need to directly access the request's content, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#stream",
+            "text": "request.stream  returns a stream representing the content of the request body.  You won't typically need to directly access the request's content, as you'll normally rely on REST framework's default request parsing behavior.",
             "title": ".stream"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#standard-httprequest-attributes", 
-            "text": "As REST framework's  Request  extends Django's  HttpRequest , all the other standard attributes and methods are also available.  For example the  request.META  and  request.session  dictionaries are available as normal.  Note that due to implementation reasons the  Request  class does not inherit from  HttpRequest  class, but instead extends the class using composition.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/requests/#standard-httprequest-attributes",
+            "text": "As REST framework's  Request  extends Django's  HttpRequest , all the other standard attributes and methods are also available.  For example the  request.META  and  request.session  dictionaries are available as normal.  Note that due to implementation reasons the  Request  class does not inherit from  HttpRequest  class, but instead extends the class using composition.",
             "title": "Standard HttpRequest attributes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/", 
-            "text": "Responses\n\n\n\n\nUnlike basic HttpResponse objects, TemplateResponse objects retain the details of the context that was provided by the view to compute the response.  The final output of the response is not computed until it is needed, later in the response process.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework supports HTTP content negotiation by providing a \nResponse\n class which allows you to return content that can be rendered into multiple content types, depending on the client request.\n\n\nThe \nResponse\n class subclasses Django's \nSimpleTemplateResponse\n.  \nResponse\n objects are initialised with data, which should consist of native Python primitives.  REST framework then uses standard HTTP content negotiation to determine how it should render the final response content.\n\n\nThere's no requirement for you to use the \nResponse\n class, you can also return regular \nHttpResponse\n or \nStreamingHttpResponse\n objects from your views if required.  Using the \nResponse\n class simply provides a nicer interface for returning content-negotiated Web API responses, that can be rendered to multiple formats.\n\n\nUnless you want to heavily customize REST framework for some reason, you should always use an \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n function for views that return \nResponse\n objects.  Doing so ensures that the view can perform content negotiation and select the appropriate renderer for the response, before it is returned from the view.\n\n\n\n\nCreating responses\n\n\nResponse()\n\n\nSignature:\n \nResponse(data, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, content_type=None)\n\n\nUnlike regular \nHttpResponse\n objects, you do not instantiate \nResponse\n objects with rendered content.  Instead you pass in unrendered data, which may consist of any Python primitives.\n\n\nThe renderers used by the \nResponse\n class cannot natively handle complex datatypes such as Django model instances, so you need to serialize the data into primitive datatypes before creating the \nResponse\n object.\n\n\nYou can use REST framework's \nSerializer\n classes to perform this data serialization, or use your own custom serialization.\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\ndata\n: The serialized data for the response.\n\n\nstatus\n: A status code for the response.  Defaults to 200.  See also \nstatus codes\n.\n\n\ntemplate_name\n: A template name to use if \nHTMLRenderer\n is selected.\n\n\nheaders\n: A dictionary of HTTP headers to use in the response.\n\n\ncontent_type\n: The content type of the response.  Typically, this will be set automatically by the renderer as determined by content negotiation, but there may be some cases where you need to specify the content type explicitly.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAttributes\n\n\n.data\n\n\nThe unrendered, serialized data of the response.\n\n\n.status_code\n\n\nThe numeric status code of the HTTP response.\n\n\n.content\n\n\nThe rendered content of the response.  The \n.render()\n method must have been called before \n.content\n can be accessed.\n\n\n.template_name\n\n\nThe \ntemplate_name\n, if supplied.  Only required if \nHTMLRenderer\n or some other custom template renderer is the accepted renderer for the response.\n\n\n.accepted_renderer\n\n\nThe renderer instance that will be used to render the response.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n.accepted_media_type\n\n\nThe media type that was selected by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n.renderer_context\n\n\nA dictionary of additional context information that will be passed to the renderer's \n.render()\n method.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n\n\nStandard HttpResponse attributes\n\n\nThe \nResponse\n class extends \nSimpleTemplateResponse\n, and all the usual attributes and methods are also available on the response.  For example you can set headers on the response in the standard way:\n\n\nresponse = Response()\nresponse['Cache-Control'] = 'no-cache'\n\n\n\n.render()\n\n\nSignature:\n \n.render()\n\n\nAs with any other \nTemplateResponse\n, this method is called to render the serialized data of the response into the final response content.  When \n.render()\n is called, the response content will be set to the result of calling the \n.render(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context)\n method on the \naccepted_renderer\n instance.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to call \n.render()\n yourself, as it's handled by Django's standard response cycle.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/",
+            "text": "Responses\n\n\n\n\nUnlike basic HttpResponse objects, TemplateResponse objects retain the details of the context that was provided by the view to compute the response.  The final output of the response is not computed until it is needed, later in the response process.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework supports HTTP content negotiation by providing a \nResponse\n class which allows you to return content that can be rendered into multiple content types, depending on the client request.\n\n\nThe \nResponse\n class subclasses Django's \nSimpleTemplateResponse\n.  \nResponse\n objects are initialised with data, which should consist of native Python primitives.  REST framework then uses standard HTTP content negotiation to determine how it should render the final response content.\n\n\nThere's no requirement for you to use the \nResponse\n class, you can also return regular \nHttpResponse\n or \nStreamingHttpResponse\n objects from your views if required.  Using the \nResponse\n class simply provides a nicer interface for returning content-negotiated Web API responses, that can be rendered to multiple formats.\n\n\nUnless you want to heavily customize REST framework for some reason, you should always use an \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n function for views that return \nResponse\n objects.  Doing so ensures that the view can perform content negotiation and select the appropriate renderer for the response, before it is returned from the view.\n\n\n\n\nCreating responses\n\n\nResponse()\n\n\nSignature:\n \nResponse(data, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, content_type=None)\n\n\nUnlike regular \nHttpResponse\n objects, you do not instantiate \nResponse\n objects with rendered content.  Instead you pass in unrendered data, which may consist of any Python primitives.\n\n\nThe renderers used by the \nResponse\n class cannot natively handle complex datatypes such as Django model instances, so you need to serialize the data into primitive datatypes before creating the \nResponse\n object.\n\n\nYou can use REST framework's \nSerializer\n classes to perform this data serialization, or use your own custom serialization.\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\ndata\n: The serialized data for the response.\n\n\nstatus\n: A status code for the response.  Defaults to 200.  See also \nstatus codes\n.\n\n\ntemplate_name\n: A template name to use if \nHTMLRenderer\n is selected.\n\n\nheaders\n: A dictionary of HTTP headers to use in the response.\n\n\ncontent_type\n: The content type of the response.  Typically, this will be set automatically by the renderer as determined by content negotiation, but there may be some cases where you need to specify the content type explicitly.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAttributes\n\n\n.data\n\n\nThe unrendered, serialized data of the response.\n\n\n.status_code\n\n\nThe numeric status code of the HTTP response.\n\n\n.content\n\n\nThe rendered content of the response.  The \n.render()\n method must have been called before \n.content\n can be accessed.\n\n\n.template_name\n\n\nThe \ntemplate_name\n, if supplied.  Only required if \nHTMLRenderer\n or some other custom template renderer is the accepted renderer for the response.\n\n\n.accepted_renderer\n\n\nThe renderer instance that will be used to render the response.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n.accepted_media_type\n\n\nThe media type that was selected by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n.renderer_context\n\n\nA dictionary of additional context information that will be passed to the renderer's \n.render()\n method.\n\n\nSet automatically by the \nAPIView\n or \n@api_view\n immediately before the response is returned from the view.\n\n\n\n\nStandard HttpResponse attributes\n\n\nThe \nResponse\n class extends \nSimpleTemplateResponse\n, and all the usual attributes and methods are also available on the response.  For example you can set headers on the response in the standard way:\n\n\nresponse = Response()\nresponse['Cache-Control'] = 'no-cache'\n\n\n\n.render()\n\n\nSignature:\n \n.render()\n\n\nAs with any other \nTemplateResponse\n, this method is called to render the serialized data of the response into the final response content.  When \n.render()\n is called, the response content will be set to the result of calling the \n.render(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context)\n method on the \naccepted_renderer\n instance.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to call \n.render()\n yourself, as it's handled by Django's standard response cycle.",
             "title": "Responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#responses", 
-            "text": "Unlike basic HttpResponse objects, TemplateResponse objects retain the details of the context that was provided by the view to compute the response.  The final output of the response is not computed until it is needed, later in the response process.    Django documentation   REST framework supports HTTP content negotiation by providing a  Response  class which allows you to return content that can be rendered into multiple content types, depending on the client request.  The  Response  class subclasses Django's  SimpleTemplateResponse .   Response  objects are initialised with data, which should consist of native Python primitives.  REST framework then uses standard HTTP content negotiation to determine how it should render the final response content.  There's no requirement for you to use the  Response  class, you can also return regular  HttpResponse  or  StreamingHttpResponse  objects from your views if required.  Using the  Response  class simply provides a nicer interface for returning content-negotiated Web API responses, that can be rendered to multiple formats.  Unless you want to heavily customize REST framework for some reason, you should always use an  APIView  class or  @api_view  function for views that return  Response  objects.  Doing so ensures that the view can perform content negotiation and select the appropriate renderer for the response, before it is returned from the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#responses",
+            "text": "Unlike basic HttpResponse objects, TemplateResponse objects retain the details of the context that was provided by the view to compute the response.  The final output of the response is not computed until it is needed, later in the response process.  \u2014  Django documentation   REST framework supports HTTP content negotiation by providing a  Response  class which allows you to return content that can be rendered into multiple content types, depending on the client request.  The  Response  class subclasses Django's  SimpleTemplateResponse .   Response  objects are initialised with data, which should consist of native Python primitives.  REST framework then uses standard HTTP content negotiation to determine how it should render the final response content.  There's no requirement for you to use the  Response  class, you can also return regular  HttpResponse  or  StreamingHttpResponse  objects from your views if required.  Using the  Response  class simply provides a nicer interface for returning content-negotiated Web API responses, that can be rendered to multiple formats.  Unless you want to heavily customize REST framework for some reason, you should always use an  APIView  class or  @api_view  function for views that return  Response  objects.  Doing so ensures that the view can perform content negotiation and select the appropriate renderer for the response, before it is returned from the view.",
             "title": "Responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#creating-responses", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#creating-responses",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Creating responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#response", 
-            "text": "Signature:   Response(data, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, content_type=None)  Unlike regular  HttpResponse  objects, you do not instantiate  Response  objects with rendered content.  Instead you pass in unrendered data, which may consist of any Python primitives.  The renderers used by the  Response  class cannot natively handle complex datatypes such as Django model instances, so you need to serialize the data into primitive datatypes before creating the  Response  object.  You can use REST framework's  Serializer  classes to perform this data serialization, or use your own custom serialization.  Arguments:   data : The serialized data for the response.  status : A status code for the response.  Defaults to 200.  See also  status codes .  template_name : A template name to use if  HTMLRenderer  is selected.  headers : A dictionary of HTTP headers to use in the response.  content_type : The content type of the response.  Typically, this will be set automatically by the renderer as determined by content negotiation, but there may be some cases where you need to specify the content type explicitly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#response",
+            "text": "Signature:   Response(data, status=None, template_name=None, headers=None, content_type=None)  Unlike regular  HttpResponse  objects, you do not instantiate  Response  objects with rendered content.  Instead you pass in unrendered data, which may consist of any Python primitives.  The renderers used by the  Response  class cannot natively handle complex datatypes such as Django model instances, so you need to serialize the data into primitive datatypes before creating the  Response  object.  You can use REST framework's  Serializer  classes to perform this data serialization, or use your own custom serialization.  Arguments:   data : The serialized data for the response.  status : A status code for the response.  Defaults to 200.  See also  status codes .  template_name : A template name to use if  HTMLRenderer  is selected.  headers : A dictionary of HTTP headers to use in the response.  content_type : The content type of the response.  Typically, this will be set automatically by the renderer as determined by content negotiation, but there may be some cases where you need to specify the content type explicitly.",
             "title": "Response()"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#attributes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#attributes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Attributes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#data", 
-            "text": "The unrendered, serialized data of the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#data",
+            "text": "The unrendered, serialized data of the response.",
             "title": ".data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#status_code", 
-            "text": "The numeric status code of the HTTP response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#status_code",
+            "text": "The numeric status code of the HTTP response.",
             "title": ".status_code"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#content", 
-            "text": "The rendered content of the response.  The  .render()  method must have been called before  .content  can be accessed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#content",
+            "text": "The rendered content of the response.  The  .render()  method must have been called before  .content  can be accessed.",
             "title": ".content"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#template_name", 
-            "text": "The  template_name , if supplied.  Only required if  HTMLRenderer  or some other custom template renderer is the accepted renderer for the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#template_name",
+            "text": "The  template_name , if supplied.  Only required if  HTMLRenderer  or some other custom template renderer is the accepted renderer for the response.",
             "title": ".template_name"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#accepted_renderer", 
-            "text": "The renderer instance that will be used to render the response.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#accepted_renderer",
+            "text": "The renderer instance that will be used to render the response.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.",
             "title": ".accepted_renderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#accepted_media_type", 
-            "text": "The media type that was selected by the content negotiation stage.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#accepted_media_type",
+            "text": "The media type that was selected by the content negotiation stage.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.",
             "title": ".accepted_media_type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#renderer_context", 
-            "text": "A dictionary of additional context information that will be passed to the renderer's  .render()  method.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#renderer_context",
+            "text": "A dictionary of additional context information that will be passed to the renderer's  .render()  method.  Set automatically by the  APIView  or  @api_view  immediately before the response is returned from the view.",
             "title": ".renderer_context"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#standard-httpresponse-attributes", 
-            "text": "The  Response  class extends  SimpleTemplateResponse , and all the usual attributes and methods are also available on the response.  For example you can set headers on the response in the standard way:  response = Response()\nresponse['Cache-Control'] = 'no-cache'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#standard-httpresponse-attributes",
+            "text": "The  Response  class extends  SimpleTemplateResponse , and all the usual attributes and methods are also available on the response.  For example you can set headers on the response in the standard way:  response = Response()\nresponse['Cache-Control'] = 'no-cache'",
             "title": "Standard HttpResponse attributes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#render", 
-            "text": "Signature:   .render()  As with any other  TemplateResponse , this method is called to render the serialized data of the response into the final response content.  When  .render()  is called, the response content will be set to the result of calling the  .render(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context)  method on the  accepted_renderer  instance.  You won't typically need to call  .render()  yourself, as it's handled by Django's standard response cycle.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/responses/#render",
+            "text": "Signature:   .render()  As with any other  TemplateResponse , this method is called to render the serialized data of the response into the final response content.  When  .render()  is called, the response content will be set to the result of calling the  .render(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context)  method on the  accepted_renderer  instance.  You won't typically need to call  .render()  yourself, as it's handled by Django's standard response cycle.",
             "title": ".render()"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/", 
-            "text": "Class-based Views\n\n\n\n\nDjango's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.\n\n\n \nReinout van Rees\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides an \nAPIView\n class, which subclasses Django's \nView\n class.\n\n\nAPIView\n classes are different from regular \nView\n classes in the following ways:\n\n\n\n\nRequests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's \nRequest\n instances, not Django's \nHttpRequest\n instances.\n\n\nHandler methods may return REST framework's \nResponse\n, instead of Django's \nHttpResponse\n.  The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.\n\n\nAny \nAPIException\n exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.\n\n\nIncoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.\n\n\n\n\nUsing the \nAPIView\n class is pretty much the same as using a regular \nView\n class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as \n.get()\n or \n.post()\n.  Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import authentication, permissions\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass ListUsers(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    View to list all users in the system.\n\n    * Requires token authentication.\n    * Only admin users are able to access this view.\n    \"\"\"\n    authentication_classes = (authentication.TokenAuthentication,)\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all users.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's \nAPIView\n, \nGenericAPIView\n, various \nMixins\n, and \nViewsets\n can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the \nClassy Django REST Framework\n resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.\n\n\n\n\nAPI policy attributes\n\n\nThe following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.\n\n\n.renderer_classes\n\n\n.parser_classes\n\n\n.authentication_classes\n\n\n.throttle_classes\n\n\n.permission_classes\n\n\n.content_negotiation_class\n\n\nAPI policy instantiation methods\n\n\nThe following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies.  You won't typically need to override these methods.\n\n\n.get_renderers(self)\n\n\n.get_parsers(self)\n\n\n.get_authenticators(self)\n\n\n.get_throttles(self)\n\n\n.get_permissions(self)\n\n\n.get_content_negotiator(self)\n\n\n.get_exception_handler(self)\n\n\nAPI policy implementation methods\n\n\nThe following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.\n\n\n.check_permissions(self, request)\n\n\n.check_throttles(self, request)\n\n\n.perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False)\n\n\nDispatch methods\n\n\nThe following methods are called directly by the view's \n.dispatch()\n method.\nThese perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \nput()\n, \npatch()\n and \n.delete()\n.\n\n\n.initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nPerforms any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.\nThis method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n.handle_exception(self, exc)\n\n\nAny exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a \nResponse\n instance, or re-raises the exception.\n\n\nThe default implementation handles any subclass of \nrest_framework.exceptions.APIException\n, as well as Django's \nHttp404\n and \nPermissionDenied\n exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.\n\n\nIf you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.\n\n\n.initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nEnsures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of \nRequest\n, rather than the usual Django \nHttpRequest\n.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n.finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nEnsures that any \nResponse\n object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n\n\nFunction Based Views\n\n\n\n\nSaying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.\n\n\n \nNick Coghlan\n\n\n\n\nREST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views.  It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of \nRequest\n (rather than the usual Django \nHttpRequest\n) and allows them to return a \nResponse\n (instead of a Django \nHttpResponse\n), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.\n\n\n@api_view()\n\n\nSignature:\n \n@api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])\n\n\nThe core of this functionality is the \napi_view\n decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\n\n@api_view()\ndef hello_world(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})\n\n\n\nThis view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the \nsettings\n.\n\n\nBy default only \nGET\n methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with \"405 Method Not Allowed\". To alter this behaviour, specify which methods the view allows, like so:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef hello_world(request):\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        return Response({\"message\": \"Got some data!\", \"data\": request.data})\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})\n\n\n\nAPI policy decorators\n\n\nTo override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views.  These must come \nafter\n (below) the \n@api_view\n decorator.  For example, to create a view that uses a \nthrottle\n to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the \n@throttle_classes\n decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\n\nclass OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n        rate = '1/day'\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})\n\n\n\nThese decorators correspond to the attributes set on \nAPIView\n subclasses, described above.\n\n\nThe available decorators are:\n\n\n\n\n@renderer_classes(...)\n\n\n@parser_classes(...)\n\n\n@authentication_classes(...)\n\n\n@throttle_classes(...)\n\n\n@permission_classes(...)\n\n\n\n\nEach of these decorators takes a single argument which must be a list or tuple of classes.\n\n\nView schema decorator\n\n\nTo override the default schema generation for function based views you may use\nthe \n@schema\n decorator. This must come \nafter\n (below) the \n@api_view\n\ndecorator. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        # override view introspection here...\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(CustomAutoSchema())\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})\n\n\n\nThis decorator takes a single \nAutoSchema\n instance, an \nAutoSchema\n subclass\ninstance or \nManualSchema\n instance as described in the \nSchemas documentation\n.\nYou may pass \nNone\n in order to exclude the view from schema generation.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(None)\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Will not appear in schema!\"})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/",
+            "text": "Class-based Views\n\n\n\n\nDjango's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.\n\n\n\u2014 \nReinout van Rees\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides an \nAPIView\n class, which subclasses Django's \nView\n class.\n\n\nAPIView\n classes are different from regular \nView\n classes in the following ways:\n\n\n\n\nRequests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's \nRequest\n instances, not Django's \nHttpRequest\n instances.\n\n\nHandler methods may return REST framework's \nResponse\n, instead of Django's \nHttpResponse\n.  The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.\n\n\nAny \nAPIException\n exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.\n\n\nIncoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.\n\n\n\n\nUsing the \nAPIView\n class is pretty much the same as using a regular \nView\n class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as \n.get()\n or \n.post()\n.  Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import authentication, permissions\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass ListUsers(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    View to list all users in the system.\n\n    * Requires token authentication.\n    * Only admin users are able to access this view.\n    \"\"\"\n    authentication_classes = (authentication.TokenAuthentication,)\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all users.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's \nAPIView\n, \nGenericAPIView\n, various \nMixins\n, and \nViewsets\n can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the \nClassy Django REST Framework\n resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.\n\n\n\n\nAPI policy attributes\n\n\nThe following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.\n\n\n.renderer_classes\n\n\n.parser_classes\n\n\n.authentication_classes\n\n\n.throttle_classes\n\n\n.permission_classes\n\n\n.content_negotiation_class\n\n\nAPI policy instantiation methods\n\n\nThe following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies.  You won't typically need to override these methods.\n\n\n.get_renderers(self)\n\n\n.get_parsers(self)\n\n\n.get_authenticators(self)\n\n\n.get_throttles(self)\n\n\n.get_permissions(self)\n\n\n.get_content_negotiator(self)\n\n\n.get_exception_handler(self)\n\n\nAPI policy implementation methods\n\n\nThe following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.\n\n\n.check_permissions(self, request)\n\n\n.check_throttles(self, request)\n\n\n.perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False)\n\n\nDispatch methods\n\n\nThe following methods are called directly by the view's \n.dispatch()\n method.\nThese perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \nput()\n, \npatch()\n and \n.delete()\n.\n\n\n.initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nPerforms any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.\nThis method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n.handle_exception(self, exc)\n\n\nAny exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a \nResponse\n instance, or re-raises the exception.\n\n\nThe default implementation handles any subclass of \nrest_framework.exceptions.APIException\n, as well as Django's \nHttp404\n and \nPermissionDenied\n exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.\n\n\nIf you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.\n\n\n.initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nEnsures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of \nRequest\n, rather than the usual Django \nHttpRequest\n.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n.finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nEnsures that any \nResponse\n object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override this method.\n\n\n\n\nFunction Based Views\n\n\n\n\nSaying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.\n\n\n\u2014 \nNick Coghlan\n\n\n\n\nREST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views.  It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of \nRequest\n (rather than the usual Django \nHttpRequest\n) and allows them to return a \nResponse\n (instead of a Django \nHttpResponse\n), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.\n\n\n@api_view()\n\n\nSignature:\n \n@api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])\n\n\nThe core of this functionality is the \napi_view\n decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\n\n@api_view()\ndef hello_world(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})\n\n\n\nThis view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the \nsettings\n.\n\n\nBy default only \nGET\n methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with \"405 Method Not Allowed\". To alter this behaviour, specify which methods the view allows, like so:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef hello_world(request):\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        return Response({\"message\": \"Got some data!\", \"data\": request.data})\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})\n\n\n\nAPI policy decorators\n\n\nTo override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views.  These must come \nafter\n (below) the \n@api_view\n decorator.  For example, to create a view that uses a \nthrottle\n to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the \n@throttle_classes\n decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\n\nclass OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n        rate = '1/day'\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})\n\n\n\nThese decorators correspond to the attributes set on \nAPIView\n subclasses, described above.\n\n\nThe available decorators are:\n\n\n\n\n@renderer_classes(...)\n\n\n@parser_classes(...)\n\n\n@authentication_classes(...)\n\n\n@throttle_classes(...)\n\n\n@permission_classes(...)\n\n\n\n\nEach of these decorators takes a single argument which must be a list or tuple of classes.\n\n\nView schema decorator\n\n\nTo override the default schema generation for function based views you may use\nthe \n@schema\n decorator. This must come \nafter\n (below) the \n@api_view\n\ndecorator. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        # override view introspection here...\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(CustomAutoSchema())\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})\n\n\n\nThis decorator takes a single \nAutoSchema\n instance, an \nAutoSchema\n subclass\ninstance or \nManualSchema\n instance as described in the \nSchemas documentation\n.\nYou may pass \nNone\n in order to exclude the view from schema generation.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(None)\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Will not appear in schema!\"})",
             "title": "Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#class-based-views", 
-            "text": "Django's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.    Reinout van Rees   REST framework provides an  APIView  class, which subclasses Django's  View  class.  APIView  classes are different from regular  View  classes in the following ways:   Requests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's  Request  instances, not Django's  HttpRequest  instances.  Handler methods may return REST framework's  Response , instead of Django's  HttpResponse .  The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.  Any  APIException  exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.  Incoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.   Using the  APIView  class is pretty much the same as using a regular  View  class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as  .get()  or  .post() .  Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.  For example:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import authentication, permissions\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass ListUsers(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    View to list all users in the system.\n\n    * Requires token authentication.\n    * Only admin users are able to access this view.\n    \"\"\"\n    authentication_classes = (authentication.TokenAuthentication,)\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all users.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)   Note : The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's  APIView ,  GenericAPIView , various  Mixins , and  Viewsets  can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the  Classy Django REST Framework  resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#class-based-views",
+            "text": "Django's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.  \u2014  Reinout van Rees   REST framework provides an  APIView  class, which subclasses Django's  View  class.  APIView  classes are different from regular  View  classes in the following ways:   Requests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's  Request  instances, not Django's  HttpRequest  instances.  Handler methods may return REST framework's  Response , instead of Django's  HttpResponse .  The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.  Any  APIException  exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.  Incoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.   Using the  APIView  class is pretty much the same as using a regular  View  class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as  .get()  or  .post() .  Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.  For example:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework import authentication, permissions\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\n\nclass ListUsers(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    View to list all users in the system.\n\n    * Requires token authentication.\n    * Only admin users are able to access this view.\n    \"\"\"\n    authentication_classes = (authentication.TokenAuthentication,)\n    permission_classes = (permissions.IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all users.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)   Note : The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's  APIView ,  GenericAPIView , various  Mixins , and  Viewsets  can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the  Classy Django REST Framework  resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.",
             "title": "Class-based Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-attributes", 
-            "text": "The following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-attributes",
+            "text": "The following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.",
             "title": "API policy attributes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#renderer_classes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#renderer_classes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".renderer_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#parser_classes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#parser_classes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".parser_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#authentication_classes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#authentication_classes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".authentication_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#throttle_classes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#throttle_classes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".throttle_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#permission_classes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#permission_classes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".permission_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#content_negotiation_class", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#content_negotiation_class",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".content_negotiation_class"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-instantiation-methods", 
-            "text": "The following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies.  You won't typically need to override these methods.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-instantiation-methods",
+            "text": "The following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies.  You won't typically need to override these methods.",
             "title": "API policy instantiation methods"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_renderersself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_renderersself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_renderers(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_parsersself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_parsersself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_parsers(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_authenticatorsself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_authenticatorsself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_authenticators(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_throttlesself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_throttlesself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_throttles(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_permissionsself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_permissionsself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_permissions(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_content_negotiatorself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_content_negotiatorself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_content_negotiator(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_exception_handlerself", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#get_exception_handlerself",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".get_exception_handler(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-implementation-methods", 
-            "text": "The following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-implementation-methods",
+            "text": "The following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.",
             "title": "API policy implementation methods"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#check_permissionsself-request", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#check_permissionsself-request",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".check_permissions(self, request)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#check_throttlesself-request", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#check_throttlesself-request",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".check_throttles(self, request)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse",
+            "text": "",
             "title": ".perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#dispatch-methods", 
-            "text": "The following methods are called directly by the view's  .dispatch()  method.\nThese perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as  .get() ,  .post() ,  put() ,  patch()  and  .delete() .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#dispatch-methods",
+            "text": "The following methods are called directly by the view's  .dispatch()  method.\nThese perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as  .get() ,  .post() ,  put() ,  patch()  and  .delete() .",
             "title": "Dispatch methods"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#initialself-request-42args-kwargs", 
-            "text": "Performs any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.\nThis method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.  You won't typically need to override this method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#initialself-request-42args-kwargs",
+            "text": "Performs any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.\nThis method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.  You won't typically need to override this method.",
             "title": ".initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#handle_exceptionself-exc", 
-            "text": "Any exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a  Response  instance, or re-raises the exception.  The default implementation handles any subclass of  rest_framework.exceptions.APIException , as well as Django's  Http404  and  PermissionDenied  exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.  If you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#handle_exceptionself-exc",
+            "text": "Any exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a  Response  instance, or re-raises the exception.  The default implementation handles any subclass of  rest_framework.exceptions.APIException , as well as Django's  Http404  and  PermissionDenied  exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.  If you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.",
             "title": ".handle_exception(self, exc)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#initialize_requestself-request-42args-kwargs", 
-            "text": "Ensures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of  Request , rather than the usual Django  HttpRequest .  You won't typically need to override this method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#initialize_requestself-request-42args-kwargs",
+            "text": "Ensures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of  Request , rather than the usual Django  HttpRequest .  You won't typically need to override this method.",
             "title": ".initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#finalize_responseself-request-response-42args-kwargs", 
-            "text": "Ensures that any  Response  object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.  You won't typically need to override this method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#finalize_responseself-request-response-42args-kwargs",
+            "text": "Ensures that any  Response  object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.  You won't typically need to override this method.",
             "title": ".finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#function-based-views", 
-            "text": "Saying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.    Nick Coghlan   REST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views.  It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of  Request  (rather than the usual Django  HttpRequest ) and allows them to return a  Response  (instead of a Django  HttpResponse ), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#function-based-views",
+            "text": "Saying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.  \u2014  Nick Coghlan   REST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views.  It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of  Request  (rather than the usual Django  HttpRequest ) and allows them to return a  Response  (instead of a Django  HttpResponse ), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.",
             "title": "Function Based Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api_view", 
-            "text": "Signature:   @api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])  The core of this functionality is the  api_view  decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\n\n@api_view()\ndef hello_world(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})  This view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the  settings .  By default only  GET  methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with \"405 Method Not Allowed\". To alter this behaviour, specify which methods the view allows, like so:  @api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef hello_world(request):\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        return Response({\"message\": \"Got some data!\", \"data\": request.data})\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api_view",
+            "text": "Signature:   @api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])  The core of this functionality is the  api_view  decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\n\n@api_view()\ndef hello_world(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})  This view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the  settings .  By default only  GET  methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with \"405 Method Not Allowed\". To alter this behaviour, specify which methods the view allows, like so:  @api_view(['GET', 'POST'])\ndef hello_world(request):\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        return Response({\"message\": \"Got some data!\", \"data\": request.data})\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello, world!\"})",
             "title": "@api_view()"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-decorators", 
-            "text": "To override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views.  These must come  after  (below) the  @api_view  decorator.  For example, to create a view that uses a  throttle  to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the  @throttle_classes  decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\n\nclass OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n        rate = '1/day'\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})  These decorators correspond to the attributes set on  APIView  subclasses, described above.  The available decorators are:   @renderer_classes(...)  @parser_classes(...)  @authentication_classes(...)  @throttle_classes(...)  @permission_classes(...)   Each of these decorators takes a single argument which must be a list or tuple of classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#api-policy-decorators",
+            "text": "To override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views.  These must come  after  (below) the  @api_view  decorator.  For example, to create a view that uses a  throttle  to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the  @throttle_classes  decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\n\nclass OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n        rate = '1/day'\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})  These decorators correspond to the attributes set on  APIView  subclasses, described above.  The available decorators are:   @renderer_classes(...)  @parser_classes(...)  @authentication_classes(...)  @throttle_classes(...)  @permission_classes(...)   Each of these decorators takes a single argument which must be a list or tuple of classes.",
             "title": "API policy decorators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/views/#view-schema-decorator", 
-            "text": "To override the default schema generation for function based views you may use\nthe  @schema  decorator. This must come  after  (below) the  @api_view \ndecorator. For example:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        # override view introspection here...\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(CustomAutoSchema())\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})  This decorator takes a single  AutoSchema  instance, an  AutoSchema  subclass\ninstance or  ManualSchema  instance as described in the  Schemas documentation .\nYou may pass  None  in order to exclude the view from schema generation.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(None)\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Will not appear in schema!\"})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/views/#view-schema-decorator",
+            "text": "To override the default schema generation for function based views you may use\nthe  @schema  decorator. This must come  after  (below) the  @api_view \ndecorator. For example:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        # override view introspection here...\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(CustomAutoSchema())\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Hello for today! See you tomorrow!\"})  This decorator takes a single  AutoSchema  instance, an  AutoSchema  subclass\ninstance or  ManualSchema  instance as described in the  Schemas documentation .\nYou may pass  None  in order to exclude the view from schema generation.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@schema(None)\ndef view(request):\n    return Response({\"message\": \"Will not appear in schema!\"})",
             "title": "View schema decorator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/", 
-            "text": "Generic views\n\n\n\n\nDjango\u2019s generic views... were developed as a shortcut for common usage patterns... They take certain common idioms and patterns found in view development and abstract them so that you can quickly write common views of data without having to repeat yourself.\n\n\n \nDjango Documentation\n\n\n\n\nOne of the key benefits of class-based views is the way they allow you to compose bits of reusable behavior.  REST framework takes advantage of this by providing a number of pre-built views that provide for commonly used patterns.\n\n\nThe generic views provided by REST framework allow you to quickly build API views that map closely to your database models.\n\n\nIf the generic views don't suit the needs of your API, you can drop down to using the regular \nAPIView\n class, or reuse the mixins and base classes used by the generic views to compose your own set of reusable generic views.\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nTypically when using the generic views, you'll override the view, and set several class attributes.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n\n\nFor more complex cases you might also want to override various methods on the view class.  For example.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        # Note the use of `get_queryset()` instead of `self.queryset`\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nFor very simple cases you might want to pass through any class attributes using the \n.as_view()\n method.  For example, your URLconf might include something like the following entry:\n\n\nurl(r'^/users/', ListCreateAPIView.as_view(queryset=User.objects.all(), serializer_class=UserSerializer), name='user-list')\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nGenericAPIView\n\n\nThis class extends REST framework's \nAPIView\n class, adding commonly required behavior for standard list and detail views.\n\n\nEach of the concrete generic views provided is built by combining \nGenericAPIView\n, with one or more mixin classes.\n\n\nAttributes\n\n\nBasic settings\n:\n\n\nThe following attributes control the basic view behavior.\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset that should be used for returning objects from this view.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the \nget_queryset()\n method. If you are overriding a view method, it is important that you call \nget_queryset()\n instead of accessing this property directly, as \nqueryset\n will get evaluated once, and those results will be cached for all subsequent requests.\n\n\nserializer_class\n - The serializer class that should be used for validating and deserializing input, and for serializing output.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the \nget_serializer_class()\n method.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The model field that should be used to for performing object lookup of individual model instances.  Defaults to \n'pk'\n.  Note that when using hyperlinked APIs you'll need to ensure that \nboth\n the API views \nand\n the serializer classes set the lookup fields if you need to use a custom value.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The URL keyword argument that should be used for object lookup.  The URL conf should include a keyword argument corresponding to this value.  If unset this defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\n\n\nPagination\n:\n\n\nThe following attributes are used to control pagination when used with list views.\n\n\n\n\npagination_class\n - The pagination class that should be used when paginating list results. Defaults to the same value as the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n setting, which is \n'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination'\n. Setting \npagination_class=None\n will disable pagination on this view.\n\n\n\n\nFiltering\n:\n\n\n\n\nfilter_backends\n - A list of filter backend classes that should be used for filtering the queryset.  Defaults to the same value as the \nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nMethods\n\n\nBase methods\n:\n\n\nget_queryset(self)\n\n\nReturns the queryset that should be used for list views, and that should be used as the base for lookups in detail views.  Defaults to returning the queryset specified by the \nqueryset\n attribute.\n\n\nThis method should always be used rather than accessing \nself.queryset\n directly, as \nself.queryset\n gets evaluated only once, and those results are cached for all subsequent requests.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as returning a queryset, that is specific to the user making the request.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_queryset(self):\n    user = self.request.user\n    return user.accounts.all()\n\n\n\nget_object(self)\n\n\nReturns an object instance that should be used for detail views.  Defaults to using the \nlookup_field\n parameter to filter the base queryset.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide more complex behavior, such as object lookups based on more than one URL kwarg.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_object(self):\n    queryset = self.get_queryset()\n    filter = {}\n    for field in self.multiple_lookup_fields:\n        filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n\n    obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj\n\n\n\nNote that if your API doesn't include any object level permissions, you may optionally exclude the \nself.check_object_permissions\n, and simply return the object from the \nget_object_or_404\n lookup.\n\n\nfilter_queryset(self, queryset)\n\n\nGiven a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef filter_queryset(self, queryset):\n    filter_backends = (CategoryFilter,)\n\n    if 'geo_route' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoRouteFilter, CategoryFilter)\n    elif 'geo_point' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoPointFilter, CategoryFilter)\n\n    for backend in list(filter_backends):\n        queryset = backend().filter_queryset(self.request, queryset, view=self)\n\n    return queryset\n\n\n\nget_serializer_class(self)\n\n\nReturns the class that should be used for the serializer.  Defaults to returning the \nserializer_class\n attribute.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as using different serializers for read and write operations, or providing different serializers to different types of users.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.user.is_staff:\n        return FullAccountSerializer\n    return BasicAccountSerializer\n\n\n\nSave and deletion hooks\n:\n\n\nThe following methods are provided by the mixin classes, and provide easy overriding of the object save or deletion behavior.\n\n\n\n\nperform_create(self, serializer)\n - Called by \nCreateModelMixin\n when saving a new object instance.\n\n\nperform_update(self, serializer)\n - Called by \nUpdateModelMixin\n when saving an existing object instance.\n\n\nperform_destroy(self, instance)\n - Called by \nDestroyModelMixin\n when deleting an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThese hooks are particularly useful for setting attributes that are implicit in the request, but are not part of the request data.  For instance, you might set an attribute on the object based on the request user, or based on a URL keyword argument.\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThese override points are also particularly useful for adding behavior that occurs before or after saving an object, such as emailing a confirmation, or logging the update.\n\n\ndef perform_update(self, serializer):\n    instance = serializer.save()\n    send_email_confirmation(user=self.request.user, modified=instance)\n\n\n\nYou can also use these hooks to provide additional validation, by raising a \nValidationError()\n. This can be useful if you need some validation logic to apply at the point of database save. For example:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    queryset = SignupRequest.objects.filter(user=self.request.user)\n    if queryset.exists():\n        raise ValidationError('You have already signed up')\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nNote\n: These methods replace the old-style version 2.x \npre_save\n, \npost_save\n, \npre_delete\n and \npost_delete\n methods, which are no longer available.\n\n\nOther methods\n:\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override the following methods, although you might need to call into them if you're writing custom views using \nGenericAPIView\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_serializer_context(self)\n - Returns a dictionary containing any extra context that should be supplied to the serializer.  Defaults to including \n'request'\n, \n'view'\n and \n'format'\n keys.\n\n\nget_serializer(self, instance=None, data=None, many=False, partial=False)\n - Returns a serializer instance.\n\n\nget_paginated_response(self, data)\n - Returns a paginated style \nResponse\n object.\n\n\npaginate_queryset(self, queryset)\n - Paginate a queryset if required, either returning a page object, or \nNone\n if pagination is not configured for this view.\n\n\nfilter_queryset(self, queryset)\n - Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMixins\n\n\nThe mixin classes provide the actions that are used to provide the basic view behavior.  Note that the mixin classes provide action methods rather than defining the handler methods, such as \n.get()\n and \n.post()\n, directly.  This allows for more flexible composition of behavior.\n\n\nThe mixin classes can be imported from \nrest_framework.mixins\n.\n\n\nListModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements listing a queryset.\n\n\nIf the queryset is populated, this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the queryset as the body of the response.  The response data may optionally be paginated.\n\n\nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.create(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements creating and saving a new model instance.\n\n\nIf an object is created this returns a \n201 Created\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the representation contains a key named \nurl\n, then the \nLocation\n header of the response will be populated with that value.\n\n\nIf the request data provided for creating the object was invalid, a \n400 Bad Request\n response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.\n\n\nRetrieveModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements returning an existing model instance in a response.\n\n\nIf an object can be retrieved this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  Otherwise it will return a \n404 Not Found\n.\n\n\nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements updating and saving an existing model instance.\n\n\nAlso provides a \n.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, which is similar to the \nupdate\n method, except that all fields for the update will be optional.  This allows support for HTTP \nPATCH\n requests.\n\n\nIf an object is updated this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.\n\n\nIf the request data provided for updating the object was invalid, a \n400 Bad Request\n response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.\n\n\nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements deletion of an existing model instance.\n\n\nIf an object is deleted this returns a \n204 No Content\n response, otherwise it will return a \n404 Not Found\n.\n\n\n\n\nConcrete View Classes\n\n\nThe following classes are the concrete generic views.  If you're using generic views this is normally the level you'll be working at unless you need heavily customized behavior.\n\n\nThe view classes can be imported from \nrest_framework.generics\n.\n\n\nCreateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \ncreate-only\n endpoints.\n\n\nProvides a \npost\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nListAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-only\n endpoints to represent a \ncollection of model instances\n.\n\n\nProvides a \nget\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nListModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-only\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides a \nget\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n\n\nDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \ndelete-only\n endpoints for a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides a \ndelete\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nUpdateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nupdate-only\n endpoints for a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nput\n and \npatch\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nListCreateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-write\n endpoints to represent a \ncollection of model instances\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n and \npost\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nListModelMixin\n, \nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveUpdateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread or update\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n, \nput\n and \npatch\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread or delete\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n and \ndelete\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-write-delete\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n, \nput\n, \npatch\n and \ndelete\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\n\n\nCustomizing the generic views\n\n\nOften you'll want to use the existing generic views, but use some slightly customized behavior.  If you find yourself reusing some bit of customized behavior in multiple places, you might want to refactor the behavior into a common class that you can then just apply to any view or viewset as needed.\n\n\nCreating custom mixins\n\n\nFor example, if you need to lookup objects based on multiple fields in the URL conf, you could create a mixin class like the following:\n\n\nclass MultipleFieldLookupMixin(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    Apply this mixin to any view or viewset to get multiple field filtering\n    based on a `lookup_fields` attribute, instead of the default single field filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self):\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()             # Get the base queryset\n        queryset = self.filter_queryset(queryset)  # Apply any filter backends\n        filter = {}\n        for field in self.lookup_fields:\n            if self.kwargs[field]: # Ignore empty fields.\n                filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n        obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)  # Lookup the object\n        self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n        return obj\n\n\n\nYou can then simply apply this mixin to a view or viewset anytime you need to apply the custom behavior.\n\n\nclass RetrieveUserView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin, generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_fields = ('account', 'username')\n\n\n\nUsing custom mixins is a good option if you have custom behavior that needs to be used.\n\n\nCreating custom base classes\n\n\nIf you are using a mixin across multiple views, you can take this a step further and create your own set of base views that can then be used throughout your project.  For example:\n\n\nclass BaseRetrieveView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                       generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    pass\n\nclass BaseRetrieveUpdateDestroyView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                                    generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    pass\n\n\n\nUsing custom base classes is a good option if you have custom behavior that consistently needs to be repeated across a large number of views throughout your project.\n\n\n\n\nPUT as create\n\n\nPrior to version 3.0 the REST framework mixins treated \nPUT\n as either an update or a create operation, depending on if the object already existed or not.\n\n\nAllowing \nPUT\n as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning \n404\n responses.\n\n\nBoth styles \"\nPUT\n as 404\" and \"\nPUT\n as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but from version 3.0 onwards we now use 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.\n\n\nIf you need to generic PUT-as-create behavior you may want to include something like \nthis \nAllowPUTAsCreateMixin\n class\n as a mixin to your views.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional generic view implementations.\n\n\nDjango REST Framework bulk\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-bulk package\n implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.\n\n\nDjango Rest Multiple Models\n\n\nDjango Rest Multiple Models\n provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/",
+            "text": "Generic views\n\n\n\n\nDjango\u2019s generic views... were developed as a shortcut for common usage patterns... They take certain common idioms and patterns found in view development and abstract them so that you can quickly write common views of data without having to repeat yourself.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango Documentation\n\n\n\n\nOne of the key benefits of class-based views is the way they allow you to compose bits of reusable behavior.  REST framework takes advantage of this by providing a number of pre-built views that provide for commonly used patterns.\n\n\nThe generic views provided by REST framework allow you to quickly build API views that map closely to your database models.\n\n\nIf the generic views don't suit the needs of your API, you can drop down to using the regular \nAPIView\n class, or reuse the mixins and base classes used by the generic views to compose your own set of reusable generic views.\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nTypically when using the generic views, you'll override the view, and set several class attributes.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n\n\nFor more complex cases you might also want to override various methods on the view class.  For example.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        # Note the use of `get_queryset()` instead of `self.queryset`\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nFor very simple cases you might want to pass through any class attributes using the \n.as_view()\n method.  For example, your URLconf might include something like the following entry:\n\n\nurl(r'^/users/', ListCreateAPIView.as_view(queryset=User.objects.all(), serializer_class=UserSerializer), name='user-list')\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nGenericAPIView\n\n\nThis class extends REST framework's \nAPIView\n class, adding commonly required behavior for standard list and detail views.\n\n\nEach of the concrete generic views provided is built by combining \nGenericAPIView\n, with one or more mixin classes.\n\n\nAttributes\n\n\nBasic settings\n:\n\n\nThe following attributes control the basic view behavior.\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset that should be used for returning objects from this view.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the \nget_queryset()\n method. If you are overriding a view method, it is important that you call \nget_queryset()\n instead of accessing this property directly, as \nqueryset\n will get evaluated once, and those results will be cached for all subsequent requests.\n\n\nserializer_class\n - The serializer class that should be used for validating and deserializing input, and for serializing output.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the \nget_serializer_class()\n method.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The model field that should be used to for performing object lookup of individual model instances.  Defaults to \n'pk'\n.  Note that when using hyperlinked APIs you'll need to ensure that \nboth\n the API views \nand\n the serializer classes set the lookup fields if you need to use a custom value.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The URL keyword argument that should be used for object lookup.  The URL conf should include a keyword argument corresponding to this value.  If unset this defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\n\n\nPagination\n:\n\n\nThe following attributes are used to control pagination when used with list views.\n\n\n\n\npagination_class\n - The pagination class that should be used when paginating list results. Defaults to the same value as the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n setting, which is \n'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination'\n. Setting \npagination_class=None\n will disable pagination on this view.\n\n\n\n\nFiltering\n:\n\n\n\n\nfilter_backends\n - A list of filter backend classes that should be used for filtering the queryset.  Defaults to the same value as the \nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nMethods\n\n\nBase methods\n:\n\n\nget_queryset(self)\n\n\nReturns the queryset that should be used for list views, and that should be used as the base for lookups in detail views.  Defaults to returning the queryset specified by the \nqueryset\n attribute.\n\n\nThis method should always be used rather than accessing \nself.queryset\n directly, as \nself.queryset\n gets evaluated only once, and those results are cached for all subsequent requests.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as returning a queryset, that is specific to the user making the request.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_queryset(self):\n    user = self.request.user\n    return user.accounts.all()\n\n\n\nget_object(self)\n\n\nReturns an object instance that should be used for detail views.  Defaults to using the \nlookup_field\n parameter to filter the base queryset.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide more complex behavior, such as object lookups based on more than one URL kwarg.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_object(self):\n    queryset = self.get_queryset()\n    filter = {}\n    for field in self.multiple_lookup_fields:\n        filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n\n    obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj\n\n\n\nNote that if your API doesn't include any object level permissions, you may optionally exclude the \nself.check_object_permissions\n, and simply return the object from the \nget_object_or_404\n lookup.\n\n\nfilter_queryset(self, queryset)\n\n\nGiven a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef filter_queryset(self, queryset):\n    filter_backends = (CategoryFilter,)\n\n    if 'geo_route' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoRouteFilter, CategoryFilter)\n    elif 'geo_point' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoPointFilter, CategoryFilter)\n\n    for backend in list(filter_backends):\n        queryset = backend().filter_queryset(self.request, queryset, view=self)\n\n    return queryset\n\n\n\nget_serializer_class(self)\n\n\nReturns the class that should be used for the serializer.  Defaults to returning the \nserializer_class\n attribute.\n\n\nMay be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as using different serializers for read and write operations, or providing different serializers to different types of users.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.user.is_staff:\n        return FullAccountSerializer\n    return BasicAccountSerializer\n\n\n\nSave and deletion hooks\n:\n\n\nThe following methods are provided by the mixin classes, and provide easy overriding of the object save or deletion behavior.\n\n\n\n\nperform_create(self, serializer)\n - Called by \nCreateModelMixin\n when saving a new object instance.\n\n\nperform_update(self, serializer)\n - Called by \nUpdateModelMixin\n when saving an existing object instance.\n\n\nperform_destroy(self, instance)\n - Called by \nDestroyModelMixin\n when deleting an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThese hooks are particularly useful for setting attributes that are implicit in the request, but are not part of the request data.  For instance, you might set an attribute on the object based on the request user, or based on a URL keyword argument.\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nThese override points are also particularly useful for adding behavior that occurs before or after saving an object, such as emailing a confirmation, or logging the update.\n\n\ndef perform_update(self, serializer):\n    instance = serializer.save()\n    send_email_confirmation(user=self.request.user, modified=instance)\n\n\n\nYou can also use these hooks to provide additional validation, by raising a \nValidationError()\n. This can be useful if you need some validation logic to apply at the point of database save. For example:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    queryset = SignupRequest.objects.filter(user=self.request.user)\n    if queryset.exists():\n        raise ValidationError('You have already signed up')\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nNote\n: These methods replace the old-style version 2.x \npre_save\n, \npost_save\n, \npre_delete\n and \npost_delete\n methods, which are no longer available.\n\n\nOther methods\n:\n\n\nYou won't typically need to override the following methods, although you might need to call into them if you're writing custom views using \nGenericAPIView\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_serializer_context(self)\n - Returns a dictionary containing any extra context that should be supplied to the serializer.  Defaults to including \n'request'\n, \n'view'\n and \n'format'\n keys.\n\n\nget_serializer(self, instance=None, data=None, many=False, partial=False)\n - Returns a serializer instance.\n\n\nget_paginated_response(self, data)\n - Returns a paginated style \nResponse\n object.\n\n\npaginate_queryset(self, queryset)\n - Paginate a queryset if required, either returning a page object, or \nNone\n if pagination is not configured for this view.\n\n\nfilter_queryset(self, queryset)\n - Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMixins\n\n\nThe mixin classes provide the actions that are used to provide the basic view behavior.  Note that the mixin classes provide action methods rather than defining the handler methods, such as \n.get()\n and \n.post()\n, directly.  This allows for more flexible composition of behavior.\n\n\nThe mixin classes can be imported from \nrest_framework.mixins\n.\n\n\nListModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.list(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements listing a queryset.\n\n\nIf the queryset is populated, this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the queryset as the body of the response.  The response data may optionally be paginated.\n\n\nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.create(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements creating and saving a new model instance.\n\n\nIf an object is created this returns a \n201 Created\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the representation contains a key named \nurl\n, then the \nLocation\n header of the response will be populated with that value.\n\n\nIf the request data provided for creating the object was invalid, a \n400 Bad Request\n response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.\n\n\nRetrieveModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements returning an existing model instance in a response.\n\n\nIf an object can be retrieved this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  Otherwise it will return a \n404 Not Found\n.\n\n\nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements updating and saving an existing model instance.\n\n\nAlso provides a \n.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, which is similar to the \nupdate\n method, except that all fields for the update will be optional.  This allows support for HTTP \nPATCH\n requests.\n\n\nIf an object is updated this returns a \n200 OK\n response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.\n\n\nIf the request data provided for updating the object was invalid, a \n400 Bad Request\n response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.\n\n\nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nProvides a \n.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)\n method, that implements deletion of an existing model instance.\n\n\nIf an object is deleted this returns a \n204 No Content\n response, otherwise it will return a \n404 Not Found\n.\n\n\n\n\nConcrete View Classes\n\n\nThe following classes are the concrete generic views.  If you're using generic views this is normally the level you'll be working at unless you need heavily customized behavior.\n\n\nThe view classes can be imported from \nrest_framework.generics\n.\n\n\nCreateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \ncreate-only\n endpoints.\n\n\nProvides a \npost\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nListAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-only\n endpoints to represent a \ncollection of model instances\n.\n\n\nProvides a \nget\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nListModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-only\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides a \nget\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n\n\nDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \ndelete-only\n endpoints for a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides a \ndelete\n method handler.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nUpdateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nupdate-only\n endpoints for a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nput\n and \npatch\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nListCreateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-write\n endpoints to represent a \ncollection of model instances\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n and \npost\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nListModelMixin\n, \nCreateModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveUpdateAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread or update\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n, \nput\n and \npatch\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread or delete\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n and \ndelete\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\nRetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView\n\n\nUsed for \nread-write-delete\n endpoints to represent a \nsingle model instance\n.\n\n\nProvides \nget\n, \nput\n, \npatch\n and \ndelete\n method handlers.\n\n\nExtends: \nGenericAPIView\n, \nRetrieveModelMixin\n, \nUpdateModelMixin\n, \nDestroyModelMixin\n\n\n\n\nCustomizing the generic views\n\n\nOften you'll want to use the existing generic views, but use some slightly customized behavior.  If you find yourself reusing some bit of customized behavior in multiple places, you might want to refactor the behavior into a common class that you can then just apply to any view or viewset as needed.\n\n\nCreating custom mixins\n\n\nFor example, if you need to lookup objects based on multiple fields in the URL conf, you could create a mixin class like the following:\n\n\nclass MultipleFieldLookupMixin(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    Apply this mixin to any view or viewset to get multiple field filtering\n    based on a `lookup_fields` attribute, instead of the default single field filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self):\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()             # Get the base queryset\n        queryset = self.filter_queryset(queryset)  # Apply any filter backends\n        filter = {}\n        for field in self.lookup_fields:\n            if self.kwargs[field]: # Ignore empty fields.\n                filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n        obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)  # Lookup the object\n        self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n        return obj\n\n\n\nYou can then simply apply this mixin to a view or viewset anytime you need to apply the custom behavior.\n\n\nclass RetrieveUserView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin, generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_fields = ('account', 'username')\n\n\n\nUsing custom mixins is a good option if you have custom behavior that needs to be used.\n\n\nCreating custom base classes\n\n\nIf you are using a mixin across multiple views, you can take this a step further and create your own set of base views that can then be used throughout your project.  For example:\n\n\nclass BaseRetrieveView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                       generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    pass\n\nclass BaseRetrieveUpdateDestroyView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                                    generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    pass\n\n\n\nUsing custom base classes is a good option if you have custom behavior that consistently needs to be repeated across a large number of views throughout your project.\n\n\n\n\nPUT as create\n\n\nPrior to version 3.0 the REST framework mixins treated \nPUT\n as either an update or a create operation, depending on if the object already existed or not.\n\n\nAllowing \nPUT\n as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning \n404\n responses.\n\n\nBoth styles \"\nPUT\n as 404\" and \"\nPUT\n as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but from version 3.0 onwards we now use 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.\n\n\nIf you need to generic PUT-as-create behavior you may want to include something like \nthis \nAllowPUTAsCreateMixin\n class\n as a mixin to your views.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional generic view implementations.\n\n\nDjango REST Framework bulk\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-bulk package\n implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.\n\n\nDjango Rest Multiple Models\n\n\nDjango Rest Multiple Models\n provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.",
             "title": "Generic views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#generic-views", 
-            "text": "Django\u2019s generic views... were developed as a shortcut for common usage patterns... They take certain common idioms and patterns found in view development and abstract them so that you can quickly write common views of data without having to repeat yourself.    Django Documentation   One of the key benefits of class-based views is the way they allow you to compose bits of reusable behavior.  REST framework takes advantage of this by providing a number of pre-built views that provide for commonly used patterns.  The generic views provided by REST framework allow you to quickly build API views that map closely to your database models.  If the generic views don't suit the needs of your API, you can drop down to using the regular  APIView  class, or reuse the mixins and base classes used by the generic views to compose your own set of reusable generic views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#generic-views",
+            "text": "Django\u2019s generic views... were developed as a shortcut for common usage patterns... They take certain common idioms and patterns found in view development and abstract them so that you can quickly write common views of data without having to repeat yourself.  \u2014  Django Documentation   One of the key benefits of class-based views is the way they allow you to compose bits of reusable behavior.  REST framework takes advantage of this by providing a number of pre-built views that provide for commonly used patterns.  The generic views provided by REST framework allow you to quickly build API views that map closely to your database models.  If the generic views don't suit the needs of your API, you can drop down to using the regular  APIView  class, or reuse the mixins and base classes used by the generic views to compose your own set of reusable generic views.",
             "title": "Generic views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#examples", 
-            "text": "Typically when using the generic views, you'll override the view, and set several class attributes.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)  For more complex cases you might also want to override various methods on the view class.  For example.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        # Note the use of `get_queryset()` instead of `self.queryset`\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  For very simple cases you might want to pass through any class attributes using the  .as_view()  method.  For example, your URLconf might include something like the following entry:  url(r'^/users/', ListCreateAPIView.as_view(queryset=User.objects.all(), serializer_class=UserSerializer), name='user-list')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#examples",
+            "text": "Typically when using the generic views, you'll override the view, and set several class attributes.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)  For more complex cases you might also want to override various methods on the view class.  For example.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        # Note the use of `get_queryset()` instead of `self.queryset`\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  For very simple cases you might want to pass through any class attributes using the  .as_view()  method.  For example, your URLconf might include something like the following entry:  url(r'^/users/', ListCreateAPIView.as_view(queryset=User.objects.all(), serializer_class=UserSerializer), name='user-list')",
             "title": "Examples"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#genericapiview", 
-            "text": "This class extends REST framework's  APIView  class, adding commonly required behavior for standard list and detail views.  Each of the concrete generic views provided is built by combining  GenericAPIView , with one or more mixin classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#genericapiview",
+            "text": "This class extends REST framework's  APIView  class, adding commonly required behavior for standard list and detail views.  Each of the concrete generic views provided is built by combining  GenericAPIView , with one or more mixin classes.",
             "title": "GenericAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#attributes", 
-            "text": "Basic settings :  The following attributes control the basic view behavior.   queryset  - The queryset that should be used for returning objects from this view.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the  get_queryset()  method. If you are overriding a view method, it is important that you call  get_queryset()  instead of accessing this property directly, as  queryset  will get evaluated once, and those results will be cached for all subsequent requests.  serializer_class  - The serializer class that should be used for validating and deserializing input, and for serializing output.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the  get_serializer_class()  method.  lookup_field  - The model field that should be used to for performing object lookup of individual model instances.  Defaults to  'pk' .  Note that when using hyperlinked APIs you'll need to ensure that  both  the API views  and  the serializer classes set the lookup fields if you need to use a custom value.  lookup_url_kwarg  - The URL keyword argument that should be used for object lookup.  The URL conf should include a keyword argument corresponding to this value.  If unset this defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .   Pagination :  The following attributes are used to control pagination when used with list views.   pagination_class  - The pagination class that should be used when paginating list results. Defaults to the same value as the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  setting, which is  'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination' . Setting  pagination_class=None  will disable pagination on this view.   Filtering :   filter_backends  - A list of filter backend classes that should be used for filtering the queryset.  Defaults to the same value as the  DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS  setting.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#attributes",
+            "text": "Basic settings :  The following attributes control the basic view behavior.   queryset  - The queryset that should be used for returning objects from this view.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the  get_queryset()  method. If you are overriding a view method, it is important that you call  get_queryset()  instead of accessing this property directly, as  queryset  will get evaluated once, and those results will be cached for all subsequent requests.  serializer_class  - The serializer class that should be used for validating and deserializing input, and for serializing output.  Typically, you must either set this attribute, or override the  get_serializer_class()  method.  lookup_field  - The model field that should be used to for performing object lookup of individual model instances.  Defaults to  'pk' .  Note that when using hyperlinked APIs you'll need to ensure that  both  the API views  and  the serializer classes set the lookup fields if you need to use a custom value.  lookup_url_kwarg  - The URL keyword argument that should be used for object lookup.  The URL conf should include a keyword argument corresponding to this value.  If unset this defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .   Pagination :  The following attributes are used to control pagination when used with list views.   pagination_class  - The pagination class that should be used when paginating list results. Defaults to the same value as the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  setting, which is  'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination' . Setting  pagination_class=None  will disable pagination on this view.   Filtering :   filter_backends  - A list of filter backend classes that should be used for filtering the queryset.  Defaults to the same value as the  DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS  setting.",
             "title": "Attributes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#methods", 
-            "text": "Base methods :", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#methods",
+            "text": "Base methods :",
             "title": "Methods"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_querysetself", 
-            "text": "Returns the queryset that should be used for list views, and that should be used as the base for lookups in detail views.  Defaults to returning the queryset specified by the  queryset  attribute.  This method should always be used rather than accessing  self.queryset  directly, as  self.queryset  gets evaluated only once, and those results are cached for all subsequent requests.  May be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as returning a queryset, that is specific to the user making the request.  For example:  def get_queryset(self):\n    user = self.request.user\n    return user.accounts.all()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_querysetself",
+            "text": "Returns the queryset that should be used for list views, and that should be used as the base for lookups in detail views.  Defaults to returning the queryset specified by the  queryset  attribute.  This method should always be used rather than accessing  self.queryset  directly, as  self.queryset  gets evaluated only once, and those results are cached for all subsequent requests.  May be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as returning a queryset, that is specific to the user making the request.  For example:  def get_queryset(self):\n    user = self.request.user\n    return user.accounts.all()",
             "title": "get_queryset(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_objectself", 
-            "text": "Returns an object instance that should be used for detail views.  Defaults to using the  lookup_field  parameter to filter the base queryset.  May be overridden to provide more complex behavior, such as object lookups based on more than one URL kwarg.  For example:  def get_object(self):\n    queryset = self.get_queryset()\n    filter = {}\n    for field in self.multiple_lookup_fields:\n        filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n\n    obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj  Note that if your API doesn't include any object level permissions, you may optionally exclude the  self.check_object_permissions , and simply return the object from the  get_object_or_404  lookup.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_objectself",
+            "text": "Returns an object instance that should be used for detail views.  Defaults to using the  lookup_field  parameter to filter the base queryset.  May be overridden to provide more complex behavior, such as object lookups based on more than one URL kwarg.  For example:  def get_object(self):\n    queryset = self.get_queryset()\n    filter = {}\n    for field in self.multiple_lookup_fields:\n        filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n\n    obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj  Note that if your API doesn't include any object level permissions, you may optionally exclude the  self.check_object_permissions , and simply return the object from the  get_object_or_404  lookup.",
             "title": "get_object(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#filter_querysetself-queryset", 
-            "text": "Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.  For example:  def filter_queryset(self, queryset):\n    filter_backends = (CategoryFilter,)\n\n    if 'geo_route' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoRouteFilter, CategoryFilter)\n    elif 'geo_point' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoPointFilter, CategoryFilter)\n\n    for backend in list(filter_backends):\n        queryset = backend().filter_queryset(self.request, queryset, view=self)\n\n    return queryset", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#filter_querysetself-queryset",
+            "text": "Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.  For example:  def filter_queryset(self, queryset):\n    filter_backends = (CategoryFilter,)\n\n    if 'geo_route' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoRouteFilter, CategoryFilter)\n    elif 'geo_point' in self.request.query_params:\n        filter_backends = (GeoPointFilter, CategoryFilter)\n\n    for backend in list(filter_backends):\n        queryset = backend().filter_queryset(self.request, queryset, view=self)\n\n    return queryset",
             "title": "filter_queryset(self, queryset)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_serializer_classself", 
-            "text": "Returns the class that should be used for the serializer.  Defaults to returning the  serializer_class  attribute.  May be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as using different serializers for read and write operations, or providing different serializers to different types of users.  For example:  def get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.user.is_staff:\n        return FullAccountSerializer\n    return BasicAccountSerializer  Save and deletion hooks :  The following methods are provided by the mixin classes, and provide easy overriding of the object save or deletion behavior.   perform_create(self, serializer)  - Called by  CreateModelMixin  when saving a new object instance.  perform_update(self, serializer)  - Called by  UpdateModelMixin  when saving an existing object instance.  perform_destroy(self, instance)  - Called by  DestroyModelMixin  when deleting an object instance.   These hooks are particularly useful for setting attributes that are implicit in the request, but are not part of the request data.  For instance, you might set an attribute on the object based on the request user, or based on a URL keyword argument.  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)  These override points are also particularly useful for adding behavior that occurs before or after saving an object, such as emailing a confirmation, or logging the update.  def perform_update(self, serializer):\n    instance = serializer.save()\n    send_email_confirmation(user=self.request.user, modified=instance)  You can also use these hooks to provide additional validation, by raising a  ValidationError() . This can be useful if you need some validation logic to apply at the point of database save. For example:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    queryset = SignupRequest.objects.filter(user=self.request.user)\n    if queryset.exists():\n        raise ValidationError('You have already signed up')\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)  Note : These methods replace the old-style version 2.x  pre_save ,  post_save ,  pre_delete  and  post_delete  methods, which are no longer available.  Other methods :  You won't typically need to override the following methods, although you might need to call into them if you're writing custom views using  GenericAPIView .   get_serializer_context(self)  - Returns a dictionary containing any extra context that should be supplied to the serializer.  Defaults to including  'request' ,  'view'  and  'format'  keys.  get_serializer(self, instance=None, data=None, many=False, partial=False)  - Returns a serializer instance.  get_paginated_response(self, data)  - Returns a paginated style  Response  object.  paginate_queryset(self, queryset)  - Paginate a queryset if required, either returning a page object, or  None  if pagination is not configured for this view.  filter_queryset(self, queryset)  - Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#get_serializer_classself",
+            "text": "Returns the class that should be used for the serializer.  Defaults to returning the  serializer_class  attribute.  May be overridden to provide dynamic behavior, such as using different serializers for read and write operations, or providing different serializers to different types of users.  For example:  def get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.user.is_staff:\n        return FullAccountSerializer\n    return BasicAccountSerializer  Save and deletion hooks :  The following methods are provided by the mixin classes, and provide easy overriding of the object save or deletion behavior.   perform_create(self, serializer)  - Called by  CreateModelMixin  when saving a new object instance.  perform_update(self, serializer)  - Called by  UpdateModelMixin  when saving an existing object instance.  perform_destroy(self, instance)  - Called by  DestroyModelMixin  when deleting an object instance.   These hooks are particularly useful for setting attributes that are implicit in the request, but are not part of the request data.  For instance, you might set an attribute on the object based on the request user, or based on a URL keyword argument.  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)  These override points are also particularly useful for adding behavior that occurs before or after saving an object, such as emailing a confirmation, or logging the update.  def perform_update(self, serializer):\n    instance = serializer.save()\n    send_email_confirmation(user=self.request.user, modified=instance)  You can also use these hooks to provide additional validation, by raising a  ValidationError() . This can be useful if you need some validation logic to apply at the point of database save. For example:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    queryset = SignupRequest.objects.filter(user=self.request.user)\n    if queryset.exists():\n        raise ValidationError('You have already signed up')\n    serializer.save(user=self.request.user)  Note : These methods replace the old-style version 2.x  pre_save ,  post_save ,  pre_delete  and  post_delete  methods, which are no longer available.  Other methods :  You won't typically need to override the following methods, although you might need to call into them if you're writing custom views using  GenericAPIView .   get_serializer_context(self)  - Returns a dictionary containing any extra context that should be supplied to the serializer.  Defaults to including  'request' ,  'view'  and  'format'  keys.  get_serializer(self, instance=None, data=None, many=False, partial=False)  - Returns a serializer instance.  get_paginated_response(self, data)  - Returns a paginated style  Response  object.  paginate_queryset(self, queryset)  - Paginate a queryset if required, either returning a page object, or  None  if pagination is not configured for this view.  filter_queryset(self, queryset)  - Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backends are in use, returning a new queryset.",
             "title": "get_serializer_class(self)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#mixins", 
-            "text": "The mixin classes provide the actions that are used to provide the basic view behavior.  Note that the mixin classes provide action methods rather than defining the handler methods, such as  .get()  and  .post() , directly.  This allows for more flexible composition of behavior.  The mixin classes can be imported from  rest_framework.mixins .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#mixins",
+            "text": "The mixin classes provide the actions that are used to provide the basic view behavior.  Note that the mixin classes provide action methods rather than defining the handler methods, such as  .get()  and  .post() , directly.  This allows for more flexible composition of behavior.  The mixin classes can be imported from  rest_framework.mixins .",
             "title": "Mixins"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listmodelmixin", 
-            "text": "Provides a  .list(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements listing a queryset.  If the queryset is populated, this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the queryset as the body of the response.  The response data may optionally be paginated.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listmodelmixin",
+            "text": "Provides a  .list(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements listing a queryset.  If the queryset is populated, this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the queryset as the body of the response.  The response data may optionally be paginated.",
             "title": "ListModelMixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#createmodelmixin", 
-            "text": "Provides a  .create(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements creating and saving a new model instance.  If an object is created this returns a  201 Created  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the representation contains a key named  url , then the  Location  header of the response will be populated with that value.  If the request data provided for creating the object was invalid, a  400 Bad Request  response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#createmodelmixin",
+            "text": "Provides a  .create(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements creating and saving a new model instance.  If an object is created this returns a  201 Created  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the representation contains a key named  url , then the  Location  header of the response will be populated with that value.  If the request data provided for creating the object was invalid, a  400 Bad Request  response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.",
             "title": "CreateModelMixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrievemodelmixin", 
-            "text": "Provides a  .retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements returning an existing model instance in a response.  If an object can be retrieved this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  Otherwise it will return a  404 Not Found .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrievemodelmixin",
+            "text": "Provides a  .retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements returning an existing model instance in a response.  If an object can be retrieved this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  Otherwise it will return a  404 Not Found .",
             "title": "RetrieveModelMixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#updatemodelmixin", 
-            "text": "Provides a  .update(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements updating and saving an existing model instance.  Also provides a  .partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, which is similar to the  update  method, except that all fields for the update will be optional.  This allows support for HTTP  PATCH  requests.  If an object is updated this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the request data provided for updating the object was invalid, a  400 Bad Request  response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#updatemodelmixin",
+            "text": "Provides a  .update(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements updating and saving an existing model instance.  Also provides a  .partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, which is similar to the  update  method, except that all fields for the update will be optional.  This allows support for HTTP  PATCH  requests.  If an object is updated this returns a  200 OK  response, with a serialized representation of the object as the body of the response.  If the request data provided for updating the object was invalid, a  400 Bad Request  response will be returned, with the error details as the body of the response.",
             "title": "UpdateModelMixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#destroymodelmixin", 
-            "text": "Provides a  .destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements deletion of an existing model instance.  If an object is deleted this returns a  204 No Content  response, otherwise it will return a  404 Not Found .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#destroymodelmixin",
+            "text": "Provides a  .destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)  method, that implements deletion of an existing model instance.  If an object is deleted this returns a  204 No Content  response, otherwise it will return a  404 Not Found .",
             "title": "DestroyModelMixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#concrete-view-classes", 
-            "text": "The following classes are the concrete generic views.  If you're using generic views this is normally the level you'll be working at unless you need heavily customized behavior.  The view classes can be imported from  rest_framework.generics .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#concrete-view-classes",
+            "text": "The following classes are the concrete generic views.  If you're using generic views this is normally the level you'll be working at unless you need heavily customized behavior.  The view classes can be imported from  rest_framework.generics .",
             "title": "Concrete View Classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#createapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  create-only  endpoints.  Provides a  post  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  CreateModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#createapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  create-only  endpoints.  Provides a  post  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  CreateModelMixin",
             "title": "CreateAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read-only  endpoints to represent a  collection of model instances .  Provides a  get  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  ListModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read-only  endpoints to represent a  collection of model instances .  Provides a  get  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  ListModelMixin",
             "title": "ListAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read-only  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides a  get  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read-only  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides a  get  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin",
             "title": "RetrieveAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#destroyapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  delete-only  endpoints for a  single model instance .  Provides a  delete  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  DestroyModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#destroyapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  delete-only  endpoints for a  single model instance .  Provides a  delete  method handler.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  DestroyModelMixin",
             "title": "DestroyAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#updateapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  update-only  endpoints for a  single model instance .  Provides  put  and  patch  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  UpdateModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#updateapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  update-only  endpoints for a  single model instance .  Provides  put  and  patch  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  UpdateModelMixin",
             "title": "UpdateAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listcreateapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read-write  endpoints to represent a  collection of model instances .  Provides  get  and  post  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  ListModelMixin ,  CreateModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#listcreateapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read-write  endpoints to represent a  collection of model instances .  Provides  get  and  post  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  ListModelMixin ,  CreateModelMixin",
             "title": "ListCreateAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveupdateapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read or update  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get ,  put  and  patch  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  UpdateModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveupdateapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read or update  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get ,  put  and  patch  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  UpdateModelMixin",
             "title": "RetrieveUpdateAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrievedestroyapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read or delete  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get  and  delete  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  DestroyModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrievedestroyapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read or delete  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get  and  delete  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  DestroyModelMixin",
             "title": "RetrieveDestroyAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveupdatedestroyapiview", 
-            "text": "Used for  read-write-delete  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get ,  put ,  patch  and  delete  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  UpdateModelMixin ,  DestroyModelMixin", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#retrieveupdatedestroyapiview",
+            "text": "Used for  read-write-delete  endpoints to represent a  single model instance .  Provides  get ,  put ,  patch  and  delete  method handlers.  Extends:  GenericAPIView ,  RetrieveModelMixin ,  UpdateModelMixin ,  DestroyModelMixin",
             "title": "RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#customizing-the-generic-views", 
-            "text": "Often you'll want to use the existing generic views, but use some slightly customized behavior.  If you find yourself reusing some bit of customized behavior in multiple places, you might want to refactor the behavior into a common class that you can then just apply to any view or viewset as needed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#customizing-the-generic-views",
+            "text": "Often you'll want to use the existing generic views, but use some slightly customized behavior.  If you find yourself reusing some bit of customized behavior in multiple places, you might want to refactor the behavior into a common class that you can then just apply to any view or viewset as needed.",
             "title": "Customizing the generic views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#creating-custom-mixins", 
-            "text": "For example, if you need to lookup objects based on multiple fields in the URL conf, you could create a mixin class like the following:  class MultipleFieldLookupMixin(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    Apply this mixin to any view or viewset to get multiple field filtering\n    based on a `lookup_fields` attribute, instead of the default single field filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self):\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()             # Get the base queryset\n        queryset = self.filter_queryset(queryset)  # Apply any filter backends\n        filter = {}\n        for field in self.lookup_fields:\n            if self.kwargs[field]: # Ignore empty fields.\n                filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n        obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)  # Lookup the object\n        self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n        return obj  You can then simply apply this mixin to a view or viewset anytime you need to apply the custom behavior.  class RetrieveUserView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin, generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_fields = ('account', 'username')  Using custom mixins is a good option if you have custom behavior that needs to be used.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#creating-custom-mixins",
+            "text": "For example, if you need to lookup objects based on multiple fields in the URL conf, you could create a mixin class like the following:  class MultipleFieldLookupMixin(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    Apply this mixin to any view or viewset to get multiple field filtering\n    based on a `lookup_fields` attribute, instead of the default single field filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    def get_object(self):\n        queryset = self.get_queryset()             # Get the base queryset\n        queryset = self.filter_queryset(queryset)  # Apply any filter backends\n        filter = {}\n        for field in self.lookup_fields:\n            if self.kwargs[field]: # Ignore empty fields.\n                filter[field] = self.kwargs[field]\n        obj = get_object_or_404(queryset, **filter)  # Lookup the object\n        self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n        return obj  You can then simply apply this mixin to a view or viewset anytime you need to apply the custom behavior.  class RetrieveUserView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin, generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_fields = ('account', 'username')  Using custom mixins is a good option if you have custom behavior that needs to be used.",
             "title": "Creating custom mixins"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#creating-custom-base-classes", 
-            "text": "If you are using a mixin across multiple views, you can take this a step further and create your own set of base views that can then be used throughout your project.  For example:  class BaseRetrieveView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                       generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    pass\n\nclass BaseRetrieveUpdateDestroyView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                                    generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    pass  Using custom base classes is a good option if you have custom behavior that consistently needs to be repeated across a large number of views throughout your project.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#creating-custom-base-classes",
+            "text": "If you are using a mixin across multiple views, you can take this a step further and create your own set of base views that can then be used throughout your project.  For example:  class BaseRetrieveView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                       generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    pass\n\nclass BaseRetrieveUpdateDestroyView(MultipleFieldLookupMixin,\n                                    generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):\n    pass  Using custom base classes is a good option if you have custom behavior that consistently needs to be repeated across a large number of views throughout your project.",
             "title": "Creating custom base classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#put-as-create", 
-            "text": "Prior to version 3.0 the REST framework mixins treated  PUT  as either an update or a create operation, depending on if the object already existed or not.  Allowing  PUT  as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning  404  responses.  Both styles \" PUT  as 404\" and \" PUT  as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but from version 3.0 onwards we now use 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.  If you need to generic PUT-as-create behavior you may want to include something like  this  AllowPUTAsCreateMixin  class  as a mixin to your views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#put-as-create",
+            "text": "Prior to version 3.0 the REST framework mixins treated  PUT  as either an update or a create operation, depending on if the object already existed or not.  Allowing  PUT  as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning  404  responses.  Both styles \" PUT  as 404\" and \" PUT  as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but from version 3.0 onwards we now use 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.  If you need to generic PUT-as-create behavior you may want to include something like  this  AllowPUTAsCreateMixin  class  as a mixin to your views.",
             "title": "PUT as create"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional generic view implementations.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional generic view implementations.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#django-rest-framework-bulk", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-bulk package  implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#django-rest-framework-bulk",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-bulk package  implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.",
             "title": "Django REST Framework bulk"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#django-rest-multiple-models", 
-            "text": "Django Rest Multiple Models  provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/generic-views/#django-rest-multiple-models",
+            "text": "Django Rest Multiple Models  provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.",
             "title": "Django Rest Multiple Models"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/", 
-            "text": "ViewSets\n\n\n\n\nAfter routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output.\n\n\n \nRuby on Rails Documentation\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework allows you to combine the logic for a set of related views in a single class, called a \nViewSet\n.  In other frameworks you may also find conceptually similar implementations named something like 'Resources' or 'Controllers'.\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n class is simply \na type of class-based View, that does not provide any method handlers\n such as \n.get()\n or \n.post()\n, and instead provides actions such as \n.list()\n and \n.create()\n.\n\n\nThe method handlers for a \nViewSet\n are only bound to the corresponding actions at the point of finalizing the view, using the \n.as_view()\n method.\n\n\nTypically, rather than explicitly registering the views in a viewset in the urlconf, you'll register the viewset with a router class, that automatically determines the urlconf for you.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nLet's define a simple viewset that can be used to list or retrieve all the users in the system.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom myapps.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for listing or retrieving users.\n    \"\"\"\n    def list(self, request):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        user = get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=pk)\n        serializer = UserSerializer(user)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nIf we need to, we can bind this viewset into two separate views, like so:\n\n\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})\n\n\n\nTypically we wouldn't do this, but would instead register the viewset with a router, and allow the urlconf to be automatically generated.\n\n\nfrom myapp.views import UserViewSet\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet, basename='user')\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nRather than writing your own viewsets, you'll often want to use the existing base classes that provide a default set of behavior.  For example:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset for viewing and editing user instances.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n\n\n\nThere are two main advantages of using a \nViewSet\n class over using a \nView\n class.\n\n\n\n\nRepeated logic can be combined into a single class.  In the above example, we only need to specify the \nqueryset\n once, and it'll be used across multiple views.\n\n\nBy using routers, we no longer need to deal with wiring up the URL conf ourselves.\n\n\n\n\nBoth of these come with a trade-off.  Using regular views and URL confs is more explicit and gives you more control.  ViewSets are helpful if you want to get up and running quickly, or when you have a large API and you want to enforce a consistent URL configuration throughout.\n\n\nViewSet actions\n\n\nThe default routers included with REST framework will provide routes for a standard set of create/retrieve/update/destroy style actions, as shown below:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Example empty viewset demonstrating the standard\n    actions that will be handled by a router class.\n\n    If you're using format suffixes, make sure to also include\n    the `format=None` keyword argument for each action.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def create(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def partial_update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def destroy(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n\n\nIntrospecting ViewSet actions\n\n\nDuring dispatch, the following attributes are available on the \nViewSet\n.\n\n\n\n\nbasename\n - the base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\naction\n - the name of the current action (e.g., \nlist\n, \ncreate\n).\n\n\ndetail\n - boolean indicating if the current action is configured for a list or detail view.\n\n\nsuffix\n - the display suffix for the viewset type - mirrors the \ndetail\n attribute.\n\n\nname\n - the display name for the viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to \nsuffix\n.\n\n\ndescription\n - the display description for the individual view of a viewset.\n\n\n\n\nYou may inspect these attributes to adjust behaviour based on the current action. For example, you could restrict permissions to everything except the \nlist\n action similar to this:\n\n\ndef get_permissions(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.\n    \"\"\"\n    if self.action == 'list':\n        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]\n    else:\n        permission_classes = [IsAdmin]\n    return [permission() for permission in permission_classes]\n\n\n\nMarking extra actions for routing\n\n\nIf you have ad-hoc methods that should be routable, you can mark them as such with the \n@action\n decorator. Like regular actions, extra actions may be intended for either a single object, or an entire collection. To indicate this, set the \ndetail\n argument to \nTrue\n or \nFalse\n. The router will configure its URL patterns accordingly. e.g., the \nDefaultRouter\n will configure detail actions to contain \npk\n in their URL patterns.\n\n\nA more complete example of extra actions:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import status, viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer, PasswordSerializer\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        user = self.get_object()\n        serializer = PasswordSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            user.set_password(serializer.data['password'])\n            user.save()\n            return Response({'status': 'password set'})\n        else:\n            return Response(serializer.errors,\n                            status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    @action(detail=False)\n    def recent_users(self, request):\n        recent_users = User.objects.all().order_by('-last_login')\n\n        page = self.paginate_queryset(recent_users)\n        if page is not None:\n            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)\n            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)\n\n        serializer = self.get_serializer(recent_users, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nThe decorator can additionally take extra arguments that will be set for the routed view only.  For example:\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'], permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...\n\n\n\nThe \naction\n decorator will route \nGET\n requests by default, but may also accept other HTTP methods by setting the \nmethods\n argument.  For example:\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post', 'delete'])\n    def unset_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...\n\n\n\nThe two new actions will then be available at the urls \n^users/{pk}/set_password/$\n and \n^users/{pk}/unset_password/$\n\n\nTo view all extra actions, call the \n.get_extra_actions()\n method.\n\n\nRouting additional HTTP methods for extra actions\n\n\nExtra actions can map additional HTTP methods to separate \nViewSet\n methods. For example, the above password set/unset methods could be consolidated into a single route. Note that additional mappings do not accept arguments.\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['put'], name='Change Password')\n    def password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \nUpdate the user's password.\n\n        ...\n\n    @password.mapping.delete\n    def delete_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \nDelete the user's password.\n\n        ...\n\n\n\n\nReversing action URLs\n\n\nIf you need to get the URL of an action, use the \n.reverse_action()\n method. This is a convenience wrapper for \nreverse()\n, automatically passing the view's \nrequest\n object and prepending the \nurl_name\n with the \n.basename\n attribute.\n\n\nNote that the \nbasename\n is provided by the router during \nViewSet\n registration. If you are not using a router, then you must provide the \nbasename\n argument to the \n.as_view()\n method.\n\n\nUsing the example from the previous section:\n\n\n view.reverse_action('set-password', args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'\n\n\n\n\nAlternatively, you can use the \nurl_name\n attribute set by the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\n view.reverse_action(view.set_password.url_name, args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'\n\n\n\n\nThe \nurl_name\n argument for \n.reverse_action()\n should match the same argument to the \n@action\n decorator. Additionally, this method can be used to reverse the default actions, such as \nlist\n and \ncreate\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nViewSet\n\n\nThe \nViewSet\n class inherits from \nAPIView\n.  You can use any of the standard attributes such as \npermission_classes\n, \nauthentication_classes\n in order to control the API policy on the viewset.\n\n\nThe \nViewSet\n class does not provide any implementations of actions.  In order to use a \nViewSet\n class you'll override the class and define the action implementations explicitly.\n\n\nGenericViewSet\n\n\nThe \nGenericViewSet\n class inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n, and provides the default set of \nget_object\n, \nget_queryset\n methods and other generic view base behavior, but does not include any actions by default.\n\n\nIn order to use a \nGenericViewSet\n class you'll override the class and either mixin the required mixin classes, or define the action implementations explicitly.\n\n\nModelViewSet\n\n\nThe \nModelViewSet\n class inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n and includes implementations for various actions, by mixing in the behavior of the various mixin classes.\n\n\nThe actions provided by the \nModelViewSet\n class are \n.list()\n, \n.retrieve()\n,  \n.create()\n, \n.update()\n, \n.partial_update()\n, and \n.destroy()\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nBecause \nModelViewSet\n extends \nGenericAPIView\n, you'll normally need to provide at least the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n\n\nNote that you can use any of the standard attributes or method overrides provided by \nGenericAPIView\n.  For example, to use a \nViewSet\n that dynamically determines the queryset it should operate on, you might do something like this:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing the accounts\n    associated with the user.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        return self.request.user.accounts.all()\n\n\n\nNote however that upon removal of the \nqueryset\n property from your \nViewSet\n, any associated \nrouter\n will be unable to derive the basename of your Model automatically, and so you will have to specify the \nbasename\n kwarg as part of your \nrouter registration\n.\n\n\nAlso note that although this class provides the complete set of create/list/retrieve/update/destroy actions by default, you can restrict the available operations by using the standard permission classes.\n\n\nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n\n\nThe \nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n class also inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n.  As with \nModelViewSet\n it also includes implementations for various actions, but unlike \nModelViewSet\n only provides the 'read-only' actions, \n.list()\n and \n.retrieve()\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nAs with \nModelViewSet\n, you'll normally need to provide at least the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n\n\n\nAgain, as with \nModelViewSet\n, you can use any of the standard attributes and method overrides available to \nGenericAPIView\n.\n\n\nCustom ViewSet base classes\n\n\nYou may need to provide custom \nViewSet\n classes that do not have the full set of \nModelViewSet\n actions, or that customize the behavior in some other way.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nTo create a base viewset class that provides \ncreate\n, \nlist\n and \nretrieve\n operations, inherit from \nGenericViewSet\n, and mixin the required actions:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\n\nclass CreateListRetrieveViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                                mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                                mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                                viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides `retrieve`, `create`, and `list` actions.\n\n    To use it, override the class and set the `.queryset` and\n    `.serializer_class` attributes.\n    \"\"\"\n    pass\n\n\n\nBy creating your own base \nViewSet\n classes, you can provide common behavior that can be reused in multiple viewsets across your API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/",
+            "text": "ViewSets\n\n\n\n\nAfter routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRuby on Rails Documentation\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework allows you to combine the logic for a set of related views in a single class, called a \nViewSet\n.  In other frameworks you may also find conceptually similar implementations named something like 'Resources' or 'Controllers'.\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n class is simply \na type of class-based View, that does not provide any method handlers\n such as \n.get()\n or \n.post()\n, and instead provides actions such as \n.list()\n and \n.create()\n.\n\n\nThe method handlers for a \nViewSet\n are only bound to the corresponding actions at the point of finalizing the view, using the \n.as_view()\n method.\n\n\nTypically, rather than explicitly registering the views in a viewset in the urlconf, you'll register the viewset with a router class, that automatically determines the urlconf for you.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nLet's define a simple viewset that can be used to list or retrieve all the users in the system.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom myapps.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for listing or retrieving users.\n    \"\"\"\n    def list(self, request):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        user = get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=pk)\n        serializer = UserSerializer(user)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nIf we need to, we can bind this viewset into two separate views, like so:\n\n\nuser_list = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})\n\n\n\nTypically we wouldn't do this, but would instead register the viewset with a router, and allow the urlconf to be automatically generated.\n\n\nfrom myapp.views import UserViewSet\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet, basename='user')\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nRather than writing your own viewsets, you'll often want to use the existing base classes that provide a default set of behavior.  For example:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset for viewing and editing user instances.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n\n\n\nThere are two main advantages of using a \nViewSet\n class over using a \nView\n class.\n\n\n\n\nRepeated logic can be combined into a single class.  In the above example, we only need to specify the \nqueryset\n once, and it'll be used across multiple views.\n\n\nBy using routers, we no longer need to deal with wiring up the URL conf ourselves.\n\n\n\n\nBoth of these come with a trade-off.  Using regular views and URL confs is more explicit and gives you more control.  ViewSets are helpful if you want to get up and running quickly, or when you have a large API and you want to enforce a consistent URL configuration throughout.\n\n\nViewSet actions\n\n\nThe default routers included with REST framework will provide routes for a standard set of create/retrieve/update/destroy style actions, as shown below:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Example empty viewset demonstrating the standard\n    actions that will be handled by a router class.\n\n    If you're using format suffixes, make sure to also include\n    the `format=None` keyword argument for each action.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def create(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def partial_update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def destroy(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n\n\nIntrospecting ViewSet actions\n\n\nDuring dispatch, the following attributes are available on the \nViewSet\n.\n\n\n\n\nbasename\n - the base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\naction\n - the name of the current action (e.g., \nlist\n, \ncreate\n).\n\n\ndetail\n - boolean indicating if the current action is configured for a list or detail view.\n\n\nsuffix\n - the display suffix for the viewset type - mirrors the \ndetail\n attribute.\n\n\nname\n - the display name for the viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to \nsuffix\n.\n\n\ndescription\n - the display description for the individual view of a viewset.\n\n\n\n\nYou may inspect these attributes to adjust behaviour based on the current action. For example, you could restrict permissions to everything except the \nlist\n action similar to this:\n\n\ndef get_permissions(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.\n    \"\"\"\n    if self.action == 'list':\n        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]\n    else:\n        permission_classes = [IsAdmin]\n    return [permission() for permission in permission_classes]\n\n\n\nMarking extra actions for routing\n\n\nIf you have ad-hoc methods that should be routable, you can mark them as such with the \n@action\n decorator. Like regular actions, extra actions may be intended for either a single object, or an entire collection. To indicate this, set the \ndetail\n argument to \nTrue\n or \nFalse\n. The router will configure its URL patterns accordingly. e.g., the \nDefaultRouter\n will configure detail actions to contain \npk\n in their URL patterns.\n\n\nA more complete example of extra actions:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import status, viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer, PasswordSerializer\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        user = self.get_object()\n        serializer = PasswordSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            user.set_password(serializer.data['password'])\n            user.save()\n            return Response({'status': 'password set'})\n        else:\n            return Response(serializer.errors,\n                            status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    @action(detail=False)\n    def recent_users(self, request):\n        recent_users = User.objects.all().order_by('-last_login')\n\n        page = self.paginate_queryset(recent_users)\n        if page is not None:\n            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)\n            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)\n\n        serializer = self.get_serializer(recent_users, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nThe decorator can additionally take extra arguments that will be set for the routed view only.  For example:\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'], permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...\n\n\n\nThe \naction\n decorator will route \nGET\n requests by default, but may also accept other HTTP methods by setting the \nmethods\n argument.  For example:\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post', 'delete'])\n    def unset_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...\n\n\n\nThe two new actions will then be available at the urls \n^users/{pk}/set_password/$\n and \n^users/{pk}/unset_password/$\n\n\nTo view all extra actions, call the \n.get_extra_actions()\n method.\n\n\nRouting additional HTTP methods for extra actions\n\n\nExtra actions can map additional HTTP methods to separate \nViewSet\n methods. For example, the above password set/unset methods could be consolidated into a single route. Note that additional mappings do not accept arguments.\n\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['put'], name='Change Password')\n    def password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"Update the user's password.\"\"\"\n        ...\n\n    @password.mapping.delete\n    def delete_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"Delete the user's password.\"\"\"\n        ...\n\n\n\n\nReversing action URLs\n\n\nIf you need to get the URL of an action, use the \n.reverse_action()\n method. This is a convenience wrapper for \nreverse()\n, automatically passing the view's \nrequest\n object and prepending the \nurl_name\n with the \n.basename\n attribute.\n\n\nNote that the \nbasename\n is provided by the router during \nViewSet\n registration. If you are not using a router, then you must provide the \nbasename\n argument to the \n.as_view()\n method.\n\n\nUsing the example from the previous section:\n\n\n>>> view.reverse_action('set-password', args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'\n\n\n\n\nAlternatively, you can use the \nurl_name\n attribute set by the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\n>>> view.reverse_action(view.set_password.url_name, args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'\n\n\n\n\nThe \nurl_name\n argument for \n.reverse_action()\n should match the same argument to the \n@action\n decorator. Additionally, this method can be used to reverse the default actions, such as \nlist\n and \ncreate\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nViewSet\n\n\nThe \nViewSet\n class inherits from \nAPIView\n.  You can use any of the standard attributes such as \npermission_classes\n, \nauthentication_classes\n in order to control the API policy on the viewset.\n\n\nThe \nViewSet\n class does not provide any implementations of actions.  In order to use a \nViewSet\n class you'll override the class and define the action implementations explicitly.\n\n\nGenericViewSet\n\n\nThe \nGenericViewSet\n class inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n, and provides the default set of \nget_object\n, \nget_queryset\n methods and other generic view base behavior, but does not include any actions by default.\n\n\nIn order to use a \nGenericViewSet\n class you'll override the class and either mixin the required mixin classes, or define the action implementations explicitly.\n\n\nModelViewSet\n\n\nThe \nModelViewSet\n class inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n and includes implementations for various actions, by mixing in the behavior of the various mixin classes.\n\n\nThe actions provided by the \nModelViewSet\n class are \n.list()\n, \n.retrieve()\n,  \n.create()\n, \n.update()\n, \n.partial_update()\n, and \n.destroy()\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nBecause \nModelViewSet\n extends \nGenericAPIView\n, you'll normally need to provide at least the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n\n\nNote that you can use any of the standard attributes or method overrides provided by \nGenericAPIView\n.  For example, to use a \nViewSet\n that dynamically determines the queryset it should operate on, you might do something like this:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing the accounts\n    associated with the user.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        return self.request.user.accounts.all()\n\n\n\nNote however that upon removal of the \nqueryset\n property from your \nViewSet\n, any associated \nrouter\n will be unable to derive the basename of your Model automatically, and so you will have to specify the \nbasename\n kwarg as part of your \nrouter registration\n.\n\n\nAlso note that although this class provides the complete set of create/list/retrieve/update/destroy actions by default, you can restrict the available operations by using the standard permission classes.\n\n\nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n\n\nThe \nReadOnlyModelViewSet\n class also inherits from \nGenericAPIView\n.  As with \nModelViewSet\n it also includes implementations for various actions, but unlike \nModelViewSet\n only provides the 'read-only' actions, \n.list()\n and \n.retrieve()\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nAs with \nModelViewSet\n, you'll normally need to provide at least the \nqueryset\n and \nserializer_class\n attributes.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n\n\n\nAgain, as with \nModelViewSet\n, you can use any of the standard attributes and method overrides available to \nGenericAPIView\n.\n\n\nCustom ViewSet base classes\n\n\nYou may need to provide custom \nViewSet\n classes that do not have the full set of \nModelViewSet\n actions, or that customize the behavior in some other way.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nTo create a base viewset class that provides \ncreate\n, \nlist\n and \nretrieve\n operations, inherit from \nGenericViewSet\n, and mixin the required actions:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import mixins\n\nclass CreateListRetrieveViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                                mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                                mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                                viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides `retrieve`, `create`, and `list` actions.\n\n    To use it, override the class and set the `.queryset` and\n    `.serializer_class` attributes.\n    \"\"\"\n    pass\n\n\n\nBy creating your own base \nViewSet\n classes, you can provide common behavior that can be reused in multiple viewsets across your API.",
             "title": "Viewsets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewsets", 
-            "text": "After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output.    Ruby on Rails Documentation   Django REST framework allows you to combine the logic for a set of related views in a single class, called a  ViewSet .  In other frameworks you may also find conceptually similar implementations named something like 'Resources' or 'Controllers'.  A  ViewSet  class is simply  a type of class-based View, that does not provide any method handlers  such as  .get()  or  .post() , and instead provides actions such as  .list()  and  .create() .  The method handlers for a  ViewSet  are only bound to the corresponding actions at the point of finalizing the view, using the  .as_view()  method.  Typically, rather than explicitly registering the views in a viewset in the urlconf, you'll register the viewset with a router class, that automatically determines the urlconf for you.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewsets",
+            "text": "After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output.  \u2014  Ruby on Rails Documentation   Django REST framework allows you to combine the logic for a set of related views in a single class, called a  ViewSet .  In other frameworks you may also find conceptually similar implementations named something like 'Resources' or 'Controllers'.  A  ViewSet  class is simply  a type of class-based View, that does not provide any method handlers  such as  .get()  or  .post() , and instead provides actions such as  .list()  and  .create() .  The method handlers for a  ViewSet  are only bound to the corresponding actions at the point of finalizing the view, using the  .as_view()  method.  Typically, rather than explicitly registering the views in a viewset in the urlconf, you'll register the viewset with a router class, that automatically determines the urlconf for you.",
             "title": "ViewSets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example", 
-            "text": "Let's define a simple viewset that can be used to list or retrieve all the users in the system.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom myapps.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for listing or retrieving users.\n    \"\"\"\n    def list(self, request):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        user = get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=pk)\n        serializer = UserSerializer(user)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  If we need to, we can bind this viewset into two separate views, like so:  user_list = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})  Typically we wouldn't do this, but would instead register the viewset with a router, and allow the urlconf to be automatically generated.  from myapp.views import UserViewSet\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet, basename='user')\nurlpatterns = router.urls  Rather than writing your own viewsets, you'll often want to use the existing base classes that provide a default set of behavior.  For example:  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset for viewing and editing user instances.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    queryset = User.objects.all()  There are two main advantages of using a  ViewSet  class over using a  View  class.   Repeated logic can be combined into a single class.  In the above example, we only need to specify the  queryset  once, and it'll be used across multiple views.  By using routers, we no longer need to deal with wiring up the URL conf ourselves.   Both of these come with a trade-off.  Using regular views and URL confs is more explicit and gives you more control.  ViewSets are helpful if you want to get up and running quickly, or when you have a large API and you want to enforce a consistent URL configuration throughout.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example",
+            "text": "Let's define a simple viewset that can be used to list or retrieve all the users in the system.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom myapps.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for listing or retrieving users.\n    \"\"\"\n    def list(self, request):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        queryset = User.objects.all()\n        user = get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=pk)\n        serializer = UserSerializer(user)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  If we need to, we can bind this viewset into two separate views, like so:  user_list = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})\nuser_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})  Typically we wouldn't do this, but would instead register the viewset with a router, and allow the urlconf to be automatically generated.  from myapp.views import UserViewSet\nfrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet, basename='user')\nurlpatterns = router.urls  Rather than writing your own viewsets, you'll often want to use the existing base classes that provide a default set of behavior.  For example:  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset for viewing and editing user instances.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    queryset = User.objects.all()  There are two main advantages of using a  ViewSet  class over using a  View  class.   Repeated logic can be combined into a single class.  In the above example, we only need to specify the  queryset  once, and it'll be used across multiple views.  By using routers, we no longer need to deal with wiring up the URL conf ourselves.   Both of these come with a trade-off.  Using regular views and URL confs is more explicit and gives you more control.  ViewSets are helpful if you want to get up and running quickly, or when you have a large API and you want to enforce a consistent URL configuration throughout.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewset-actions", 
-            "text": "The default routers included with REST framework will provide routes for a standard set of create/retrieve/update/destroy style actions, as shown below:  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Example empty viewset demonstrating the standard\n    actions that will be handled by a router class.\n\n    If you're using format suffixes, make sure to also include\n    the `format=None` keyword argument for each action.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def create(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def partial_update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def destroy(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewset-actions",
+            "text": "The default routers included with REST framework will provide routes for a standard set of create/retrieve/update/destroy style actions, as shown below:  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Example empty viewset demonstrating the standard\n    actions that will be handled by a router class.\n\n    If you're using format suffixes, make sure to also include\n    the `format=None` keyword argument for each action.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def list(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def create(self, request):\n        pass\n\n    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def partial_update(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass\n\n    def destroy(self, request, pk=None):\n        pass",
             "title": "ViewSet actions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#introspecting-viewset-actions", 
-            "text": "During dispatch, the following attributes are available on the  ViewSet .   basename  - the base to use for the URL names that are created.  action  - the name of the current action (e.g.,  list ,  create ).  detail  - boolean indicating if the current action is configured for a list or detail view.  suffix  - the display suffix for the viewset type - mirrors the  detail  attribute.  name  - the display name for the viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to  suffix .  description  - the display description for the individual view of a viewset.   You may inspect these attributes to adjust behaviour based on the current action. For example, you could restrict permissions to everything except the  list  action similar to this:  def get_permissions(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.\n    \"\"\"\n    if self.action == 'list':\n        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]\n    else:\n        permission_classes = [IsAdmin]\n    return [permission() for permission in permission_classes]", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#introspecting-viewset-actions",
+            "text": "During dispatch, the following attributes are available on the  ViewSet .   basename  - the base to use for the URL names that are created.  action  - the name of the current action (e.g.,  list ,  create ).  detail  - boolean indicating if the current action is configured for a list or detail view.  suffix  - the display suffix for the viewset type - mirrors the  detail  attribute.  name  - the display name for the viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to  suffix .  description  - the display description for the individual view of a viewset.   You may inspect these attributes to adjust behaviour based on the current action. For example, you could restrict permissions to everything except the  list  action similar to this:  def get_permissions(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.\n    \"\"\"\n    if self.action == 'list':\n        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]\n    else:\n        permission_classes = [IsAdmin]\n    return [permission() for permission in permission_classes]",
             "title": "Introspecting ViewSet actions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#marking-extra-actions-for-routing", 
-            "text": "If you have ad-hoc methods that should be routable, you can mark them as such with the  @action  decorator. Like regular actions, extra actions may be intended for either a single object, or an entire collection. To indicate this, set the  detail  argument to  True  or  False . The router will configure its URL patterns accordingly. e.g., the  DefaultRouter  will configure detail actions to contain  pk  in their URL patterns.  A more complete example of extra actions:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import status, viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer, PasswordSerializer\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        user = self.get_object()\n        serializer = PasswordSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            user.set_password(serializer.data['password'])\n            user.save()\n            return Response({'status': 'password set'})\n        else:\n            return Response(serializer.errors,\n                            status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    @action(detail=False)\n    def recent_users(self, request):\n        recent_users = User.objects.all().order_by('-last_login')\n\n        page = self.paginate_queryset(recent_users)\n        if page is not None:\n            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)\n            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)\n\n        serializer = self.get_serializer(recent_users, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  The decorator can additionally take extra arguments that will be set for the routed view only.  For example:      @action(detail=True, methods=['post'], permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...  The  action  decorator will route  GET  requests by default, but may also accept other HTTP methods by setting the  methods  argument.  For example:      @action(detail=True, methods=['post', 'delete'])\n    def unset_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...  The two new actions will then be available at the urls  ^users/{pk}/set_password/$  and  ^users/{pk}/unset_password/$  To view all extra actions, call the  .get_extra_actions()  method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#marking-extra-actions-for-routing",
+            "text": "If you have ad-hoc methods that should be routable, you can mark them as such with the  @action  decorator. Like regular actions, extra actions may be intended for either a single object, or an entire collection. To indicate this, set the  detail  argument to  True  or  False . The router will configure its URL patterns accordingly. e.g., the  DefaultRouter  will configure detail actions to contain  pk  in their URL patterns.  A more complete example of extra actions:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import status, viewsets\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer, PasswordSerializer\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        user = self.get_object()\n        serializer = PasswordSerializer(data=request.data)\n        if serializer.is_valid():\n            user.set_password(serializer.data['password'])\n            user.save()\n            return Response({'status': 'password set'})\n        else:\n            return Response(serializer.errors,\n                            status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)\n\n    @action(detail=False)\n    def recent_users(self, request):\n        recent_users = User.objects.all().order_by('-last_login')\n\n        page = self.paginate_queryset(recent_users)\n        if page is not None:\n            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)\n            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)\n\n        serializer = self.get_serializer(recent_users, many=True)\n        return Response(serializer.data)  The decorator can additionally take extra arguments that will be set for the routed view only.  For example:      @action(detail=True, methods=['post'], permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...  The  action  decorator will route  GET  requests by default, but may also accept other HTTP methods by setting the  methods  argument.  For example:      @action(detail=True, methods=['post', 'delete'])\n    def unset_password(self, request, pk=None):\n       ...  The two new actions will then be available at the urls  ^users/{pk}/set_password/$  and  ^users/{pk}/unset_password/$  To view all extra actions, call the  .get_extra_actions()  method.",
             "title": "Marking extra actions for routing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#routing-additional-http-methods-for-extra-actions", 
-            "text": "Extra actions can map additional HTTP methods to separate  ViewSet  methods. For example, the above password set/unset methods could be consolidated into a single route. Note that additional mappings do not accept arguments.      @action(detail=True, methods=['put'], name='Change Password')\n    def password(self, request, pk=None):\n         Update the user's password. \n        ...\n\n    @password.mapping.delete\n    def delete_password(self, request, pk=None):\n         Delete the user's password. \n        ...", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#routing-additional-http-methods-for-extra-actions",
+            "text": "Extra actions can map additional HTTP methods to separate  ViewSet  methods. For example, the above password set/unset methods could be consolidated into a single route. Note that additional mappings do not accept arguments.      @action(detail=True, methods=['put'], name='Change Password')\n    def password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"Update the user's password.\"\"\"\n        ...\n\n    @password.mapping.delete\n    def delete_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"Delete the user's password.\"\"\"\n        ...",
             "title": "Routing additional HTTP methods for extra actions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#reversing-action-urls", 
-            "text": "If you need to get the URL of an action, use the  .reverse_action()  method. This is a convenience wrapper for  reverse() , automatically passing the view's  request  object and prepending the  url_name  with the  .basename  attribute.  Note that the  basename  is provided by the router during  ViewSet  registration. If you are not using a router, then you must provide the  basename  argument to the  .as_view()  method.  Using the example from the previous section:   view.reverse_action('set-password', args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'  Alternatively, you can use the  url_name  attribute set by the  @action  decorator.   view.reverse_action(view.set_password.url_name, args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'  The  url_name  argument for  .reverse_action()  should match the same argument to the  @action  decorator. Additionally, this method can be used to reverse the default actions, such as  list  and  create .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#reversing-action-urls",
+            "text": "If you need to get the URL of an action, use the  .reverse_action()  method. This is a convenience wrapper for  reverse() , automatically passing the view's  request  object and prepending the  url_name  with the  .basename  attribute.  Note that the  basename  is provided by the router during  ViewSet  registration. If you are not using a router, then you must provide the  basename  argument to the  .as_view()  method.  Using the example from the previous section:  >>> view.reverse_action('set-password', args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'  Alternatively, you can use the  url_name  attribute set by the  @action  decorator.  >>> view.reverse_action(view.set_password.url_name, args=['1'])\n'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'  The  url_name  argument for  .reverse_action()  should match the same argument to the  @action  decorator. Additionally, this method can be used to reverse the default actions, such as  list  and  create .",
             "title": "Reversing action URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewset", 
-            "text": "The  ViewSet  class inherits from  APIView .  You can use any of the standard attributes such as  permission_classes ,  authentication_classes  in order to control the API policy on the viewset.  The  ViewSet  class does not provide any implementations of actions.  In order to use a  ViewSet  class you'll override the class and define the action implementations explicitly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#viewset",
+            "text": "The  ViewSet  class inherits from  APIView .  You can use any of the standard attributes such as  permission_classes ,  authentication_classes  in order to control the API policy on the viewset.  The  ViewSet  class does not provide any implementations of actions.  In order to use a  ViewSet  class you'll override the class and define the action implementations explicitly.",
             "title": "ViewSet"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#genericviewset", 
-            "text": "The  GenericViewSet  class inherits from  GenericAPIView , and provides the default set of  get_object ,  get_queryset  methods and other generic view base behavior, but does not include any actions by default.  In order to use a  GenericViewSet  class you'll override the class and either mixin the required mixin classes, or define the action implementations explicitly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#genericviewset",
+            "text": "The  GenericViewSet  class inherits from  GenericAPIView , and provides the default set of  get_object ,  get_queryset  methods and other generic view base behavior, but does not include any actions by default.  In order to use a  GenericViewSet  class you'll override the class and either mixin the required mixin classes, or define the action implementations explicitly.",
             "title": "GenericViewSet"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#modelviewset", 
-            "text": "The  ModelViewSet  class inherits from  GenericAPIView  and includes implementations for various actions, by mixing in the behavior of the various mixin classes.  The actions provided by the  ModelViewSet  class are  .list() ,  .retrieve() ,   .create() ,  .update() ,  .partial_update() , and  .destroy() .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#modelviewset",
+            "text": "The  ModelViewSet  class inherits from  GenericAPIView  and includes implementations for various actions, by mixing in the behavior of the various mixin classes.  The actions provided by the  ModelViewSet  class are  .list() ,  .retrieve() ,   .create() ,  .update() ,  .partial_update() , and  .destroy() .",
             "title": "ModelViewSet"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_1", 
-            "text": "Because  ModelViewSet  extends  GenericAPIView , you'll normally need to provide at least the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes.  For example:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]  Note that you can use any of the standard attributes or method overrides provided by  GenericAPIView .  For example, to use a  ViewSet  that dynamically determines the queryset it should operate on, you might do something like this:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing the accounts\n    associated with the user.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        return self.request.user.accounts.all()  Note however that upon removal of the  queryset  property from your  ViewSet , any associated  router  will be unable to derive the basename of your Model automatically, and so you will have to specify the  basename  kwarg as part of your  router registration .  Also note that although this class provides the complete set of create/list/retrieve/update/destroy actions by default, you can restrict the available operations by using the standard permission classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_1",
+            "text": "Because  ModelViewSet  extends  GenericAPIView , you'll normally need to provide at least the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes.  For example:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]  Note that you can use any of the standard attributes or method overrides provided by  GenericAPIView .  For example, to use a  ViewSet  that dynamically determines the queryset it should operate on, you might do something like this:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing the accounts\n    associated with the user.\n    \"\"\"\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer\n    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        return self.request.user.accounts.all()  Note however that upon removal of the  queryset  property from your  ViewSet , any associated  router  will be unable to derive the basename of your Model automatically, and so you will have to specify the  basename  kwarg as part of your  router registration .  Also note that although this class provides the complete set of create/list/retrieve/update/destroy actions by default, you can restrict the available operations by using the standard permission classes.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#readonlymodelviewset", 
-            "text": "The  ReadOnlyModelViewSet  class also inherits from  GenericAPIView .  As with  ModelViewSet  it also includes implementations for various actions, but unlike  ModelViewSet  only provides the 'read-only' actions,  .list()  and  .retrieve() .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#readonlymodelviewset",
+            "text": "The  ReadOnlyModelViewSet  class also inherits from  GenericAPIView .  As with  ModelViewSet  it also includes implementations for various actions, but unlike  ModelViewSet  only provides the 'read-only' actions,  .list()  and  .retrieve() .",
             "title": "ReadOnlyModelViewSet"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_2", 
-            "text": "As with  ModelViewSet , you'll normally need to provide at least the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes.  For example:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer  Again, as with  ModelViewSet , you can use any of the standard attributes and method overrides available to  GenericAPIView .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_2",
+            "text": "As with  ModelViewSet , you'll normally need to provide at least the  queryset  and  serializer_class  attributes.  For example:  class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A simple ViewSet for viewing accounts.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Account.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = AccountSerializer  Again, as with  ModelViewSet , you can use any of the standard attributes and method overrides available to  GenericAPIView .",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#custom-viewset-base-classes", 
-            "text": "You may need to provide custom  ViewSet  classes that do not have the full set of  ModelViewSet  actions, or that customize the behavior in some other way.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#custom-viewset-base-classes",
+            "text": "You may need to provide custom  ViewSet  classes that do not have the full set of  ModelViewSet  actions, or that customize the behavior in some other way.",
             "title": "Custom ViewSet base classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_3", 
-            "text": "To create a base viewset class that provides  create ,  list  and  retrieve  operations, inherit from  GenericViewSet , and mixin the required actions:  from rest_framework import mixins\n\nclass CreateListRetrieveViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                                mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                                mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                                viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides `retrieve`, `create`, and `list` actions.\n\n    To use it, override the class and set the `.queryset` and\n    `.serializer_class` attributes.\n    \"\"\"\n    pass  By creating your own base  ViewSet  classes, you can provide common behavior that can be reused in multiple viewsets across your API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/viewsets/#example_3",
+            "text": "To create a base viewset class that provides  create ,  list  and  retrieve  operations, inherit from  GenericViewSet , and mixin the required actions:  from rest_framework import mixins\n\nclass CreateListRetrieveViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,\n                                mixins.ListModelMixin,\n                                mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,\n                                viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides `retrieve`, `create`, and `list` actions.\n\n    To use it, override the class and set the `.queryset` and\n    `.serializer_class` attributes.\n    \"\"\"\n    pass  By creating your own base  ViewSet  classes, you can provide common behavior that can be reused in multiple viewsets across your API.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/", 
-            "text": "Routers\n\n\n\n\nResource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller.  Instead of declaring separate routes for your index... a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.\n\n\n \nRuby on Rails Documentation\n\n\n\n\nSome Web frameworks such as Rails provide functionality for automatically determining how the URLs for an application should be mapped to the logic that deals with handling incoming requests.\n\n\nREST framework adds support for automatic URL routing to Django, and provides you with a simple, quick and consistent way of wiring your view logic to a set of URLs.\n\n\nUsage\n\n\nHere's an example of a simple URL conf, that uses \nSimpleRouter\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import routers\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nThere are two mandatory arguments to the \nregister()\n method:\n\n\n\n\nprefix\n - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.\n\n\nviewset\n - The viewset class.\n\n\n\n\nOptionally, you may also specify an additional argument:\n\n\n\n\nbasename\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  If unset the basename will be automatically generated based on the \nqueryset\n attribute of the viewset, if it has one.  Note that if the viewset does not include a \nqueryset\n attribute then you must set \nbasename\n when registering the viewset.\n\n\n\n\nThe example above would generate the following URL patterns:\n\n\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/$\n  Name: \n'user-list'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/{pk}/$\n  Name: \n'user-detail'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^accounts/$\n  Name: \n'account-list'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^accounts/{pk}/$\n  Name: \n'account-detail'\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nbasename\n argument is used to specify the initial part of the view name pattern.  In the example above, that's the \nuser\n or \naccount\n part.\n\n\nTypically you won't \nneed\n to specify the \nbasename\n argument, but if you have a viewset where you've defined a custom \nget_queryset\n method, then the viewset may not have a \n.queryset\n attribute set.  If you try to register that viewset you'll see an error like this:\n\n\n'basename' argument not specified, and could not automatically determine the name from the viewset, as it does not have a '.queryset' attribute.\n\n\n\nThis means you'll need to explicitly set the \nbasename\n argument when registering the viewset, as it could not be automatically determined from the model name.\n\n\n\n\nUsing \ninclude\n with routers\n\n\nThe \n.urls\n attribute on a router instance is simply a standard list of URL patterns. There are a number of different styles for how you can include these URLs.\n\n\nFor example, you can append \nrouter.urls\n to a list of existing views...\n\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns += router.urls\n\n\n\nAlternatively you can use Django's \ninclude\n function, like so...\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nYou may use \ninclude\n with an application namespace:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'))),\n]\n\n\n\nOr both an application and instance namespace:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'), namespace='instance_name')),\n]\n\n\n\nSee Django's \nURL namespaces docs\n and the \ninclude\n API reference\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: If using namespacing with hyperlinked serializers you'll also need to ensure that any \nview_name\n parameters\non the serializers correctly reflect the namespace. In the examples above you'd need to include a parameter such as\n\nview_name='app_name:user-detail'\n for serializer fields hyperlinked to the user detail view.\n\n\nThe automatic \nview_name\n generation uses a pattern like \n%(model_name)-detail\n. Unless your models names actually clash\nyou may be better off \nnot\n namespacing your Django REST Framework views when using hyperlinked serializers.\n\n\n\n\nRouting for extra actions\n\n\nA viewset may \nmark extra actions for routing\n by decorating a method with the \n@action\n decorator. These extra actions will be included in the generated routes. For example, given the \nset_password\n method on the \nUserViewSet\n class:\n\n\nfrom myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...\n\n\n\nThe following route would be generated:\n\n\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/{pk}/set_password/$\n\n\nURL name: \n'user-set-password'\n\n\n\n\nBy default, the URL pattern is based on the method name, and the URL name is the combination of the \nViewSet.basename\n and the hyphenated method name.\nIf you don't want to use the defaults for either of these values, you can instead provide the \nurl_path\n and \nurl_name\n arguments to the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\nFor example, if you want to change the URL for our custom action to \n^users/{pk}/change-password/$\n, you could write:\n\n\nfrom myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf],\n            url_path='change-password', url_name='change_password')\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...\n\n\n\nThe above example would now generate the following URL pattern:\n\n\n\n\nURL path: \n^users/{pk}/change-password/$\n\n\nURL name: \n'user-change_password'\n\n\n\n\nAPI Guide\n\n\nSimpleRouter\n\n\nThis router includes routes for the standard set of \nlist\n, \ncreate\n, \nretrieve\n, \nupdate\n, \npartial_update\n and \ndestroy\n actions.  The viewset can also mark additional methods to be routed, using the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\n\n    \nURL Style\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n{prefix}/\nGET\nlist\n{basename}-list\n\n    \nPOST\ncreate\n\n    \n{prefix}/{url_path}/\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=False)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/\nGET\nretrieve\n{basename}-detail\n\n    \nPUT\nupdate\n\n    \nPATCH\npartial_update\n\n    \nDELETE\ndestroy\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=True)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n\n\n\n\nBy default the URLs created by \nSimpleRouter\n are appended with a trailing slash.\nThis behavior can be modified by setting the \ntrailing_slash\n argument to \nFalse\n when instantiating the router.  For example:\n\n\nrouter = SimpleRouter(trailing_slash=False)\n\n\n\nTrailing slashes are conventional in Django, but are not used by default in some other frameworks such as Rails.  Which style you choose to use is largely a matter of preference, although some javascript frameworks may expect a particular routing style.\n\n\nThe router will match lookup values containing any characters except slashes and period characters.  For a more restrictive (or lenient) lookup pattern, set the \nlookup_value_regex\n attribute on the viewset.  For example, you can limit the lookup to valid UUIDs:\n\n\nclass MyModelViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    lookup_field = 'my_model_id'\n    lookup_value_regex = '[0-9a-f]{32}'\n\n\n\nDefaultRouter\n\n\nThis router is similar to \nSimpleRouter\n as above, but additionally includes a default API root view, that returns a response containing hyperlinks to all the list views.  It also generates routes for optional \n.json\n style format suffixes.\n\n\n\n    \nURL Style\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n[.format]\nGET\nautomatically generated root view\napi-root\n\n    \n{prefix}/[.format]\nGET\nlist\n{basename}-list\n\n    \nPOST\ncreate\n\n    \n{prefix}/{url_path}/[.format]\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=False)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/[.format]\nGET\nretrieve\n{basename}-detail\n\n    \nPUT\nupdate\n\n    \nPATCH\npartial_update\n\n    \nDELETE\ndestroy\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/[.format]\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=True)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n\n\n\n\nAs with \nSimpleRouter\n the trailing slashes on the URL routes can be removed by setting the \ntrailing_slash\n argument to \nFalse\n when instantiating the router.\n\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter(trailing_slash=False)\n\n\n\nCustom Routers\n\n\nImplementing a custom router isn't something you'd need to do very often, but it can be useful if you have specific requirements about how the URLs for your API are structured.  Doing so allows you to encapsulate the URL structure in a reusable way that ensures you don't have to write your URL patterns explicitly for each new view.\n\n\nThe simplest way to implement a custom router is to subclass one of the existing router classes.  The \n.routes\n attribute is used to template the URL patterns that will be mapped to each viewset. The \n.routes\n attribute is a list of \nRoute\n named tuples.\n\n\nThe arguments to the \nRoute\n named tuple are:\n\n\nurl\n: A string representing the URL to be routed.  May include the following format strings:\n\n\n\n\n{prefix}\n - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.\n\n\n{lookup}\n - The lookup field used to match against a single instance.\n\n\n{trailing_slash}\n - Either a '/' or an empty string, depending on the \ntrailing_slash\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nmapping\n: A mapping of HTTP method names to the view methods\n\n\nname\n: The name of the URL as used in \nreverse\n calls. May include the following format string:\n\n\n\n\n{basename}\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\n\n\ninitkwargs\n: A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.  Note that the \ndetail\n, \nbasename\n, and \nsuffix\n arguments are reserved for viewset introspection and are also used by the browsable API to generate the view name and breadcrumb links.\n\n\nCustomizing dynamic routes\n\n\nYou can also customize how the \n@action\n decorator is routed. Include the \nDynamicRoute\n named tuple in the \n.routes\n list, setting the \ndetail\n argument as appropriate for the list-based and detail-based routes. In addition to \ndetail\n, the arguments to \nDynamicRoute\n are:\n\n\nurl\n: A string representing the URL to be routed. May include the same format strings as \nRoute\n, and additionally accepts the \n{url_path}\n format string.\n\n\nname\n: The name of the URL as used in \nreverse\n calls. May include the following format strings:\n\n\n\n\n{basename}\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\n{url_name}\n - The \nurl_name\n provided to the \n@action\n.\n\n\n\n\ninitkwargs\n: A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example will only route to the \nlist\n and \nretrieve\n actions, and does not use the trailing slash convention.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute, SimpleRouter\n\nclass CustomReadOnlyRouter(SimpleRouter):\n    \"\"\"\n    A router for read-only APIs, which doesn't use trailing slashes.\n    \"\"\"\n    routes = [\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'list'},\n            name='{basename}-list',\n            detail=False,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}\n        ),\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'retrieve'},\n            name='{basename}-detail',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Detail'}\n        ),\n        DynamicRoute(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}$',\n            name='{basename}-{url_name}',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={}\n        )\n    ]\n\n\n\nLet's take a look at the routes our \nCustomReadOnlyRouter\n would generate for a simple viewset.\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_field = 'username'\n\n    @action(detail=True)\n    def group_names(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Returns a list of all the group names that the given\n        user belongs to.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.get_object()\n        groups = user.groups.all()\n        return Response([group.name for group in groups])\n\n\n\nurls.py\n:\n\n\nrouter = CustomReadOnlyRouter()\nrouter.register('users', UserViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nThe following mappings would be generated...\n\n\n\n    \nURL\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n/users\nGET\nlist\nuser-list\n\n    \n/users/{username}\nGET\nretrieve\nuser-detail\n\n    \n/users/{username}/group_names\nGET\ngroup_names\nuser-group-names\n\n\n\n\n\nFor another example of setting the \n.routes\n attribute, see the source code for the \nSimpleRouter\n class.\n\n\nAdvanced custom routers\n\n\nIf you want to provide totally custom behavior, you can override \nBaseRouter\n and override the \nget_urls(self)\n method.  The method should inspect the registered viewsets and return a list of URL patterns.  The registered prefix, viewset and basename tuples may be inspected by accessing the \nself.registry\n attribute.\n\n\nYou may also want to override the \nget_default_basename(self, viewset)\n method, or else always explicitly set the \nbasename\n argument when registering your viewsets with the router.\n\n\nThird Party Packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Nested Routers\n\n\nThe \ndrf-nested-routers package\n provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nModelRouter (wq.db.rest)\n\n\nThe \nwq.db package\n provides an advanced \nModelRouter\n class (and singleton instance) that extends \nDefaultRouter\n with a \nregister_model()\n API. Much like Django's \nadmin.site.register\n, the only required argument to \nrest.router.register_model\n is a model class.  Reasonable defaults for a url prefix, serializer, and viewset will be inferred from the model and global configuration.\n\n\nfrom wq.db import rest\nfrom myapp.models import MyModel\n\nrest.router.register_model(MyModel)\n\n\n\nDRF-extensions\n\n\nThe \nDRF-extensions\n package\n provides \nrouters\n for creating \nnested viewsets\n, \ncollection level controllers\n with \ncustomizable endpoint names\n.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/",
+            "text": "Routers\n\n\n\n\nResource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller.  Instead of declaring separate routes for your index... a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRuby on Rails Documentation\n\n\n\n\nSome Web frameworks such as Rails provide functionality for automatically determining how the URLs for an application should be mapped to the logic that deals with handling incoming requests.\n\n\nREST framework adds support for automatic URL routing to Django, and provides you with a simple, quick and consistent way of wiring your view logic to a set of URLs.\n\n\nUsage\n\n\nHere's an example of a simple URL conf, that uses \nSimpleRouter\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import routers\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nThere are two mandatory arguments to the \nregister()\n method:\n\n\n\n\nprefix\n - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.\n\n\nviewset\n - The viewset class.\n\n\n\n\nOptionally, you may also specify an additional argument:\n\n\n\n\nbasename\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  If unset the basename will be automatically generated based on the \nqueryset\n attribute of the viewset, if it has one.  Note that if the viewset does not include a \nqueryset\n attribute then you must set \nbasename\n when registering the viewset.\n\n\n\n\nThe example above would generate the following URL patterns:\n\n\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/$\n  Name: \n'user-list'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/{pk}/$\n  Name: \n'user-detail'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^accounts/$\n  Name: \n'account-list'\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^accounts/{pk}/$\n  Name: \n'account-detail'\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nbasename\n argument is used to specify the initial part of the view name pattern.  In the example above, that's the \nuser\n or \naccount\n part.\n\n\nTypically you won't \nneed\n to specify the \nbasename\n argument, but if you have a viewset where you've defined a custom \nget_queryset\n method, then the viewset may not have a \n.queryset\n attribute set.  If you try to register that viewset you'll see an error like this:\n\n\n'basename' argument not specified, and could not automatically determine the name from the viewset, as it does not have a '.queryset' attribute.\n\n\n\nThis means you'll need to explicitly set the \nbasename\n argument when registering the viewset, as it could not be automatically determined from the model name.\n\n\n\n\nUsing \ninclude\n with routers\n\n\nThe \n.urls\n attribute on a router instance is simply a standard list of URL patterns. There are a number of different styles for how you can include these URLs.\n\n\nFor example, you can append \nrouter.urls\n to a list of existing views...\n\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns += router.urls\n\n\n\nAlternatively you can use Django's \ninclude\n function, like so...\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nYou may use \ninclude\n with an application namespace:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'))),\n]\n\n\n\nOr both an application and instance namespace:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'), namespace='instance_name')),\n]\n\n\n\nSee Django's \nURL namespaces docs\n and the \ninclude\n API reference\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: If using namespacing with hyperlinked serializers you'll also need to ensure that any \nview_name\n parameters\non the serializers correctly reflect the namespace. In the examples above you'd need to include a parameter such as\n\nview_name='app_name:user-detail'\n for serializer fields hyperlinked to the user detail view.\n\n\nThe automatic \nview_name\n generation uses a pattern like \n%(model_name)-detail\n. Unless your models names actually clash\nyou may be better off \nnot\n namespacing your Django REST Framework views when using hyperlinked serializers.\n\n\n\n\nRouting for extra actions\n\n\nA viewset may \nmark extra actions for routing\n by decorating a method with the \n@action\n decorator. These extra actions will be included in the generated routes. For example, given the \nset_password\n method on the \nUserViewSet\n class:\n\n\nfrom myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...\n\n\n\nThe following route would be generated:\n\n\n\n\nURL pattern: \n^users/{pk}/set_password/$\n\n\nURL name: \n'user-set-password'\n\n\n\n\nBy default, the URL pattern is based on the method name, and the URL name is the combination of the \nViewSet.basename\n and the hyphenated method name.\nIf you don't want to use the defaults for either of these values, you can instead provide the \nurl_path\n and \nurl_name\n arguments to the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\nFor example, if you want to change the URL for our custom action to \n^users/{pk}/change-password/$\n, you could write:\n\n\nfrom myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf],\n            url_path='change-password', url_name='change_password')\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...\n\n\n\nThe above example would now generate the following URL pattern:\n\n\n\n\nURL path: \n^users/{pk}/change-password/$\n\n\nURL name: \n'user-change_password'\n\n\n\n\nAPI Guide\n\n\nSimpleRouter\n\n\nThis router includes routes for the standard set of \nlist\n, \ncreate\n, \nretrieve\n, \nupdate\n, \npartial_update\n and \ndestroy\n actions.  The viewset can also mark additional methods to be routed, using the \n@action\n decorator.\n\n\n\n    \nURL Style\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n{prefix}/\nGET\nlist\n{basename}-list\n\n    \nPOST\ncreate\n\n    \n{prefix}/{url_path}/\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=False)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/\nGET\nretrieve\n{basename}-detail\n\n    \nPUT\nupdate\n\n    \nPATCH\npartial_update\n\n    \nDELETE\ndestroy\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=True)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n\n\n\n\nBy default the URLs created by \nSimpleRouter\n are appended with a trailing slash.\nThis behavior can be modified by setting the \ntrailing_slash\n argument to \nFalse\n when instantiating the router.  For example:\n\n\nrouter = SimpleRouter(trailing_slash=False)\n\n\n\nTrailing slashes are conventional in Django, but are not used by default in some other frameworks such as Rails.  Which style you choose to use is largely a matter of preference, although some javascript frameworks may expect a particular routing style.\n\n\nThe router will match lookup values containing any characters except slashes and period characters.  For a more restrictive (or lenient) lookup pattern, set the \nlookup_value_regex\n attribute on the viewset.  For example, you can limit the lookup to valid UUIDs:\n\n\nclass MyModelViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    lookup_field = 'my_model_id'\n    lookup_value_regex = '[0-9a-f]{32}'\n\n\n\nDefaultRouter\n\n\nThis router is similar to \nSimpleRouter\n as above, but additionally includes a default API root view, that returns a response containing hyperlinks to all the list views.  It also generates routes for optional \n.json\n style format suffixes.\n\n\n\n    \nURL Style\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n[.format]\nGET\nautomatically generated root view\napi-root\n\n    \n{prefix}/[.format]\nGET\nlist\n{basename}-list\n\n    \nPOST\ncreate\n\n    \n{prefix}/{url_path}/[.format]\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=False)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/[.format]\nGET\nretrieve\n{basename}-detail\n\n    \nPUT\nupdate\n\n    \nPATCH\npartial_update\n\n    \nDELETE\ndestroy\n\n    \n{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/[.format]\nGET, or as specified by `methods` argument\n`@action(detail=True)` decorated method\n{basename}-{url_name}\n\n\n\n\n\nAs with \nSimpleRouter\n the trailing slashes on the URL routes can be removed by setting the \ntrailing_slash\n argument to \nFalse\n when instantiating the router.\n\n\nrouter = DefaultRouter(trailing_slash=False)\n\n\n\nCustom Routers\n\n\nImplementing a custom router isn't something you'd need to do very often, but it can be useful if you have specific requirements about how the URLs for your API are structured.  Doing so allows you to encapsulate the URL structure in a reusable way that ensures you don't have to write your URL patterns explicitly for each new view.\n\n\nThe simplest way to implement a custom router is to subclass one of the existing router classes.  The \n.routes\n attribute is used to template the URL patterns that will be mapped to each viewset. The \n.routes\n attribute is a list of \nRoute\n named tuples.\n\n\nThe arguments to the \nRoute\n named tuple are:\n\n\nurl\n: A string representing the URL to be routed.  May include the following format strings:\n\n\n\n\n{prefix}\n - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.\n\n\n{lookup}\n - The lookup field used to match against a single instance.\n\n\n{trailing_slash}\n - Either a '/' or an empty string, depending on the \ntrailing_slash\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nmapping\n: A mapping of HTTP method names to the view methods\n\n\nname\n: The name of the URL as used in \nreverse\n calls. May include the following format string:\n\n\n\n\n{basename}\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\n\n\ninitkwargs\n: A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.  Note that the \ndetail\n, \nbasename\n, and \nsuffix\n arguments are reserved for viewset introspection and are also used by the browsable API to generate the view name and breadcrumb links.\n\n\nCustomizing dynamic routes\n\n\nYou can also customize how the \n@action\n decorator is routed. Include the \nDynamicRoute\n named tuple in the \n.routes\n list, setting the \ndetail\n argument as appropriate for the list-based and detail-based routes. In addition to \ndetail\n, the arguments to \nDynamicRoute\n are:\n\n\nurl\n: A string representing the URL to be routed. May include the same format strings as \nRoute\n, and additionally accepts the \n{url_path}\n format string.\n\n\nname\n: The name of the URL as used in \nreverse\n calls. May include the following format strings:\n\n\n\n\n{basename}\n - The base to use for the URL names that are created.\n\n\n{url_name}\n - The \nurl_name\n provided to the \n@action\n.\n\n\n\n\ninitkwargs\n: A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example will only route to the \nlist\n and \nretrieve\n actions, and does not use the trailing slash convention.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute, SimpleRouter\n\nclass CustomReadOnlyRouter(SimpleRouter):\n    \"\"\"\n    A router for read-only APIs, which doesn't use trailing slashes.\n    \"\"\"\n    routes = [\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'list'},\n            name='{basename}-list',\n            detail=False,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}\n        ),\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'retrieve'},\n            name='{basename}-detail',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Detail'}\n        ),\n        DynamicRoute(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}$',\n            name='{basename}-{url_name}',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={}\n        )\n    ]\n\n\n\nLet's take a look at the routes our \nCustomReadOnlyRouter\n would generate for a simple viewset.\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_field = 'username'\n\n    @action(detail=True)\n    def group_names(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Returns a list of all the group names that the given\n        user belongs to.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.get_object()\n        groups = user.groups.all()\n        return Response([group.name for group in groups])\n\n\n\nurls.py\n:\n\n\nrouter = CustomReadOnlyRouter()\nrouter.register('users', UserViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls\n\n\n\nThe following mappings would be generated...\n\n\n\n    \nURL\nHTTP Method\nAction\nURL Name\n\n    \n/users\nGET\nlist\nuser-list\n\n    \n/users/{username}\nGET\nretrieve\nuser-detail\n\n    \n/users/{username}/group_names\nGET\ngroup_names\nuser-group-names\n\n\n\n\n\nFor another example of setting the \n.routes\n attribute, see the source code for the \nSimpleRouter\n class.\n\n\nAdvanced custom routers\n\n\nIf you want to provide totally custom behavior, you can override \nBaseRouter\n and override the \nget_urls(self)\n method.  The method should inspect the registered viewsets and return a list of URL patterns.  The registered prefix, viewset and basename tuples may be inspected by accessing the \nself.registry\n attribute.\n\n\nYou may also want to override the \nget_default_basename(self, viewset)\n method, or else always explicitly set the \nbasename\n argument when registering your viewsets with the router.\n\n\nThird Party Packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Nested Routers\n\n\nThe \ndrf-nested-routers package\n provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nModelRouter (wq.db.rest)\n\n\nThe \nwq.db package\n provides an advanced \nModelRouter\n class (and singleton instance) that extends \nDefaultRouter\n with a \nregister_model()\n API. Much like Django's \nadmin.site.register\n, the only required argument to \nrest.router.register_model\n is a model class.  Reasonable defaults for a url prefix, serializer, and viewset will be inferred from the model and global configuration.\n\n\nfrom wq.db import rest\nfrom myapp.models import MyModel\n\nrest.router.register_model(MyModel)\n\n\n\nDRF-extensions\n\n\nThe \nDRF-extensions\n package\n provides \nrouters\n for creating \nnested viewsets\n, \ncollection level controllers\n with \ncustomizable endpoint names\n.",
             "title": "Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#routers", 
-            "text": "Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller.  Instead of declaring separate routes for your index... a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.    Ruby on Rails Documentation   Some Web frameworks such as Rails provide functionality for automatically determining how the URLs for an application should be mapped to the logic that deals with handling incoming requests.  REST framework adds support for automatic URL routing to Django, and provides you with a simple, quick and consistent way of wiring your view logic to a set of URLs.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#routers",
+            "text": "Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller.  Instead of declaring separate routes for your index... a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.  \u2014  Ruby on Rails Documentation   Some Web frameworks such as Rails provide functionality for automatically determining how the URLs for an application should be mapped to the logic that deals with handling incoming requests.  REST framework adds support for automatic URL routing to Django, and provides you with a simple, quick and consistent way of wiring your view logic to a set of URLs.",
             "title": "Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#usage", 
-            "text": "Here's an example of a simple URL conf, that uses  SimpleRouter .  from rest_framework import routers\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls  There are two mandatory arguments to the  register()  method:   prefix  - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.  viewset  - The viewset class.   Optionally, you may also specify an additional argument:   basename  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  If unset the basename will be automatically generated based on the  queryset  attribute of the viewset, if it has one.  Note that if the viewset does not include a  queryset  attribute then you must set  basename  when registering the viewset.   The example above would generate the following URL patterns:   URL pattern:  ^users/$   Name:  'user-list'  URL pattern:  ^users/{pk}/$   Name:  'user-detail'  URL pattern:  ^accounts/$   Name:  'account-list'  URL pattern:  ^accounts/{pk}/$   Name:  'account-detail'    Note : The  basename  argument is used to specify the initial part of the view name pattern.  In the example above, that's the  user  or  account  part.  Typically you won't  need  to specify the  basename  argument, but if you have a viewset where you've defined a custom  get_queryset  method, then the viewset may not have a  .queryset  attribute set.  If you try to register that viewset you'll see an error like this:  'basename' argument not specified, and could not automatically determine the name from the viewset, as it does not have a '.queryset' attribute.  This means you'll need to explicitly set the  basename  argument when registering the viewset, as it could not be automatically determined from the model name.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#usage",
+            "text": "Here's an example of a simple URL conf, that uses  SimpleRouter .  from rest_framework import routers\n\nrouter = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls  There are two mandatory arguments to the  register()  method:   prefix  - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.  viewset  - The viewset class.   Optionally, you may also specify an additional argument:   basename  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  If unset the basename will be automatically generated based on the  queryset  attribute of the viewset, if it has one.  Note that if the viewset does not include a  queryset  attribute then you must set  basename  when registering the viewset.   The example above would generate the following URL patterns:   URL pattern:  ^users/$   Name:  'user-list'  URL pattern:  ^users/{pk}/$   Name:  'user-detail'  URL pattern:  ^accounts/$   Name:  'account-list'  URL pattern:  ^accounts/{pk}/$   Name:  'account-detail'    Note : The  basename  argument is used to specify the initial part of the view name pattern.  In the example above, that's the  user  or  account  part.  Typically you won't  need  to specify the  basename  argument, but if you have a viewset where you've defined a custom  get_queryset  method, then the viewset may not have a  .queryset  attribute set.  If you try to register that viewset you'll see an error like this:  'basename' argument not specified, and could not automatically determine the name from the viewset, as it does not have a '.queryset' attribute.  This means you'll need to explicitly set the  basename  argument when registering the viewset, as it could not be automatically determined from the model name.",
             "title": "Usage"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#using-include-with-routers", 
-            "text": "The  .urls  attribute on a router instance is simply a standard list of URL patterns. There are a number of different styles for how you can include these URLs.  For example, you can append  router.urls  to a list of existing views...  router = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns += router.urls  Alternatively you can use Django's  include  function, like so...  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]  You may use  include  with an application namespace:  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'))),\n]  Or both an application and instance namespace:  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'), namespace='instance_name')),\n]  See Django's  URL namespaces docs  and the  include  API reference  for more details.   Note : If using namespacing with hyperlinked serializers you'll also need to ensure that any  view_name  parameters\non the serializers correctly reflect the namespace. In the examples above you'd need to include a parameter such as view_name='app_name:user-detail'  for serializer fields hyperlinked to the user detail view.  The automatic  view_name  generation uses a pattern like  %(model_name)-detail . Unless your models names actually clash\nyou may be better off  not  namespacing your Django REST Framework views when using hyperlinked serializers.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#using-include-with-routers",
+            "text": "The  .urls  attribute on a router instance is simply a standard list of URL patterns. There are a number of different styles for how you can include these URLs.  For example, you can append  router.urls  to a list of existing views...  router = routers.SimpleRouter()\nrouter.register(r'users', UserViewSet)\nrouter.register(r'accounts', AccountViewSet)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n]\n\nurlpatterns += router.urls  Alternatively you can use Django's  include  function, like so...  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]  You may use  include  with an application namespace:  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'))),\n]  Or both an application and instance namespace:  urlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^forgot-password/$', ForgotPasswordFormView.as_view()),\n    url(r'^api/', include((router.urls, 'app_name'), namespace='instance_name')),\n]  See Django's  URL namespaces docs  and the  include  API reference  for more details.   Note : If using namespacing with hyperlinked serializers you'll also need to ensure that any  view_name  parameters\non the serializers correctly reflect the namespace. In the examples above you'd need to include a parameter such as view_name='app_name:user-detail'  for serializer fields hyperlinked to the user detail view.  The automatic  view_name  generation uses a pattern like  %(model_name)-detail . Unless your models names actually clash\nyou may be better off  not  namespacing your Django REST Framework views when using hyperlinked serializers.",
             "title": "Using include with routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#routing-for-extra-actions", 
-            "text": "A viewset may  mark extra actions for routing  by decorating a method with the  @action  decorator. These extra actions will be included in the generated routes. For example, given the  set_password  method on the  UserViewSet  class:  from myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...  The following route would be generated:   URL pattern:  ^users/{pk}/set_password/$  URL name:  'user-set-password'   By default, the URL pattern is based on the method name, and the URL name is the combination of the  ViewSet.basename  and the hyphenated method name.\nIf you don't want to use the defaults for either of these values, you can instead provide the  url_path  and  url_name  arguments to the  @action  decorator.  For example, if you want to change the URL for our custom action to  ^users/{pk}/change-password/$ , you could write:  from myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf],\n            url_path='change-password', url_name='change_password')\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...  The above example would now generate the following URL pattern:   URL path:  ^users/{pk}/change-password/$  URL name:  'user-change_password'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#routing-for-extra-actions",
+            "text": "A viewset may  mark extra actions for routing  by decorating a method with the  @action  decorator. These extra actions will be included in the generated routes. For example, given the  set_password  method on the  UserViewSet  class:  from myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...  The following route would be generated:   URL pattern:  ^users/{pk}/set_password/$  URL name:  'user-set-password'   By default, the URL pattern is based on the method name, and the URL name is the combination of the  ViewSet.basename  and the hyphenated method name.\nIf you don't want to use the defaults for either of these values, you can instead provide the  url_path  and  url_name  arguments to the  @action  decorator.  For example, if you want to change the URL for our custom action to  ^users/{pk}/change-password/$ , you could write:  from myapp.permissions import IsAdminOrIsSelf\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import action\n\nclass UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):\n    ...\n\n    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf],\n            url_path='change-password', url_name='change_password')\n    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):\n        ...  The above example would now generate the following URL pattern:   URL path:  ^users/{pk}/change-password/$  URL name:  'user-change_password'",
             "title": "Routing for extra actions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#api-guide", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#api-guide",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Guide"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#simplerouter", 
-            "text": "This router includes routes for the standard set of  list ,  create ,  retrieve ,  update ,  partial_update  and  destroy  actions.  The viewset can also mark additional methods to be routed, using the  @action  decorator.  \n     URL Style HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     {prefix}/ GET list {basename}-list \n     POST create \n     {prefix}/{url_path}/ GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=False)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name} \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/ GET retrieve {basename}-detail \n     PUT update \n     PATCH partial_update \n     DELETE destroy \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/ GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=True)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name}   By default the URLs created by  SimpleRouter  are appended with a trailing slash.\nThis behavior can be modified by setting the  trailing_slash  argument to  False  when instantiating the router.  For example:  router = SimpleRouter(trailing_slash=False)  Trailing slashes are conventional in Django, but are not used by default in some other frameworks such as Rails.  Which style you choose to use is largely a matter of preference, although some javascript frameworks may expect a particular routing style.  The router will match lookup values containing any characters except slashes and period characters.  For a more restrictive (or lenient) lookup pattern, set the  lookup_value_regex  attribute on the viewset.  For example, you can limit the lookup to valid UUIDs:  class MyModelViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    lookup_field = 'my_model_id'\n    lookup_value_regex = '[0-9a-f]{32}'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#simplerouter",
+            "text": "This router includes routes for the standard set of  list ,  create ,  retrieve ,  update ,  partial_update  and  destroy  actions.  The viewset can also mark additional methods to be routed, using the  @action  decorator.  \n     URL Style HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     {prefix}/ GET list {basename}-list \n     POST create \n     {prefix}/{url_path}/ GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=False)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name} \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/ GET retrieve {basename}-detail \n     PUT update \n     PATCH partial_update \n     DELETE destroy \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/ GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=True)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name}   By default the URLs created by  SimpleRouter  are appended with a trailing slash.\nThis behavior can be modified by setting the  trailing_slash  argument to  False  when instantiating the router.  For example:  router = SimpleRouter(trailing_slash=False)  Trailing slashes are conventional in Django, but are not used by default in some other frameworks such as Rails.  Which style you choose to use is largely a matter of preference, although some javascript frameworks may expect a particular routing style.  The router will match lookup values containing any characters except slashes and period characters.  For a more restrictive (or lenient) lookup pattern, set the  lookup_value_regex  attribute on the viewset.  For example, you can limit the lookup to valid UUIDs:  class MyModelViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, viewsets.GenericViewSet):\n    lookup_field = 'my_model_id'\n    lookup_value_regex = '[0-9a-f]{32}'",
             "title": "SimpleRouter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#defaultrouter", 
-            "text": "This router is similar to  SimpleRouter  as above, but additionally includes a default API root view, that returns a response containing hyperlinks to all the list views.  It also generates routes for optional  .json  style format suffixes.  \n     URL Style HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     [.format] GET automatically generated root view api-root \n     {prefix}/[.format] GET list {basename}-list \n     POST create \n     {prefix}/{url_path}/[.format] GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=False)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name} \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/[.format] GET retrieve {basename}-detail \n     PUT update \n     PATCH partial_update \n     DELETE destroy \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/[.format] GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=True)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name}   As with  SimpleRouter  the trailing slashes on the URL routes can be removed by setting the  trailing_slash  argument to  False  when instantiating the router.  router = DefaultRouter(trailing_slash=False)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#defaultrouter",
+            "text": "This router is similar to  SimpleRouter  as above, but additionally includes a default API root view, that returns a response containing hyperlinks to all the list views.  It also generates routes for optional  .json  style format suffixes.  \n     URL Style HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     [.format] GET automatically generated root view api-root \n     {prefix}/[.format] GET list {basename}-list \n     POST create \n     {prefix}/{url_path}/[.format] GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=False)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name} \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/[.format] GET retrieve {basename}-detail \n     PUT update \n     PATCH partial_update \n     DELETE destroy \n     {prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}/[.format] GET, or as specified by `methods` argument `@action(detail=True)` decorated method {basename}-{url_name}   As with  SimpleRouter  the trailing slashes on the URL routes can be removed by setting the  trailing_slash  argument to  False  when instantiating the router.  router = DefaultRouter(trailing_slash=False)",
             "title": "DefaultRouter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#custom-routers", 
-            "text": "Implementing a custom router isn't something you'd need to do very often, but it can be useful if you have specific requirements about how the URLs for your API are structured.  Doing so allows you to encapsulate the URL structure in a reusable way that ensures you don't have to write your URL patterns explicitly for each new view.  The simplest way to implement a custom router is to subclass one of the existing router classes.  The  .routes  attribute is used to template the URL patterns that will be mapped to each viewset. The  .routes  attribute is a list of  Route  named tuples.  The arguments to the  Route  named tuple are:  url : A string representing the URL to be routed.  May include the following format strings:   {prefix}  - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.  {lookup}  - The lookup field used to match against a single instance.  {trailing_slash}  - Either a '/' or an empty string, depending on the  trailing_slash  argument.   mapping : A mapping of HTTP method names to the view methods  name : The name of the URL as used in  reverse  calls. May include the following format string:   {basename}  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.   initkwargs : A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.  Note that the  detail ,  basename , and  suffix  arguments are reserved for viewset introspection and are also used by the browsable API to generate the view name and breadcrumb links.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#custom-routers",
+            "text": "Implementing a custom router isn't something you'd need to do very often, but it can be useful if you have specific requirements about how the URLs for your API are structured.  Doing so allows you to encapsulate the URL structure in a reusable way that ensures you don't have to write your URL patterns explicitly for each new view.  The simplest way to implement a custom router is to subclass one of the existing router classes.  The  .routes  attribute is used to template the URL patterns that will be mapped to each viewset. The  .routes  attribute is a list of  Route  named tuples.  The arguments to the  Route  named tuple are:  url : A string representing the URL to be routed.  May include the following format strings:   {prefix}  - The URL prefix to use for this set of routes.  {lookup}  - The lookup field used to match against a single instance.  {trailing_slash}  - Either a '/' or an empty string, depending on the  trailing_slash  argument.   mapping : A mapping of HTTP method names to the view methods  name : The name of the URL as used in  reverse  calls. May include the following format string:   {basename}  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.   initkwargs : A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.  Note that the  detail ,  basename , and  suffix  arguments are reserved for viewset introspection and are also used by the browsable API to generate the view name and breadcrumb links.",
             "title": "Custom Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#customizing-dynamic-routes", 
-            "text": "You can also customize how the  @action  decorator is routed. Include the  DynamicRoute  named tuple in the  .routes  list, setting the  detail  argument as appropriate for the list-based and detail-based routes. In addition to  detail , the arguments to  DynamicRoute  are:  url : A string representing the URL to be routed. May include the same format strings as  Route , and additionally accepts the  {url_path}  format string.  name : The name of the URL as used in  reverse  calls. May include the following format strings:   {basename}  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  {url_name}  - The  url_name  provided to the  @action .   initkwargs : A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#customizing-dynamic-routes",
+            "text": "You can also customize how the  @action  decorator is routed. Include the  DynamicRoute  named tuple in the  .routes  list, setting the  detail  argument as appropriate for the list-based and detail-based routes. In addition to  detail , the arguments to  DynamicRoute  are:  url : A string representing the URL to be routed. May include the same format strings as  Route , and additionally accepts the  {url_path}  format string.  name : The name of the URL as used in  reverse  calls. May include the following format strings:   {basename}  - The base to use for the URL names that are created.  {url_name}  - The  url_name  provided to the  @action .   initkwargs : A dictionary of any additional arguments that should be passed when instantiating the view.",
             "title": "Customizing dynamic routes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#example", 
-            "text": "The following example will only route to the  list  and  retrieve  actions, and does not use the trailing slash convention.  from rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute, SimpleRouter\n\nclass CustomReadOnlyRouter(SimpleRouter):\n    \"\"\"\n    A router for read-only APIs, which doesn't use trailing slashes.\n    \"\"\"\n    routes = [\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'list'},\n            name='{basename}-list',\n            detail=False,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}\n        ),\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'retrieve'},\n            name='{basename}-detail',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Detail'}\n        ),\n        DynamicRoute(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}$',\n            name='{basename}-{url_name}',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={}\n        )\n    ]  Let's take a look at the routes our  CustomReadOnlyRouter  would generate for a simple viewset.  views.py :  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_field = 'username'\n\n    @action(detail=True)\n    def group_names(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Returns a list of all the group names that the given\n        user belongs to.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.get_object()\n        groups = user.groups.all()\n        return Response([group.name for group in groups])  urls.py :  router = CustomReadOnlyRouter()\nrouter.register('users', UserViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls  The following mappings would be generated...  \n     URL HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     /users GET list user-list \n     /users/{username} GET retrieve user-detail \n     /users/{username}/group_names GET group_names user-group-names   For another example of setting the  .routes  attribute, see the source code for the  SimpleRouter  class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#example",
+            "text": "The following example will only route to the  list  and  retrieve  actions, and does not use the trailing slash convention.  from rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute, SimpleRouter\n\nclass CustomReadOnlyRouter(SimpleRouter):\n    \"\"\"\n    A router for read-only APIs, which doesn't use trailing slashes.\n    \"\"\"\n    routes = [\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'list'},\n            name='{basename}-list',\n            detail=False,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}\n        ),\n        Route(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}$',\n            mapping={'get': 'retrieve'},\n            name='{basename}-detail',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={'suffix': 'Detail'}\n        ),\n        DynamicRoute(\n            url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}$',\n            name='{basename}-{url_name}',\n            detail=True,\n            initkwargs={}\n        )\n    ]  Let's take a look at the routes our  CustomReadOnlyRouter  would generate for a simple viewset.  views.py :  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    A viewset that provides the standard actions\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    lookup_field = 'username'\n\n    @action(detail=True)\n    def group_names(self, request, pk=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Returns a list of all the group names that the given\n        user belongs to.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.get_object()\n        groups = user.groups.all()\n        return Response([group.name for group in groups])  urls.py :  router = CustomReadOnlyRouter()\nrouter.register('users', UserViewSet)\nurlpatterns = router.urls  The following mappings would be generated...  \n     URL HTTP Method Action URL Name \n     /users GET list user-list \n     /users/{username} GET retrieve user-detail \n     /users/{username}/group_names GET group_names user-group-names   For another example of setting the  .routes  attribute, see the source code for the  SimpleRouter  class.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#advanced-custom-routers", 
-            "text": "If you want to provide totally custom behavior, you can override  BaseRouter  and override the  get_urls(self)  method.  The method should inspect the registered viewsets and return a list of URL patterns.  The registered prefix, viewset and basename tuples may be inspected by accessing the  self.registry  attribute.  You may also want to override the  get_default_basename(self, viewset)  method, or else always explicitly set the  basename  argument when registering your viewsets with the router.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#advanced-custom-routers",
+            "text": "If you want to provide totally custom behavior, you can override  BaseRouter  and override the  get_urls(self)  method.  The method should inspect the registered viewsets and return a list of URL patterns.  The registered prefix, viewset and basename tuples may be inspected by accessing the  self.registry  attribute.  You may also want to override the  get_default_basename(self, viewset)  method, or else always explicitly set the  basename  argument when registering your viewsets with the router.",
             "title": "Advanced custom routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#drf-nested-routers", 
-            "text": "The  drf-nested-routers package  provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#drf-nested-routers",
+            "text": "The  drf-nested-routers package  provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.",
             "title": "DRF Nested Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#modelrouter-wqdbrest", 
-            "text": "The  wq.db package  provides an advanced  ModelRouter  class (and singleton instance) that extends  DefaultRouter  with a  register_model()  API. Much like Django's  admin.site.register , the only required argument to  rest.router.register_model  is a model class.  Reasonable defaults for a url prefix, serializer, and viewset will be inferred from the model and global configuration.  from wq.db import rest\nfrom myapp.models import MyModel\n\nrest.router.register_model(MyModel)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#modelrouter-wqdbrest",
+            "text": "The  wq.db package  provides an advanced  ModelRouter  class (and singleton instance) that extends  DefaultRouter  with a  register_model()  API. Much like Django's  admin.site.register , the only required argument to  rest.router.register_model  is a model class.  Reasonable defaults for a url prefix, serializer, and viewset will be inferred from the model and global configuration.  from wq.db import rest\nfrom myapp.models import MyModel\n\nrest.router.register_model(MyModel)",
             "title": "ModelRouter (wq.db.rest)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#drf-extensions", 
-            "text": "The  DRF-extensions  package  provides  routers  for creating  nested viewsets ,  collection level controllers  with  customizable endpoint names .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/routers/#drf-extensions",
+            "text": "The  DRF-extensions  package  provides  routers  for creating  nested viewsets ,  collection level controllers  with  customizable endpoint names .",
             "title": "DRF-extensions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/", 
-            "text": "Parsers\n\n\n\n\nMachine interacting web services tend to use more\nstructured formats for sending data than form-encoded, since they're\nsending more complex data than simple forms\n\n\n Malcom Tredinnick, \nDjango developers group\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of built in Parser classes, that allow you to accept requests with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom parsers, which gives you the flexibility to design the media types that your API accepts.\n\n\nHow the parser is determined\n\n\nThe set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When  \nrequest.data\n is accessed, REST framework will examine the \nContent-Type\n header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: When developing client applications always remember to make sure you're setting the \nContent-Type\n header when sending data in an HTTP request.\n\n\nIf you don't set the content type, most clients will default to using \n'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'\n, which may not be what you wanted.\n\n\nAs an example, if you are sending \njson\n encoded data using jQuery with the \n.ajax() method\n, you should make sure to include the \ncontentType: 'application/json'\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nSetting the parsers\n\n\nThe default set of parsers may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n setting. For example, the following settings would allow only requests with \nJSON\n content, instead of the default of JSON or form data.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the parsers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    parser_classes = (JSONParser,)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({'received data': request.data})\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import parser_classes\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\n@api_view(['POST'])\n@parser_classes((JSONParser,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    return Response({'received data': request.data})\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nJSONParser\n\n\nParses \nJSON\n request content.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/json\n\n\nFormParser\n\n\nParses HTML form content.  \nrequest.data\n will be populated with a \nQueryDict\n of data.\n\n\nYou will typically want to use both \nFormParser\n and \nMultiPartParser\n together in order to fully support HTML form data.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/x-www-form-urlencoded\n\n\nMultiPartParser\n\n\nParses multipart HTML form content, which supports file uploads.  Both \nrequest.data\n will be populated with a \nQueryDict\n.\n\n\nYou will typically want to use both \nFormParser\n and \nMultiPartParser\n together in order to fully support HTML form data.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \nmultipart/form-data\n\n\nFileUploadParser\n\n\nParses raw file upload content.  The \nrequest.data\n property will be a dictionary with a single key \n'file'\n containing the uploaded file.\n\n\nIf the view used with \nFileUploadParser\n is called with a \nfilename\n URL keyword argument, then that argument will be used as the filename.\n\n\nIf it is called without a \nfilename\n URL keyword argument, then the client must set the filename in the \nContent-Disposition\n HTTP header.  For example \nContent-Disposition: attachment; filename=upload.jpg\n.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \n*/*\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nFileUploadParser\n is for usage with native clients that can upload the file as a raw data request.  For web-based uploads, or for native clients with multipart upload support, you should use the \nMultiPartParser\n parser instead.\n\n\nSince this parser's \nmedia_type\n matches any content type, \nFileUploadParser\n should generally be the only parser set on an API view.\n\n\nFileUploadParser\n respects Django's standard \nFILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS\n setting, and the \nrequest.upload_handlers\n attribute.  See the \nDjango documentation\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nBasic usage example:\n\n\n# views.py\nclass FileUploadView(views.APIView):\n    parser_classes = (FileUploadParser,)\n\n    def put(self, request, filename, format=None):\n        file_obj = request.data['file']\n        # ...\n        # do some stuff with uploaded file\n        # ...\n        return Response(status=204)\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    # ...\n    url(r'^upload/(?P\nfilename\n[^/]+)$', FileUploadView.as_view())\n]\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom parsers\n\n\nTo implement a custom parser, you should override \nBaseParser\n, set the \n.media_type\n property, and implement the \n.parse(self, stream, media_type, parser_context)\n method.\n\n\nThe method should return the data that will be used to populate the \nrequest.data\n property.\n\n\nThe arguments passed to \n.parse()\n are:\n\n\nstream\n\n\nA stream-like object representing the body of the request.\n\n\nmedia_type\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is the media type of the incoming request content.\n\n\nDepending on the request's \nContent-Type:\n header, this may be more specific than the renderer's \nmedia_type\n attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example \n\"text/plain; charset=utf-8\"\n.\n\n\nparser_context\n\n\nOptional.  If supplied, this argument will be a dictionary containing any additional context that may be required to parse the request content.\n\n\nBy default this will include the following keys: \nview\n, \nrequest\n, \nargs\n, \nkwargs\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example plaintext parser that will populate the \nrequest.data\n property with a string representing the body of the request.\n\n\nclass PlainTextParser(BaseParser):\n    \"\"\"\n    Plain text parser.\n    \"\"\"\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n\n    def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Simply return a string representing the body of the request.\n        \"\"\"\n        return stream.read()\n\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nYAML\n\n\nREST framework YAML\n provides \nYAML\n parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nXML\n\n\nREST Framework XML\n provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nMessagePack\n\n\nMessagePack\n is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.  \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.\n\n\nCamelCase JSON\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by \nVitaly Babiy\n.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/",
+            "text": "Parsers\n\n\n\n\nMachine interacting web services tend to use more\nstructured formats for sending data than form-encoded, since they're\nsending more complex data than simple forms\n\n\n\u2014 Malcom Tredinnick, \nDjango developers group\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of built in Parser classes, that allow you to accept requests with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom parsers, which gives you the flexibility to design the media types that your API accepts.\n\n\nHow the parser is determined\n\n\nThe set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When  \nrequest.data\n is accessed, REST framework will examine the \nContent-Type\n header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: When developing client applications always remember to make sure you're setting the \nContent-Type\n header when sending data in an HTTP request.\n\n\nIf you don't set the content type, most clients will default to using \n'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'\n, which may not be what you wanted.\n\n\nAs an example, if you are sending \njson\n encoded data using jQuery with the \n.ajax() method\n, you should make sure to include the \ncontentType: 'application/json'\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nSetting the parsers\n\n\nThe default set of parsers may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n setting. For example, the following settings would allow only requests with \nJSON\n content, instead of the default of JSON or form data.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the parsers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    parser_classes = (JSONParser,)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({'received data': request.data})\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import parser_classes\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\n@api_view(['POST'])\n@parser_classes((JSONParser,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    return Response({'received data': request.data})\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nJSONParser\n\n\nParses \nJSON\n request content.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/json\n\n\nFormParser\n\n\nParses HTML form content.  \nrequest.data\n will be populated with a \nQueryDict\n of data.\n\n\nYou will typically want to use both \nFormParser\n and \nMultiPartParser\n together in order to fully support HTML form data.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/x-www-form-urlencoded\n\n\nMultiPartParser\n\n\nParses multipart HTML form content, which supports file uploads.  Both \nrequest.data\n will be populated with a \nQueryDict\n.\n\n\nYou will typically want to use both \nFormParser\n and \nMultiPartParser\n together in order to fully support HTML form data.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \nmultipart/form-data\n\n\nFileUploadParser\n\n\nParses raw file upload content.  The \nrequest.data\n property will be a dictionary with a single key \n'file'\n containing the uploaded file.\n\n\nIf the view used with \nFileUploadParser\n is called with a \nfilename\n URL keyword argument, then that argument will be used as the filename.\n\n\nIf it is called without a \nfilename\n URL keyword argument, then the client must set the filename in the \nContent-Disposition\n HTTP header.  For example \nContent-Disposition: attachment; filename=upload.jpg\n.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \n*/*\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nFileUploadParser\n is for usage with native clients that can upload the file as a raw data request.  For web-based uploads, or for native clients with multipart upload support, you should use the \nMultiPartParser\n parser instead.\n\n\nSince this parser's \nmedia_type\n matches any content type, \nFileUploadParser\n should generally be the only parser set on an API view.\n\n\nFileUploadParser\n respects Django's standard \nFILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS\n setting, and the \nrequest.upload_handlers\n attribute.  See the \nDjango documentation\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nBasic usage example:\n\n\n# views.py\nclass FileUploadView(views.APIView):\n    parser_classes = (FileUploadParser,)\n\n    def put(self, request, filename, format=None):\n        file_obj = request.data['file']\n        # ...\n        # do some stuff with uploaded file\n        # ...\n        return Response(status=204)\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    # ...\n    url(r'^upload/(?P[^/]+)$', FileUploadView.as_view())\n]\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom parsers\n\n\nTo implement a custom parser, you should override \nBaseParser\n, set the \n.media_type\n property, and implement the \n.parse(self, stream, media_type, parser_context)\n method.\n\n\nThe method should return the data that will be used to populate the \nrequest.data\n property.\n\n\nThe arguments passed to \n.parse()\n are:\n\n\nstream\n\n\nA stream-like object representing the body of the request.\n\n\nmedia_type\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is the media type of the incoming request content.\n\n\nDepending on the request's \nContent-Type:\n header, this may be more specific than the renderer's \nmedia_type\n attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example \n\"text/plain; charset=utf-8\"\n.\n\n\nparser_context\n\n\nOptional.  If supplied, this argument will be a dictionary containing any additional context that may be required to parse the request content.\n\n\nBy default this will include the following keys: \nview\n, \nrequest\n, \nargs\n, \nkwargs\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example plaintext parser that will populate the \nrequest.data\n property with a string representing the body of the request.\n\n\nclass PlainTextParser(BaseParser):\n    \"\"\"\n    Plain text parser.\n    \"\"\"\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n\n    def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Simply return a string representing the body of the request.\n        \"\"\"\n        return stream.read()\n\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nYAML\n\n\nREST framework YAML\n provides \nYAML\n parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nXML\n\n\nREST Framework XML\n provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nMessagePack\n\n\nMessagePack\n is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.  \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.\n\n\nCamelCase JSON\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by \nVitaly Babiy\n.",
             "title": "Parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#parsers", 
-            "text": "Machine interacting web services tend to use more\nstructured formats for sending data than form-encoded, since they're\nsending more complex data than simple forms   Malcom Tredinnick,  Django developers group   REST framework includes a number of built in Parser classes, that allow you to accept requests with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom parsers, which gives you the flexibility to design the media types that your API accepts.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#parsers",
+            "text": "Machine interacting web services tend to use more\nstructured formats for sending data than form-encoded, since they're\nsending more complex data than simple forms  \u2014 Malcom Tredinnick,  Django developers group   REST framework includes a number of built in Parser classes, that allow you to accept requests with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom parsers, which gives you the flexibility to design the media types that your API accepts.",
             "title": "Parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#how-the-parser-is-determined", 
-            "text": "The set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When   request.data  is accessed, REST framework will examine the  Content-Type  header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.   Note : When developing client applications always remember to make sure you're setting the  Content-Type  header when sending data in an HTTP request.  If you don't set the content type, most clients will default to using  'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' , which may not be what you wanted.  As an example, if you are sending  json  encoded data using jQuery with the  .ajax() method , you should make sure to include the  contentType: 'application/json'  setting.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#how-the-parser-is-determined",
+            "text": "The set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When   request.data  is accessed, REST framework will examine the  Content-Type  header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.   Note : When developing client applications always remember to make sure you're setting the  Content-Type  header when sending data in an HTTP request.  If you don't set the content type, most clients will default to using  'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' , which may not be what you wanted.  As an example, if you are sending  json  encoded data using jQuery with the  .ajax() method , you should make sure to include the  contentType: 'application/json'  setting.",
             "title": "How the parser is determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#setting-the-parsers", 
-            "text": "The default set of parsers may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES  setting. For example, the following settings would allow only requests with  JSON  content, instead of the default of JSON or form data.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}  You can also set the parsers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    parser_classes = (JSONParser,)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({'received data': request.data})  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import parser_classes\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\n@api_view(['POST'])\n@parser_classes((JSONParser,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    return Response({'received data': request.data})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#setting-the-parsers",
+            "text": "The default set of parsers may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES  setting. For example, the following settings would allow only requests with  JSON  content, instead of the default of JSON or form data.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}  You can also set the parsers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    parser_classes = (JSONParser,)\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({'received data': request.data})  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import parser_classes\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\n@api_view(['POST'])\n@parser_classes((JSONParser,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.\n    \"\"\"\n    return Response({'received data': request.data})",
             "title": "Setting the parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#jsonparser", 
-            "text": "Parses  JSON  request content.  .media_type :  application/json", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#jsonparser",
+            "text": "Parses  JSON  request content.  .media_type :  application/json",
             "title": "JSONParser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#formparser", 
-            "text": "Parses HTML form content.   request.data  will be populated with a  QueryDict  of data.  You will typically want to use both  FormParser  and  MultiPartParser  together in order to fully support HTML form data.  .media_type :  application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#formparser",
+            "text": "Parses HTML form content.   request.data  will be populated with a  QueryDict  of data.  You will typically want to use both  FormParser  and  MultiPartParser  together in order to fully support HTML form data.  .media_type :  application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
             "title": "FormParser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#multipartparser", 
-            "text": "Parses multipart HTML form content, which supports file uploads.  Both  request.data  will be populated with a  QueryDict .  You will typically want to use both  FormParser  and  MultiPartParser  together in order to fully support HTML form data.  .media_type :  multipart/form-data", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#multipartparser",
+            "text": "Parses multipart HTML form content, which supports file uploads.  Both  request.data  will be populated with a  QueryDict .  You will typically want to use both  FormParser  and  MultiPartParser  together in order to fully support HTML form data.  .media_type :  multipart/form-data",
             "title": "MultiPartParser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#fileuploadparser", 
-            "text": "Parses raw file upload content.  The  request.data  property will be a dictionary with a single key  'file'  containing the uploaded file.  If the view used with  FileUploadParser  is called with a  filename  URL keyword argument, then that argument will be used as the filename.  If it is called without a  filename  URL keyword argument, then the client must set the filename in the  Content-Disposition  HTTP header.  For example  Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=upload.jpg .  .media_type :  */*", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#fileuploadparser",
+            "text": "Parses raw file upload content.  The  request.data  property will be a dictionary with a single key  'file'  containing the uploaded file.  If the view used with  FileUploadParser  is called with a  filename  URL keyword argument, then that argument will be used as the filename.  If it is called without a  filename  URL keyword argument, then the client must set the filename in the  Content-Disposition  HTTP header.  For example  Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=upload.jpg .  .media_type :  */*",
             "title": "FileUploadParser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#notes", 
-            "text": "The  FileUploadParser  is for usage with native clients that can upload the file as a raw data request.  For web-based uploads, or for native clients with multipart upload support, you should use the  MultiPartParser  parser instead.  Since this parser's  media_type  matches any content type,  FileUploadParser  should generally be the only parser set on an API view.  FileUploadParser  respects Django's standard  FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS  setting, and the  request.upload_handlers  attribute.  See the  Django documentation  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#notes",
+            "text": "The  FileUploadParser  is for usage with native clients that can upload the file as a raw data request.  For web-based uploads, or for native clients with multipart upload support, you should use the  MultiPartParser  parser instead.  Since this parser's  media_type  matches any content type,  FileUploadParser  should generally be the only parser set on an API view.  FileUploadParser  respects Django's standard  FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS  setting, and the  request.upload_handlers  attribute.  See the  Django documentation  for more details.",
             "title": "Notes:"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#basic-usage-example", 
-            "text": "# views.py\nclass FileUploadView(views.APIView):\n    parser_classes = (FileUploadParser,)\n\n    def put(self, request, filename, format=None):\n        file_obj = request.data['file']\n        # ...\n        # do some stuff with uploaded file\n        # ...\n        return Response(status=204)\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    # ...\n    url(r'^upload/(?P filename [^/]+)$', FileUploadView.as_view())\n]", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#basic-usage-example",
+            "text": "# views.py\nclass FileUploadView(views.APIView):\n    parser_classes = (FileUploadParser,)\n\n    def put(self, request, filename, format=None):\n        file_obj = request.data['file']\n        # ...\n        # do some stuff with uploaded file\n        # ...\n        return Response(status=204)\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    # ...\n    url(r'^upload/(?P[^/]+)$', FileUploadView.as_view())\n]",
             "title": "Basic usage example:"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#custom-parsers", 
-            "text": "To implement a custom parser, you should override  BaseParser , set the  .media_type  property, and implement the  .parse(self, stream, media_type, parser_context)  method.  The method should return the data that will be used to populate the  request.data  property.  The arguments passed to  .parse()  are:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#custom-parsers",
+            "text": "To implement a custom parser, you should override  BaseParser , set the  .media_type  property, and implement the  .parse(self, stream, media_type, parser_context)  method.  The method should return the data that will be used to populate the  request.data  property.  The arguments passed to  .parse()  are:",
             "title": "Custom parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#stream", 
-            "text": "A stream-like object representing the body of the request.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#stream",
+            "text": "A stream-like object representing the body of the request.",
             "title": "stream"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#media_type", 
-            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is the media type of the incoming request content.  Depending on the request's  Content-Type:  header, this may be more specific than the renderer's  media_type  attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example  \"text/plain; charset=utf-8\" .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#media_type",
+            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is the media type of the incoming request content.  Depending on the request's  Content-Type:  header, this may be more specific than the renderer's  media_type  attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example  \"text/plain; charset=utf-8\" .",
             "title": "media_type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#parser_context", 
-            "text": "Optional.  If supplied, this argument will be a dictionary containing any additional context that may be required to parse the request content.  By default this will include the following keys:  view ,  request ,  args ,  kwargs .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#parser_context",
+            "text": "Optional.  If supplied, this argument will be a dictionary containing any additional context that may be required to parse the request content.  By default this will include the following keys:  view ,  request ,  args ,  kwargs .",
             "title": "parser_context"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#example", 
-            "text": "The following is an example plaintext parser that will populate the  request.data  property with a string representing the body of the request.  class PlainTextParser(BaseParser):\n    \"\"\"\n    Plain text parser.\n    \"\"\"\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n\n    def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Simply return a string representing the body of the request.\n        \"\"\"\n        return stream.read()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#example",
+            "text": "The following is an example plaintext parser that will populate the  request.data  property with a string representing the body of the request.  class PlainTextParser(BaseParser):\n    \"\"\"\n    Plain text parser.\n    \"\"\"\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n\n    def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):\n        \"\"\"\n        Simply return a string representing the body of the request.\n        \"\"\"\n        return stream.read()",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#yaml", 
-            "text": "REST framework YAML  provides  YAML  parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#yaml",
+            "text": "REST framework YAML  provides  YAML  parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.",
             "title": "YAML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#installation-configuration", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-yaml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#installation-configuration",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-yaml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#xml", 
-            "text": "REST Framework XML  provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#xml",
+            "text": "REST Framework XML  provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.",
             "title": "XML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#installation-configuration_1", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-xml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#installation-configuration_1",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-xml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#messagepack", 
-            "text": "MessagePack  is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.   Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-msgpack  package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#messagepack",
+            "text": "MessagePack  is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.   Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-msgpack  package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.",
             "title": "MessagePack"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#camelcase-json", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-camel-case  provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by  Vitaly Babiy .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/parsers/#camelcase-json",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-camel-case  provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by  Vitaly Babiy .",
             "title": "CamelCase JSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/", 
-            "text": "Renderers\n\n\n\n\nBefore a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of built in Renderer classes, that allow you to return responses with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom renderers, which gives you the flexibility to design your own media types.\n\n\nHow the renderer is determined\n\n\nThe set of valid renderers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When a view is entered REST framework will perform content negotiation on the incoming request, and determine the most appropriate renderer to satisfy the request.\n\n\nThe basic process of content negotiation involves examining the request's \nAccept\n header, to determine which media types it expects in the response.  Optionally, format suffixes on the URL may be used to explicitly request a particular representation.  For example the URL \nhttp://example.com/api/users_count.json\n might be an endpoint that always returns JSON data.\n\n\nFor more information see the documentation on \ncontent negotiation\n.\n\n\nSetting the renderers\n\n\nThe default set of renderers may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.  For example, the following settings would use \nJSON\n as the main media type and also include the self describing API.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the renderers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass UserCountView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    renderer_classes = (JSONRenderer, )\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n        content = {'user_count': user_count}\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@renderer_classes((JSONRenderer,))\ndef user_count_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n    content = {'user_count': user_count}\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOrdering of renderer classes\n\n\nIt's important when specifying the renderer classes for your API to think about what priority you want to assign to each media type.  If a client underspecifies the representations it can accept, such as sending an \nAccept: */*\n header, or not including an \nAccept\n header at all, then REST framework will select the first renderer in the list to use for the response.\n\n\nFor example if your API serves JSON responses and the HTML browsable API, you might want to make \nJSONRenderer\n your default renderer, in order to send \nJSON\n responses to clients that do not specify an \nAccept\n header.\n\n\nIf your API includes views that can serve both regular webpages and API responses depending on the request, then you might consider making \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n your default renderer, in order to play nicely with older browsers that send \nbroken accept headers\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nJSONRenderer\n\n\nRenders the request data into \nJSON\n, using utf-8 encoding.\n\n\nNote that the default style is to include unicode characters, and render the response using a compact style with no unnecessary whitespace:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\",\"value\":999}\n\n\n\nThe client may additionally include an \n'indent'\n media type parameter, in which case the returned \nJSON\n will be indented.  For example \nAccept: application/json; indent=4\n.\n\n\n{\n    \"unicode black star\": \"\u2605\",\n    \"value\": 999\n}\n\n\n\nThe default JSON encoding style can be altered using the \nUNICODE_JSON\n and \nCOMPACT_JSON\n settings keys.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/json\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.json'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nNone\n\n\nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n\n\nRenders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering.\nUnlike other renderers, the data passed to the \nResponse\n does not need to be serialized.  Also, unlike other renderers, you may want to include a \ntemplate_name\n argument when creating the \nResponse\n.\n\n\nThe TemplateHTMLRenderer will create a \nRequestContext\n, using the \nresponse.data\n as the context dict, and determine a template name to use to render the context.\n\n\nThe template name is determined by (in order of preference):\n\n\n\n\nAn explicit \ntemplate_name\n argument passed to the response.\n\n\nAn explicit \n.template_name\n attribute set on this class.\n\n\nThe return result of calling \nview.get_template_names()\n.\n\n\n\n\nAn example of a view that uses \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n:\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns a templated HTML representation of a given user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (TemplateHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        self.object = self.get_object()\n        return Response({'user': self.object}, template_name='user_detail.html')\n\n\n\nYou can use \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.\n\n\nIf you're building websites that use \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n along with other renderer classes, you should consider listing \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n as the first class in the \nrenderer_classes\n list, so that it will be prioritised first even for browsers that send poorly formed \nACCEPT:\n headers.\n\n\nSee the \nHTML \n Forms\n Topic Page\n for further examples of \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n usage.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.html'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\nSee also: \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n\n\nStaticHTMLRenderer\n\n\nA simple renderer that simply returns pre-rendered HTML.  Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the response object should be a string representing the content to be returned.\n\n\nAn example of a view that uses \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((StaticHTMLRenderer,))\ndef simple_html_view(request):\n    data = '\nhtml\nbody\nh1\nHello, world\n/h1\n/body\n/html\n'\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nYou can use \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.html'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\nSee also: \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n\n\nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n\n\nRenders data into HTML for the Browsable API:\n\n\n\n\nThis renderer will determine which other renderer would have been given highest priority, and use that to display an API style response within the HTML page.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.api'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/api.html'\n\n\nCustomizing BrowsableAPIRenderer\n\n\nBy default the response content will be rendered with the highest priority renderer apart from \nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n.  If you need to customize this behavior, for example to use HTML as the default return format, but use JSON in the browsable API, you can do so by overriding the \nget_default_renderer()\n method.  For example:\n\n\nclass CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):\n    def get_default_renderer(self, view):\n        return JSONRenderer()\n\n\n\nAdminRenderer\n\n\nRenders data into HTML for an admin-like display:\n\n\n\n\nThis renderer is suitable for CRUD-style web APIs that should also present a user-friendly interface for managing the data.\n\n\nNote that views that have nested or list serializers for their input won't work well with the \nAdminRenderer\n, as the HTML forms are unable to properly support them.\n\n\nNote\n: The \nAdminRenderer\n is only able to include links to detail pages when a properly configured \nURL_FIELD_NAME\n (\nurl\n by default) attribute is present in the data. For \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n this will be the case, but for \nModelSerializer\n or plain \nSerializer\n classes you'll need to make sure to include the field explicitly. For example here we use models \nget_absolute_url\n method:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.admin'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/admin.html'\n\n\nHTMLFormRenderer\n\n\nRenders data returned by a serializer into an HTML form. The output of this renderer does not include the enclosing \nform\n tags, a hidden CSRF input or any submit buttons.\n\n\nThis renderer is not intended to be used directly, but can instead be used in templates by passing a serializer instance to the \nrender_form\n template tag.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n\nform action=\"/submit-report/\" method=\"post\"\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \ninput type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\" /\n\n\n/form\n\n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nHTML \n Forms\n documentation.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.form'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/horizontal/form.html'\n\n\nMultiPartRenderer\n\n\nThis renderer is used for rendering HTML multipart form data.  \nIt is not suitable as a response renderer\n, but is instead used for creating test requests, using REST framework's \ntest client and test request factory\n.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \nmultipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.multipart'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n\n\nCustom renderers\n\n\nTo implement a custom renderer, you should override \nBaseRenderer\n, set the \n.media_type\n and \n.format\n properties, and implement the \n.render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None)\n method.\n\n\nThe method should return a bytestring, which will be used as the body of the HTTP response.\n\n\nThe arguments passed to the \n.render()\n method are:\n\n\ndata\n\n\nThe request data, as set by the \nResponse()\n instantiation.\n\n\nmedia_type=None\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is the accepted media type, as determined by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\nDepending on the client's \nAccept:\n header, this may be more specific than the renderer's \nmedia_type\n attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example \n\"application/json; nested=true\"\n.\n\n\nrenderer_context=None\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is a dictionary of contextual information provided by the view.\n\n\nBy default this will include the following keys: \nview\n, \nrequest\n, \nresponse\n, \nargs\n, \nkwargs\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example plaintext renderer that will return a response with the \ndata\n parameter as the content of the response.\n\n\nfrom django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)\n\n\n\nSetting the character set\n\n\nBy default renderer classes are assumed to be using the \nUTF-8\n encoding.  To use a different encoding, set the \ncharset\n attribute on the renderer.\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n    charset = 'iso-8859-1'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)\n\n\n\nNote that if a renderer class returns a unicode string, then the response content will be coerced into a bytestring by the \nResponse\n class, with the \ncharset\n attribute set on the renderer used to determine the encoding.\n\n\nIf the renderer returns a bytestring representing raw binary content, you should set a charset value of \nNone\n, which will ensure the \nContent-Type\n header of the response will not have a \ncharset\n value set.\n\n\nIn some cases you may also want to set the \nrender_style\n attribute to \n'binary'\n.  Doing so will also ensure that the browsable API will not attempt to display the binary content as a string.\n\n\nclass JPEGRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'image/jpeg'\n    format = 'jpg'\n    charset = None\n    render_style = 'binary'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data\n\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced renderer usage\n\n\nYou can do some pretty flexible things using REST framework's renderers.  Some examples...\n\n\n\n\nProvide either flat or nested representations from the same endpoint, depending on the requested media type.\n\n\nServe both regular HTML webpages, and JSON based API responses from the same endpoints.\n\n\nSpecify multiple types of HTML representation for API clients to use.\n\n\nUnderspecify a renderer's media type, such as using \nmedia_type = 'image/*'\n, and use the \nAccept\n header to vary the encoding of the response.\n\n\n\n\nVarying behaviour by media type\n\n\nIn some cases you might want your view to use different serialization styles depending on the accepted media type.  If you need to do this you can access \nrequest.accepted_renderer\n to determine the negotiated renderer that will be used for the response.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((TemplateHTMLRenderer, JSONRenderer))\ndef list_users(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can return JSON or HTML representations\n    of the users in the system.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Users.objects.filter(active=True)\n\n    if request.accepted_renderer.format == 'html':\n        # TemplateHTMLRenderer takes a context dict,\n        # and additionally requires a 'template_name'.\n        # It does not require serialization.\n        data = {'users': queryset}\n        return Response(data, template_name='list_users.html')\n\n    # JSONRenderer requires serialized data as normal.\n    serializer = UserSerializer(instance=queryset)\n    data = serializer.data\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nUnderspecifying the media type\n\n\nIn some cases you might want a renderer to serve a range of media types.\nIn this case you can underspecify the media types it should respond to, by using a \nmedia_type\n value such as \nimage/*\n, or \n*/*\n.\n\n\nIf you underspecify the renderer's media type, you should make sure to specify the media type explicitly when you return the response, using the \ncontent_type\n attribute.  For example:\n\n\nreturn Response(data, content_type='image/png')\n\n\n\nDesigning your media types\n\n\nFor the purposes of many Web APIs, simple \nJSON\n responses with hyperlinked relations may be sufficient.  If you want to fully embrace RESTful design and \nHATEOAS\n you'll need to consider the design and usage of your media types in more detail.\n\n\nIn \nthe words of Roy Fielding\n, \"A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types.\".\n\n\nFor good examples of custom media types, see GitHub's use of a custom \napplication/vnd.github+json\n media type, and Mike Amundsen's IANA approved \napplication/vnd.collection+json\n JSON-based hypermedia.\n\n\nHTML error views\n\n\nTypically a renderer will behave the same regardless of if it's dealing with a regular response, or with a response caused by an exception being raised, such as an \nHttp404\n or \nPermissionDenied\n exception, or a subclass of \nAPIException\n.\n\n\nIf you're using either the \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n or the \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n and an exception is raised, the behavior is slightly different, and mirrors \nDjango's default handling of error views\n.\n\n\nExceptions raised and handled by an HTML renderer will attempt to render using one of the following methods, by order of precedence.\n\n\n\n\nLoad and render a template named \n{status_code}.html\n.\n\n\nLoad and render a template named \napi_exception.html\n.\n\n\nRender the HTTP status code and text, for example \"404 Not Found\".\n\n\n\n\nTemplates will render with a \nRequestContext\n which includes the \nstatus_code\n and \ndetails\n keys.\n\n\nNote\n: If \nDEBUG=True\n, Django's standard traceback error page will be displayed instead of rendering the HTTP status code and text.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nYAML\n\n\nREST framework YAML\n provides \nYAML\n parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nXML\n\n\nREST Framework XML\n provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nJSONP\n\n\nREST framework JSONP\n provides JSONP rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\n\n\nWarning\n: If you require cross-domain AJAX requests, you should generally be using the more modern approach of \nCORS\n as an alternative to \nJSONP\n. See the \nCORS documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nThe \njsonp\n approach is essentially a browser hack, and is \nonly appropriate for globally readable API endpoints\n, where \nGET\n requests are unauthenticated and do not require any user permissions.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-jsonp\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_jsonp.renderers.JSONPRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nMessagePack\n\n\nMessagePack\n is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.  \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.\n\n\nXLSX (Binary Spreadsheet Endpoints)\n\n\nXLSX is the world's most popular binary spreadsheet format. \nTim Allen\n of \nThe Wharton School\n maintains \ndrf-renderer-xlsx\n, which renders an endpoint as an XLSX spreadsheet using OpenPyXL, and allows the client to download it. Spreadsheets can be styled on a per-view basis.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install drf-renderer-xlsx\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers.XLSXRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nTo avoid having a file streamed without a filename (which the browser will often default to the filename \"download\", with no extension), we need to use a mixin to override the \nContent-Disposition\n header. If no filename is provided, it will default to \nexport.xlsx\n. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.mixins import XLSXFileMixin\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers import XLSXRenderer\n\nfrom .models import MyExampleModel\nfrom .serializers import MyExampleSerializer\n\nclass MyExampleViewSet(XLSXFileMixin, ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    queryset = MyExampleModel.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = MyExampleSerializer\n    renderer_classes = (XLSXRenderer,)\n    filename = 'my_export.xlsx'\n\n\n\nCSV\n\n\nComma-separated values are a plain-text tabular data format, that can be easily imported into spreadsheet applications. \nMjumbe Poe\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-csv\n package which provides CSV renderer support for REST framework.\n\n\nUltraJSON\n\n\nUltraJSON\n is an optimized C JSON encoder which can give significantly faster JSON rendering. \nJacob Haslehurst\n maintains the \ndrf-ujson-renderer\n package which implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.\n\n\nCamelCase JSON\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by \nVitaly Babiy\n.\n\n\nPandas (CSV, Excel, PNG)\n\n\nDjango REST Pandas\n provides a serializer and renderers that support additional data processing and output via the \nPandas\n DataFrame API.  Django REST Pandas includes renderers for Pandas-style CSV files, Excel workbooks (both \n.xls\n and \n.xlsx\n), and a number of \nother formats\n. It is maintained by \nS. Andrew Sheppard\n as part of the \nwq Project\n.\n\n\nLaTeX\n\n\nRest Framework Latex\n provides a renderer that outputs PDFs using Laulatex. It is maintained by \nPebble (S/F Software)\n.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/",
+            "text": "Renderers\n\n\n\n\nBefore a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a number of built in Renderer classes, that allow you to return responses with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom renderers, which gives you the flexibility to design your own media types.\n\n\nHow the renderer is determined\n\n\nThe set of valid renderers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When a view is entered REST framework will perform content negotiation on the incoming request, and determine the most appropriate renderer to satisfy the request.\n\n\nThe basic process of content negotiation involves examining the request's \nAccept\n header, to determine which media types it expects in the response.  Optionally, format suffixes on the URL may be used to explicitly request a particular representation.  For example the URL \nhttp://example.com/api/users_count.json\n might be an endpoint that always returns JSON data.\n\n\nFor more information see the documentation on \ncontent negotiation\n.\n\n\nSetting the renderers\n\n\nThe default set of renderers may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.  For example, the following settings would use \nJSON\n as the main media type and also include the self describing API.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the renderers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass UserCountView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    renderer_classes = (JSONRenderer, )\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n        content = {'user_count': user_count}\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@renderer_classes((JSONRenderer,))\ndef user_count_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n    content = {'user_count': user_count}\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOrdering of renderer classes\n\n\nIt's important when specifying the renderer classes for your API to think about what priority you want to assign to each media type.  If a client underspecifies the representations it can accept, such as sending an \nAccept: */*\n header, or not including an \nAccept\n header at all, then REST framework will select the first renderer in the list to use for the response.\n\n\nFor example if your API serves JSON responses and the HTML browsable API, you might want to make \nJSONRenderer\n your default renderer, in order to send \nJSON\n responses to clients that do not specify an \nAccept\n header.\n\n\nIf your API includes views that can serve both regular webpages and API responses depending on the request, then you might consider making \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n your default renderer, in order to play nicely with older browsers that send \nbroken accept headers\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nJSONRenderer\n\n\nRenders the request data into \nJSON\n, using utf-8 encoding.\n\n\nNote that the default style is to include unicode characters, and render the response using a compact style with no unnecessary whitespace:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\",\"value\":999}\n\n\n\nThe client may additionally include an \n'indent'\n media type parameter, in which case the returned \nJSON\n will be indented.  For example \nAccept: application/json; indent=4\n.\n\n\n{\n    \"unicode black star\": \"\u2605\",\n    \"value\": 999\n}\n\n\n\nThe default JSON encoding style can be altered using the \nUNICODE_JSON\n and \nCOMPACT_JSON\n settings keys.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \napplication/json\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.json'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nNone\n\n\nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n\n\nRenders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering.\nUnlike other renderers, the data passed to the \nResponse\n does not need to be serialized.  Also, unlike other renderers, you may want to include a \ntemplate_name\n argument when creating the \nResponse\n.\n\n\nThe TemplateHTMLRenderer will create a \nRequestContext\n, using the \nresponse.data\n as the context dict, and determine a template name to use to render the context.\n\n\nThe template name is determined by (in order of preference):\n\n\n\n\nAn explicit \ntemplate_name\n argument passed to the response.\n\n\nAn explicit \n.template_name\n attribute set on this class.\n\n\nThe return result of calling \nview.get_template_names()\n.\n\n\n\n\nAn example of a view that uses \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n:\n\n\nclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns a templated HTML representation of a given user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (TemplateHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        self.object = self.get_object()\n        return Response({'user': self.object}, template_name='user_detail.html')\n\n\n\nYou can use \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.\n\n\nIf you're building websites that use \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n along with other renderer classes, you should consider listing \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n as the first class in the \nrenderer_classes\n list, so that it will be prioritised first even for browsers that send poorly formed \nACCEPT:\n headers.\n\n\nSee the \nHTML & Forms\n Topic Page\n for further examples of \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n usage.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.html'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\nSee also: \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n\n\nStaticHTMLRenderer\n\n\nA simple renderer that simply returns pre-rendered HTML.  Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the response object should be a string representing the content to be returned.\n\n\nAn example of a view that uses \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((StaticHTMLRenderer,))\ndef simple_html_view(request):\n    data = '
    Hello, world
    '\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nYou can use \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.html'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\nSee also: \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n\n\nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n\n\nRenders data into HTML for the Browsable API:\n\n\n\n\nThis renderer will determine which other renderer would have been given highest priority, and use that to display an API style response within the HTML page.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.api'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/api.html'\n\n\nCustomizing BrowsableAPIRenderer\n\n\nBy default the response content will be rendered with the highest priority renderer apart from \nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n.  If you need to customize this behavior, for example to use HTML as the default return format, but use JSON in the browsable API, you can do so by overriding the \nget_default_renderer()\n method.  For example:\n\n\nclass CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):\n    def get_default_renderer(self, view):\n        return JSONRenderer()\n\n\n\nAdminRenderer\n\n\nRenders data into HTML for an admin-like display:\n\n\n\n\nThis renderer is suitable for CRUD-style web APIs that should also present a user-friendly interface for managing the data.\n\n\nNote that views that have nested or list serializers for their input won't work well with the \nAdminRenderer\n, as the HTML forms are unable to properly support them.\n\n\nNote\n: The \nAdminRenderer\n is only able to include links to detail pages when a properly configured \nURL_FIELD_NAME\n (\nurl\n by default) attribute is present in the data. For \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n this will be the case, but for \nModelSerializer\n or plain \nSerializer\n classes you'll need to make sure to include the field explicitly. For example here we use models \nget_absolute_url\n method:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.admin'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/admin.html'\n\n\nHTMLFormRenderer\n\n\nRenders data returned by a serializer into an HTML form. The output of this renderer does not include the enclosing \n
    \n tags, a hidden CSRF input or any submit buttons.\n\n\nThis renderer is not intended to be used directly, but can instead be used in templates by passing a serializer instance to the \nrender_form\n template tag.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \n
    \n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nHTML & Forms\n documentation.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \ntext/html\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.form'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n.template\n: \n'rest_framework/horizontal/form.html'\n\n\nMultiPartRenderer\n\n\nThis renderer is used for rendering HTML multipart form data.  \nIt is not suitable as a response renderer\n, but is instead used for creating test requests, using REST framework's \ntest client and test request factory\n.\n\n\n.media_type\n: \nmultipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg\n\n\n.format\n: \n'.multipart'\n\n\n.charset\n: \nutf-8\n\n\n\n\nCustom renderers\n\n\nTo implement a custom renderer, you should override \nBaseRenderer\n, set the \n.media_type\n and \n.format\n properties, and implement the \n.render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None)\n method.\n\n\nThe method should return a bytestring, which will be used as the body of the HTTP response.\n\n\nThe arguments passed to the \n.render()\n method are:\n\n\ndata\n\n\nThe request data, as set by the \nResponse()\n instantiation.\n\n\nmedia_type=None\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is the accepted media type, as determined by the content negotiation stage.\n\n\nDepending on the client's \nAccept:\n header, this may be more specific than the renderer's \nmedia_type\n attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example \n\"application/json; nested=true\"\n.\n\n\nrenderer_context=None\n\n\nOptional.  If provided, this is a dictionary of contextual information provided by the view.\n\n\nBy default this will include the following keys: \nview\n, \nrequest\n, \nresponse\n, \nargs\n, \nkwargs\n.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example plaintext renderer that will return a response with the \ndata\n parameter as the content of the response.\n\n\nfrom django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)\n\n\n\nSetting the character set\n\n\nBy default renderer classes are assumed to be using the \nUTF-8\n encoding.  To use a different encoding, set the \ncharset\n attribute on the renderer.\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n    charset = 'iso-8859-1'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)\n\n\n\nNote that if a renderer class returns a unicode string, then the response content will be coerced into a bytestring by the \nResponse\n class, with the \ncharset\n attribute set on the renderer used to determine the encoding.\n\n\nIf the renderer returns a bytestring representing raw binary content, you should set a charset value of \nNone\n, which will ensure the \nContent-Type\n header of the response will not have a \ncharset\n value set.\n\n\nIn some cases you may also want to set the \nrender_style\n attribute to \n'binary'\n.  Doing so will also ensure that the browsable API will not attempt to display the binary content as a string.\n\n\nclass JPEGRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'image/jpeg'\n    format = 'jpg'\n    charset = None\n    render_style = 'binary'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data\n\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced renderer usage\n\n\nYou can do some pretty flexible things using REST framework's renderers.  Some examples...\n\n\n\n\nProvide either flat or nested representations from the same endpoint, depending on the requested media type.\n\n\nServe both regular HTML webpages, and JSON based API responses from the same endpoints.\n\n\nSpecify multiple types of HTML representation for API clients to use.\n\n\nUnderspecify a renderer's media type, such as using \nmedia_type = 'image/*'\n, and use the \nAccept\n header to vary the encoding of the response.\n\n\n\n\nVarying behaviour by media type\n\n\nIn some cases you might want your view to use different serialization styles depending on the accepted media type.  If you need to do this you can access \nrequest.accepted_renderer\n to determine the negotiated renderer that will be used for the response.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((TemplateHTMLRenderer, JSONRenderer))\ndef list_users(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can return JSON or HTML representations\n    of the users in the system.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Users.objects.filter(active=True)\n\n    if request.accepted_renderer.format == 'html':\n        # TemplateHTMLRenderer takes a context dict,\n        # and additionally requires a 'template_name'.\n        # It does not require serialization.\n        data = {'users': queryset}\n        return Response(data, template_name='list_users.html')\n\n    # JSONRenderer requires serialized data as normal.\n    serializer = UserSerializer(instance=queryset)\n    data = serializer.data\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nUnderspecifying the media type\n\n\nIn some cases you might want a renderer to serve a range of media types.\nIn this case you can underspecify the media types it should respond to, by using a \nmedia_type\n value such as \nimage/*\n, or \n*/*\n.\n\n\nIf you underspecify the renderer's media type, you should make sure to specify the media type explicitly when you return the response, using the \ncontent_type\n attribute.  For example:\n\n\nreturn Response(data, content_type='image/png')\n\n\n\nDesigning your media types\n\n\nFor the purposes of many Web APIs, simple \nJSON\n responses with hyperlinked relations may be sufficient.  If you want to fully embrace RESTful design and \nHATEOAS\n you'll need to consider the design and usage of your media types in more detail.\n\n\nIn \nthe words of Roy Fielding\n, \"A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types.\".\n\n\nFor good examples of custom media types, see GitHub's use of a custom \napplication/vnd.github+json\n media type, and Mike Amundsen's IANA approved \napplication/vnd.collection+json\n JSON-based hypermedia.\n\n\nHTML error views\n\n\nTypically a renderer will behave the same regardless of if it's dealing with a regular response, or with a response caused by an exception being raised, such as an \nHttp404\n or \nPermissionDenied\n exception, or a subclass of \nAPIException\n.\n\n\nIf you're using either the \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n or the \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n and an exception is raised, the behavior is slightly different, and mirrors \nDjango's default handling of error views\n.\n\n\nExceptions raised and handled by an HTML renderer will attempt to render using one of the following methods, by order of precedence.\n\n\n\n\nLoad and render a template named \n{status_code}.html\n.\n\n\nLoad and render a template named \napi_exception.html\n.\n\n\nRender the HTTP status code and text, for example \"404 Not Found\".\n\n\n\n\nTemplates will render with a \nRequestContext\n which includes the \nstatus_code\n and \ndetails\n keys.\n\n\nNote\n: If \nDEBUG=True\n, Django's standard traceback error page will be displayed instead of rendering the HTTP status code and text.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nYAML\n\n\nREST framework YAML\n provides \nYAML\n parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nXML\n\n\nREST Framework XML\n provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nJSONP\n\n\nREST framework JSONP\n provides JSONP rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.\n\n\n\n\nWarning\n: If you require cross-domain AJAX requests, you should generally be using the more modern approach of \nCORS\n as an alternative to \nJSONP\n. See the \nCORS documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nThe \njsonp\n approach is essentially a browser hack, and is \nonly appropriate for globally readable API endpoints\n, where \nGET\n requests are unauthenticated and do not require any user permissions.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install djangorestframework-jsonp\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_jsonp.renderers.JSONPRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nMessagePack\n\n\nMessagePack\n is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.  \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.\n\n\nXLSX (Binary Spreadsheet Endpoints)\n\n\nXLSX is the world's most popular binary spreadsheet format. \nTim Allen\n of \nThe Wharton School\n maintains \ndrf-renderer-xlsx\n, which renders an endpoint as an XLSX spreadsheet using OpenPyXL, and allows the client to download it. Spreadsheets can be styled on a per-view basis.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using pip.\n\n\n$ pip install drf-renderer-xlsx\n\n\n\nModify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers.XLSXRenderer',\n    ),\n}\n\n\n\nTo avoid having a file streamed without a filename (which the browser will often default to the filename \"download\", with no extension), we need to use a mixin to override the \nContent-Disposition\n header. If no filename is provided, it will default to \nexport.xlsx\n. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.mixins import XLSXFileMixin\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers import XLSXRenderer\n\nfrom .models import MyExampleModel\nfrom .serializers import MyExampleSerializer\n\nclass MyExampleViewSet(XLSXFileMixin, ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    queryset = MyExampleModel.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = MyExampleSerializer\n    renderer_classes = (XLSXRenderer,)\n    filename = 'my_export.xlsx'\n\n\n\nCSV\n\n\nComma-separated values are a plain-text tabular data format, that can be easily imported into spreadsheet applications. \nMjumbe Poe\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-csv\n package which provides CSV renderer support for REST framework.\n\n\nUltraJSON\n\n\nUltraJSON\n is an optimized C JSON encoder which can give significantly faster JSON rendering. \nJacob Haslehurst\n maintains the \ndrf-ujson-renderer\n package which implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.\n\n\nCamelCase JSON\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by \nVitaly Babiy\n.\n\n\nPandas (CSV, Excel, PNG)\n\n\nDjango REST Pandas\n provides a serializer and renderers that support additional data processing and output via the \nPandas\n DataFrame API.  Django REST Pandas includes renderers for Pandas-style CSV files, Excel workbooks (both \n.xls\n and \n.xlsx\n), and a number of \nother formats\n. It is maintained by \nS. Andrew Sheppard\n as part of the \nwq Project\n.\n\n\nLaTeX\n\n\nRest Framework Latex\n provides a renderer that outputs PDFs using Laulatex. It is maintained by \nPebble (S/F Software)\n.",
             "title": "Renderers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#renderers", 
-            "text": "Before a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.    Django documentation   REST framework includes a number of built in Renderer classes, that allow you to return responses with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom renderers, which gives you the flexibility to design your own media types.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#renderers",
+            "text": "Before a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.  \u2014  Django documentation   REST framework includes a number of built in Renderer classes, that allow you to return responses with various media types.  There is also support for defining your own custom renderers, which gives you the flexibility to design your own media types.",
             "title": "Renderers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#how-the-renderer-is-determined", 
-            "text": "The set of valid renderers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When a view is entered REST framework will perform content negotiation on the incoming request, and determine the most appropriate renderer to satisfy the request.  The basic process of content negotiation involves examining the request's  Accept  header, to determine which media types it expects in the response.  Optionally, format suffixes on the URL may be used to explicitly request a particular representation.  For example the URL  http://example.com/api/users_count.json  might be an endpoint that always returns JSON data.  For more information see the documentation on  content negotiation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#how-the-renderer-is-determined",
+            "text": "The set of valid renderers for a view is always defined as a list of classes.  When a view is entered REST framework will perform content negotiation on the incoming request, and determine the most appropriate renderer to satisfy the request.  The basic process of content negotiation involves examining the request's  Accept  header, to determine which media types it expects in the response.  Optionally, format suffixes on the URL may be used to explicitly request a particular representation.  For example the URL  http://example.com/api/users_count.json  might be an endpoint that always returns JSON data.  For more information see the documentation on  content negotiation .",
             "title": "How the renderer is determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#setting-the-renderers", 
-            "text": "The default set of renderers may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For example, the following settings would use  JSON  as the main media type and also include the self describing API.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n    )\n}  You can also set the renderers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass UserCountView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    renderer_classes = (JSONRenderer, )\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n        content = {'user_count': user_count}\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@renderer_classes((JSONRenderer,))\ndef user_count_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n    content = {'user_count': user_count}\n    return Response(content)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#setting-the-renderers",
+            "text": "The default set of renderers may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For example, the following settings would use  JSON  as the main media type and also include the self describing API.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n    )\n}  You can also set the renderers used for an individual view, or viewset,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass UserCountView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    renderer_classes = (JSONRenderer, )\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n        content = {'user_count': user_count}\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@renderer_classes((JSONRenderer,))\ndef user_count_view(request, format=None):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns the count of active users in JSON.\n    \"\"\"\n    user_count = User.objects.filter(active=True).count()\n    content = {'user_count': user_count}\n    return Response(content)",
             "title": "Setting the renderers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#ordering-of-renderer-classes", 
-            "text": "It's important when specifying the renderer classes for your API to think about what priority you want to assign to each media type.  If a client underspecifies the representations it can accept, such as sending an  Accept: */*  header, or not including an  Accept  header at all, then REST framework will select the first renderer in the list to use for the response.  For example if your API serves JSON responses and the HTML browsable API, you might want to make  JSONRenderer  your default renderer, in order to send  JSON  responses to clients that do not specify an  Accept  header.  If your API includes views that can serve both regular webpages and API responses depending on the request, then you might consider making  TemplateHTMLRenderer  your default renderer, in order to play nicely with older browsers that send  broken accept headers .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#ordering-of-renderer-classes",
+            "text": "It's important when specifying the renderer classes for your API to think about what priority you want to assign to each media type.  If a client underspecifies the representations it can accept, such as sending an  Accept: */*  header, or not including an  Accept  header at all, then REST framework will select the first renderer in the list to use for the response.  For example if your API serves JSON responses and the HTML browsable API, you might want to make  JSONRenderer  your default renderer, in order to send  JSON  responses to clients that do not specify an  Accept  header.  If your API includes views that can serve both regular webpages and API responses depending on the request, then you might consider making  TemplateHTMLRenderer  your default renderer, in order to play nicely with older browsers that send  broken accept headers .",
             "title": "Ordering of renderer classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#jsonrenderer", 
-            "text": "Renders the request data into  JSON , using utf-8 encoding.  Note that the default style is to include unicode characters, and render the response using a compact style with no unnecessary whitespace:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\",\"value\":999}  The client may additionally include an  'indent'  media type parameter, in which case the returned  JSON  will be indented.  For example  Accept: application/json; indent=4 .  {\n    \"unicode black star\": \"\u2605\",\n    \"value\": 999\n}  The default JSON encoding style can be altered using the  UNICODE_JSON  and  COMPACT_JSON  settings keys.  .media_type :  application/json  .format :  '.json'  .charset :  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#jsonrenderer",
+            "text": "Renders the request data into  JSON , using utf-8 encoding.  Note that the default style is to include unicode characters, and render the response using a compact style with no unnecessary whitespace:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\",\"value\":999}  The client may additionally include an  'indent'  media type parameter, in which case the returned  JSON  will be indented.  For example  Accept: application/json; indent=4 .  {\n    \"unicode black star\": \"\u2605\",\n    \"value\": 999\n}  The default JSON encoding style can be altered using the  UNICODE_JSON  and  COMPACT_JSON  settings keys.  .media_type :  application/json  .format :  '.json'  .charset :  None",
             "title": "JSONRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#templatehtmlrenderer", 
-            "text": "Renders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering.\nUnlike other renderers, the data passed to the  Response  does not need to be serialized.  Also, unlike other renderers, you may want to include a  template_name  argument when creating the  Response .  The TemplateHTMLRenderer will create a  RequestContext , using the  response.data  as the context dict, and determine a template name to use to render the context.  The template name is determined by (in order of preference):   An explicit  template_name  argument passed to the response.  An explicit  .template_name  attribute set on this class.  The return result of calling  view.get_template_names() .   An example of a view that uses  TemplateHTMLRenderer :  class UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns a templated HTML representation of a given user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (TemplateHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        self.object = self.get_object()\n        return Response({'user': self.object}, template_name='user_detail.html')  You can use  TemplateHTMLRenderer  either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.  If you're building websites that use  TemplateHTMLRenderer  along with other renderer classes, you should consider listing  TemplateHTMLRenderer  as the first class in the  renderer_classes  list, so that it will be prioritised first even for browsers that send poorly formed  ACCEPT:  headers.  See the  HTML   Forms  Topic Page  for further examples of  TemplateHTMLRenderer  usage.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.html'  .charset :  utf-8  See also:  StaticHTMLRenderer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#templatehtmlrenderer",
+            "text": "Renders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering.\nUnlike other renderers, the data passed to the  Response  does not need to be serialized.  Also, unlike other renderers, you may want to include a  template_name  argument when creating the  Response .  The TemplateHTMLRenderer will create a  RequestContext , using the  response.data  as the context dict, and determine a template name to use to render the context.  The template name is determined by (in order of preference):   An explicit  template_name  argument passed to the response.  An explicit  .template_name  attribute set on this class.  The return result of calling  view.get_template_names() .   An example of a view that uses  TemplateHTMLRenderer :  class UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that returns a templated HTML representation of a given user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    renderer_classes = (TemplateHTMLRenderer,)\n\n    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        self.object = self.get_object()\n        return Response({'user': self.object}, template_name='user_detail.html')  You can use  TemplateHTMLRenderer  either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.  If you're building websites that use  TemplateHTMLRenderer  along with other renderer classes, you should consider listing  TemplateHTMLRenderer  as the first class in the  renderer_classes  list, so that it will be prioritised first even for browsers that send poorly formed  ACCEPT:  headers.  See the  HTML & Forms  Topic Page  for further examples of  TemplateHTMLRenderer  usage.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.html'  .charset :  utf-8  See also:  StaticHTMLRenderer",
             "title": "TemplateHTMLRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#statichtmlrenderer", 
-            "text": "A simple renderer that simply returns pre-rendered HTML.  Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the response object should be a string representing the content to be returned.  An example of a view that uses  StaticHTMLRenderer :  @api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((StaticHTMLRenderer,))\ndef simple_html_view(request):\n    data = ' html body h1 Hello, world /h1 /body /html '\n    return Response(data)  You can use  StaticHTMLRenderer  either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.html'  .charset :  utf-8  See also:  TemplateHTMLRenderer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#statichtmlrenderer",
+            "text": "A simple renderer that simply returns pre-rendered HTML.  Unlike other renderers, the data passed to the response object should be a string representing the content to be returned.  An example of a view that uses  StaticHTMLRenderer :  @api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((StaticHTMLRenderer,))\ndef simple_html_view(request):\n    data = '
    Hello, world
    '\n    return Response(data)  You can use  StaticHTMLRenderer  either to return regular HTML pages using REST framework, or to return both HTML and API responses from a single endpoint.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.html'  .charset :  utf-8  See also:  TemplateHTMLRenderer",
             "title": "StaticHTMLRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#browsableapirenderer", 
-            "text": "Renders data into HTML for the Browsable API:   This renderer will determine which other renderer would have been given highest priority, and use that to display an API style response within the HTML page.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.api'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/api.html'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#browsableapirenderer",
+            "text": "Renders data into HTML for the Browsable API:   This renderer will determine which other renderer would have been given highest priority, and use that to display an API style response within the HTML page.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.api'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/api.html'",
             "title": "BrowsableAPIRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#customizing-browsableapirenderer", 
-            "text": "By default the response content will be rendered with the highest priority renderer apart from  BrowsableAPIRenderer .  If you need to customize this behavior, for example to use HTML as the default return format, but use JSON in the browsable API, you can do so by overriding the  get_default_renderer()  method.  For example:  class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):\n    def get_default_renderer(self, view):\n        return JSONRenderer()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#customizing-browsableapirenderer",
+            "text": "By default the response content will be rendered with the highest priority renderer apart from  BrowsableAPIRenderer .  If you need to customize this behavior, for example to use HTML as the default return format, but use JSON in the browsable API, you can do so by overriding the  get_default_renderer()  method.  For example:  class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):\n    def get_default_renderer(self, view):\n        return JSONRenderer()",
             "title": "Customizing BrowsableAPIRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#adminrenderer", 
-            "text": "Renders data into HTML for an admin-like display:   This renderer is suitable for CRUD-style web APIs that should also present a user-friendly interface for managing the data.  Note that views that have nested or list serializers for their input won't work well with the  AdminRenderer , as the HTML forms are unable to properly support them.  Note : The  AdminRenderer  is only able to include links to detail pages when a properly configured  URL_FIELD_NAME  ( url  by default) attribute is present in the data. For  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  this will be the case, but for  ModelSerializer  or plain  Serializer  classes you'll need to make sure to include the field explicitly. For example here we use models  get_absolute_url  method:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.admin'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/admin.html'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#adminrenderer",
+            "text": "Renders data into HTML for an admin-like display:   This renderer is suitable for CRUD-style web APIs that should also present a user-friendly interface for managing the data.  Note that views that have nested or list serializers for their input won't work well with the  AdminRenderer , as the HTML forms are unable to properly support them.  Note : The  AdminRenderer  is only able to include links to detail pages when a properly configured  URL_FIELD_NAME  ( url  by default) attribute is present in the data. For  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  this will be the case, but for  ModelSerializer  or plain  Serializer  classes you'll need to make sure to include the field explicitly. For example here we use models  get_absolute_url  method:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.admin'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/admin.html'",
             "title": "AdminRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#htmlformrenderer", 
-            "text": "Renders data returned by a serializer into an HTML form. The output of this renderer does not include the enclosing  form  tags, a hidden CSRF input or any submit buttons.  This renderer is not intended to be used directly, but can instead be used in templates by passing a serializer instance to the  render_form  template tag.  {% load rest_framework %} form action=\"/submit-report/\" method=\"post\" \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n     input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\" /  /form   For more information see the  HTML   Forms  documentation.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.form'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/horizontal/form.html'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#htmlformrenderer",
+            "text": "Renders data returned by a serializer into an HTML form. The output of this renderer does not include the enclosing  
      tags, a hidden CSRF input or any submit buttons.  This renderer is not intended to be used directly, but can instead be used in templates by passing a serializer instance to the  render_form  template tag.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \n
      For more information see the  HTML & Forms  documentation.  .media_type :  text/html  .format :  '.form'  .charset :  utf-8  .template :  'rest_framework/horizontal/form.html'",
             "title": "HTMLFormRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#multipartrenderer", 
-            "text": "This renderer is used for rendering HTML multipart form data.   It is not suitable as a response renderer , but is instead used for creating test requests, using REST framework's  test client and test request factory .  .media_type :  multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg  .format :  '.multipart'  .charset :  utf-8", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#multipartrenderer",
+            "text": "This renderer is used for rendering HTML multipart form data.   It is not suitable as a response renderer , but is instead used for creating test requests, using REST framework's  test client and test request factory .  .media_type :  multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg  .format :  '.multipart'  .charset :  utf-8",
             "title": "MultiPartRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#custom-renderers", 
-            "text": "To implement a custom renderer, you should override  BaseRenderer , set the  .media_type  and  .format  properties, and implement the  .render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None)  method.  The method should return a bytestring, which will be used as the body of the HTTP response.  The arguments passed to the  .render()  method are:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#custom-renderers",
+            "text": "To implement a custom renderer, you should override  BaseRenderer , set the  .media_type  and  .format  properties, and implement the  .render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None)  method.  The method should return a bytestring, which will be used as the body of the HTTP response.  The arguments passed to the  .render()  method are:",
             "title": "Custom renderers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#data", 
-            "text": "The request data, as set by the  Response()  instantiation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#data",
+            "text": "The request data, as set by the  Response()  instantiation.",
             "title": "data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#media_typenone", 
-            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is the accepted media type, as determined by the content negotiation stage.  Depending on the client's  Accept:  header, this may be more specific than the renderer's  media_type  attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example  \"application/json; nested=true\" .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#media_typenone",
+            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is the accepted media type, as determined by the content negotiation stage.  Depending on the client's  Accept:  header, this may be more specific than the renderer's  media_type  attribute, and may include media type parameters.  For example  \"application/json; nested=true\" .",
             "title": "media_type=None"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#renderer_contextnone", 
-            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is a dictionary of contextual information provided by the view.  By default this will include the following keys:  view ,  request ,  response ,  args ,  kwargs .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#renderer_contextnone",
+            "text": "Optional.  If provided, this is a dictionary of contextual information provided by the view.  By default this will include the following keys:  view ,  request ,  response ,  args ,  kwargs .",
             "title": "renderer_context=None"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#example", 
-            "text": "The following is an example plaintext renderer that will return a response with the  data  parameter as the content of the response.  from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#example",
+            "text": "The following is an example plaintext renderer that will return a response with the  data  parameter as the content of the response.  from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode\nfrom rest_framework import renderers\n\n\nclass PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#setting-the-character-set", 
-            "text": "By default renderer classes are assumed to be using the  UTF-8  encoding.  To use a different encoding, set the  charset  attribute on the renderer.  class PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n    charset = 'iso-8859-1'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)  Note that if a renderer class returns a unicode string, then the response content will be coerced into a bytestring by the  Response  class, with the  charset  attribute set on the renderer used to determine the encoding.  If the renderer returns a bytestring representing raw binary content, you should set a charset value of  None , which will ensure the  Content-Type  header of the response will not have a  charset  value set.  In some cases you may also want to set the  render_style  attribute to  'binary' .  Doing so will also ensure that the browsable API will not attempt to display the binary content as a string.  class JPEGRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'image/jpeg'\n    format = 'jpg'\n    charset = None\n    render_style = 'binary'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#setting-the-character-set",
+            "text": "By default renderer classes are assumed to be using the  UTF-8  encoding.  To use a different encoding, set the  charset  attribute on the renderer.  class PlainTextRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'text/plain'\n    format = 'txt'\n    charset = 'iso-8859-1'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data.encode(self.charset)  Note that if a renderer class returns a unicode string, then the response content will be coerced into a bytestring by the  Response  class, with the  charset  attribute set on the renderer used to determine the encoding.  If the renderer returns a bytestring representing raw binary content, you should set a charset value of  None , which will ensure the  Content-Type  header of the response will not have a  charset  value set.  In some cases you may also want to set the  render_style  attribute to  'binary' .  Doing so will also ensure that the browsable API will not attempt to display the binary content as a string.  class JPEGRenderer(renderers.BaseRenderer):\n    media_type = 'image/jpeg'\n    format = 'jpg'\n    charset = None\n    render_style = 'binary'\n\n    def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None):\n        return data",
             "title": "Setting the character set"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#advanced-renderer-usage", 
-            "text": "You can do some pretty flexible things using REST framework's renderers.  Some examples...   Provide either flat or nested representations from the same endpoint, depending on the requested media type.  Serve both regular HTML webpages, and JSON based API responses from the same endpoints.  Specify multiple types of HTML representation for API clients to use.  Underspecify a renderer's media type, such as using  media_type = 'image/*' , and use the  Accept  header to vary the encoding of the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#advanced-renderer-usage",
+            "text": "You can do some pretty flexible things using REST framework's renderers.  Some examples...   Provide either flat or nested representations from the same endpoint, depending on the requested media type.  Serve both regular HTML webpages, and JSON based API responses from the same endpoints.  Specify multiple types of HTML representation for API clients to use.  Underspecify a renderer's media type, such as using  media_type = 'image/*' , and use the  Accept  header to vary the encoding of the response.",
             "title": "Advanced renderer usage"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#varying-behaviour-by-media-type", 
-            "text": "In some cases you might want your view to use different serialization styles depending on the accepted media type.  If you need to do this you can access  request.accepted_renderer  to determine the negotiated renderer that will be used for the response.  For example:  @api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((TemplateHTMLRenderer, JSONRenderer))\ndef list_users(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can return JSON or HTML representations\n    of the users in the system.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Users.objects.filter(active=True)\n\n    if request.accepted_renderer.format == 'html':\n        # TemplateHTMLRenderer takes a context dict,\n        # and additionally requires a 'template_name'.\n        # It does not require serialization.\n        data = {'users': queryset}\n        return Response(data, template_name='list_users.html')\n\n    # JSONRenderer requires serialized data as normal.\n    serializer = UserSerializer(instance=queryset)\n    data = serializer.data\n    return Response(data)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#varying-behaviour-by-media-type",
+            "text": "In some cases you might want your view to use different serialization styles depending on the accepted media type.  If you need to do this you can access  request.accepted_renderer  to determine the negotiated renderer that will be used for the response.  For example:  @api_view(('GET',))\n@renderer_classes((TemplateHTMLRenderer, JSONRenderer))\ndef list_users(request):\n    \"\"\"\n    A view that can return JSON or HTML representations\n    of the users in the system.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Users.objects.filter(active=True)\n\n    if request.accepted_renderer.format == 'html':\n        # TemplateHTMLRenderer takes a context dict,\n        # and additionally requires a 'template_name'.\n        # It does not require serialization.\n        data = {'users': queryset}\n        return Response(data, template_name='list_users.html')\n\n    # JSONRenderer requires serialized data as normal.\n    serializer = UserSerializer(instance=queryset)\n    data = serializer.data\n    return Response(data)",
             "title": "Varying behaviour by media type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#underspecifying-the-media-type", 
-            "text": "In some cases you might want a renderer to serve a range of media types.\nIn this case you can underspecify the media types it should respond to, by using a  media_type  value such as  image/* , or  */* .  If you underspecify the renderer's media type, you should make sure to specify the media type explicitly when you return the response, using the  content_type  attribute.  For example:  return Response(data, content_type='image/png')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#underspecifying-the-media-type",
+            "text": "In some cases you might want a renderer to serve a range of media types.\nIn this case you can underspecify the media types it should respond to, by using a  media_type  value such as  image/* , or  */* .  If you underspecify the renderer's media type, you should make sure to specify the media type explicitly when you return the response, using the  content_type  attribute.  For example:  return Response(data, content_type='image/png')",
             "title": "Underspecifying the media type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#designing-your-media-types", 
-            "text": "For the purposes of many Web APIs, simple  JSON  responses with hyperlinked relations may be sufficient.  If you want to fully embrace RESTful design and  HATEOAS  you'll need to consider the design and usage of your media types in more detail.  In  the words of Roy Fielding , \"A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types.\".  For good examples of custom media types, see GitHub's use of a custom  application/vnd.github+json  media type, and Mike Amundsen's IANA approved  application/vnd.collection+json  JSON-based hypermedia.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#designing-your-media-types",
+            "text": "For the purposes of many Web APIs, simple  JSON  responses with hyperlinked relations may be sufficient.  If you want to fully embrace RESTful design and  HATEOAS  you'll need to consider the design and usage of your media types in more detail.  In  the words of Roy Fielding , \"A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types.\".  For good examples of custom media types, see GitHub's use of a custom  application/vnd.github+json  media type, and Mike Amundsen's IANA approved  application/vnd.collection+json  JSON-based hypermedia.",
             "title": "Designing your media types"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#html-error-views", 
-            "text": "Typically a renderer will behave the same regardless of if it's dealing with a regular response, or with a response caused by an exception being raised, such as an  Http404  or  PermissionDenied  exception, or a subclass of  APIException .  If you're using either the  TemplateHTMLRenderer  or the  StaticHTMLRenderer  and an exception is raised, the behavior is slightly different, and mirrors  Django's default handling of error views .  Exceptions raised and handled by an HTML renderer will attempt to render using one of the following methods, by order of precedence.   Load and render a template named  {status_code}.html .  Load and render a template named  api_exception.html .  Render the HTTP status code and text, for example \"404 Not Found\".   Templates will render with a  RequestContext  which includes the  status_code  and  details  keys.  Note : If  DEBUG=True , Django's standard traceback error page will be displayed instead of rendering the HTTP status code and text.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#html-error-views",
+            "text": "Typically a renderer will behave the same regardless of if it's dealing with a regular response, or with a response caused by an exception being raised, such as an  Http404  or  PermissionDenied  exception, or a subclass of  APIException .  If you're using either the  TemplateHTMLRenderer  or the  StaticHTMLRenderer  and an exception is raised, the behavior is slightly different, and mirrors  Django's default handling of error views .  Exceptions raised and handled by an HTML renderer will attempt to render using one of the following methods, by order of precedence.   Load and render a template named  {status_code}.html .  Load and render a template named  api_exception.html .  Render the HTTP status code and text, for example \"404 Not Found\".   Templates will render with a  RequestContext  which includes the  status_code  and  details  keys.  Note : If  DEBUG=True , Django's standard traceback error page will be displayed instead of rendering the HTTP status code and text.",
             "title": "HTML error views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#yaml", 
-            "text": "REST framework YAML  provides  YAML  parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#yaml",
+            "text": "REST framework YAML  provides  YAML  parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.",
             "title": "YAML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-yaml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-yaml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#xml", 
-            "text": "REST Framework XML  provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#xml",
+            "text": "REST Framework XML  provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.",
             "title": "XML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_1", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-xml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_1",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-xml  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer',\n    ),\n}",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#jsonp", 
-            "text": "REST framework JSONP  provides JSONP rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.   Warning : If you require cross-domain AJAX requests, you should generally be using the more modern approach of  CORS  as an alternative to  JSONP . See the  CORS documentation  for more details.  The  jsonp  approach is essentially a browser hack, and is  only appropriate for globally readable API endpoints , where  GET  requests are unauthenticated and do not require any user permissions.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#jsonp",
+            "text": "REST framework JSONP  provides JSONP rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.   Warning : If you require cross-domain AJAX requests, you should generally be using the more modern approach of  CORS  as an alternative to  JSONP . See the  CORS documentation  for more details.  The  jsonp  approach is essentially a browser hack, and is  only appropriate for globally readable API endpoints , where  GET  requests are unauthenticated and do not require any user permissions.",
             "title": "JSONP"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_2", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-jsonp  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_jsonp.renderers.JSONPRenderer',\n    ),\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_2",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install djangorestframework-jsonp  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework_jsonp.renderers.JSONPRenderer',\n    ),\n}",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#messagepack", 
-            "text": "MessagePack  is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.   Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-msgpack  package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#messagepack",
+            "text": "MessagePack  is a fast, efficient binary serialization format.   Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-msgpack  package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.",
             "title": "MessagePack"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#xlsx-binary-spreadsheet-endpoints", 
-            "text": "XLSX is the world's most popular binary spreadsheet format.  Tim Allen  of  The Wharton School  maintains  drf-renderer-xlsx , which renders an endpoint as an XLSX spreadsheet using OpenPyXL, and allows the client to download it. Spreadsheets can be styled on a per-view basis.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#xlsx-binary-spreadsheet-endpoints",
+            "text": "XLSX is the world's most popular binary spreadsheet format.  Tim Allen  of  The Wharton School  maintains  drf-renderer-xlsx , which renders an endpoint as an XLSX spreadsheet using OpenPyXL, and allows the client to download it. Spreadsheets can be styled on a per-view basis.",
             "title": "XLSX (Binary Spreadsheet Endpoints)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_3", 
-            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install drf-renderer-xlsx  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers.XLSXRenderer',\n    ),\n}  To avoid having a file streamed without a filename (which the browser will often default to the filename \"download\", with no extension), we need to use a mixin to override the  Content-Disposition  header. If no filename is provided, it will default to  export.xlsx . For example:  from rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.mixins import XLSXFileMixin\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers import XLSXRenderer\n\nfrom .models import MyExampleModel\nfrom .serializers import MyExampleSerializer\n\nclass MyExampleViewSet(XLSXFileMixin, ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    queryset = MyExampleModel.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = MyExampleSerializer\n    renderer_classes = (XLSXRenderer,)\n    filename = 'my_export.xlsx'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#installation-configuration_3",
+            "text": "Install using pip.  $ pip install drf-renderer-xlsx  Modify your REST framework settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers.XLSXRenderer',\n    ),\n}  To avoid having a file streamed without a filename (which the browser will often default to the filename \"download\", with no extension), we need to use a mixin to override the  Content-Disposition  header. If no filename is provided, it will default to  export.xlsx . For example:  from rest_framework.viewsets import ReadOnlyModelViewSet\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.mixins import XLSXFileMixin\nfrom drf_renderer_xlsx.renderers import XLSXRenderer\n\nfrom .models import MyExampleModel\nfrom .serializers import MyExampleSerializer\n\nclass MyExampleViewSet(XLSXFileMixin, ReadOnlyModelViewSet):\n    queryset = MyExampleModel.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = MyExampleSerializer\n    renderer_classes = (XLSXRenderer,)\n    filename = 'my_export.xlsx'",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#csv", 
-            "text": "Comma-separated values are a plain-text tabular data format, that can be easily imported into spreadsheet applications.  Mjumbe Poe  maintains the  djangorestframework-csv  package which provides CSV renderer support for REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#csv",
+            "text": "Comma-separated values are a plain-text tabular data format, that can be easily imported into spreadsheet applications.  Mjumbe Poe  maintains the  djangorestframework-csv  package which provides CSV renderer support for REST framework.",
             "title": "CSV"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#ultrajson", 
-            "text": "UltraJSON  is an optimized C JSON encoder which can give significantly faster JSON rendering.  Jacob Haslehurst  maintains the  drf-ujson-renderer  package which implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#ultrajson",
+            "text": "UltraJSON  is an optimized C JSON encoder which can give significantly faster JSON rendering.  Jacob Haslehurst  maintains the  drf-ujson-renderer  package which implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.",
             "title": "UltraJSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#camelcase-json", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-camel-case  provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by  Vitaly Babiy .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#camelcase-json",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-camel-case  provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework.  This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names.  It is maintained by  Vitaly Babiy .",
             "title": "CamelCase JSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#pandas-csv-excel-png", 
-            "text": "Django REST Pandas  provides a serializer and renderers that support additional data processing and output via the  Pandas  DataFrame API.  Django REST Pandas includes renderers for Pandas-style CSV files, Excel workbooks (both  .xls  and  .xlsx ), and a number of  other formats . It is maintained by  S. Andrew Sheppard  as part of the  wq Project .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#pandas-csv-excel-png",
+            "text": "Django REST Pandas  provides a serializer and renderers that support additional data processing and output via the  Pandas  DataFrame API.  Django REST Pandas includes renderers for Pandas-style CSV files, Excel workbooks (both  .xls  and  .xlsx ), and a number of  other formats . It is maintained by  S. Andrew Sheppard  as part of the  wq Project .",
             "title": "Pandas (CSV, Excel, PNG)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#latex", 
-            "text": "Rest Framework Latex  provides a renderer that outputs PDFs using Laulatex. It is maintained by  Pebble (S/F Software) .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/renderers/#latex",
+            "text": "Rest Framework Latex  provides a renderer that outputs PDFs using Laulatex. It is maintained by  Pebble (S/F Software) .",
             "title": "LaTeX"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/", 
-            "text": "Serializers\n\n\n\n\nExpanding the usefulness of the serializers is something that we would\nlike to address.  However, it's not a trivial problem, and it\nwill take some serious design work.\n\n\n Russell Keith-Magee, \nDjango users group\n\n\n\n\nSerializers allow complex data such as querysets and model instances to be converted to native Python datatypes that can then be easily rendered into \nJSON\n, \nXML\n or other content types.  Serializers also provide deserialization, allowing parsed data to be converted back into complex types, after first validating the incoming data.\n\n\nThe serializers in REST framework work very similarly to Django's \nForm\n and \nModelForm\n classes. We provide a \nSerializer\n class which gives you a powerful, generic way to control the output of your responses, as well as a \nModelSerializer\n class which provides a useful shortcut for creating serializers that deal with model instances and querysets.\n\n\nDeclaring Serializers\n\n\nLet's start by creating a simple object we can use for example purposes:\n\n\nfrom datetime import datetime\n\nclass Comment(object):\n    def __init__(self, email, content, created=None):\n        self.email = email\n        self.content = content\n        self.created = created or datetime.now()\n\ncomment = Comment(email='leila@example.com', content='foo bar')\n\n\n\nWe'll declare a serializer that we can use to serialize and deserialize data that corresponds to \nComment\n objects.\n\n\nDeclaring a serializer looks very similar to declaring a form:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nSerializing objects\n\n\nWe can now use \nCommentSerializer\n to serialize a comment, or list of comments. Again, using the \nSerializer\n class looks a lot like using a \nForm\n class.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment)\nserializer.data\n# {'email': 'leila@example.com', 'content': 'foo bar', 'created': '2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877'}\n\n\n\nAt this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalise the serialization process we render the data into \njson\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\n\njson = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\njson\n# b'{\"email\":\"leila@example.com\",\"content\":\"foo bar\",\"created\":\"2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877\"}'\n\n\n\nDeserializing objects\n\n\nDeserialization is similar. First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...\n\n\nimport io\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(json)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)\n\n\n\n...then we restore those native datatypes into a dictionary of validated data.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# {'content': 'foo bar', 'email': 'leila@example.com', 'created': datetime.datetime(2012, 08, 22, 16, 20, 09, 822243)}\n\n\n\nSaving instances\n\n\nIf we want to be able to return complete object instances based on the validated data we need to implement one or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods. For example:\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        return instance\n\n\n\nIf your object instances correspond to Django models you'll also want to ensure that these methods save the object to the database. For example, if \nComment\n was a Django model, the methods might look like this:\n\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance\n\n\n\nNow when deserializing data, we can call \n.save()\n to return an object instance, based on the validated data.\n\n\ncomment = serializer.save()\n\n\n\nCalling \n.save()\n will either create a new instance, or update an existing instance, depending on if an existing instance was passed when instantiating the serializer class:\n\n\n# .save() will create a new instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\n\n# .save() will update the existing `comment` instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data=data)\n\n\n\nBoth the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods are optional. You can implement either neither, one, or both of them, depending on the use-case for your serializer class.\n\n\nPassing additional attributes to \n.save()\n\n\nSometimes you'll want your view code to be able to inject additional data at the point of saving the instance. This additional data might include information like the current user, the current time, or anything else that is not part of the request data.\n\n\nYou can do so by including additional keyword arguments when calling \n.save()\n. For example:\n\n\nserializer.save(owner=request.user)\n\n\n\nAny additional keyword arguments will be included in the \nvalidated_data\n argument when \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n are called.\n\n\nOverriding \n.save()\n directly.\n\n\nIn some cases the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n method names may not be meaningful. For example, in a contact form we may not be creating new instances, but instead sending an email or other message.\n\n\nIn these cases you might instead choose to override \n.save()\n directly, as being more readable and meaningful.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass ContactForm(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    message = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def save(self):\n        email = self.validated_data['email']\n        message = self.validated_data['message']\n        send_email(from=email, message=message)\n\n\n\nNote that in the case above we're now having to access the serializer \n.validated_data\n property directly.\n\n\nValidation\n\n\nWhen deserializing data, you always need to call \nis_valid()\n before attempting to access the validated data, or save an object instance. If any validation errors occur, the \n.errors\n property will contain a dictionary representing the resulting error messages.  For example:\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data={'email': 'foobar', 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.'], 'created': [u'This field is required.']}\n\n\n\nEach key in the dictionary will be the field name, and the values will be lists of strings of any error messages corresponding to that field.  The \nnon_field_errors\n key may also be present, and will list any general validation errors. The name of the \nnon_field_errors\n key may be customized using the \nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n REST framework setting.\n\n\nWhen deserializing a list of items, errors will be returned as a list of dictionaries representing each of the deserialized items.\n\n\nRaising an exception on invalid data\n\n\nThe \n.is_valid()\n method takes an optional \nraise_exception\n flag that will cause it to raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n exception if there are validation errors.\n\n\nThese exceptions are automatically dealt with by the default exception handler that REST framework provides, and will return \nHTTP 400 Bad Request\n responses by default.\n\n\n# Return a 400 response if the data was invalid.\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\n\nField-level validation\n\n\nYou can specify custom field-level validation by adding \n.validate_\nfield_name\n methods to your \nSerializer\n subclass.  These are similar to the \n.clean_\nfield_name\n methods on Django forms.\n\n\nThese methods take a single argument, which is the field value that requires validation.\n\n\nYour \nvalidate_\nfield_name\n methods should return the validated value or raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass BlogPostSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    content = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_title(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the blog post is about Django.\n        \"\"\"\n        if 'django' not in value.lower():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"Blog post is not about Django\")\n        return value\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If your \nfield_name\n is declared on your serializer with the parameter \nrequired=False\n then this validation step will not take place if the field is not included.\n\n\n\n\nObject-level validation\n\n\nTo do any other validation that requires access to multiple fields, add a method called \n.validate()\n to your \nSerializer\n subclass.  This method takes a single argument, which is a dictionary of field values.  It should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if necessary, or just return the validated values.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    description = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    start = serializers.DateTimeField()\n    finish = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def validate(self, data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the start is before the stop.\n        \"\"\"\n        if data['start'] \n data['finish']:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"finish must occur after start\")\n        return data\n\n\n\nValidators\n\n\nIndividual fields on a serializer can include validators, by declaring them on the field instance, for example:\n\n\ndef multiple_of_ten(value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('Not a multiple of ten')\n\nclass GameRecord(serializers.Serializer):\n    score = IntegerField(validators=[multiple_of_ten])\n    ...\n\n\n\nSerializer classes can also include reusable validators that are applied to the complete set of field data. These validators are included by declaring them on an inner \nMeta\n class, like so:\n\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    name = serializers.CharField()\n    room_number = serializers.IntegerField(choices=[101, 102, 103, 201])\n    date = serializers.DateField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        # Each room only has one event per day.\n        validators = UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=Event.objects.all(),\n            fields=['room_number', 'date']\n        )\n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nvalidators documentation\n.\n\n\nAccessing the initial data and instance\n\n\nWhen passing an initial object or queryset to a serializer instance, the object will be made available as \n.instance\n. If no initial object is passed then the \n.instance\n attribute will be \nNone\n.\n\n\nWhen passing data to a serializer instance, the unmodified data will be made available as \n.initial_data\n. If the data keyword argument is not passed then the \n.initial_data\n attribute will not exist.\n\n\nPartial updates\n\n\nBy default, serializers must be passed values for all required fields or they will raise validation errors. You can use the \npartial\n argument in order to allow partial updates.\n\n\n# Update `comment` with partial data\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data={'content': u'foo bar'}, partial=True)\n\n\n\nDealing with nested objects\n\n\nThe previous examples are fine for dealing with objects that only have simple datatypes, but sometimes we also need to be able to represent more complex objects, where some of the attributes of an object might not be simple datatypes such as strings, dates or integers.\n\n\nThe \nSerializer\n class is itself a type of \nField\n, and can be used to represent relationships where one object type is nested inside another.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    username = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nIf a nested representation may optionally accept the \nNone\n value you should pass the \nrequired=False\n flag to the nested serializer.\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)  # May be an anonymous user.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nSimilarly if a nested representation should be a list of items, you should pass the \nmany=True\n flag to the nested serialized.\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)\n    edits = EditItemSerializer(many=True)  # A nested list of 'edit' items.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nWritable nested representations\n\n\nWhen dealing with nested representations that support deserializing the data, any errors with nested objects will be nested under the field name of the nested object.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data={'user': {'email': 'foobar', 'username': 'doe'}, 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'user': {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.']}, 'created': [u'This field is required.']}\n\n\n\nSimilarly, the \n.validated_data\n property will include nested data structures.\n\n\nWriting \n.create()\n methods for nested representations\n\n\nIf you're supporting writable nested representations you'll need to write \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n methods that handle saving multiple objects.\n\n\nThe following example demonstrates how you might handle creating a user with a nested profile object.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user\n\n\n\nWriting \n.update()\n methods for nested representations\n\n\nFor updates you'll want to think carefully about how to handle updates to relationships. For example if the data for the relationship is \nNone\n, or not provided, which of the following should occur?\n\n\n\n\nSet the relationship to \nNULL\n in the database.\n\n\nDelete the associated instance.\n\n\nIgnore the data and leave the instance as it is.\n\n\nRaise a validation error.\n\n\n\n\nHere's an example for an \n.update()\n method on our previous \nUserSerializer\n class.\n\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        # Unless the application properly enforces that this field is\n        # always set, the follow could raise a `DoesNotExist`, which\n        # would need to be handled.\n        profile = instance.profile\n\n        instance.username = validated_data.get('username', instance.username)\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.save()\n\n        profile.is_premium_member = profile_data.get(\n            'is_premium_member',\n            profile.is_premium_member\n        )\n        profile.has_support_contract = profile_data.get(\n            'has_support_contract',\n            profile.has_support_contract\n         )\n        profile.save()\n\n        return instance\n\n\n\nBecause the behavior of nested creates and updates can be ambiguous, and may require complex dependencies between related models, REST framework 3 requires you to always write these methods explicitly. The default \nModelSerializer\n \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods do not include support for writable nested representations.\n\n\nThere are however, third-party packages available such as \nDRF Writable Nested\n that support automatic writable nested representations.\n\n\nHandling saving related instances in model manager classes\n\n\nAn alternative to saving multiple related instances in the serializer is to write custom model manager classes that handle creating the correct instances.\n\n\nFor example, suppose we wanted to ensure that \nUser\n instances and \nProfile\n instances are always created together as a pair. We might write a custom manager class that looks something like this:\n\n\nclass UserManager(models.Manager):\n    ...\n\n    def create(self, username, email, is_premium_member=False, has_support_contract=False):\n        user = User(username=username, email=email)\n        user.save()\n        profile = Profile(\n            user=user,\n            is_premium_member=is_premium_member,\n            has_support_contract=has_support_contract\n        )\n        profile.save()\n        return user\n\n\n\nThis manager class now more nicely encapsulates that user instances and profile instances are always created at the same time. Our \n.create()\n method on the serializer class can now be re-written to use the new manager method.\n\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return User.objects.create(\n        username=validated_data['username'],\n        email=validated_data['email']\n        is_premium_member=validated_data['profile']['is_premium_member']\n        has_support_contract=validated_data['profile']['has_support_contract']\n    )\n\n\n\nFor more details on this approach see the Django documentation on \nmodel managers\n, and \nthis blogpost on using model and manager classes\n.\n\n\nDealing with multiple objects\n\n\nThe \nSerializer\n class can also handle serializing or deserializing lists of objects.\n\n\nSerializing multiple objects\n\n\nTo serialize a queryset or list of objects instead of a single object instance, you should pass the \nmany=True\n flag when instantiating the serializer.  You can then pass a queryset or list of objects to be serialized.\n\n\nqueryset = Book.objects.all()\nserializer = BookSerializer(queryset, many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [\n#     {'id': 0, 'title': 'The electric kool-aid acid test', 'author': 'Tom Wolfe'},\n#     {'id': 1, 'title': 'If this is a man', 'author': 'Primo Levi'},\n#     {'id': 2, 'title': 'The wind-up bird chronicle', 'author': 'Haruki Murakami'}\n# ]\n\n\n\nDeserializing multiple objects\n\n\nThe default behavior for deserializing multiple objects is to support multiple object creation, but not support multiple object updates. For more information on how to support or customize either of these cases, see the \nListSerializer\n documentation below.\n\n\nIncluding extra context\n\n\nThere are some cases where you need to provide extra context to the serializer in addition to the object being serialized.  One common case is if you're using a serializer that includes hyperlinked relations, which requires the serializer to have access to the current request so that it can properly generate fully qualified URLs.\n\n\nYou can provide arbitrary additional context by passing a \ncontext\n argument when instantiating the serializer.  For example:\n\n\nserializer = AccountSerializer(account, context={'request': request})\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 6, 'owner': u'denvercoder9', 'created': datetime.datetime(2013, 2, 12, 09, 44, 56, 678870), 'details': 'http://example.com/accounts/6/details'}\n\n\n\nThe context dictionary can be used within any serializer field logic, such as a custom \n.to_representation()\n method, by accessing the \nself.context\n attribute.\n\n\n\n\nModelSerializer\n\n\nOften you'll want serializer classes that map closely to Django model definitions.\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n class provides a shortcut that lets you automatically create a \nSerializer\n class with fields that correspond to the Model fields.\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n class is the same as a regular \nSerializer\n class, except that\n:\n\n\n\n\nIt will automatically generate a set of fields for you, based on the model.\n\n\nIt will automatically generate validators for the serializer, such as unique_together validators.\n\n\nIt includes simple default implementations of \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeclaring a \nModelSerializer\n looks like this:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nBy default, all the model fields on the class will be mapped to a corresponding serializer fields.\n\n\nAny relationships such as foreign keys on the model will be mapped to \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n. Reverse relationships are not included by default unless explicitly included as specified in the \nserializer relations\n documentation.\n\n\nInspecting a \nModelSerializer\n\n\nSerializer classes generate helpful verbose representation strings, that allow you to fully inspect the state of their fields. This is particularly useful when working with \nModelSerializers\n where you want to determine what set of fields and validators are being automatically created for you.\n\n\nTo do so, open the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n, then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026\n\n\n from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n\n serializer = AccountSerializer()\n\n print(repr(serializer))\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nSpecifying which fields to include\n\n\nIf you only want a subset of the default fields to be used in a model serializer, you can do so using \nfields\n or \nexclude\n options, just as you would with a \nModelForm\n. It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set all fields that should be serialized using the \nfields\n attribute. This will make it less likely to result in unintentionally exposing data when your models change.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nYou can also set the \nfields\n attribute to the special value \n'__all__'\n to indicate that all fields in the model should be used.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = '__all__'\n\n\n\nYou can set the \nexclude\n attribute to a list of fields to be excluded from the serializer.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        exclude = ('users',)\n\n\n\nIn the example above, if the \nAccount\n model had 3 fields \naccount_name\n, \nusers\n, and \ncreated\n, this will result in the fields \naccount_name\n and \ncreated\n to be serialized.\n\n\nThe names in the \nfields\n and \nexclude\n attributes will normally map to model fields on the model class.\n\n\nAlternatively names in the \nfields\n options can map to properties or methods which take no arguments that exist on the model class.\n\n\nSince version 3.3.0, it is \nmandatory\n to provide one of the attributes \nfields\n or \nexclude\n.\n\n\nSpecifying nested serialization\n\n\nThe default \nModelSerializer\n uses primary keys for relationships, but you can also easily generate nested representations using the \ndepth\n option:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        depth = 1\n\n\n\nThe \ndepth\n option should be set to an integer value that indicates the depth of relationships that should be traversed before reverting to a flat representation.\n\n\nIf you want to customize the way the serialization is done you'll need to define the field yourself.\n\n\nSpecifying fields explicitly\n\n\nYou can add extra fields to a \nModelSerializer\n or override the default fields by declaring fields on the class, just as you would for a \nSerializer\n class.\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n    groups = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nExtra fields can correspond to any property or callable on the model.\n\n\nSpecifying read only fields\n\n\nYou may wish to specify multiple fields as read-only. Instead of adding each field explicitly with the \nread_only=True\n attribute, you may use the shortcut Meta option, \nread_only_fields\n.\n\n\nThis option should be a list or tuple of field names, and is declared as follows:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        read_only_fields = ('account_name',)\n\n\n\nModel fields which have \neditable=False\n set, and \nAutoField\n fields will be set to read-only by default, and do not need to be added to the \nread_only_fields\n option.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: There is a special-case where a read-only field is part of a \nunique_together\n constraint at the model level. In this case the field is required by the serializer class in order to validate the constraint, but should also not be editable by the user.\n\n\nThe right way to deal with this is to specify the field explicitly on the serializer, providing both the \nread_only=True\n and \ndefault=\u2026\n keyword arguments.\n\n\nOne example of this is a read-only relation to the currently authenticated \nUser\n which is \nunique_together\n with another identifier. In this case you would declare the user field like so:\n\n\nuser = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(read_only=True, default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault())\n\n\n\nPlease review the \nValidators Documentation\n for details on the \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n and \nCurrentUserDefault\n classes.\n\n\n\n\nAdditional keyword arguments\n\n\nThere is also a shortcut allowing you to specify arbitrary additional keyword arguments on fields, using the \nextra_kwargs\n option. As in the case of \nread_only_fields\n, this means you do not need to explicitly declare the field on the serializer.\n\n\nThis option is a dictionary, mapping field names to a dictionary of keyword arguments. For example:\n\n\nclass CreateUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('email', 'username', 'password')\n        extra_kwargs = {'password': {'write_only': True}}\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        user = User(\n            email=validated_data['email'],\n            username=validated_data['username']\n        )\n        user.set_password(validated_data['password'])\n        user.save()\n        return user\n\n\n\nRelational fields\n\n\nWhen serializing model instances, there are a number of different ways you might choose to represent relationships.  The default representation for \nModelSerializer\n is to use the primary keys of the related instances.\n\n\nAlternative representations include serializing using hyperlinks, serializing complete nested representations, or serializing with a custom representation.\n\n\nFor full details see the \nserializer relations\n documentation.\n\n\nCustomizing field mappings\n\n\nThe ModelSerializer class also exposes an API that you can override in order to alter how serializer fields are automatically determined when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nNormally if a \nModelSerializer\n does not generate the fields you need by default then you should either add them to the class explicitly, or simply use a regular \nSerializer\n class instead. However in some cases you may want to create a new base class that defines how the serializer fields are created for any given model.\n\n\n.serializer_field_mapping\n\n\nA mapping of Django model classes to REST framework serializer classes. You can override this mapping to alter the default serializer classes that should be used for each model class.\n\n\n.serializer_related_field\n\n\nThis property should be the serializer field class, that is used for relational fields by default.\n\n\nFor \nModelSerializer\n this defaults to \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n.\n\n\nFor \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n this defaults to \nserializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField\n.\n\n\nserializer_url_field\n\n\nThe serializer field class that should be used for any \nurl\n field on the serializer.\n\n\nDefaults to \nserializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField\n\n\nserializer_choice_field\n\n\nThe serializer field class that should be used for any choice fields on the serializer.\n\n\nDefaults to \nserializers.ChoiceField\n\n\nThe field_class and field_kwargs API\n\n\nThe following methods are called to determine the class and keyword arguments for each field that should be automatically included on the serializer. Each of these methods should return a two tuple of \n(field_class, field_kwargs)\n.\n\n\n.build_standard_field(self, field_name, model_field)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a standard model field.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a serializer class based on the \nserializer_field_mapping\n attribute.\n\n\n.build_relational_field(self, field_name, relation_info)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a serializer class based on the \nserializer_relational_field\n attribute.\n\n\nThe \nrelation_info\n argument is a named tuple, that contains \nmodel_field\n, \nrelated_model\n, \nto_many\n and \nhas_through_model\n properties.\n\n\n.build_nested_field(self, field_name, relation_info, nested_depth)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field, when the \ndepth\n option has been set.\n\n\nThe default implementation dynamically creates a nested serializer class based on either \nModelSerializer\n or \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nnested_depth\n will be the value of the \ndepth\n option, minus one.\n\n\nThe \nrelation_info\n argument is a named tuple, that contains \nmodel_field\n, \nrelated_model\n, \nto_many\n and \nhas_through_model\n properties.\n\n\n.build_property_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a property or zero-argument method on the model class.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a \nReadOnlyField\n class.\n\n\n.build_url_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field for the serializer's own \nurl\n field. The default implementation returns a \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n class.\n\n\n.build_unknown_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled when the field name did not map to any model field or model property.\nThe default implementation raises an error, although subclasses may customize this behavior.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n class is similar to the \nModelSerializer\n class except that it uses hyperlinks to represent relationships, rather than primary keys.\n\n\nBy default the serializer will include a \nurl\n field instead of a primary key field.\n\n\nThe url field will be represented using a \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n serializer field, and any relationships on the model will be represented using a \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n serializer field.\n\n\nYou can explicitly include the primary key by adding it to the \nfields\n option, for example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nAbsolute and relative URLs\n\n\nWhen instantiating a \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n you must include the current\n\nrequest\n in the serializer context, for example:\n\n\nserializer = AccountSerializer(queryset, context={'request': request})\n\n\n\nDoing so will ensure that the hyperlinks can include an appropriate hostname,\nso that the resulting representation uses fully qualified URLs, such as:\n\n\nhttp://api.example.com/accounts/1/\n\n\n\nRather than relative URLs, such as:\n\n\n/accounts/1/\n\n\n\nIf you \ndo\n want to use relative URLs, you should explicitly pass \n{'request': None}\n\nin the serializer context.\n\n\nHow hyperlinked views are determined\n\n\nThere needs to be a way of determining which views should be used for hyperlinking to model instances.\n\n\nBy default hyperlinks are expected to correspond to a view name that matches the style \n'{model_name}-detail'\n, and looks up the instance by a \npk\n keyword argument.\n\n\nYou can override a URL field view name and lookup field by using either, or both of, the \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n options in the \nextra_kwargs\n setting, like so:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('account_url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'view_name': 'accounts', 'lookup_field': 'account_name'},\n            'users': {'lookup_field': 'username'}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively you can set the fields on the serializer explicitly. For example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='accounts',\n        lookup_field='slug'\n    )\n    users = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        view_name='user-detail',\n        lookup_field='username',\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\n\n\nTip\n: Properly matching together hyperlinked representations and your URL conf can sometimes be a bit fiddly. Printing the \nrepr\n of a \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n instance is a particularly useful way to inspect exactly which view names and lookup fields the relationships are expected to map too.\n\n\n\n\nChanging the URL field name\n\n\nThe name of the URL field defaults to 'url'.  You can override this globally, by using the \nURL_FIELD_NAME\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nListSerializer\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class provides the behavior for serializing and validating multiple objects at once. You won't \ntypically\n need to use \nListSerializer\n directly, but should instead simply pass \nmany=True\n when instantiating a serializer.\n\n\nWhen a serializer is instantiated and \nmany=True\n is passed, a \nListSerializer\n instance will be created. The serializer class then becomes a child of the parent \nListSerializer\n\n\nThe following argument can also be passed to a \nListSerializer\n field or a serializer that is passed \nmany=True\n:\n\n\nallow_empty\n\n\nThis is \nTrue\n by default, but can be set to \nFalse\n if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.\n\n\nCustomizing \nListSerializer\n behavior\n\n\nThere \nare\n a few use cases when you might want to customize the \nListSerializer\n behavior. For example:\n\n\n\n\nYou want to provide particular validation of the lists, such as checking that one element does not conflict with another element in a list.\n\n\nYou want to customize the create or update behavior of multiple objects.\n\n\n\n\nFor these cases you can modify the class that is used when \nmany=True\n is passed, by using the \nlist_serializer_class\n option on the serializer \nMeta\n class.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass CustomListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    ...\n\nclass CustomSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = CustomListSerializer\n\n\n\nCustomizing multiple create\n\n\nThe default implementation for multiple object creation is to simply call \n.create()\n for each item in the list. If you want to customize this behavior, you'll need to customize the \n.create()\n method on \nListSerializer\n class that is used when \nmany=True\n is passed.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        books = [Book(**item) for item in validated_data]\n        return Book.objects.bulk_create(books)\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer\n\n\n\nCustomizing multiple update\n\n\nBy default the \nListSerializer\n class does not support multiple updates. This is because the behavior that should be expected for insertions and deletions is ambiguous.\n\n\nTo support multiple updates you'll need to do so explicitly. When writing your multiple update code make sure to keep the following in mind:\n\n\n\n\nHow do you determine which instance should be updated for each item in the list of data?\n\n\nHow should insertions be handled? Are they invalid, or do they create new objects?\n\n\nHow should removals be handled? Do they imply object deletion, or removing a relationship? Should they be silently ignored, or are they invalid?\n\n\nHow should ordering be handled? Does changing the position of two items imply any state change or is it ignored?\n\n\n\n\nYou will need to add an explicit \nid\n field to the instance serializer. The default implicitly-generated \nid\n field is marked as \nread_only\n. This causes it to be removed on updates. Once you declare it explicitly, it will be available in the list serializer's \nupdate\n method.\n\n\nHere's an example of how you might choose to implement multiple updates:\n\n\nclass BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        # Maps for id-\ninstance and id-\ndata item.\n        book_mapping = {book.id: book for book in instance}\n        data_mapping = {item['id']: item for item in validated_data}\n\n        # Perform creations and updates.\n        ret = []\n        for book_id, data in data_mapping.items():\n            book = book_mapping.get(book_id, None)\n            if book is None:\n                ret.append(self.child.create(data))\n            else:\n                ret.append(self.child.update(book, data))\n\n        # Perform deletions.\n        for book_id, book in book_mapping.items():\n            if book_id not in data_mapping:\n                book.delete()\n\n        return ret\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # We need to identify elements in the list using their primary key,\n    # so use a writable field here, rather than the default which would be read-only.\n    id = serializers.IntegerField()\n    ...\n\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer\n\n\n\nIt is possible that a third party package may be included alongside the 3.1 release that provides some automatic support for multiple update operations, similar to the \nallow_add_remove\n behavior that was present in REST framework 2.\n\n\nCustomizing ListSerializer initialization\n\n\nWhen a serializer with \nmany=True\n is instantiated, we need to determine which arguments and keyword arguments should be passed to the \n.__init__()\n method for both the child \nSerializer\n class, and for the parent \nListSerializer\n class.\n\n\nThe default implementation is to pass all arguments to both classes, except for \nvalidators\n, and any custom keyword arguments, both of which are assumed to be intended for the child serializer class.\n\n\nOccasionally you might need to explicitly specify how the child and parent classes should be instantiated when \nmany=True\n is passed. You can do so by using the \nmany_init\n class method.\n\n\n    @classmethod\n    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Instantiate the child serializer.\n        kwargs['child'] = cls()\n        # Instantiate the parent list serializer.\n        return CustomListSerializer(*args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\n\n\nBaseSerializer\n\n\nBaseSerializer\n class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.\n\n\nThis class implements the same basic API as the \nSerializer\n class:\n\n\n\n\n.data\n - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.\n\n\n.is_valid()\n - Deserializes and validates incoming data.\n\n\n.validated_data\n - Returns the validated incoming data.\n\n\n.errors\n - Returns any errors during validation.\n\n\n.save()\n - Persists the validated data into an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThere are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:\n\n\n\n\n.to_representation()\n - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.\n\n\n.to_internal_value()\n - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.\n\n\n.create()\n and \n.update()\n - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.\n\n\n\n\nBecause this class provides the same interface as the \nSerializer\n class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular \nSerializer\n or \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe only difference you'll notice when doing so is the \nBaseSerializer\n classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.\n\n\nRead-only \nBaseSerializer\n classes\n\n\nTo implement a read-only serializer using the \nBaseSerializer\n class, we just need to override the \n.to_representation()\n method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:\n\n\nclass HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()\n\n\n\nIt's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting \nHighScore\n instances into primitive data types.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n\n\nWe can now use this class to serialize single \nHighScore\n instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nOr use it to serialize multiple instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nRead-write \nBaseSerializer\n classes\n\n\nTo create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a \n.to_internal_value()\n method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.\n\n\nOnce you've implemented \n.to_internal_value()\n, the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use \n.is_valid()\n, \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n.\n\n\nIf you want to also support \n.save()\n you'll need to also implement either or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nHere's a complete example of our previous \nHighScoreSerializer\n, that's been updated to support both read and write operations.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) \n 10:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nCreating new base classes\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.\n\n\nThe following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.\n\n\nclass ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)\n\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced serializer usage\n\n\nOverriding serialization and deserialization behavior\n\n\nIf you need to alter the serialization or deserialization behavior of a serializer class, you can do so by overriding the \n.to_representation()\n or \n.to_internal_value()\n methods.\n\n\nSome reasons this might be useful include...\n\n\n\n\nAdding new behavior for new serializer base classes.\n\n\nModifying the behavior slightly for an existing class.\n\n\nImproving serialization performance for a frequently accessed API endpoint that returns lots of data.\n\n\n\n\nThe signatures for these methods are as follows:\n\n\n.to_representation(self, obj)\n\n\nTakes the object instance that requires serialization, and should return a primitive representation. Typically this means returning a structure of built-in Python datatypes. The exact types that can be handled will depend on the render classes you have configured for your API.\n\n\nMay be overridden in order modify the representation style. For example:\n\n\ndef to_representation(self, instance):\n    \"\"\"Convert `username` to lowercase.\"\"\"\n    ret = super().to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret\n\n\n\n.to_internal_value(self, data)\n\n\nTakes the unvalidated incoming data as input and should return the validated data that will be made available as \nserializer.validated_data\n. The return value will also be passed to the \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n methods if \n.save()\n is called on the serializer class.\n\n\nIf any of the validation fails, then the method should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError(errors)\n. The \nerrors\n argument should be a dictionary mapping field names (or \nsettings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n) to a list of error messages. If you don't need to alter deserialization behavior and instead want to provide object-level validation, it's recommended that you instead override the \n.validate()\n method.\n\n\nThe \ndata\n argument passed to this method will normally be the value of \nrequest.data\n, so the datatype it provides will depend on the parser classes you have configured for your API.\n\n\nSerializer Inheritance\n\n\nSimilar to Django forms, you can extend and reuse serializers through inheritance. This allows you to declare a common set of fields or methods on a parent class that can then be used in a number of serializers. For example,\n\n\nclass MyBaseSerializer(Serializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_my_field(self, value):\n        ...\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    ...\n\n\n\nLike Django's \nModel\n and \nModelForm\n classes, the inner \nMeta\n class on serializers does not implicitly inherit from it's parents' inner \nMeta\n classes. If you want the \nMeta\n class to inherit from a parent class you must do so explicitly. For example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    class Meta(MyBaseSerializer.Meta):\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nTypically we would recommend \nnot\n using inheritance on inner Meta classes, but instead declaring all options explicitly.\n\n\nAdditionally, the following caveats apply to serializer inheritance:\n\n\n\n\nNormal Python name resolution rules apply. If you have multiple base classes that declare a \nMeta\n inner class, only the first one will be used. This means the child\u2019s \nMeta\n, if it exists, otherwise the \nMeta\n of the first parent, etc.\n\n\n\n\nIt\u2019s possible to declaratively remove a \nField\n inherited from a parent class by setting the name to be \nNone\n on the subclass.\n\n\nclass MyBaseSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    my_field = None\n\n\n\nHowever, you can only use this technique to opt out from a field defined declaratively by a parent class; it won\u2019t prevent the \nModelSerializer\n from generating a default field. To opt-out from default fields, see \nSpecifying which fields to include\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDynamically modifying fields\n\n\nOnce a serializer has been initialized, the dictionary of fields that are set on the serializer may be accessed using the \n.fields\n attribute.  Accessing and modifying this attribute allows you to dynamically modify the serializer.\n\n\nModifying the \nfields\n argument directly allows you to do interesting things such as changing the arguments on serializer fields at runtime, rather than at the point of declaring the serializer.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, if you wanted to be able to set which fields should be used by a serializer at the point of initializing it, you could create a serializer class like so:\n\n\nclass DynamicFieldsModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A ModelSerializer that takes an additional `fields` argument that\n    controls which fields should be displayed.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Don't pass the 'fields' arg up to the superclass\n        fields = kwargs.pop('fields', None)\n\n        # Instantiate the superclass normally\n        super(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n\n        if fields is not None:\n            # Drop any fields that are not specified in the `fields` argument.\n            allowed = set(fields)\n            existing = set(self.fields)\n            for field_name in existing - allowed:\n                self.fields.pop(field_name)\n\n\n\nThis would then allow you to do the following:\n\n\n class UserSerializer(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer):\n\n     class Meta:\n\n         model = User\n\n         fields = ('id', 'username', 'email')\n\n\n\n print UserSerializer(user)\n{'id': 2, 'username': 'jonwatts', 'email': 'jon@example.com'}\n\n\n\n print UserSerializer(user, fields=('id', 'email'))\n{'id': 2, 'email': 'jon@example.com'}\n\n\n\nCustomizing the default fields\n\n\nREST framework 2 provided an API to allow developers to override how a \nModelSerializer\n class would automatically generate the default set of fields.\n\n\nThis API included the \n.get_field()\n, \n.get_pk_field()\n and other methods.\n\n\nBecause the serializers have been fundamentally redesigned with 3.0 this API no longer exists. You can still modify the fields that get created but you'll need to refer to the source code, and be aware that if the changes you make are against private bits of API then they may be subject to change.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDjango REST marshmallow\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-marshmallow\n package provides an alternative implementation for serializers, using the python \nmarshmallow\n library. It exposes the same API as the REST framework serializers, and can be used as a drop-in replacement in some use-cases.\n\n\nSerpy\n\n\nThe \nserpy\n package is an alternative implementation for serializers that is built for speed. \nSerpy\n serializes complex datatypes to simple native types. The native types can be easily converted to JSON or any other format needed.\n\n\nMongoengineModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-mongoengine\n package provides a \nMongoEngineModelSerializer\n serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.\n\n\nGeoFeatureModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n package provides a \nGeoFeatureModelSerializer\n serializer class that supports GeoJSON both for read and write operations.\n\n\nHStoreSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n package provides an \nHStoreSerializer\n to support \ndjango-hstore\n \nDictionaryField\n model field and its \nschema-mode\n feature.\n\n\nDynamic REST\n\n\nThe \ndynamic-rest\n package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet interfaces, adding API query parameters for filtering, sorting, and including / excluding all fields and relationships defined by your serializers.\n\n\nDynamic Fields Mixin\n\n\nThe \ndrf-dynamic-fields\n package provides a mixin to dynamically limit the fields per serializer to a subset specified by an URL parameter.\n\n\nDRF FlexFields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-flex-fields\n package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet to provide commonly used functionality for dynamically setting fields and expanding primitive fields to nested models, both from URL parameters and your serializer class definitions.\n\n\nSerializer Extensions\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-serializer-extensions\n\npackage provides a collection of tools to DRY up your serializers, by allowing\nfields to be defined on a per-view/request basis. Fields can be whitelisted,\nblacklisted and child serializers can be optionally expanded.\n\n\nHTML JSON Forms\n\n\nThe \nhtml-json-forms\n package provides an algorithm and serializer for processing \nform\n submissions per the (inactive) \nHTML JSON Form specification\n.  The serializer facilitates processing of arbitrarily nested JSON structures within HTML.  For example, \ninput name=\"items[0][id]\" value=\"5\"\n will be interpreted as \n{\"items\": [{\"id\": \"5\"}]}\n.\n\n\nDRF-Base64\n\n\nDRF-Base64\n provides a set of field and model serializers that handles the upload of base64-encoded files.\n\n\nQueryFields\n\n\ndjangorestframework-queryfields\n allows API clients to specify which fields will be sent in the response via inclusion/exclusion query parameters.\n\n\nDRF Writable Nested\n\n\nThe \ndrf-writable-nested\n package provides writable nested model serializer which allows to create/update models with nested related data.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/",
+            "text": "Serializers\n\n\n\n\nExpanding the usefulness of the serializers is something that we would\nlike to address.  However, it's not a trivial problem, and it\nwill take some serious design work.\n\n\n\u2014 Russell Keith-Magee, \nDjango users group\n\n\n\n\nSerializers allow complex data such as querysets and model instances to be converted to native Python datatypes that can then be easily rendered into \nJSON\n, \nXML\n or other content types.  Serializers also provide deserialization, allowing parsed data to be converted back into complex types, after first validating the incoming data.\n\n\nThe serializers in REST framework work very similarly to Django's \nForm\n and \nModelForm\n classes. We provide a \nSerializer\n class which gives you a powerful, generic way to control the output of your responses, as well as a \nModelSerializer\n class which provides a useful shortcut for creating serializers that deal with model instances and querysets.\n\n\nDeclaring Serializers\n\n\nLet's start by creating a simple object we can use for example purposes:\n\n\nfrom datetime import datetime\n\nclass Comment(object):\n    def __init__(self, email, content, created=None):\n        self.email = email\n        self.content = content\n        self.created = created or datetime.now()\n\ncomment = Comment(email='leila@example.com', content='foo bar')\n\n\n\nWe'll declare a serializer that we can use to serialize and deserialize data that corresponds to \nComment\n objects.\n\n\nDeclaring a serializer looks very similar to declaring a form:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nSerializing objects\n\n\nWe can now use \nCommentSerializer\n to serialize a comment, or list of comments. Again, using the \nSerializer\n class looks a lot like using a \nForm\n class.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment)\nserializer.data\n# {'email': 'leila@example.com', 'content': 'foo bar', 'created': '2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877'}\n\n\n\nAt this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalise the serialization process we render the data into \njson\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\n\njson = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\njson\n# b'{\"email\":\"leila@example.com\",\"content\":\"foo bar\",\"created\":\"2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877\"}'\n\n\n\nDeserializing objects\n\n\nDeserialization is similar. First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...\n\n\nimport io\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(json)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)\n\n\n\n...then we restore those native datatypes into a dictionary of validated data.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# {'content': 'foo bar', 'email': 'leila@example.com', 'created': datetime.datetime(2012, 08, 22, 16, 20, 09, 822243)}\n\n\n\nSaving instances\n\n\nIf we want to be able to return complete object instances based on the validated data we need to implement one or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods. For example:\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        return instance\n\n\n\nIf your object instances correspond to Django models you'll also want to ensure that these methods save the object to the database. For example, if \nComment\n was a Django model, the methods might look like this:\n\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance\n\n\n\nNow when deserializing data, we can call \n.save()\n to return an object instance, based on the validated data.\n\n\ncomment = serializer.save()\n\n\n\nCalling \n.save()\n will either create a new instance, or update an existing instance, depending on if an existing instance was passed when instantiating the serializer class:\n\n\n# .save() will create a new instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\n\n# .save() will update the existing `comment` instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data=data)\n\n\n\nBoth the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods are optional. You can implement either neither, one, or both of them, depending on the use-case for your serializer class.\n\n\nPassing additional attributes to \n.save()\n\n\nSometimes you'll want your view code to be able to inject additional data at the point of saving the instance. This additional data might include information like the current user, the current time, or anything else that is not part of the request data.\n\n\nYou can do so by including additional keyword arguments when calling \n.save()\n. For example:\n\n\nserializer.save(owner=request.user)\n\n\n\nAny additional keyword arguments will be included in the \nvalidated_data\n argument when \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n are called.\n\n\nOverriding \n.save()\n directly.\n\n\nIn some cases the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n method names may not be meaningful. For example, in a contact form we may not be creating new instances, but instead sending an email or other message.\n\n\nIn these cases you might instead choose to override \n.save()\n directly, as being more readable and meaningful.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass ContactForm(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    message = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def save(self):\n        email = self.validated_data['email']\n        message = self.validated_data['message']\n        send_email(from=email, message=message)\n\n\n\nNote that in the case above we're now having to access the serializer \n.validated_data\n property directly.\n\n\nValidation\n\n\nWhen deserializing data, you always need to call \nis_valid()\n before attempting to access the validated data, or save an object instance. If any validation errors occur, the \n.errors\n property will contain a dictionary representing the resulting error messages.  For example:\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data={'email': 'foobar', 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.'], 'created': [u'This field is required.']}\n\n\n\nEach key in the dictionary will be the field name, and the values will be lists of strings of any error messages corresponding to that field.  The \nnon_field_errors\n key may also be present, and will list any general validation errors. The name of the \nnon_field_errors\n key may be customized using the \nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n REST framework setting.\n\n\nWhen deserializing a list of items, errors will be returned as a list of dictionaries representing each of the deserialized items.\n\n\nRaising an exception on invalid data\n\n\nThe \n.is_valid()\n method takes an optional \nraise_exception\n flag that will cause it to raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n exception if there are validation errors.\n\n\nThese exceptions are automatically dealt with by the default exception handler that REST framework provides, and will return \nHTTP 400 Bad Request\n responses by default.\n\n\n# Return a 400 response if the data was invalid.\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\n\nField-level validation\n\n\nYou can specify custom field-level validation by adding \n.validate_\n methods to your \nSerializer\n subclass.  These are similar to the \n.clean_\n methods on Django forms.\n\n\nThese methods take a single argument, which is the field value that requires validation.\n\n\nYour \nvalidate_\n methods should return the validated value or raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass BlogPostSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    content = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_title(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the blog post is about Django.\n        \"\"\"\n        if 'django' not in value.lower():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"Blog post is not about Django\")\n        return value\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If your \n\n is declared on your serializer with the parameter \nrequired=False\n then this validation step will not take place if the field is not included.\n\n\n\n\nObject-level validation\n\n\nTo do any other validation that requires access to multiple fields, add a method called \n.validate()\n to your \nSerializer\n subclass.  This method takes a single argument, which is a dictionary of field values.  It should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if necessary, or just return the validated values.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    description = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    start = serializers.DateTimeField()\n    finish = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def validate(self, data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the start is before the stop.\n        \"\"\"\n        if data['start'] > data['finish']:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"finish must occur after start\")\n        return data\n\n\n\nValidators\n\n\nIndividual fields on a serializer can include validators, by declaring them on the field instance, for example:\n\n\ndef multiple_of_ten(value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('Not a multiple of ten')\n\nclass GameRecord(serializers.Serializer):\n    score = IntegerField(validators=[multiple_of_ten])\n    ...\n\n\n\nSerializer classes can also include reusable validators that are applied to the complete set of field data. These validators are included by declaring them on an inner \nMeta\n class, like so:\n\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    name = serializers.CharField()\n    room_number = serializers.IntegerField(choices=[101, 102, 103, 201])\n    date = serializers.DateField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        # Each room only has one event per day.\n        validators = UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=Event.objects.all(),\n            fields=['room_number', 'date']\n        )\n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nvalidators documentation\n.\n\n\nAccessing the initial data and instance\n\n\nWhen passing an initial object or queryset to a serializer instance, the object will be made available as \n.instance\n. If no initial object is passed then the \n.instance\n attribute will be \nNone\n.\n\n\nWhen passing data to a serializer instance, the unmodified data will be made available as \n.initial_data\n. If the data keyword argument is not passed then the \n.initial_data\n attribute will not exist.\n\n\nPartial updates\n\n\nBy default, serializers must be passed values for all required fields or they will raise validation errors. You can use the \npartial\n argument in order to allow partial updates.\n\n\n# Update `comment` with partial data\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data={'content': u'foo bar'}, partial=True)\n\n\n\nDealing with nested objects\n\n\nThe previous examples are fine for dealing with objects that only have simple datatypes, but sometimes we also need to be able to represent more complex objects, where some of the attributes of an object might not be simple datatypes such as strings, dates or integers.\n\n\nThe \nSerializer\n class is itself a type of \nField\n, and can be used to represent relationships where one object type is nested inside another.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    username = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nIf a nested representation may optionally accept the \nNone\n value you should pass the \nrequired=False\n flag to the nested serializer.\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)  # May be an anonymous user.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nSimilarly if a nested representation should be a list of items, you should pass the \nmany=True\n flag to the nested serialized.\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)\n    edits = EditItemSerializer(many=True)  # A nested list of 'edit' items.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n\n\nWritable nested representations\n\n\nWhen dealing with nested representations that support deserializing the data, any errors with nested objects will be nested under the field name of the nested object.\n\n\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data={'user': {'email': 'foobar', 'username': 'doe'}, 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'user': {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.']}, 'created': [u'This field is required.']}\n\n\n\nSimilarly, the \n.validated_data\n property will include nested data structures.\n\n\nWriting \n.create()\n methods for nested representations\n\n\nIf you're supporting writable nested representations you'll need to write \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n methods that handle saving multiple objects.\n\n\nThe following example demonstrates how you might handle creating a user with a nested profile object.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user\n\n\n\nWriting \n.update()\n methods for nested representations\n\n\nFor updates you'll want to think carefully about how to handle updates to relationships. For example if the data for the relationship is \nNone\n, or not provided, which of the following should occur?\n\n\n\n\nSet the relationship to \nNULL\n in the database.\n\n\nDelete the associated instance.\n\n\nIgnore the data and leave the instance as it is.\n\n\nRaise a validation error.\n\n\n\n\nHere's an example for an \n.update()\n method on our previous \nUserSerializer\n class.\n\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        # Unless the application properly enforces that this field is\n        # always set, the follow could raise a `DoesNotExist`, which\n        # would need to be handled.\n        profile = instance.profile\n\n        instance.username = validated_data.get('username', instance.username)\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.save()\n\n        profile.is_premium_member = profile_data.get(\n            'is_premium_member',\n            profile.is_premium_member\n        )\n        profile.has_support_contract = profile_data.get(\n            'has_support_contract',\n            profile.has_support_contract\n         )\n        profile.save()\n\n        return instance\n\n\n\nBecause the behavior of nested creates and updates can be ambiguous, and may require complex dependencies between related models, REST framework 3 requires you to always write these methods explicitly. The default \nModelSerializer\n \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods do not include support for writable nested representations.\n\n\nThere are however, third-party packages available such as \nDRF Writable Nested\n that support automatic writable nested representations.\n\n\nHandling saving related instances in model manager classes\n\n\nAn alternative to saving multiple related instances in the serializer is to write custom model manager classes that handle creating the correct instances.\n\n\nFor example, suppose we wanted to ensure that \nUser\n instances and \nProfile\n instances are always created together as a pair. We might write a custom manager class that looks something like this:\n\n\nclass UserManager(models.Manager):\n    ...\n\n    def create(self, username, email, is_premium_member=False, has_support_contract=False):\n        user = User(username=username, email=email)\n        user.save()\n        profile = Profile(\n            user=user,\n            is_premium_member=is_premium_member,\n            has_support_contract=has_support_contract\n        )\n        profile.save()\n        return user\n\n\n\nThis manager class now more nicely encapsulates that user instances and profile instances are always created at the same time. Our \n.create()\n method on the serializer class can now be re-written to use the new manager method.\n\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return User.objects.create(\n        username=validated_data['username'],\n        email=validated_data['email']\n        is_premium_member=validated_data['profile']['is_premium_member']\n        has_support_contract=validated_data['profile']['has_support_contract']\n    )\n\n\n\nFor more details on this approach see the Django documentation on \nmodel managers\n, and \nthis blogpost on using model and manager classes\n.\n\n\nDealing with multiple objects\n\n\nThe \nSerializer\n class can also handle serializing or deserializing lists of objects.\n\n\nSerializing multiple objects\n\n\nTo serialize a queryset or list of objects instead of a single object instance, you should pass the \nmany=True\n flag when instantiating the serializer.  You can then pass a queryset or list of objects to be serialized.\n\n\nqueryset = Book.objects.all()\nserializer = BookSerializer(queryset, many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [\n#     {'id': 0, 'title': 'The electric kool-aid acid test', 'author': 'Tom Wolfe'},\n#     {'id': 1, 'title': 'If this is a man', 'author': 'Primo Levi'},\n#     {'id': 2, 'title': 'The wind-up bird chronicle', 'author': 'Haruki Murakami'}\n# ]\n\n\n\nDeserializing multiple objects\n\n\nThe default behavior for deserializing multiple objects is to support multiple object creation, but not support multiple object updates. For more information on how to support or customize either of these cases, see the \nListSerializer\n documentation below.\n\n\nIncluding extra context\n\n\nThere are some cases where you need to provide extra context to the serializer in addition to the object being serialized.  One common case is if you're using a serializer that includes hyperlinked relations, which requires the serializer to have access to the current request so that it can properly generate fully qualified URLs.\n\n\nYou can provide arbitrary additional context by passing a \ncontext\n argument when instantiating the serializer.  For example:\n\n\nserializer = AccountSerializer(account, context={'request': request})\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 6, 'owner': u'denvercoder9', 'created': datetime.datetime(2013, 2, 12, 09, 44, 56, 678870), 'details': 'http://example.com/accounts/6/details'}\n\n\n\nThe context dictionary can be used within any serializer field logic, such as a custom \n.to_representation()\n method, by accessing the \nself.context\n attribute.\n\n\n\n\nModelSerializer\n\n\nOften you'll want serializer classes that map closely to Django model definitions.\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n class provides a shortcut that lets you automatically create a \nSerializer\n class with fields that correspond to the Model fields.\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n class is the same as a regular \nSerializer\n class, except that\n:\n\n\n\n\nIt will automatically generate a set of fields for you, based on the model.\n\n\nIt will automatically generate validators for the serializer, such as unique_together validators.\n\n\nIt includes simple default implementations of \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeclaring a \nModelSerializer\n looks like this:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nBy default, all the model fields on the class will be mapped to a corresponding serializer fields.\n\n\nAny relationships such as foreign keys on the model will be mapped to \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n. Reverse relationships are not included by default unless explicitly included as specified in the \nserializer relations\n documentation.\n\n\nInspecting a \nModelSerializer\n\n\nSerializer classes generate helpful verbose representation strings, that allow you to fully inspect the state of their fields. This is particularly useful when working with \nModelSerializers\n where you want to determine what set of fields and validators are being automatically created for you.\n\n\nTo do so, open the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n, then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026\n\n\n>>> from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n>>> serializer = AccountSerializer()\n>>> print(repr(serializer))\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nSpecifying which fields to include\n\n\nIf you only want a subset of the default fields to be used in a model serializer, you can do so using \nfields\n or \nexclude\n options, just as you would with a \nModelForm\n. It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set all fields that should be serialized using the \nfields\n attribute. This will make it less likely to result in unintentionally exposing data when your models change.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nYou can also set the \nfields\n attribute to the special value \n'__all__'\n to indicate that all fields in the model should be used.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = '__all__'\n\n\n\nYou can set the \nexclude\n attribute to a list of fields to be excluded from the serializer.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        exclude = ('users',)\n\n\n\nIn the example above, if the \nAccount\n model had 3 fields \naccount_name\n, \nusers\n, and \ncreated\n, this will result in the fields \naccount_name\n and \ncreated\n to be serialized.\n\n\nThe names in the \nfields\n and \nexclude\n attributes will normally map to model fields on the model class.\n\n\nAlternatively names in the \nfields\n options can map to properties or methods which take no arguments that exist on the model class.\n\n\nSince version 3.3.0, it is \nmandatory\n to provide one of the attributes \nfields\n or \nexclude\n.\n\n\nSpecifying nested serialization\n\n\nThe default \nModelSerializer\n uses primary keys for relationships, but you can also easily generate nested representations using the \ndepth\n option:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        depth = 1\n\n\n\nThe \ndepth\n option should be set to an integer value that indicates the depth of relationships that should be traversed before reverting to a flat representation.\n\n\nIf you want to customize the way the serialization is done you'll need to define the field yourself.\n\n\nSpecifying fields explicitly\n\n\nYou can add extra fields to a \nModelSerializer\n or override the default fields by declaring fields on the class, just as you would for a \nSerializer\n class.\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n    groups = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nExtra fields can correspond to any property or callable on the model.\n\n\nSpecifying read only fields\n\n\nYou may wish to specify multiple fields as read-only. Instead of adding each field explicitly with the \nread_only=True\n attribute, you may use the shortcut Meta option, \nread_only_fields\n.\n\n\nThis option should be a list or tuple of field names, and is declared as follows:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        read_only_fields = ('account_name',)\n\n\n\nModel fields which have \neditable=False\n set, and \nAutoField\n fields will be set to read-only by default, and do not need to be added to the \nread_only_fields\n option.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: There is a special-case where a read-only field is part of a \nunique_together\n constraint at the model level. In this case the field is required by the serializer class in order to validate the constraint, but should also not be editable by the user.\n\n\nThe right way to deal with this is to specify the field explicitly on the serializer, providing both the \nread_only=True\n and \ndefault=\u2026\n keyword arguments.\n\n\nOne example of this is a read-only relation to the currently authenticated \nUser\n which is \nunique_together\n with another identifier. In this case you would declare the user field like so:\n\n\nuser = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(read_only=True, default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault())\n\n\n\nPlease review the \nValidators Documentation\n for details on the \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n and \nCurrentUserDefault\n classes.\n\n\n\n\nAdditional keyword arguments\n\n\nThere is also a shortcut allowing you to specify arbitrary additional keyword arguments on fields, using the \nextra_kwargs\n option. As in the case of \nread_only_fields\n, this means you do not need to explicitly declare the field on the serializer.\n\n\nThis option is a dictionary, mapping field names to a dictionary of keyword arguments. For example:\n\n\nclass CreateUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('email', 'username', 'password')\n        extra_kwargs = {'password': {'write_only': True}}\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        user = User(\n            email=validated_data['email'],\n            username=validated_data['username']\n        )\n        user.set_password(validated_data['password'])\n        user.save()\n        return user\n\n\n\nRelational fields\n\n\nWhen serializing model instances, there are a number of different ways you might choose to represent relationships.  The default representation for \nModelSerializer\n is to use the primary keys of the related instances.\n\n\nAlternative representations include serializing using hyperlinks, serializing complete nested representations, or serializing with a custom representation.\n\n\nFor full details see the \nserializer relations\n documentation.\n\n\nCustomizing field mappings\n\n\nThe ModelSerializer class also exposes an API that you can override in order to alter how serializer fields are automatically determined when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nNormally if a \nModelSerializer\n does not generate the fields you need by default then you should either add them to the class explicitly, or simply use a regular \nSerializer\n class instead. However in some cases you may want to create a new base class that defines how the serializer fields are created for any given model.\n\n\n.serializer_field_mapping\n\n\nA mapping of Django model classes to REST framework serializer classes. You can override this mapping to alter the default serializer classes that should be used for each model class.\n\n\n.serializer_related_field\n\n\nThis property should be the serializer field class, that is used for relational fields by default.\n\n\nFor \nModelSerializer\n this defaults to \nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n.\n\n\nFor \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n this defaults to \nserializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField\n.\n\n\nserializer_url_field\n\n\nThe serializer field class that should be used for any \nurl\n field on the serializer.\n\n\nDefaults to \nserializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField\n\n\nserializer_choice_field\n\n\nThe serializer field class that should be used for any choice fields on the serializer.\n\n\nDefaults to \nserializers.ChoiceField\n\n\nThe field_class and field_kwargs API\n\n\nThe following methods are called to determine the class and keyword arguments for each field that should be automatically included on the serializer. Each of these methods should return a two tuple of \n(field_class, field_kwargs)\n.\n\n\n.build_standard_field(self, field_name, model_field)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a standard model field.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a serializer class based on the \nserializer_field_mapping\n attribute.\n\n\n.build_relational_field(self, field_name, relation_info)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a serializer class based on the \nserializer_relational_field\n attribute.\n\n\nThe \nrelation_info\n argument is a named tuple, that contains \nmodel_field\n, \nrelated_model\n, \nto_many\n and \nhas_through_model\n properties.\n\n\n.build_nested_field(self, field_name, relation_info, nested_depth)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field, when the \ndepth\n option has been set.\n\n\nThe default implementation dynamically creates a nested serializer class based on either \nModelSerializer\n or \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nnested_depth\n will be the value of the \ndepth\n option, minus one.\n\n\nThe \nrelation_info\n argument is a named tuple, that contains \nmodel_field\n, \nrelated_model\n, \nto_many\n and \nhas_through_model\n properties.\n\n\n.build_property_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field that maps to a property or zero-argument method on the model class.\n\n\nThe default implementation returns a \nReadOnlyField\n class.\n\n\n.build_url_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled to generate a serializer field for the serializer's own \nurl\n field. The default implementation returns a \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n class.\n\n\n.build_unknown_field(self, field_name, model_class)\n\n\nCalled when the field name did not map to any model field or model property.\nThe default implementation raises an error, although subclasses may customize this behavior.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n class is similar to the \nModelSerializer\n class except that it uses hyperlinks to represent relationships, rather than primary keys.\n\n\nBy default the serializer will include a \nurl\n field instead of a primary key field.\n\n\nThe url field will be represented using a \nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n serializer field, and any relationships on the model will be represented using a \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n serializer field.\n\n\nYou can explicitly include the primary key by adding it to the \nfields\n option, for example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\nAbsolute and relative URLs\n\n\nWhen instantiating a \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n you must include the current\n\nrequest\n in the serializer context, for example:\n\n\nserializer = AccountSerializer(queryset, context={'request': request})\n\n\n\nDoing so will ensure that the hyperlinks can include an appropriate hostname,\nso that the resulting representation uses fully qualified URLs, such as:\n\n\nhttp://api.example.com/accounts/1/\n\n\n\nRather than relative URLs, such as:\n\n\n/accounts/1/\n\n\n\nIf you \ndo\n want to use relative URLs, you should explicitly pass \n{'request': None}\n\nin the serializer context.\n\n\nHow hyperlinked views are determined\n\n\nThere needs to be a way of determining which views should be used for hyperlinking to model instances.\n\n\nBy default hyperlinks are expected to correspond to a view name that matches the style \n'{model_name}-detail'\n, and looks up the instance by a \npk\n keyword argument.\n\n\nYou can override a URL field view name and lookup field by using either, or both of, the \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n options in the \nextra_kwargs\n setting, like so:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('account_url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'view_name': 'accounts', 'lookup_field': 'account_name'},\n            'users': {'lookup_field': 'username'}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively you can set the fields on the serializer explicitly. For example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='accounts',\n        lookup_field='slug'\n    )\n    users = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        view_name='user-detail',\n        lookup_field='username',\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n\n\n\n\n\nTip\n: Properly matching together hyperlinked representations and your URL conf can sometimes be a bit fiddly. Printing the \nrepr\n of a \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n instance is a particularly useful way to inspect exactly which view names and lookup fields the relationships are expected to map too.\n\n\n\n\nChanging the URL field name\n\n\nThe name of the URL field defaults to 'url'.  You can override this globally, by using the \nURL_FIELD_NAME\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nListSerializer\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class provides the behavior for serializing and validating multiple objects at once. You won't \ntypically\n need to use \nListSerializer\n directly, but should instead simply pass \nmany=True\n when instantiating a serializer.\n\n\nWhen a serializer is instantiated and \nmany=True\n is passed, a \nListSerializer\n instance will be created. The serializer class then becomes a child of the parent \nListSerializer\n\n\nThe following argument can also be passed to a \nListSerializer\n field or a serializer that is passed \nmany=True\n:\n\n\nallow_empty\n\n\nThis is \nTrue\n by default, but can be set to \nFalse\n if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.\n\n\nCustomizing \nListSerializer\n behavior\n\n\nThere \nare\n a few use cases when you might want to customize the \nListSerializer\n behavior. For example:\n\n\n\n\nYou want to provide particular validation of the lists, such as checking that one element does not conflict with another element in a list.\n\n\nYou want to customize the create or update behavior of multiple objects.\n\n\n\n\nFor these cases you can modify the class that is used when \nmany=True\n is passed, by using the \nlist_serializer_class\n option on the serializer \nMeta\n class.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass CustomListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    ...\n\nclass CustomSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = CustomListSerializer\n\n\n\nCustomizing multiple create\n\n\nThe default implementation for multiple object creation is to simply call \n.create()\n for each item in the list. If you want to customize this behavior, you'll need to customize the \n.create()\n method on \nListSerializer\n class that is used when \nmany=True\n is passed.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        books = [Book(**item) for item in validated_data]\n        return Book.objects.bulk_create(books)\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer\n\n\n\nCustomizing multiple update\n\n\nBy default the \nListSerializer\n class does not support multiple updates. This is because the behavior that should be expected for insertions and deletions is ambiguous.\n\n\nTo support multiple updates you'll need to do so explicitly. When writing your multiple update code make sure to keep the following in mind:\n\n\n\n\nHow do you determine which instance should be updated for each item in the list of data?\n\n\nHow should insertions be handled? Are they invalid, or do they create new objects?\n\n\nHow should removals be handled? Do they imply object deletion, or removing a relationship? Should they be silently ignored, or are they invalid?\n\n\nHow should ordering be handled? Does changing the position of two items imply any state change or is it ignored?\n\n\n\n\nYou will need to add an explicit \nid\n field to the instance serializer. The default implicitly-generated \nid\n field is marked as \nread_only\n. This causes it to be removed on updates. Once you declare it explicitly, it will be available in the list serializer's \nupdate\n method.\n\n\nHere's an example of how you might choose to implement multiple updates:\n\n\nclass BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        # Maps for id->instance and id->data item.\n        book_mapping = {book.id: book for book in instance}\n        data_mapping = {item['id']: item for item in validated_data}\n\n        # Perform creations and updates.\n        ret = []\n        for book_id, data in data_mapping.items():\n            book = book_mapping.get(book_id, None)\n            if book is None:\n                ret.append(self.child.create(data))\n            else:\n                ret.append(self.child.update(book, data))\n\n        # Perform deletions.\n        for book_id, book in book_mapping.items():\n            if book_id not in data_mapping:\n                book.delete()\n\n        return ret\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # We need to identify elements in the list using their primary key,\n    # so use a writable field here, rather than the default which would be read-only.\n    id = serializers.IntegerField()\n    ...\n\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer\n\n\n\nIt is possible that a third party package may be included alongside the 3.1 release that provides some automatic support for multiple update operations, similar to the \nallow_add_remove\n behavior that was present in REST framework 2.\n\n\nCustomizing ListSerializer initialization\n\n\nWhen a serializer with \nmany=True\n is instantiated, we need to determine which arguments and keyword arguments should be passed to the \n.__init__()\n method for both the child \nSerializer\n class, and for the parent \nListSerializer\n class.\n\n\nThe default implementation is to pass all arguments to both classes, except for \nvalidators\n, and any custom keyword arguments, both of which are assumed to be intended for the child serializer class.\n\n\nOccasionally you might need to explicitly specify how the child and parent classes should be instantiated when \nmany=True\n is passed. You can do so by using the \nmany_init\n class method.\n\n\n    @classmethod\n    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Instantiate the child serializer.\n        kwargs['child'] = cls()\n        # Instantiate the parent list serializer.\n        return CustomListSerializer(*args, **kwargs)\n\n\n\n\n\nBaseSerializer\n\n\nBaseSerializer\n class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.\n\n\nThis class implements the same basic API as the \nSerializer\n class:\n\n\n\n\n.data\n - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.\n\n\n.is_valid()\n - Deserializes and validates incoming data.\n\n\n.validated_data\n - Returns the validated incoming data.\n\n\n.errors\n - Returns any errors during validation.\n\n\n.save()\n - Persists the validated data into an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThere are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:\n\n\n\n\n.to_representation()\n - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.\n\n\n.to_internal_value()\n - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.\n\n\n.create()\n and \n.update()\n - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.\n\n\n\n\nBecause this class provides the same interface as the \nSerializer\n class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular \nSerializer\n or \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe only difference you'll notice when doing so is the \nBaseSerializer\n classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.\n\n\nRead-only \nBaseSerializer\n classes\n\n\nTo implement a read-only serializer using the \nBaseSerializer\n class, we just need to override the \n.to_representation()\n method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:\n\n\nclass HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()\n\n\n\nIt's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting \nHighScore\n instances into primitive data types.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n\n\nWe can now use this class to serialize single \nHighScore\n instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nOr use it to serialize multiple instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nRead-write \nBaseSerializer\n classes\n\n\nTo create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a \n.to_internal_value()\n method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.\n\n\nOnce you've implemented \n.to_internal_value()\n, the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use \n.is_valid()\n, \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n.\n\n\nIf you want to also support \n.save()\n you'll need to also implement either or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nHere's a complete example of our previous \nHighScoreSerializer\n, that's been updated to support both read and write operations.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) > 10:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nCreating new base classes\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.\n\n\nThe following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.\n\n\nclass ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)\n\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced serializer usage\n\n\nOverriding serialization and deserialization behavior\n\n\nIf you need to alter the serialization or deserialization behavior of a serializer class, you can do so by overriding the \n.to_representation()\n or \n.to_internal_value()\n methods.\n\n\nSome reasons this might be useful include...\n\n\n\n\nAdding new behavior for new serializer base classes.\n\n\nModifying the behavior slightly for an existing class.\n\n\nImproving serialization performance for a frequently accessed API endpoint that returns lots of data.\n\n\n\n\nThe signatures for these methods are as follows:\n\n\n.to_representation(self, obj)\n\n\nTakes the object instance that requires serialization, and should return a primitive representation. Typically this means returning a structure of built-in Python datatypes. The exact types that can be handled will depend on the render classes you have configured for your API.\n\n\nMay be overridden in order modify the representation style. For example:\n\n\ndef to_representation(self, instance):\n    \"\"\"Convert `username` to lowercase.\"\"\"\n    ret = super().to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret\n\n\n\n.to_internal_value(self, data)\n\n\nTakes the unvalidated incoming data as input and should return the validated data that will be made available as \nserializer.validated_data\n. The return value will also be passed to the \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n methods if \n.save()\n is called on the serializer class.\n\n\nIf any of the validation fails, then the method should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError(errors)\n. The \nerrors\n argument should be a dictionary mapping field names (or \nsettings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n) to a list of error messages. If you don't need to alter deserialization behavior and instead want to provide object-level validation, it's recommended that you instead override the \n.validate()\n method.\n\n\nThe \ndata\n argument passed to this method will normally be the value of \nrequest.data\n, so the datatype it provides will depend on the parser classes you have configured for your API.\n\n\nSerializer Inheritance\n\n\nSimilar to Django forms, you can extend and reuse serializers through inheritance. This allows you to declare a common set of fields or methods on a parent class that can then be used in a number of serializers. For example,\n\n\nclass MyBaseSerializer(Serializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_my_field(self, value):\n        ...\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    ...\n\n\n\nLike Django's \nModel\n and \nModelForm\n classes, the inner \nMeta\n class on serializers does not implicitly inherit from it's parents' inner \nMeta\n classes. If you want the \nMeta\n class to inherit from a parent class you must do so explicitly. For example:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    class Meta(MyBaseSerializer.Meta):\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nTypically we would recommend \nnot\n using inheritance on inner Meta classes, but instead declaring all options explicitly.\n\n\nAdditionally, the following caveats apply to serializer inheritance:\n\n\n\n\nNormal Python name resolution rules apply. If you have multiple base classes that declare a \nMeta\n inner class, only the first one will be used. This means the child\u2019s \nMeta\n, if it exists, otherwise the \nMeta\n of the first parent, etc.\n\n\n\n\nIt\u2019s possible to declaratively remove a \nField\n inherited from a parent class by setting the name to be \nNone\n on the subclass.\n\n\nclass MyBaseSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    my_field = None\n\n\n\nHowever, you can only use this technique to opt out from a field defined declaratively by a parent class; it won\u2019t prevent the \nModelSerializer\n from generating a default field. To opt-out from default fields, see \nSpecifying which fields to include\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDynamically modifying fields\n\n\nOnce a serializer has been initialized, the dictionary of fields that are set on the serializer may be accessed using the \n.fields\n attribute.  Accessing and modifying this attribute allows you to dynamically modify the serializer.\n\n\nModifying the \nfields\n argument directly allows you to do interesting things such as changing the arguments on serializer fields at runtime, rather than at the point of declaring the serializer.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, if you wanted to be able to set which fields should be used by a serializer at the point of initializing it, you could create a serializer class like so:\n\n\nclass DynamicFieldsModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A ModelSerializer that takes an additional `fields` argument that\n    controls which fields should be displayed.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Don't pass the 'fields' arg up to the superclass\n        fields = kwargs.pop('fields', None)\n\n        # Instantiate the superclass normally\n        super(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n\n        if fields is not None:\n            # Drop any fields that are not specified in the `fields` argument.\n            allowed = set(fields)\n            existing = set(self.fields)\n            for field_name in existing - allowed:\n                self.fields.pop(field_name)\n\n\n\nThis would then allow you to do the following:\n\n\n>>> class UserSerializer(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer):\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = User\n>>>         fields = ('id', 'username', 'email')\n>>>\n>>> print UserSerializer(user)\n{'id': 2, 'username': 'jonwatts', 'email': 'jon@example.com'}\n>>>\n>>> print UserSerializer(user, fields=('id', 'email'))\n{'id': 2, 'email': 'jon@example.com'}\n\n\n\nCustomizing the default fields\n\n\nREST framework 2 provided an API to allow developers to override how a \nModelSerializer\n class would automatically generate the default set of fields.\n\n\nThis API included the \n.get_field()\n, \n.get_pk_field()\n and other methods.\n\n\nBecause the serializers have been fundamentally redesigned with 3.0 this API no longer exists. You can still modify the fields that get created but you'll need to refer to the source code, and be aware that if the changes you make are against private bits of API then they may be subject to change.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDjango REST marshmallow\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-marshmallow\n package provides an alternative implementation for serializers, using the python \nmarshmallow\n library. It exposes the same API as the REST framework serializers, and can be used as a drop-in replacement in some use-cases.\n\n\nSerpy\n\n\nThe \nserpy\n package is an alternative implementation for serializers that is built for speed. \nSerpy\n serializes complex datatypes to simple native types. The native types can be easily converted to JSON or any other format needed.\n\n\nMongoengineModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-mongoengine\n package provides a \nMongoEngineModelSerializer\n serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.\n\n\nGeoFeatureModelSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n package provides a \nGeoFeatureModelSerializer\n serializer class that supports GeoJSON both for read and write operations.\n\n\nHStoreSerializer\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n package provides an \nHStoreSerializer\n to support \ndjango-hstore\n \nDictionaryField\n model field and its \nschema-mode\n feature.\n\n\nDynamic REST\n\n\nThe \ndynamic-rest\n package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet interfaces, adding API query parameters for filtering, sorting, and including / excluding all fields and relationships defined by your serializers.\n\n\nDynamic Fields Mixin\n\n\nThe \ndrf-dynamic-fields\n package provides a mixin to dynamically limit the fields per serializer to a subset specified by an URL parameter.\n\n\nDRF FlexFields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-flex-fields\n package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet to provide commonly used functionality for dynamically setting fields and expanding primitive fields to nested models, both from URL parameters and your serializer class definitions.\n\n\nSerializer Extensions\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-serializer-extensions\n\npackage provides a collection of tools to DRY up your serializers, by allowing\nfields to be defined on a per-view/request basis. Fields can be whitelisted,\nblacklisted and child serializers can be optionally expanded.\n\n\nHTML JSON Forms\n\n\nThe \nhtml-json-forms\n package provides an algorithm and serializer for processing \n
    \n submissions per the (inactive) \nHTML JSON Form specification\n.  The serializer facilitates processing of arbitrarily nested JSON structures within HTML.  For example, \n\n will be interpreted as \n{\"items\": [{\"id\": \"5\"}]}\n.\n\n\nDRF-Base64\n\n\nDRF-Base64\n provides a set of field and model serializers that handles the upload of base64-encoded files.\n\n\nQueryFields\n\n\ndjangorestframework-queryfields\n allows API clients to specify which fields will be sent in the response via inclusion/exclusion query parameters.\n\n\nDRF Writable Nested\n\n\nThe \ndrf-writable-nested\n package provides writable nested model serializer which allows to create/update models with nested related data.",
             "title": "Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializers", 
-            "text": "Expanding the usefulness of the serializers is something that we would\nlike to address.  However, it's not a trivial problem, and it\nwill take some serious design work.   Russell Keith-Magee,  Django users group   Serializers allow complex data such as querysets and model instances to be converted to native Python datatypes that can then be easily rendered into  JSON ,  XML  or other content types.  Serializers also provide deserialization, allowing parsed data to be converted back into complex types, after first validating the incoming data.  The serializers in REST framework work very similarly to Django's  Form  and  ModelForm  classes. We provide a  Serializer  class which gives you a powerful, generic way to control the output of your responses, as well as a  ModelSerializer  class which provides a useful shortcut for creating serializers that deal with model instances and querysets.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializers",
+            "text": "Expanding the usefulness of the serializers is something that we would\nlike to address.  However, it's not a trivial problem, and it\nwill take some serious design work.  \u2014 Russell Keith-Magee,  Django users group   Serializers allow complex data such as querysets and model instances to be converted to native Python datatypes that can then be easily rendered into  JSON ,  XML  or other content types.  Serializers also provide deserialization, allowing parsed data to be converted back into complex types, after first validating the incoming data.  The serializers in REST framework work very similarly to Django's  Form  and  ModelForm  classes. We provide a  Serializer  class which gives you a powerful, generic way to control the output of your responses, as well as a  ModelSerializer  class which provides a useful shortcut for creating serializers that deal with model instances and querysets.",
             "title": "Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#declaring-serializers", 
-            "text": "Let's start by creating a simple object we can use for example purposes:  from datetime import datetime\n\nclass Comment(object):\n    def __init__(self, email, content, created=None):\n        self.email = email\n        self.content = content\n        self.created = created or datetime.now()\n\ncomment = Comment(email='leila@example.com', content='foo bar')  We'll declare a serializer that we can use to serialize and deserialize data that corresponds to  Comment  objects.  Declaring a serializer looks very similar to declaring a form:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#declaring-serializers",
+            "text": "Let's start by creating a simple object we can use for example purposes:  from datetime import datetime\n\nclass Comment(object):\n    def __init__(self, email, content, created=None):\n        self.email = email\n        self.content = content\n        self.created = created or datetime.now()\n\ncomment = Comment(email='leila@example.com', content='foo bar')  We'll declare a serializer that we can use to serialize and deserialize data that corresponds to  Comment  objects.  Declaring a serializer looks very similar to declaring a form:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()",
             "title": "Declaring Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializing-objects", 
-            "text": "We can now use  CommentSerializer  to serialize a comment, or list of comments. Again, using the  Serializer  class looks a lot like using a  Form  class.  serializer = CommentSerializer(comment)\nserializer.data\n# {'email': 'leila@example.com', 'content': 'foo bar', 'created': '2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877'}  At this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalise the serialization process we render the data into  json .  from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\n\njson = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\njson\n# b'{\"email\":\"leila@example.com\",\"content\":\"foo bar\",\"created\":\"2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877\"}'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializing-objects",
+            "text": "We can now use  CommentSerializer  to serialize a comment, or list of comments. Again, using the  Serializer  class looks a lot like using a  Form  class.  serializer = CommentSerializer(comment)\nserializer.data\n# {'email': 'leila@example.com', 'content': 'foo bar', 'created': '2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877'}  At this point we've translated the model instance into Python native datatypes.  To finalise the serialization process we render the data into  json .  from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer\n\njson = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)\njson\n# b'{\"email\":\"leila@example.com\",\"content\":\"foo bar\",\"created\":\"2016-01-27T15:17:10.375877\"}'",
             "title": "Serializing objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#deserializing-objects", 
-            "text": "Deserialization is similar. First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...  import io\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(json)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)  ...then we restore those native datatypes into a dictionary of validated data.  serializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# {'content': 'foo bar', 'email': 'leila@example.com', 'created': datetime.datetime(2012, 08, 22, 16, 20, 09, 822243)}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#deserializing-objects",
+            "text": "Deserialization is similar. First we parse a stream into Python native datatypes...  import io\nfrom rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser\n\nstream = io.BytesIO(json)\ndata = JSONParser().parse(stream)  ...then we restore those native datatypes into a dictionary of validated data.  serializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\nserializer.is_valid()\n# True\nserializer.validated_data\n# {'content': 'foo bar', 'email': 'leila@example.com', 'created': datetime.datetime(2012, 08, 22, 16, 20, 09, 822243)}",
             "title": "Deserializing objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#saving-instances", 
-            "text": "If we want to be able to return complete object instances based on the validated data we need to implement one or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods. For example:  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        return instance  If your object instances correspond to Django models you'll also want to ensure that these methods save the object to the database. For example, if  Comment  was a Django model, the methods might look like this:      def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance  Now when deserializing data, we can call  .save()  to return an object instance, based on the validated data.  comment = serializer.save()  Calling  .save()  will either create a new instance, or update an existing instance, depending on if an existing instance was passed when instantiating the serializer class:  # .save() will create a new instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\n\n# .save() will update the existing `comment` instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data=data)  Both the  .create()  and  .update()  methods are optional. You can implement either neither, one, or both of them, depending on the use-case for your serializer class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#saving-instances",
+            "text": "If we want to be able to return complete object instances based on the validated data we need to implement one or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods. For example:  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        return instance  If your object instances correspond to Django models you'll also want to ensure that these methods save the object to the database. For example, if  Comment  was a Django model, the methods might look like this:      def create(self, validated_data):\n        return Comment.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.content = validated_data.get('content', instance.content)\n        instance.created = validated_data.get('created', instance.created)\n        instance.save()\n        return instance  Now when deserializing data, we can call  .save()  to return an object instance, based on the validated data.  comment = serializer.save()  Calling  .save()  will either create a new instance, or update an existing instance, depending on if an existing instance was passed when instantiating the serializer class:  # .save() will create a new instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(data=data)\n\n# .save() will update the existing `comment` instance.\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data=data)  Both the  .create()  and  .update()  methods are optional. You can implement either neither, one, or both of them, depending on the use-case for your serializer class.",
             "title": "Saving instances"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#passing-additional-attributes-to-save", 
-            "text": "Sometimes you'll want your view code to be able to inject additional data at the point of saving the instance. This additional data might include information like the current user, the current time, or anything else that is not part of the request data.  You can do so by including additional keyword arguments when calling  .save() . For example:  serializer.save(owner=request.user)  Any additional keyword arguments will be included in the  validated_data  argument when  .create()  or  .update()  are called.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#passing-additional-attributes-to-save",
+            "text": "Sometimes you'll want your view code to be able to inject additional data at the point of saving the instance. This additional data might include information like the current user, the current time, or anything else that is not part of the request data.  You can do so by including additional keyword arguments when calling  .save() . For example:  serializer.save(owner=request.user)  Any additional keyword arguments will be included in the  validated_data  argument when  .create()  or  .update()  are called.",
             "title": "Passing additional attributes to .save()"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#overriding-save-directly", 
-            "text": "In some cases the  .create()  and  .update()  method names may not be meaningful. For example, in a contact form we may not be creating new instances, but instead sending an email or other message.  In these cases you might instead choose to override  .save()  directly, as being more readable and meaningful.  For example:  class ContactForm(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    message = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def save(self):\n        email = self.validated_data['email']\n        message = self.validated_data['message']\n        send_email(from=email, message=message)  Note that in the case above we're now having to access the serializer  .validated_data  property directly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#overriding-save-directly",
+            "text": "In some cases the  .create()  and  .update()  method names may not be meaningful. For example, in a contact form we may not be creating new instances, but instead sending an email or other message.  In these cases you might instead choose to override  .save()  directly, as being more readable and meaningful.  For example:  class ContactForm(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    message = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def save(self):\n        email = self.validated_data['email']\n        message = self.validated_data['message']\n        send_email(from=email, message=message)  Note that in the case above we're now having to access the serializer  .validated_data  property directly.",
             "title": "Overriding .save() directly."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#validation", 
-            "text": "When deserializing data, you always need to call  is_valid()  before attempting to access the validated data, or save an object instance. If any validation errors occur, the  .errors  property will contain a dictionary representing the resulting error messages.  For example:  serializer = CommentSerializer(data={'email': 'foobar', 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.'], 'created': [u'This field is required.']}  Each key in the dictionary will be the field name, and the values will be lists of strings of any error messages corresponding to that field.  The  non_field_errors  key may also be present, and will list any general validation errors. The name of the  non_field_errors  key may be customized using the  NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY  REST framework setting.  When deserializing a list of items, errors will be returned as a list of dictionaries representing each of the deserialized items.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#validation",
+            "text": "When deserializing data, you always need to call  is_valid()  before attempting to access the validated data, or save an object instance. If any validation errors occur, the  .errors  property will contain a dictionary representing the resulting error messages.  For example:  serializer = CommentSerializer(data={'email': 'foobar', 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.'], 'created': [u'This field is required.']}  Each key in the dictionary will be the field name, and the values will be lists of strings of any error messages corresponding to that field.  The  non_field_errors  key may also be present, and will list any general validation errors. The name of the  non_field_errors  key may be customized using the  NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY  REST framework setting.  When deserializing a list of items, errors will be returned as a list of dictionaries representing each of the deserialized items.",
             "title": "Validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#raising-an-exception-on-invalid-data", 
-            "text": "The  .is_valid()  method takes an optional  raise_exception  flag that will cause it to raise a  serializers.ValidationError  exception if there are validation errors.  These exceptions are automatically dealt with by the default exception handler that REST framework provides, and will return  HTTP 400 Bad Request  responses by default.  # Return a 400 response if the data was invalid.\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#raising-an-exception-on-invalid-data",
+            "text": "The  .is_valid()  method takes an optional  raise_exception  flag that will cause it to raise a  serializers.ValidationError  exception if there are validation errors.  These exceptions are automatically dealt with by the default exception handler that REST framework provides, and will return  HTTP 400 Bad Request  responses by default.  # Return a 400 response if the data was invalid.\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)",
             "title": "Raising an exception on invalid data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#field-level-validation", 
-            "text": "You can specify custom field-level validation by adding  .validate_ field_name  methods to your  Serializer  subclass.  These are similar to the  .clean_ field_name  methods on Django forms.  These methods take a single argument, which is the field value that requires validation.  Your  validate_ field_name  methods should return the validated value or raise a  serializers.ValidationError .  For example:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass BlogPostSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    content = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_title(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the blog post is about Django.\n        \"\"\"\n        if 'django' not in value.lower():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"Blog post is not about Django\")\n        return value   Note:  If your  field_name  is declared on your serializer with the parameter  required=False  then this validation step will not take place if the field is not included.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#field-level-validation",
+            "text": "You can specify custom field-level validation by adding  .validate_  methods to your  Serializer  subclass.  These are similar to the  .clean_  methods on Django forms.  These methods take a single argument, which is the field value that requires validation.  Your  validate_  methods should return the validated value or raise a  serializers.ValidationError .  For example:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass BlogPostSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    content = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_title(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the blog post is about Django.\n        \"\"\"\n        if 'django' not in value.lower():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"Blog post is not about Django\")\n        return value   Note:  If your    is declared on your serializer with the parameter  required=False  then this validation step will not take place if the field is not included.",
             "title": "Field-level validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#object-level-validation", 
-            "text": "To do any other validation that requires access to multiple fields, add a method called  .validate()  to your  Serializer  subclass.  This method takes a single argument, which is a dictionary of field values.  It should raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if necessary, or just return the validated values.  For example:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    description = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    start = serializers.DateTimeField()\n    finish = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def validate(self, data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the start is before the stop.\n        \"\"\"\n        if data['start']   data['finish']:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"finish must occur after start\")\n        return data", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#object-level-validation",
+            "text": "To do any other validation that requires access to multiple fields, add a method called  .validate()  to your  Serializer  subclass.  This method takes a single argument, which is a dictionary of field values.  It should raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if necessary, or just return the validated values.  For example:  from rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    description = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n    start = serializers.DateTimeField()\n    finish = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    def validate(self, data):\n        \"\"\"\n        Check that the start is before the stop.\n        \"\"\"\n        if data['start'] > data['finish']:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(\"finish must occur after start\")\n        return data",
             "title": "Object-level validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#validators", 
-            "text": "Individual fields on a serializer can include validators, by declaring them on the field instance, for example:  def multiple_of_ten(value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('Not a multiple of ten')\n\nclass GameRecord(serializers.Serializer):\n    score = IntegerField(validators=[multiple_of_ten])\n    ...  Serializer classes can also include reusable validators that are applied to the complete set of field data. These validators are included by declaring them on an inner  Meta  class, like so:  class EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    name = serializers.CharField()\n    room_number = serializers.IntegerField(choices=[101, 102, 103, 201])\n    date = serializers.DateField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        # Each room only has one event per day.\n        validators = UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=Event.objects.all(),\n            fields=['room_number', 'date']\n        )  For more information see the  validators documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#validators",
+            "text": "Individual fields on a serializer can include validators, by declaring them on the field instance, for example:  def multiple_of_ten(value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('Not a multiple of ten')\n\nclass GameRecord(serializers.Serializer):\n    score = IntegerField(validators=[multiple_of_ten])\n    ...  Serializer classes can also include reusable validators that are applied to the complete set of field data. These validators are included by declaring them on an inner  Meta  class, like so:  class EventSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    name = serializers.CharField()\n    room_number = serializers.IntegerField(choices=[101, 102, 103, 201])\n    date = serializers.DateField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        # Each room only has one event per day.\n        validators = UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=Event.objects.all(),\n            fields=['room_number', 'date']\n        )  For more information see the  validators documentation .",
             "title": "Validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#accessing-the-initial-data-and-instance", 
-            "text": "When passing an initial object or queryset to a serializer instance, the object will be made available as  .instance . If no initial object is passed then the  .instance  attribute will be  None .  When passing data to a serializer instance, the unmodified data will be made available as  .initial_data . If the data keyword argument is not passed then the  .initial_data  attribute will not exist.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#accessing-the-initial-data-and-instance",
+            "text": "When passing an initial object or queryset to a serializer instance, the object will be made available as  .instance . If no initial object is passed then the  .instance  attribute will be  None .  When passing data to a serializer instance, the unmodified data will be made available as  .initial_data . If the data keyword argument is not passed then the  .initial_data  attribute will not exist.",
             "title": "Accessing the initial data and instance"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#partial-updates", 
-            "text": "By default, serializers must be passed values for all required fields or they will raise validation errors. You can use the  partial  argument in order to allow partial updates.  # Update `comment` with partial data\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data={'content': u'foo bar'}, partial=True)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#partial-updates",
+            "text": "By default, serializers must be passed values for all required fields or they will raise validation errors. You can use the  partial  argument in order to allow partial updates.  # Update `comment` with partial data\nserializer = CommentSerializer(comment, data={'content': u'foo bar'}, partial=True)",
             "title": "Partial updates"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dealing-with-nested-objects", 
-            "text": "The previous examples are fine for dealing with objects that only have simple datatypes, but sometimes we also need to be able to represent more complex objects, where some of the attributes of an object might not be simple datatypes such as strings, dates or integers.  The  Serializer  class is itself a type of  Field , and can be used to represent relationships where one object type is nested inside another.  class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    username = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()  If a nested representation may optionally accept the  None  value you should pass the  required=False  flag to the nested serializer.  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)  # May be an anonymous user.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()  Similarly if a nested representation should be a list of items, you should pass the  many=True  flag to the nested serialized.  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)\n    edits = EditItemSerializer(many=True)  # A nested list of 'edit' items.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dealing-with-nested-objects",
+            "text": "The previous examples are fine for dealing with objects that only have simple datatypes, but sometimes we also need to be able to represent more complex objects, where some of the attributes of an object might not be simple datatypes such as strings, dates or integers.  The  Serializer  class is itself a type of  Field , and can be used to represent relationships where one object type is nested inside another.  class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField()\n    username = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer()\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()  If a nested representation may optionally accept the  None  value you should pass the  required=False  flag to the nested serializer.  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)  # May be an anonymous user.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()  Similarly if a nested representation should be a list of items, you should pass the  many=True  flag to the nested serialized.  class CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    user = UserSerializer(required=False)\n    edits = EditItemSerializer(many=True)  # A nested list of 'edit' items.\n    content = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()",
             "title": "Dealing with nested objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writable-nested-representations", 
-            "text": "When dealing with nested representations that support deserializing the data, any errors with nested objects will be nested under the field name of the nested object.  serializer = CommentSerializer(data={'user': {'email': 'foobar', 'username': 'doe'}, 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'user': {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.']}, 'created': [u'This field is required.']}  Similarly, the  .validated_data  property will include nested data structures.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writable-nested-representations",
+            "text": "When dealing with nested representations that support deserializing the data, any errors with nested objects will be nested under the field name of the nested object.  serializer = CommentSerializer(data={'user': {'email': 'foobar', 'username': 'doe'}, 'content': 'baz'})\nserializer.is_valid()\n# False\nserializer.errors\n# {'user': {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.']}, 'created': [u'This field is required.']}  Similarly, the  .validated_data  property will include nested data structures.",
             "title": "Writable nested representations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writing-create-methods-for-nested-representations", 
-            "text": "If you're supporting writable nested representations you'll need to write  .create()  or  .update()  methods that handle saving multiple objects.  The following example demonstrates how you might handle creating a user with a nested profile object.  class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writing-create-methods-for-nested-representations",
+            "text": "If you're supporting writable nested representations you'll need to write  .create()  or  .update()  methods that handle saving multiple objects.  The following example demonstrates how you might handle creating a user with a nested profile object.  class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user",
             "title": "Writing .create() methods for nested representations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writing-update-methods-for-nested-representations", 
-            "text": "For updates you'll want to think carefully about how to handle updates to relationships. For example if the data for the relationship is  None , or not provided, which of the following should occur?   Set the relationship to  NULL  in the database.  Delete the associated instance.  Ignore the data and leave the instance as it is.  Raise a validation error.   Here's an example for an  .update()  method on our previous  UserSerializer  class.      def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        # Unless the application properly enforces that this field is\n        # always set, the follow could raise a `DoesNotExist`, which\n        # would need to be handled.\n        profile = instance.profile\n\n        instance.username = validated_data.get('username', instance.username)\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.save()\n\n        profile.is_premium_member = profile_data.get(\n            'is_premium_member',\n            profile.is_premium_member\n        )\n        profile.has_support_contract = profile_data.get(\n            'has_support_contract',\n            profile.has_support_contract\n         )\n        profile.save()\n\n        return instance  Because the behavior of nested creates and updates can be ambiguous, and may require complex dependencies between related models, REST framework 3 requires you to always write these methods explicitly. The default  ModelSerializer   .create()  and  .update()  methods do not include support for writable nested representations.  There are however, third-party packages available such as  DRF Writable Nested  that support automatic writable nested representations.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#writing-update-methods-for-nested-representations",
+            "text": "For updates you'll want to think carefully about how to handle updates to relationships. For example if the data for the relationship is  None , or not provided, which of the following should occur?   Set the relationship to  NULL  in the database.  Delete the associated instance.  Ignore the data and leave the instance as it is.  Raise a validation error.   Here's an example for an  .update()  method on our previous  UserSerializer  class.      def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        # Unless the application properly enforces that this field is\n        # always set, the follow could raise a `DoesNotExist`, which\n        # would need to be handled.\n        profile = instance.profile\n\n        instance.username = validated_data.get('username', instance.username)\n        instance.email = validated_data.get('email', instance.email)\n        instance.save()\n\n        profile.is_premium_member = profile_data.get(\n            'is_premium_member',\n            profile.is_premium_member\n        )\n        profile.has_support_contract = profile_data.get(\n            'has_support_contract',\n            profile.has_support_contract\n         )\n        profile.save()\n\n        return instance  Because the behavior of nested creates and updates can be ambiguous, and may require complex dependencies between related models, REST framework 3 requires you to always write these methods explicitly. The default  ModelSerializer   .create()  and  .update()  methods do not include support for writable nested representations.  There are however, third-party packages available such as  DRF Writable Nested  that support automatic writable nested representations.",
             "title": "Writing .update() methods for nested representations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#handling-saving-related-instances-in-model-manager-classes", 
-            "text": "An alternative to saving multiple related instances in the serializer is to write custom model manager classes that handle creating the correct instances.  For example, suppose we wanted to ensure that  User  instances and  Profile  instances are always created together as a pair. We might write a custom manager class that looks something like this:  class UserManager(models.Manager):\n    ...\n\n    def create(self, username, email, is_premium_member=False, has_support_contract=False):\n        user = User(username=username, email=email)\n        user.save()\n        profile = Profile(\n            user=user,\n            is_premium_member=is_premium_member,\n            has_support_contract=has_support_contract\n        )\n        profile.save()\n        return user  This manager class now more nicely encapsulates that user instances and profile instances are always created at the same time. Our  .create()  method on the serializer class can now be re-written to use the new manager method.  def create(self, validated_data):\n    return User.objects.create(\n        username=validated_data['username'],\n        email=validated_data['email']\n        is_premium_member=validated_data['profile']['is_premium_member']\n        has_support_contract=validated_data['profile']['has_support_contract']\n    )  For more details on this approach see the Django documentation on  model managers , and  this blogpost on using model and manager classes .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#handling-saving-related-instances-in-model-manager-classes",
+            "text": "An alternative to saving multiple related instances in the serializer is to write custom model manager classes that handle creating the correct instances.  For example, suppose we wanted to ensure that  User  instances and  Profile  instances are always created together as a pair. We might write a custom manager class that looks something like this:  class UserManager(models.Manager):\n    ...\n\n    def create(self, username, email, is_premium_member=False, has_support_contract=False):\n        user = User(username=username, email=email)\n        user.save()\n        profile = Profile(\n            user=user,\n            is_premium_member=is_premium_member,\n            has_support_contract=has_support_contract\n        )\n        profile.save()\n        return user  This manager class now more nicely encapsulates that user instances and profile instances are always created at the same time. Our  .create()  method on the serializer class can now be re-written to use the new manager method.  def create(self, validated_data):\n    return User.objects.create(\n        username=validated_data['username'],\n        email=validated_data['email']\n        is_premium_member=validated_data['profile']['is_premium_member']\n        has_support_contract=validated_data['profile']['has_support_contract']\n    )  For more details on this approach see the Django documentation on  model managers , and  this blogpost on using model and manager classes .",
             "title": "Handling saving related instances in model manager classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dealing-with-multiple-objects", 
-            "text": "The  Serializer  class can also handle serializing or deserializing lists of objects.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dealing-with-multiple-objects",
+            "text": "The  Serializer  class can also handle serializing or deserializing lists of objects.",
             "title": "Dealing with multiple objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializing-multiple-objects", 
-            "text": "To serialize a queryset or list of objects instead of a single object instance, you should pass the  many=True  flag when instantiating the serializer.  You can then pass a queryset or list of objects to be serialized.  queryset = Book.objects.all()\nserializer = BookSerializer(queryset, many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [\n#     {'id': 0, 'title': 'The electric kool-aid acid test', 'author': 'Tom Wolfe'},\n#     {'id': 1, 'title': 'If this is a man', 'author': 'Primo Levi'},\n#     {'id': 2, 'title': 'The wind-up bird chronicle', 'author': 'Haruki Murakami'}\n# ]", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializing-multiple-objects",
+            "text": "To serialize a queryset or list of objects instead of a single object instance, you should pass the  many=True  flag when instantiating the serializer.  You can then pass a queryset or list of objects to be serialized.  queryset = Book.objects.all()\nserializer = BookSerializer(queryset, many=True)\nserializer.data\n# [\n#     {'id': 0, 'title': 'The electric kool-aid acid test', 'author': 'Tom Wolfe'},\n#     {'id': 1, 'title': 'If this is a man', 'author': 'Primo Levi'},\n#     {'id': 2, 'title': 'The wind-up bird chronicle', 'author': 'Haruki Murakami'}\n# ]",
             "title": "Serializing multiple objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#deserializing-multiple-objects", 
-            "text": "The default behavior for deserializing multiple objects is to support multiple object creation, but not support multiple object updates. For more information on how to support or customize either of these cases, see the  ListSerializer  documentation below.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#deserializing-multiple-objects",
+            "text": "The default behavior for deserializing multiple objects is to support multiple object creation, but not support multiple object updates. For more information on how to support or customize either of these cases, see the  ListSerializer  documentation below.",
             "title": "Deserializing multiple objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#including-extra-context", 
-            "text": "There are some cases where you need to provide extra context to the serializer in addition to the object being serialized.  One common case is if you're using a serializer that includes hyperlinked relations, which requires the serializer to have access to the current request so that it can properly generate fully qualified URLs.  You can provide arbitrary additional context by passing a  context  argument when instantiating the serializer.  For example:  serializer = AccountSerializer(account, context={'request': request})\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 6, 'owner': u'denvercoder9', 'created': datetime.datetime(2013, 2, 12, 09, 44, 56, 678870), 'details': 'http://example.com/accounts/6/details'}  The context dictionary can be used within any serializer field logic, such as a custom  .to_representation()  method, by accessing the  self.context  attribute.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#including-extra-context",
+            "text": "There are some cases where you need to provide extra context to the serializer in addition to the object being serialized.  One common case is if you're using a serializer that includes hyperlinked relations, which requires the serializer to have access to the current request so that it can properly generate fully qualified URLs.  You can provide arbitrary additional context by passing a  context  argument when instantiating the serializer.  For example:  serializer = AccountSerializer(account, context={'request': request})\nserializer.data\n# {'id': 6, 'owner': u'denvercoder9', 'created': datetime.datetime(2013, 2, 12, 09, 44, 56, 678870), 'details': 'http://example.com/accounts/6/details'}  The context dictionary can be used within any serializer field logic, such as a custom  .to_representation()  method, by accessing the  self.context  attribute.",
             "title": "Including extra context"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#modelserializer", 
-            "text": "Often you'll want serializer classes that map closely to Django model definitions.  The  ModelSerializer  class provides a shortcut that lets you automatically create a  Serializer  class with fields that correspond to the Model fields.  The  ModelSerializer  class is the same as a regular  Serializer  class, except that :   It will automatically generate a set of fields for you, based on the model.  It will automatically generate validators for the serializer, such as unique_together validators.  It includes simple default implementations of  .create()  and  .update() .   Declaring a  ModelSerializer  looks like this:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')  By default, all the model fields on the class will be mapped to a corresponding serializer fields.  Any relationships such as foreign keys on the model will be mapped to  PrimaryKeyRelatedField . Reverse relationships are not included by default unless explicitly included as specified in the  serializer relations  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#modelserializer",
+            "text": "Often you'll want serializer classes that map closely to Django model definitions.  The  ModelSerializer  class provides a shortcut that lets you automatically create a  Serializer  class with fields that correspond to the Model fields.  The  ModelSerializer  class is the same as a regular  Serializer  class, except that :   It will automatically generate a set of fields for you, based on the model.  It will automatically generate validators for the serializer, such as unique_together validators.  It includes simple default implementations of  .create()  and  .update() .   Declaring a  ModelSerializer  looks like this:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')  By default, all the model fields on the class will be mapped to a corresponding serializer fields.  Any relationships such as foreign keys on the model will be mapped to  PrimaryKeyRelatedField . Reverse relationships are not included by default unless explicitly included as specified in the  serializer relations  documentation.",
             "title": "ModelSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#inspecting-a-modelserializer", 
-            "text": "Serializer classes generate helpful verbose representation strings, that allow you to fully inspect the state of their fields. This is particularly useful when working with  ModelSerializers  where you want to determine what set of fields and validators are being automatically created for you.  To do so, open the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell , then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026   from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer  serializer = AccountSerializer()  print(repr(serializer))\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#inspecting-a-modelserializer",
+            "text": "Serializer classes generate helpful verbose representation strings, that allow you to fully inspect the state of their fields. This is particularly useful when working with  ModelSerializers  where you want to determine what set of fields and validators are being automatically created for you.  To do so, open the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell , then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026  >>> from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n>>> serializer = AccountSerializer()\n>>> print(repr(serializer))\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())",
             "title": "Inspecting a ModelSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-which-fields-to-include", 
-            "text": "If you only want a subset of the default fields to be used in a model serializer, you can do so using  fields  or  exclude  options, just as you would with a  ModelForm . It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set all fields that should be serialized using the  fields  attribute. This will make it less likely to result in unintentionally exposing data when your models change.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')  You can also set the  fields  attribute to the special value  '__all__'  to indicate that all fields in the model should be used.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = '__all__'  You can set the  exclude  attribute to a list of fields to be excluded from the serializer.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        exclude = ('users',)  In the example above, if the  Account  model had 3 fields  account_name ,  users , and  created , this will result in the fields  account_name  and  created  to be serialized.  The names in the  fields  and  exclude  attributes will normally map to model fields on the model class.  Alternatively names in the  fields  options can map to properties or methods which take no arguments that exist on the model class.  Since version 3.3.0, it is  mandatory  to provide one of the attributes  fields  or  exclude .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-which-fields-to-include",
+            "text": "If you only want a subset of the default fields to be used in a model serializer, you can do so using  fields  or  exclude  options, just as you would with a  ModelForm . It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set all fields that should be serialized using the  fields  attribute. This will make it less likely to result in unintentionally exposing data when your models change.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')  You can also set the  fields  attribute to the special value  '__all__'  to indicate that all fields in the model should be used.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = '__all__'  You can set the  exclude  attribute to a list of fields to be excluded from the serializer.  For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        exclude = ('users',)  In the example above, if the  Account  model had 3 fields  account_name ,  users , and  created , this will result in the fields  account_name  and  created  to be serialized.  The names in the  fields  and  exclude  attributes will normally map to model fields on the model class.  Alternatively names in the  fields  options can map to properties or methods which take no arguments that exist on the model class.  Since version 3.3.0, it is  mandatory  to provide one of the attributes  fields  or  exclude .",
             "title": "Specifying which fields to include"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-nested-serialization", 
-            "text": "The default  ModelSerializer  uses primary keys for relationships, but you can also easily generate nested representations using the  depth  option:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        depth = 1  The  depth  option should be set to an integer value that indicates the depth of relationships that should be traversed before reverting to a flat representation.  If you want to customize the way the serialization is done you'll need to define the field yourself.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-nested-serialization",
+            "text": "The default  ModelSerializer  uses primary keys for relationships, but you can also easily generate nested representations using the  depth  option:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        depth = 1  The  depth  option should be set to an integer value that indicates the depth of relationships that should be traversed before reverting to a flat representation.  If you want to customize the way the serialization is done you'll need to define the field yourself.",
             "title": "Specifying nested serialization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-fields-explicitly", 
-            "text": "You can add extra fields to a  ModelSerializer  or override the default fields by declaring fields on the class, just as you would for a  Serializer  class.  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n    groups = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  Extra fields can correspond to any property or callable on the model.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-fields-explicitly",
+            "text": "You can add extra fields to a  ModelSerializer  or override the default fields by declaring fields on the class, just as you would for a  Serializer  class.  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.CharField(source='get_absolute_url', read_only=True)\n    groups = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  Extra fields can correspond to any property or callable on the model.",
             "title": "Specifying fields explicitly"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-read-only-fields", 
-            "text": "You may wish to specify multiple fields as read-only. Instead of adding each field explicitly with the  read_only=True  attribute, you may use the shortcut Meta option,  read_only_fields .  This option should be a list or tuple of field names, and is declared as follows:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        read_only_fields = ('account_name',)  Model fields which have  editable=False  set, and  AutoField  fields will be set to read-only by default, and do not need to be added to the  read_only_fields  option.   Note : There is a special-case where a read-only field is part of a  unique_together  constraint at the model level. In this case the field is required by the serializer class in order to validate the constraint, but should also not be editable by the user.  The right way to deal with this is to specify the field explicitly on the serializer, providing both the  read_only=True  and  default=\u2026  keyword arguments.  One example of this is a read-only relation to the currently authenticated  User  which is  unique_together  with another identifier. In this case you would declare the user field like so:  user = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(read_only=True, default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault())  Please review the  Validators Documentation  for details on the  UniqueTogetherValidator  and  CurrentUserDefault  classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#specifying-read-only-fields",
+            "text": "You may wish to specify multiple fields as read-only. Instead of adding each field explicitly with the  read_only=True  attribute, you may use the shortcut Meta option,  read_only_fields .  This option should be a list or tuple of field names, and is declared as follows:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        read_only_fields = ('account_name',)  Model fields which have  editable=False  set, and  AutoField  fields will be set to read-only by default, and do not need to be added to the  read_only_fields  option.   Note : There is a special-case where a read-only field is part of a  unique_together  constraint at the model level. In this case the field is required by the serializer class in order to validate the constraint, but should also not be editable by the user.  The right way to deal with this is to specify the field explicitly on the serializer, providing both the  read_only=True  and  default=\u2026  keyword arguments.  One example of this is a read-only relation to the currently authenticated  User  which is  unique_together  with another identifier. In this case you would declare the user field like so:  user = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(read_only=True, default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault())  Please review the  Validators Documentation  for details on the  UniqueTogetherValidator  and  CurrentUserDefault  classes.",
             "title": "Specifying read only fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#additional-keyword-arguments", 
-            "text": "There is also a shortcut allowing you to specify arbitrary additional keyword arguments on fields, using the  extra_kwargs  option. As in the case of  read_only_fields , this means you do not need to explicitly declare the field on the serializer.  This option is a dictionary, mapping field names to a dictionary of keyword arguments. For example:  class CreateUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('email', 'username', 'password')\n        extra_kwargs = {'password': {'write_only': True}}\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        user = User(\n            email=validated_data['email'],\n            username=validated_data['username']\n        )\n        user.set_password(validated_data['password'])\n        user.save()\n        return user", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#additional-keyword-arguments",
+            "text": "There is also a shortcut allowing you to specify arbitrary additional keyword arguments on fields, using the  extra_kwargs  option. As in the case of  read_only_fields , this means you do not need to explicitly declare the field on the serializer.  This option is a dictionary, mapping field names to a dictionary of keyword arguments. For example:  class CreateUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('email', 'username', 'password')\n        extra_kwargs = {'password': {'write_only': True}}\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        user = User(\n            email=validated_data['email'],\n            username=validated_data['username']\n        )\n        user.set_password(validated_data['password'])\n        user.save()\n        return user",
             "title": "Additional keyword arguments"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#relational-fields", 
-            "text": "When serializing model instances, there are a number of different ways you might choose to represent relationships.  The default representation for  ModelSerializer  is to use the primary keys of the related instances.  Alternative representations include serializing using hyperlinks, serializing complete nested representations, or serializing with a custom representation.  For full details see the  serializer relations  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#relational-fields",
+            "text": "When serializing model instances, there are a number of different ways you might choose to represent relationships.  The default representation for  ModelSerializer  is to use the primary keys of the related instances.  Alternative representations include serializing using hyperlinks, serializing complete nested representations, or serializing with a custom representation.  For full details see the  serializer relations  documentation.",
             "title": "Relational fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-field-mappings", 
-            "text": "The ModelSerializer class also exposes an API that you can override in order to alter how serializer fields are automatically determined when instantiating the serializer.  Normally if a  ModelSerializer  does not generate the fields you need by default then you should either add them to the class explicitly, or simply use a regular  Serializer  class instead. However in some cases you may want to create a new base class that defines how the serializer fields are created for any given model.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-field-mappings",
+            "text": "The ModelSerializer class also exposes an API that you can override in order to alter how serializer fields are automatically determined when instantiating the serializer.  Normally if a  ModelSerializer  does not generate the fields you need by default then you should either add them to the class explicitly, or simply use a regular  Serializer  class instead. However in some cases you may want to create a new base class that defines how the serializer fields are created for any given model.",
             "title": "Customizing field mappings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_field_mapping", 
-            "text": "A mapping of Django model classes to REST framework serializer classes. You can override this mapping to alter the default serializer classes that should be used for each model class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_field_mapping",
+            "text": "A mapping of Django model classes to REST framework serializer classes. You can override this mapping to alter the default serializer classes that should be used for each model class.",
             "title": ".serializer_field_mapping"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_related_field", 
-            "text": "This property should be the serializer field class, that is used for relational fields by default.  For  ModelSerializer  this defaults to  PrimaryKeyRelatedField .  For  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  this defaults to  serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_related_field",
+            "text": "This property should be the serializer field class, that is used for relational fields by default.  For  ModelSerializer  this defaults to  PrimaryKeyRelatedField .  For  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  this defaults to  serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField .",
             "title": ".serializer_related_field"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_url_field", 
-            "text": "The serializer field class that should be used for any  url  field on the serializer.  Defaults to  serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_url_field",
+            "text": "The serializer field class that should be used for any  url  field on the serializer.  Defaults to  serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField",
             "title": "serializer_url_field"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_choice_field", 
-            "text": "The serializer field class that should be used for any choice fields on the serializer.  Defaults to  serializers.ChoiceField", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer_choice_field",
+            "text": "The serializer field class that should be used for any choice fields on the serializer.  Defaults to  serializers.ChoiceField",
             "title": "serializer_choice_field"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#the-field_class-and-field_kwargs-api", 
-            "text": "The following methods are called to determine the class and keyword arguments for each field that should be automatically included on the serializer. Each of these methods should return a two tuple of  (field_class, field_kwargs) .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#the-field_class-and-field_kwargs-api",
+            "text": "The following methods are called to determine the class and keyword arguments for each field that should be automatically included on the serializer. Each of these methods should return a two tuple of  (field_class, field_kwargs) .",
             "title": "The field_class and field_kwargs API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_standard_fieldself-field_name-model_field", 
-            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a standard model field.  The default implementation returns a serializer class based on the  serializer_field_mapping  attribute.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_standard_fieldself-field_name-model_field",
+            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a standard model field.  The default implementation returns a serializer class based on the  serializer_field_mapping  attribute.",
             "title": ".build_standard_field(self, field_name, model_field)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_relational_fieldself-field_name-relation_info", 
-            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field.  The default implementation returns a serializer class based on the  serializer_relational_field  attribute.  The  relation_info  argument is a named tuple, that contains  model_field ,  related_model ,  to_many  and  has_through_model  properties.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_relational_fieldself-field_name-relation_info",
+            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field.  The default implementation returns a serializer class based on the  serializer_relational_field  attribute.  The  relation_info  argument is a named tuple, that contains  model_field ,  related_model ,  to_many  and  has_through_model  properties.",
             "title": ".build_relational_field(self, field_name, relation_info)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_nested_fieldself-field_name-relation_info-nested_depth", 
-            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field, when the  depth  option has been set.  The default implementation dynamically creates a nested serializer class based on either  ModelSerializer  or  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  The  nested_depth  will be the value of the  depth  option, minus one.  The  relation_info  argument is a named tuple, that contains  model_field ,  related_model ,  to_many  and  has_through_model  properties.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_nested_fieldself-field_name-relation_info-nested_depth",
+            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a relational model field, when the  depth  option has been set.  The default implementation dynamically creates a nested serializer class based on either  ModelSerializer  or  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  The  nested_depth  will be the value of the  depth  option, minus one.  The  relation_info  argument is a named tuple, that contains  model_field ,  related_model ,  to_many  and  has_through_model  properties.",
             "title": ".build_nested_field(self, field_name, relation_info, nested_depth)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_property_fieldself-field_name-model_class", 
-            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a property or zero-argument method on the model class.  The default implementation returns a  ReadOnlyField  class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_property_fieldself-field_name-model_class",
+            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field that maps to a property or zero-argument method on the model class.  The default implementation returns a  ReadOnlyField  class.",
             "title": ".build_property_field(self, field_name, model_class)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_url_fieldself-field_name-model_class", 
-            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field for the serializer's own  url  field. The default implementation returns a  HyperlinkedIdentityField  class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_url_fieldself-field_name-model_class",
+            "text": "Called to generate a serializer field for the serializer's own  url  field. The default implementation returns a  HyperlinkedIdentityField  class.",
             "title": ".build_url_field(self, field_name, model_class)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_unknown_fieldself-field_name-model_class", 
-            "text": "Called when the field name did not map to any model field or model property.\nThe default implementation raises an error, although subclasses may customize this behavior.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#build_unknown_fieldself-field_name-model_class",
+            "text": "Called when the field name did not map to any model field or model property.\nThe default implementation raises an error, although subclasses may customize this behavior.",
             "title": ".build_unknown_field(self, field_name, model_class)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#hyperlinkedmodelserializer", 
-            "text": "The  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  class is similar to the  ModelSerializer  class except that it uses hyperlinks to represent relationships, rather than primary keys.  By default the serializer will include a  url  field instead of a primary key field.  The url field will be represented using a  HyperlinkedIdentityField  serializer field, and any relationships on the model will be represented using a  HyperlinkedRelatedField  serializer field.  You can explicitly include the primary key by adding it to the  fields  option, for example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#hyperlinkedmodelserializer",
+            "text": "The  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  class is similar to the  ModelSerializer  class except that it uses hyperlinks to represent relationships, rather than primary keys.  By default the serializer will include a  url  field instead of a primary key field.  The url field will be represented using a  HyperlinkedIdentityField  serializer field, and any relationships on the model will be represented using a  HyperlinkedRelatedField  serializer field.  You can explicitly include the primary key by adding it to the  fields  option, for example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'id', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')",
             "title": "HyperlinkedModelSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#absolute-and-relative-urls", 
-            "text": "When instantiating a  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  you must include the current request  in the serializer context, for example:  serializer = AccountSerializer(queryset, context={'request': request})  Doing so will ensure that the hyperlinks can include an appropriate hostname,\nso that the resulting representation uses fully qualified URLs, such as:  http://api.example.com/accounts/1/  Rather than relative URLs, such as:  /accounts/1/  If you  do  want to use relative URLs, you should explicitly pass  {'request': None} \nin the serializer context.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#absolute-and-relative-urls",
+            "text": "When instantiating a  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  you must include the current request  in the serializer context, for example:  serializer = AccountSerializer(queryset, context={'request': request})  Doing so will ensure that the hyperlinks can include an appropriate hostname,\nso that the resulting representation uses fully qualified URLs, such as:  http://api.example.com/accounts/1/  Rather than relative URLs, such as:  /accounts/1/  If you  do  want to use relative URLs, you should explicitly pass  {'request': None} \nin the serializer context.",
             "title": "Absolute and relative URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#how-hyperlinked-views-are-determined", 
-            "text": "There needs to be a way of determining which views should be used for hyperlinking to model instances.  By default hyperlinks are expected to correspond to a view name that matches the style  '{model_name}-detail' , and looks up the instance by a  pk  keyword argument.  You can override a URL field view name and lookup field by using either, or both of, the  view_name  and  lookup_field  options in the  extra_kwargs  setting, like so:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('account_url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'view_name': 'accounts', 'lookup_field': 'account_name'},\n            'users': {'lookup_field': 'username'}\n        }  Alternatively you can set the fields on the serializer explicitly. For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='accounts',\n        lookup_field='slug'\n    )\n    users = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        view_name='user-detail',\n        lookup_field='username',\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')   Tip : Properly matching together hyperlinked representations and your URL conf can sometimes be a bit fiddly. Printing the  repr  of a  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  instance is a particularly useful way to inspect exactly which view names and lookup fields the relationships are expected to map too.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#how-hyperlinked-views-are-determined",
+            "text": "There needs to be a way of determining which views should be used for hyperlinking to model instances.  By default hyperlinks are expected to correspond to a view name that matches the style  '{model_name}-detail' , and looks up the instance by a  pk  keyword argument.  You can override a URL field view name and lookup field by using either, or both of, the  view_name  and  lookup_field  options in the  extra_kwargs  setting, like so:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('account_url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'view_name': 'accounts', 'lookup_field': 'account_name'},\n            'users': {'lookup_field': 'username'}\n        }  Alternatively you can set the fields on the serializer explicitly. For example:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='accounts',\n        lookup_field='slug'\n    )\n    users = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        view_name='user-detail',\n        lookup_field='username',\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('url', 'account_name', 'users', 'created')   Tip : Properly matching together hyperlinked representations and your URL conf can sometimes be a bit fiddly. Printing the  repr  of a  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  instance is a particularly useful way to inspect exactly which view names and lookup fields the relationships are expected to map too.",
             "title": "How hyperlinked views are determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#changing-the-url-field-name", 
-            "text": "The name of the URL field defaults to 'url'.  You can override this globally, by using the  URL_FIELD_NAME  setting.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#changing-the-url-field-name",
+            "text": "The name of the URL field defaults to 'url'.  You can override this globally, by using the  URL_FIELD_NAME  setting.",
             "title": "Changing the URL field name"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#listserializer", 
-            "text": "The  ListSerializer  class provides the behavior for serializing and validating multiple objects at once. You won't  typically  need to use  ListSerializer  directly, but should instead simply pass  many=True  when instantiating a serializer.  When a serializer is instantiated and  many=True  is passed, a  ListSerializer  instance will be created. The serializer class then becomes a child of the parent  ListSerializer  The following argument can also be passed to a  ListSerializer  field or a serializer that is passed  many=True :", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#listserializer",
+            "text": "The  ListSerializer  class provides the behavior for serializing and validating multiple objects at once. You won't  typically  need to use  ListSerializer  directly, but should instead simply pass  many=True  when instantiating a serializer.  When a serializer is instantiated and  many=True  is passed, a  ListSerializer  instance will be created. The serializer class then becomes a child of the parent  ListSerializer  The following argument can also be passed to a  ListSerializer  field or a serializer that is passed  many=True :",
             "title": "ListSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#allow_empty", 
-            "text": "This is  True  by default, but can be set to  False  if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#allow_empty",
+            "text": "This is  True  by default, but can be set to  False  if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.",
             "title": "allow_empty"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-listserializer-behavior", 
-            "text": "There  are  a few use cases when you might want to customize the  ListSerializer  behavior. For example:   You want to provide particular validation of the lists, such as checking that one element does not conflict with another element in a list.  You want to customize the create or update behavior of multiple objects.   For these cases you can modify the class that is used when  many=True  is passed, by using the  list_serializer_class  option on the serializer  Meta  class.  For example:  class CustomListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    ...\n\nclass CustomSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = CustomListSerializer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-listserializer-behavior",
+            "text": "There  are  a few use cases when you might want to customize the  ListSerializer  behavior. For example:   You want to provide particular validation of the lists, such as checking that one element does not conflict with another element in a list.  You want to customize the create or update behavior of multiple objects.   For these cases you can modify the class that is used when  many=True  is passed, by using the  list_serializer_class  option on the serializer  Meta  class.  For example:  class CustomListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    ...\n\nclass CustomSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = CustomListSerializer",
             "title": "Customizing ListSerializer behavior"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-multiple-create", 
-            "text": "The default implementation for multiple object creation is to simply call  .create()  for each item in the list. If you want to customize this behavior, you'll need to customize the  .create()  method on  ListSerializer  class that is used when  many=True  is passed.  For example:  class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        books = [Book(**item) for item in validated_data]\n        return Book.objects.bulk_create(books)\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-multiple-create",
+            "text": "The default implementation for multiple object creation is to simply call  .create()  for each item in the list. If you want to customize this behavior, you'll need to customize the  .create()  method on  ListSerializer  class that is used when  many=True  is passed.  For example:  class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        books = [Book(**item) for item in validated_data]\n        return Book.objects.bulk_create(books)\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    ...\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer",
             "title": "Customizing multiple create"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-multiple-update", 
-            "text": "By default the  ListSerializer  class does not support multiple updates. This is because the behavior that should be expected for insertions and deletions is ambiguous.  To support multiple updates you'll need to do so explicitly. When writing your multiple update code make sure to keep the following in mind:   How do you determine which instance should be updated for each item in the list of data?  How should insertions be handled? Are they invalid, or do they create new objects?  How should removals be handled? Do they imply object deletion, or removing a relationship? Should they be silently ignored, or are they invalid?  How should ordering be handled? Does changing the position of two items imply any state change or is it ignored?   You will need to add an explicit  id  field to the instance serializer. The default implicitly-generated  id  field is marked as  read_only . This causes it to be removed on updates. Once you declare it explicitly, it will be available in the list serializer's  update  method.  Here's an example of how you might choose to implement multiple updates:  class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        # Maps for id- instance and id- data item.\n        book_mapping = {book.id: book for book in instance}\n        data_mapping = {item['id']: item for item in validated_data}\n\n        # Perform creations and updates.\n        ret = []\n        for book_id, data in data_mapping.items():\n            book = book_mapping.get(book_id, None)\n            if book is None:\n                ret.append(self.child.create(data))\n            else:\n                ret.append(self.child.update(book, data))\n\n        # Perform deletions.\n        for book_id, book in book_mapping.items():\n            if book_id not in data_mapping:\n                book.delete()\n\n        return ret\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # We need to identify elements in the list using their primary key,\n    # so use a writable field here, rather than the default which would be read-only.\n    id = serializers.IntegerField()\n    ...\n\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer  It is possible that a third party package may be included alongside the 3.1 release that provides some automatic support for multiple update operations, similar to the  allow_add_remove  behavior that was present in REST framework 2.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-multiple-update",
+            "text": "By default the  ListSerializer  class does not support multiple updates. This is because the behavior that should be expected for insertions and deletions is ambiguous.  To support multiple updates you'll need to do so explicitly. When writing your multiple update code make sure to keep the following in mind:   How do you determine which instance should be updated for each item in the list of data?  How should insertions be handled? Are they invalid, or do they create new objects?  How should removals be handled? Do they imply object deletion, or removing a relationship? Should they be silently ignored, or are they invalid?  How should ordering be handled? Does changing the position of two items imply any state change or is it ignored?   You will need to add an explicit  id  field to the instance serializer. The default implicitly-generated  id  field is marked as  read_only . This causes it to be removed on updates. Once you declare it explicitly, it will be available in the list serializer's  update  method.  Here's an example of how you might choose to implement multiple updates:  class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):\n    def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n        # Maps for id->instance and id->data item.\n        book_mapping = {book.id: book for book in instance}\n        data_mapping = {item['id']: item for item in validated_data}\n\n        # Perform creations and updates.\n        ret = []\n        for book_id, data in data_mapping.items():\n            book = book_mapping.get(book_id, None)\n            if book is None:\n                ret.append(self.child.create(data))\n            else:\n                ret.append(self.child.update(book, data))\n\n        # Perform deletions.\n        for book_id, book in book_mapping.items():\n            if book_id not in data_mapping:\n                book.delete()\n\n        return ret\n\nclass BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # We need to identify elements in the list using their primary key,\n    # so use a writable field here, rather than the default which would be read-only.\n    id = serializers.IntegerField()\n    ...\n\n    class Meta:\n        list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer  It is possible that a third party package may be included alongside the 3.1 release that provides some automatic support for multiple update operations, similar to the  allow_add_remove  behavior that was present in REST framework 2.",
             "title": "Customizing multiple update"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-listserializer-initialization", 
-            "text": "When a serializer with  many=True  is instantiated, we need to determine which arguments and keyword arguments should be passed to the  .__init__()  method for both the child  Serializer  class, and for the parent  ListSerializer  class.  The default implementation is to pass all arguments to both classes, except for  validators , and any custom keyword arguments, both of which are assumed to be intended for the child serializer class.  Occasionally you might need to explicitly specify how the child and parent classes should be instantiated when  many=True  is passed. You can do so by using the  many_init  class method.      @classmethod\n    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Instantiate the child serializer.\n        kwargs['child'] = cls()\n        # Instantiate the parent list serializer.\n        return CustomListSerializer(*args, **kwargs)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-listserializer-initialization",
+            "text": "When a serializer with  many=True  is instantiated, we need to determine which arguments and keyword arguments should be passed to the  .__init__()  method for both the child  Serializer  class, and for the parent  ListSerializer  class.  The default implementation is to pass all arguments to both classes, except for  validators , and any custom keyword arguments, both of which are assumed to be intended for the child serializer class.  Occasionally you might need to explicitly specify how the child and parent classes should be instantiated when  many=True  is passed. You can do so by using the  many_init  class method.      @classmethod\n    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Instantiate the child serializer.\n        kwargs['child'] = cls()\n        # Instantiate the parent list serializer.\n        return CustomListSerializer(*args, **kwargs)",
             "title": "Customizing ListSerializer initialization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#baseserializer", 
-            "text": "BaseSerializer  class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.  This class implements the same basic API as the  Serializer  class:   .data  - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.  .is_valid()  - Deserializes and validates incoming data.  .validated_data  - Returns the validated incoming data.  .errors  - Returns any errors during validation.  .save()  - Persists the validated data into an object instance.   There are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:   .to_representation()  - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.  .to_internal_value()  - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.  .create()  and  .update()  - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.   Because this class provides the same interface as the  Serializer  class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular  Serializer  or  ModelSerializer .  The only difference you'll notice when doing so is the  BaseSerializer  classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#baseserializer",
+            "text": "BaseSerializer  class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.  This class implements the same basic API as the  Serializer  class:   .data  - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.  .is_valid()  - Deserializes and validates incoming data.  .validated_data  - Returns the validated incoming data.  .errors  - Returns any errors during validation.  .save()  - Persists the validated data into an object instance.   There are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:   .to_representation()  - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.  .to_internal_value()  - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.  .create()  and  .update()  - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.   Because this class provides the same interface as the  Serializer  class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular  Serializer  or  ModelSerializer .  The only difference you'll notice when doing so is the  BaseSerializer  classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.",
             "title": "BaseSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#read-only-baseserializer-classes", 
-            "text": "To implement a read-only serializer using the  BaseSerializer  class, we just need to override the  .to_representation()  method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:  class HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()  It's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting  HighScore  instances into primitive data types.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }  We can now use this class to serialize single  HighScore  instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)  Or use it to serialize multiple instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#read-only-baseserializer-classes",
+            "text": "To implement a read-only serializer using the  BaseSerializer  class, we just need to override the  .to_representation()  method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:  class HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()  It's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting  HighScore  instances into primitive data types.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }  We can now use this class to serialize single  HighScore  instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)  Or use it to serialize multiple instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)",
             "title": "Read-only BaseSerializer classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#read-write-baseserializer-classes", 
-            "text": "To create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a  .to_internal_value()  method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.  Once you've implemented  .to_internal_value() , the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use  .is_valid() ,  .validated_data  and  .errors .  If you want to also support  .save()  you'll need to also implement either or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods.  Here's a complete example of our previous  HighScoreSerializer , that's been updated to support both read and write operations.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name)   10:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#read-write-baseserializer-classes",
+            "text": "To create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a  .to_internal_value()  method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.  Once you've implemented  .to_internal_value() , the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use  .is_valid() ,  .validated_data  and  .errors .  If you want to also support  .save()  you'll need to also implement either or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods.  Here's a complete example of our previous  HighScoreSerializer , that's been updated to support both read and write operations.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) > 10:\n            raise serializers.ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)",
             "title": "Read-write BaseSerializer classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#creating-new-base-classes", 
-            "text": "The  BaseSerializer  class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.  The following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.  class ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#creating-new-base-classes",
+            "text": "The  BaseSerializer  class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.  The following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.  class ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)",
             "title": "Creating new base classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#advanced-serializer-usage", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#advanced-serializer-usage",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Advanced serializer usage"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#overriding-serialization-and-deserialization-behavior", 
-            "text": "If you need to alter the serialization or deserialization behavior of a serializer class, you can do so by overriding the  .to_representation()  or  .to_internal_value()  methods.  Some reasons this might be useful include...   Adding new behavior for new serializer base classes.  Modifying the behavior slightly for an existing class.  Improving serialization performance for a frequently accessed API endpoint that returns lots of data.   The signatures for these methods are as follows:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#overriding-serialization-and-deserialization-behavior",
+            "text": "If you need to alter the serialization or deserialization behavior of a serializer class, you can do so by overriding the  .to_representation()  or  .to_internal_value()  methods.  Some reasons this might be useful include...   Adding new behavior for new serializer base classes.  Modifying the behavior slightly for an existing class.  Improving serialization performance for a frequently accessed API endpoint that returns lots of data.   The signatures for these methods are as follows:",
             "title": "Overriding serialization and deserialization behavior"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#to_representationself-obj", 
-            "text": "Takes the object instance that requires serialization, and should return a primitive representation. Typically this means returning a structure of built-in Python datatypes. The exact types that can be handled will depend on the render classes you have configured for your API.  May be overridden in order modify the representation style. For example:  def to_representation(self, instance):\n    \"\"\"Convert `username` to lowercase.\"\"\"\n    ret = super().to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#to_representationself-obj",
+            "text": "Takes the object instance that requires serialization, and should return a primitive representation. Typically this means returning a structure of built-in Python datatypes. The exact types that can be handled will depend on the render classes you have configured for your API.  May be overridden in order modify the representation style. For example:  def to_representation(self, instance):\n    \"\"\"Convert `username` to lowercase.\"\"\"\n    ret = super().to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret",
             "title": ".to_representation(self, obj)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#to_internal_valueself-data", 
-            "text": "Takes the unvalidated incoming data as input and should return the validated data that will be made available as  serializer.validated_data . The return value will also be passed to the  .create()  or  .update()  methods if  .save()  is called on the serializer class.  If any of the validation fails, then the method should raise a  serializers.ValidationError(errors) . The  errors  argument should be a dictionary mapping field names (or  settings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY ) to a list of error messages. If you don't need to alter deserialization behavior and instead want to provide object-level validation, it's recommended that you instead override the  .validate()  method.  The  data  argument passed to this method will normally be the value of  request.data , so the datatype it provides will depend on the parser classes you have configured for your API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#to_internal_valueself-data",
+            "text": "Takes the unvalidated incoming data as input and should return the validated data that will be made available as  serializer.validated_data . The return value will also be passed to the  .create()  or  .update()  methods if  .save()  is called on the serializer class.  If any of the validation fails, then the method should raise a  serializers.ValidationError(errors) . The  errors  argument should be a dictionary mapping field names (or  settings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY ) to a list of error messages. If you don't need to alter deserialization behavior and instead want to provide object-level validation, it's recommended that you instead override the  .validate()  method.  The  data  argument passed to this method will normally be the value of  request.data , so the datatype it provides will depend on the parser classes you have configured for your API.",
             "title": ".to_internal_value(self, data)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer-inheritance", 
-            "text": "Similar to Django forms, you can extend and reuse serializers through inheritance. This allows you to declare a common set of fields or methods on a parent class that can then be used in a number of serializers. For example,  class MyBaseSerializer(Serializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_my_field(self, value):\n        ...\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    ...  Like Django's  Model  and  ModelForm  classes, the inner  Meta  class on serializers does not implicitly inherit from it's parents' inner  Meta  classes. If you want the  Meta  class to inherit from a parent class you must do so explicitly. For example:  class AccountSerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    class Meta(MyBaseSerializer.Meta):\n        model = Account  Typically we would recommend  not  using inheritance on inner Meta classes, but instead declaring all options explicitly.  Additionally, the following caveats apply to serializer inheritance:   Normal Python name resolution rules apply. If you have multiple base classes that declare a  Meta  inner class, only the first one will be used. This means the child\u2019s  Meta , if it exists, otherwise the  Meta  of the first parent, etc.   It\u2019s possible to declaratively remove a  Field  inherited from a parent class by setting the name to be  None  on the subclass.  class MyBaseSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    my_field = None  However, you can only use this technique to opt out from a field defined declaratively by a parent class; it won\u2019t prevent the  ModelSerializer  from generating a default field. To opt-out from default fields, see  Specifying which fields to include .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer-inheritance",
+            "text": "Similar to Django forms, you can extend and reuse serializers through inheritance. This allows you to declare a common set of fields or methods on a parent class that can then be used in a number of serializers. For example,  class MyBaseSerializer(Serializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\n    def validate_my_field(self, value):\n        ...\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    ...  Like Django's  Model  and  ModelForm  classes, the inner  Meta  class on serializers does not implicitly inherit from it's parents' inner  Meta  classes. If you want the  Meta  class to inherit from a parent class you must do so explicitly. For example:  class AccountSerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    class Meta(MyBaseSerializer.Meta):\n        model = Account  Typically we would recommend  not  using inheritance on inner Meta classes, but instead declaring all options explicitly.  Additionally, the following caveats apply to serializer inheritance:   Normal Python name resolution rules apply. If you have multiple base classes that declare a  Meta  inner class, only the first one will be used. This means the child\u2019s  Meta , if it exists, otherwise the  Meta  of the first parent, etc.   It\u2019s possible to declaratively remove a  Field  inherited from a parent class by setting the name to be  None  on the subclass.  class MyBaseSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    my_field = serializers.CharField()\n\nclass MySerializer(MyBaseSerializer):\n    my_field = None  However, you can only use this technique to opt out from a field defined declaratively by a parent class; it won\u2019t prevent the  ModelSerializer  from generating a default field. To opt-out from default fields, see  Specifying which fields to include .",
             "title": "Serializer Inheritance"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamically-modifying-fields", 
-            "text": "Once a serializer has been initialized, the dictionary of fields that are set on the serializer may be accessed using the  .fields  attribute.  Accessing and modifying this attribute allows you to dynamically modify the serializer.  Modifying the  fields  argument directly allows you to do interesting things such as changing the arguments on serializer fields at runtime, rather than at the point of declaring the serializer.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamically-modifying-fields",
+            "text": "Once a serializer has been initialized, the dictionary of fields that are set on the serializer may be accessed using the  .fields  attribute.  Accessing and modifying this attribute allows you to dynamically modify the serializer.  Modifying the  fields  argument directly allows you to do interesting things such as changing the arguments on serializer fields at runtime, rather than at the point of declaring the serializer.",
             "title": "Dynamically modifying fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#example", 
-            "text": "For example, if you wanted to be able to set which fields should be used by a serializer at the point of initializing it, you could create a serializer class like so:  class DynamicFieldsModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A ModelSerializer that takes an additional `fields` argument that\n    controls which fields should be displayed.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Don't pass the 'fields' arg up to the superclass\n        fields = kwargs.pop('fields', None)\n\n        # Instantiate the superclass normally\n        super(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n\n        if fields is not None:\n            # Drop any fields that are not specified in the `fields` argument.\n            allowed = set(fields)\n            existing = set(self.fields)\n            for field_name in existing - allowed:\n                self.fields.pop(field_name)  This would then allow you to do the following:   class UserSerializer(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer):      class Meta:          model = User          fields = ('id', 'username', 'email')   print UserSerializer(user)\n{'id': 2, 'username': 'jonwatts', 'email': 'jon@example.com'}   print UserSerializer(user, fields=('id', 'email'))\n{'id': 2, 'email': 'jon@example.com'}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#example",
+            "text": "For example, if you wanted to be able to set which fields should be used by a serializer at the point of initializing it, you could create a serializer class like so:  class DynamicFieldsModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A ModelSerializer that takes an additional `fields` argument that\n    controls which fields should be displayed.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        # Don't pass the 'fields' arg up to the superclass\n        fields = kwargs.pop('fields', None)\n\n        # Instantiate the superclass normally\n        super(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n\n        if fields is not None:\n            # Drop any fields that are not specified in the `fields` argument.\n            allowed = set(fields)\n            existing = set(self.fields)\n            for field_name in existing - allowed:\n                self.fields.pop(field_name)  This would then allow you to do the following:  >>> class UserSerializer(DynamicFieldsModelSerializer):\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = User\n>>>         fields = ('id', 'username', 'email')\n>>>\n>>> print UserSerializer(user)\n{'id': 2, 'username': 'jonwatts', 'email': 'jon@example.com'}\n>>>\n>>> print UserSerializer(user, fields=('id', 'email'))\n{'id': 2, 'email': 'jon@example.com'}",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-the-default-fields", 
-            "text": "REST framework 2 provided an API to allow developers to override how a  ModelSerializer  class would automatically generate the default set of fields.  This API included the  .get_field() ,  .get_pk_field()  and other methods.  Because the serializers have been fundamentally redesigned with 3.0 this API no longer exists. You can still modify the fields that get created but you'll need to refer to the source code, and be aware that if the changes you make are against private bits of API then they may be subject to change.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#customizing-the-default-fields",
+            "text": "REST framework 2 provided an API to allow developers to override how a  ModelSerializer  class would automatically generate the default set of fields.  This API included the  .get_field() ,  .get_pk_field()  and other methods.  Because the serializers have been fundamentally redesigned with 3.0 this API no longer exists. You can still modify the fields that get created but you'll need to refer to the source code, and be aware that if the changes you make are against private bits of API then they may be subject to change.",
             "title": "Customizing the default fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#django-rest-marshmallow", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-marshmallow  package provides an alternative implementation for serializers, using the python  marshmallow  library. It exposes the same API as the REST framework serializers, and can be used as a drop-in replacement in some use-cases.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#django-rest-marshmallow",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-marshmallow  package provides an alternative implementation for serializers, using the python  marshmallow  library. It exposes the same API as the REST framework serializers, and can be used as a drop-in replacement in some use-cases.",
             "title": "Django REST marshmallow"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serpy", 
-            "text": "The  serpy  package is an alternative implementation for serializers that is built for speed.  Serpy  serializes complex datatypes to simple native types. The native types can be easily converted to JSON or any other format needed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serpy",
+            "text": "The  serpy  package is an alternative implementation for serializers that is built for speed.  Serpy  serializes complex datatypes to simple native types. The native types can be easily converted to JSON or any other format needed.",
             "title": "Serpy"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#mongoenginemodelserializer", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-mongoengine  package provides a  MongoEngineModelSerializer  serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#mongoenginemodelserializer",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-mongoengine  package provides a  MongoEngineModelSerializer  serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.",
             "title": "MongoengineModelSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#geofeaturemodelserializer", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-gis  package provides a  GeoFeatureModelSerializer  serializer class that supports GeoJSON both for read and write operations.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#geofeaturemodelserializer",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-gis  package provides a  GeoFeatureModelSerializer  serializer class that supports GeoJSON both for read and write operations.",
             "title": "GeoFeatureModelSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#hstoreserializer", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-hstore  package provides an  HStoreSerializer  to support  django-hstore   DictionaryField  model field and its  schema-mode  feature.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#hstoreserializer",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-hstore  package provides an  HStoreSerializer  to support  django-hstore   DictionaryField  model field and its  schema-mode  feature.",
             "title": "HStoreSerializer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamic-rest", 
-            "text": "The  dynamic-rest  package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet interfaces, adding API query parameters for filtering, sorting, and including / excluding all fields and relationships defined by your serializers.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamic-rest",
+            "text": "The  dynamic-rest  package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet interfaces, adding API query parameters for filtering, sorting, and including / excluding all fields and relationships defined by your serializers.",
             "title": "Dynamic REST"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamic-fields-mixin", 
-            "text": "The  drf-dynamic-fields  package provides a mixin to dynamically limit the fields per serializer to a subset specified by an URL parameter.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#dynamic-fields-mixin",
+            "text": "The  drf-dynamic-fields  package provides a mixin to dynamically limit the fields per serializer to a subset specified by an URL parameter.",
             "title": "Dynamic Fields Mixin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-flexfields", 
-            "text": "The  drf-flex-fields  package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet to provide commonly used functionality for dynamically setting fields and expanding primitive fields to nested models, both from URL parameters and your serializer class definitions.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-flexfields",
+            "text": "The  drf-flex-fields  package extends the ModelSerializer and ModelViewSet to provide commonly used functionality for dynamically setting fields and expanding primitive fields to nested models, both from URL parameters and your serializer class definitions.",
             "title": "DRF FlexFields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer-extensions", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-serializer-extensions \npackage provides a collection of tools to DRY up your serializers, by allowing\nfields to be defined on a per-view/request basis. Fields can be whitelisted,\nblacklisted and child serializers can be optionally expanded.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#serializer-extensions",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-serializer-extensions \npackage provides a collection of tools to DRY up your serializers, by allowing\nfields to be defined on a per-view/request basis. Fields can be whitelisted,\nblacklisted and child serializers can be optionally expanded.",
             "title": "Serializer Extensions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#html-json-forms", 
-            "text": "The  html-json-forms  package provides an algorithm and serializer for processing  form  submissions per the (inactive)  HTML JSON Form specification .  The serializer facilitates processing of arbitrarily nested JSON structures within HTML.  For example,  input name=\"items[0][id]\" value=\"5\"  will be interpreted as  {\"items\": [{\"id\": \"5\"}]} .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#html-json-forms",
+            "text": "The  html-json-forms  package provides an algorithm and serializer for processing    submissions per the (inactive)  HTML JSON Form specification .  The serializer facilitates processing of arbitrarily nested JSON structures within HTML.  For example,    will be interpreted as  {\"items\": [{\"id\": \"5\"}]} .",
             "title": "HTML JSON Forms"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-base64", 
-            "text": "DRF-Base64  provides a set of field and model serializers that handles the upload of base64-encoded files.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-base64",
+            "text": "DRF-Base64  provides a set of field and model serializers that handles the upload of base64-encoded files.",
             "title": "DRF-Base64"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#queryfields", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-queryfields  allows API clients to specify which fields will be sent in the response via inclusion/exclusion query parameters.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#queryfields",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-queryfields  allows API clients to specify which fields will be sent in the response via inclusion/exclusion query parameters.",
             "title": "QueryFields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-writable-nested", 
-            "text": "The  drf-writable-nested  package provides writable nested model serializer which allows to create/update models with nested related data.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/serializers/#drf-writable-nested",
+            "text": "The  drf-writable-nested  package provides writable nested model serializer which allows to create/update models with nested related data.",
             "title": "DRF Writable Nested"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/", 
-            "text": "Serializer fields\n\n\n\n\nEach field in a Form class is responsible not only for validating data, but also for \"cleaning\" it \n normalizing it to a consistent format.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields handle converting between primitive values and internal datatypes.  They also deal with validating input values, as well as retrieving and setting the values from their parent objects.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n The serializer fields are declared in \nfields.py\n, but by convention you should import them using \nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n and refer to fields as \nserializers.\nFieldName\n.\n\n\n\n\nCore arguments\n\n\nEach serializer field class constructor takes at least these arguments.  Some Field classes take additional, field-specific arguments, but the following should always be accepted:\n\n\nread_only\n\n\nRead-only fields are included in the API output, but should not be included in the input during create or update operations. Any 'read_only' fields that are incorrectly included in the serializer input will be ignored.\n\n\nSet this to \nTrue\n to ensure that the field is used when serializing a representation, but is not used when creating or updating an instance during deserialization.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nwrite_only\n\n\nSet this to \nTrue\n to ensure that the field may be used when updating or creating an instance, but is not included when serializing the representation.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nrequired\n\n\nNormally an error will be raised if a field is not supplied during deserialization.\nSet to false if this field is not required to be present during deserialization.\n\n\nSetting this to \nFalse\n also allows the object attribute or dictionary key to be omitted from output when serializing the instance. If the key is not present it will simply not be included in the output representation.\n\n\nDefaults to \nTrue\n.\n\n\ndefault\n\n\nIf set, this gives the default value that will be used for the field if no input value is supplied. If not set the default behaviour is to not populate the attribute at all.\n\n\nThe \ndefault\n is not applied during partial update operations. In the partial update case only fields that are provided in the incoming data will have a validated value returned.\n\n\nMay be set to a function or other callable, in which case the value will be evaluated each time it is used. When called, it will receive no arguments. If the callable has a \nset_context\n method, that will be called each time before getting the value with the field instance as only argument. This works the same way as for \nvalidators\n.\n\n\nWhen serializing the instance, default will be used if the the object attribute or dictionary key is not present in the instance.\n\n\nNote that setting a \ndefault\n value implies that the field is not required. Including both the \ndefault\n and \nrequired\n keyword arguments is invalid and will raise an error.\n\n\nallow_null\n\n\nNormally an error will be raised if \nNone\n is passed to a serializer field. Set this keyword argument to \nTrue\n if \nNone\n should be considered a valid value.\n\n\nNote that, without an explicit \ndefault\n, setting this argument to \nTrue\n will imply a \ndefault\n value of \nnull\n for serialization output, but does not imply a default for input deserialization.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nsource\n\n\nThe name of the attribute that will be used to populate the field.  May be a method that only takes a \nself\n argument, such as \nURLField(source='get_absolute_url')\n, or may use dotted notation to traverse attributes, such as \nEmailField(source='user.email')\n. When serializing fields with dotted notation, it may be necessary to provide a \ndefault\n value if any object is not present or is empty during attribute traversal.\n\n\nThe value \nsource='*'\n has a special meaning, and is used to indicate that the entire object should be passed through to the field.  This can be useful for creating nested representations, or for fields which require access to the complete object in order to determine the output representation.\n\n\nDefaults to the name of the field.\n\n\nvalidators\n\n\nA list of validator functions which should be applied to the incoming field input, and which either raise a validation error or simply return. Validator functions should typically raise \nserializers.ValidationError\n, but Django's built-in \nValidationError\n is also supported for compatibility with validators defined in the Django codebase or third party Django packages.\n\n\nerror_messages\n\n\nA dictionary of error codes to error messages.\n\n\nlabel\n\n\nA short text string that may be used as the name of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.\n\n\nhelp_text\n\n\nA text string that may be used as a description of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.\n\n\ninitial\n\n\nA value that should be used for pre-populating the value of HTML form fields. You may pass a callable to it, just as\nyou may do with any regular Django \nField\n:\n\n\nimport datetime\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    day = serializers.DateField(initial=datetime.date.today)\n\n\n\nstyle\n\n\nA dictionary of key-value pairs that can be used to control how renderers should render the field.\n\n\nTwo examples here are \n'input_type'\n and \n'base_template'\n:\n\n\n# Use \ninput type=\"password\"\n for the input.\npassword = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'input_type': 'password'}\n)\n\n# Use a radio input instead of a select input.\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nHTML \n Forms\n documentation.\n\n\n\n\nBoolean fields\n\n\nBooleanField\n\n\nA boolean representation.\n\n\nWhen using HTML encoded form input be aware that omitting a value will always be treated as setting a field to \nFalse\n, even if it has a \ndefault=True\n option specified. This is because HTML checkbox inputs represent the unchecked state by omitting the value, so REST framework treats omission as if it is an empty checkbox input.\n\n\nNote that default \nBooleanField\n instances will be generated with a \nrequired=False\n option (since Django \nmodels.BooleanField\n is always \nblank=True\n). If you want to change this behaviour explicitly declare the \nBooleanField\n on the serializer class.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.BooleanField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nBooleanField()\n\n\nNullBooleanField\n\n\nA boolean representation that also accepts \nNone\n as a valid value.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.NullBooleanField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNullBooleanField()\n\n\n\n\nString fields\n\n\nCharField\n\n\nA text representation. Optionally validates the text to be shorter than \nmax_length\n and longer than \nmin_length\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.CharField\n or \ndjango.db.models.fields.TextField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nCharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Validates that the input contains no more than this number of characters.\n\n\nmin_length\n - Validates that the input contains no fewer than this number of characters.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\ntrim_whitespace\n - If set to \nTrue\n then leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed. Defaults to \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nallow_null\n option is also available for string fields, although its usage is discouraged in favor of \nallow_blank\n. It is valid to set both \nallow_blank=True\n and \nallow_null=True\n, but doing so means that there will be two differing types of empty value permissible for string representations, which can lead to data inconsistencies and subtle application bugs.\n\n\nEmailField\n\n\nA text representation, validates the text to be a valid e-mail address.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.EmailField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nEmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nRegexField\n\n\nA text representation, that validates the given value matches against a certain regular expression.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.RegexField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nRegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nThe mandatory \nregex\n argument may either be a string, or a compiled python regular expression object.\n\n\nUses Django's \ndjango.core.validators.RegexValidator\n for validation.\n\n\nSlugField\n\n\nA \nRegexField\n that validates the input against the pattern \n[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.SlugField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nSlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nURLField\n\n\nA \nRegexField\n that validates the input against a URL matching pattern. Expects fully qualified URLs of the form \nhttp://\nhost\n/\npath\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.URLField\n.  Uses Django's \ndjango.core.validators.URLValidator\n for validation.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nURLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nUUIDField\n\n\nA field that ensures the input is a valid UUID string. The \nto_internal_value\n method will return a \nuuid.UUID\n instance. On output the field will return a string in the canonical hyphenated format, for example:\n\n\n\"de305d54-75b4-431b-adb2-eb6b9e546013\"\n\n\n\nSignature:\n \nUUIDField(format='hex_verbose')\n\n\n\n\nformat\n: Determines the representation format of the uuid value\n\n\n'hex_verbose'\n - The cannoncical hex representation, including hyphens: \n\"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"\n\n\n'hex'\n - The compact hex representation of the UUID, not including hyphens: \n\"5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a\"\n\n\n'int'\n - A 128 bit integer representation of the UUID: \n\"123456789012312313134124512351145145114\"\n\n\n'urn'\n - RFC 4122 URN representation of the UUID: \n\"urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"\n\n  Changing the \nformat\n parameters only affects representation values. All formats are accepted by \nto_internal_value\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFilePathField\n\n\nA field whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.FilePathField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nFilePathField(path, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, required=None, **kwargs)\n\n\n\n\npath\n - The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choice.\n\n\nmatch\n - A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames.\n\n\nrecursive\n - Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included.  Default is \nFalse\n.\n\n\nallow_files\n - Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Default is \nTrue\n. Either this or \nallow_folders\n must be \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_folders\n - Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Default is \nFalse\n. Either this or \nallow_files\n must be \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nIPAddressField\n\n\nA field that ensures the input is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 string.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.IPAddressField\n and \ndjango.forms.fields.GenericIPAddressField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nIPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)\n\n\n\n\nprotocol\n Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' (default), 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive.\n\n\nunpack_ipv4\n Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff:192.0.2.1. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to 192.0.2.1. Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNumeric fields\n\n\nIntegerField\n\n\nAn integer representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.IntegerField\n, \ndjango.db.models.fields.SmallIntegerField\n, \ndjango.db.models.fields.PositiveIntegerField\n and \ndjango.db.models.fields.PositiveSmallIntegerField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nIntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\nFloatField\n\n\nA floating point representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.FloatField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nFloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\nDecimalField\n\n\nA decimal representation, represented in Python by a \nDecimal\n instance.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DecimalField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nDecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_digits\n The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. It must be either \nNone\n or an integer greater than or equal to \ndecimal_places\n.\n\n\ndecimal_places\n The number of decimal places to store with the number.\n\n\ncoerce_to_string\n Set to \nTrue\n if string values should be returned for the representation, or \nFalse\n if \nDecimal\n objects should be returned. Defaults to the same value as the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n settings key, which will be \nTrue\n unless overridden. If \nDecimal\n objects are returned by the serializer, then the final output format will be determined by the renderer. Note that setting \nlocalize\n will force the value to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\nlocalize\n Set to \nTrue\n to enable localization of input and output based on the current locale. This will also force \ncoerce_to_string\n to \nTrue\n. Defaults to \nFalse\n. Note that data formatting is enabled if you have set \nUSE_L10N=True\n in your settings file.\n\n\nrounding\n Sets the rounding mode used when quantising to the configured precision. Valid values are \ndecimal\n module rounding modes\n. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nExample usage\n\n\nTo validate numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you would use:\n\n\nserializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)\n\n\n\nAnd to validate numbers up to anything less than one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:\n\n\nserializers.DecimalField(max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)\n\n\n\nThis field also takes an optional argument, \ncoerce_to_string\n. If set to \nTrue\n the representation will be output as a string. If set to \nFalse\n the representation will be left as a \nDecimal\n instance and the final representation will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nIf unset, this will default to the same value as the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n setting, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nDate and time fields\n\n\nDateTimeField\n\n\nA date and time representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DateTimeField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format. If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ndatetime\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nDATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateTimeField\n format strings.\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style datetimes should be used. (eg \n'2013-01-29T12:34:56.000000Z'\n)\n\n\nWhen a value of \nNone\n is used for the format \ndatetime\n objects will be returned by \nto_representation\n and the final output representation will determined by the renderer class.\n\n\nauto_now\n and \nauto_now_add\n model fields.\n\n\nWhen using \nModelSerializer\n or \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n, note that any model fields with \nauto_now=True\n or \nauto_now_add=True\n will use serializer fields that are \nread_only=True\n by default.\n\n\nIf you want to override this behavior, you'll need to declare the \nDateTimeField\n explicitly on the serializer.  For example:\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Comment\n\n\n\nDateField\n\n\nA date representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DateField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nDATE_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ndate\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nDATE_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateField\n format strings\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style dates should be used. (eg \n'2013-01-29'\n)\n\n\nTimeField\n\n\nA time representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.TimeField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nTimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ntime\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nTIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nTimeField\n format strings\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style times should be used. (eg \n'12:34:56.000000'\n)\n\n\nDurationField\n\n\nA Duration representation.\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DurationField\n\n\nThe \nvalidated_data\n for these fields will contain a \ndatetime.timedelta\n instance.\nThe representation is a string following this format \n'[DD] [HH:[MM:]]ss[.uuuuuu]'\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDurationField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the duration provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the duration provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChoice selection fields\n\n\nChoiceField\n\n\nA field that can accept a value out of a limited set of choices.\n\n\nUsed by \nModelSerializer\n to automatically generate fields if the corresponding model field includes a \nchoices=\u2026\n argument.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nChoiceField(choices)\n\n\n\n\nchoices\n - A list of valid values, or a list of \n(key, display_name)\n tuples.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nBoth the \nallow_blank\n and \nallow_null\n are valid options on \nChoiceField\n, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both. \nallow_blank\n should be preferred for textual choices, and \nallow_null\n should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n\n\nA field that can accept a set of zero, one or many values, chosen from a limited set of choices. Takes a single mandatory argument. \nto_internal_value\n returns a \nset\n containing the selected values.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nMultipleChoiceField(choices)\n\n\n\n\nchoices\n - A list of valid values, or a list of \n(key, display_name)\n tuples.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nAs with \nChoiceField\n, both the \nallow_blank\n and \nallow_null\n options are valid, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both. \nallow_blank\n should be preferred for textual choices, and \nallow_null\n should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.\n\n\n\n\nFile upload fields\n\n\nParsers and file uploads.\n\n\nThe \nFileField\n and \nImageField\n classes are only suitable for use with \nMultiPartParser\n or \nFileUploadParser\n. Most parsers, such as e.g. JSON don't support file uploads.\nDjango's regular \nFILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS\n are used for handling uploaded files.\n\n\nFileField\n\n\nA file representation.  Performs Django's standard FileField validation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.FileField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nFileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Designates the maximum length for the file name.\n\n\nallow_empty_file\n - Designates if empty files are allowed.\n\n\nuse_url\n - If set to \nTrue\n then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to \nFalse\n then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nImageField\n\n\nAn image representation. Validates the uploaded file content as matching a known image format.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.ImageField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Designates the maximum length for the file name.\n\n\nallow_empty_file\n - Designates if empty files are allowed.\n\n\nuse_url\n - If set to \nTrue\n then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to \nFalse\n then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nRequires either the \nPillow\n package or \nPIL\n package.  The \nPillow\n package is recommended, as \nPIL\n is no longer actively maintained.\n\n\n\n\nComposite fields\n\n\nListField\n\n\nA field class that validates a list of objects.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nListField(child=\nA_FIELD_INSTANCE\n, min_length=None, max_length=None)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that should be used for validating the objects in the list. If this argument is not provided then objects in the list will not be validated.\n\n\nmin_length\n - Validates that the list contains no fewer than this number of elements.\n\n\nmax_length\n - Validates that the list contains no more than this number of elements.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, to validate a list of integers you might use something like the following:\n\n\nscores = serializers.ListField(\n   child=serializers.IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n)\n\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class also supports a declarative style that allows you to write reusable list field classes.\n\n\nclass StringListField(serializers.ListField):\n    child = serializers.CharField()\n\n\n\nWe can now reuse our custom \nStringListField\n class throughout our application, without having to provide a \nchild\n argument to it.\n\n\nDictField\n\n\nA field class that validates a dictionary of objects. The keys in \nDictField\n are always assumed to be string values.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nDictField(child=\nA_FIELD_INSTANCE\n)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that should be used for validating the values in the dictionary. If this argument is not provided then values in the mapping will not be validated.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, to create a field that validates a mapping of strings to strings, you would write something like this:\n\n\ndocument = DictField(child=CharField())\n\n\n\nYou can also use the declarative style, as with \nListField\n. For example:\n\n\nclass DocumentField(DictField):\n    child = CharField()\n\n\n\nHStoreField\n\n\nA preconfigured \nDictField\n that is compatible with Django's postgres \nHStoreField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nHStoreField(child=\nA_FIELD_INSTANCE\n)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that is used for validating the values in the dictionary. The default child field accepts both empty strings and null values.\n\n\n\n\nNote that the child field \nmust\n be an instance of \nCharField\n, as the hstore extension stores values as strings.\n\n\nJSONField\n\n\nA field class that validates that the incoming data structure consists of valid JSON primitives. In its alternate binary mode, it will represent and validate JSON-encoded binary strings.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nJSONField(binary)\n\n\n\n\nbinary\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the field will output and validate a JSON encoded string, rather than a primitive data structure. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous fields\n\n\nReadOnlyField\n\n\nA field class that simply returns the value of the field without modification.\n\n\nThis field is used by default with \nModelSerializer\n when including field names that relate to an attribute rather than a model field.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nReadOnlyField()\n\n\nFor example, if \nhas_expired\n was a property on the \nAccount\n model, then the following serializer would automatically generate it as a \nReadOnlyField\n:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'has_expired')\n\n\n\nHiddenField\n\n\nA field class that does not take a value based on user input, but instead takes its value from a default value or callable.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nHiddenField()\n\n\nFor example, to include a field that always provides the current time as part of the serializer validated data, you would use the following:\n\n\nmodified = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\nThe \nHiddenField\n class is usually only needed if you have some validation that needs to run based on some pre-provided field values, but you do not want to expose all of those fields to the end user.\n\n\nFor further examples on \nHiddenField\n see the \nvalidators\n documentation.\n\n\nModelField\n\n\nA generic field that can be tied to any arbitrary model field. The \nModelField\n class delegates the task of serialization/deserialization to its associated model field.  This field can be used to create serializer fields for custom model fields, without having to create a new custom serializer field.\n\n\nThis field is used by \nModelSerializer\n to correspond to custom model field classes.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nModelField(model_field=\nDjango ModelField instance\n)\n\n\nThe \nModelField\n class is generally intended for internal use, but can be used by your API if needed.  In order to properly instantiate a \nModelField\n, it must be passed a field that is attached to an instantiated model.  For example: \nModelField(model_field=MyModel()._meta.get_field('custom_field'))\n\n\nSerializerMethodField\n\n\nThis is a read-only field. It gets its value by calling a method on the serializer class it is attached to. It can be used to add any sort of data to the serialized representation of your object.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nSerializerMethodField(method_name=None)\n\n\n\n\nmethod_name\n - The name of the method on the serializer to be called. If not included this defaults to \nget_\nfield_name\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe serializer method referred to by the \nmethod_name\n argument should accept a single argument (in addition to \nself\n), which is the object being serialized. It should return whatever you want to be included in the serialized representation of the object. For example:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    days_since_joined = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n\n    def get_days_since_joined(self, obj):\n        return (now() - obj.date_joined).days\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom fields\n\n\nIf you want to create a custom field, you'll need to subclass \nField\n and then override either one or both of the \n.to_representation()\n and \n.to_internal_value()\n methods.  These two methods are used to convert between the initial datatype, and a primitive, serializable datatype. Primitive datatypes will typically be any of a number, string, boolean, \ndate\n/\ntime\n/\ndatetime\n or \nNone\n. They may also be any list or dictionary like object that only contains other primitive objects. Other types might be supported, depending on the renderer that you are using.\n\n\nThe \n.to_representation()\n method is called to convert the initial datatype into a primitive, serializable datatype.\n\n\nThe \nto_internal_value()\n method is called to restore a primitive datatype into its internal python representation. This method should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if the data is invalid.\n\n\nNote that the \nWritableField\n class that was present in version 2.x no longer exists. You should subclass \nField\n and override \nto_internal_value()\n if the field supports data input.\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nA Basic Custom Field\n\n\nLet's look at an example of serializing a class that represents an RGB color value:\n\n\nclass Color(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    A color represented in the RGB colorspace.\n    \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self, red, green, blue):\n        assert(red \n= 0 and green \n= 0 and blue \n= 0)\n        assert(red \n 256 and green \n 256 and blue \n 256)\n        self.red, self.green, self.blue = red, green, blue\n\nclass ColorField(serializers.Field):\n    \"\"\"\n    Color objects are serialized into 'rgb(#, #, #)' notation.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        return \"rgb(%d, %d, %d)\" % (value.red, value.green, value.blue)\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n        red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n        return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nBy default field values are treated as mapping to an attribute on the object.  If you need to customize how the field value is accessed and set you need to override \n.get_attribute()\n and/or \n.get_value()\n.\n\n\nAs an example, let's create a field that can be used to represent the class name of the object being serialized:\n\n\nclass ClassNameField(serializers.Field):\n    def get_attribute(self, instance):\n        # We pass the object instance onto `to_representation`,\n        # not just the field attribute.\n        return instance\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize the value's class name.\n        \"\"\"\n        return value.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nRaising validation errors\n\n\nOur \nColorField\n class above currently does not perform any data validation.\nTo indicate invalid data, we should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n, like so:\n\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        msg = 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got %s'\n        raise ValidationError(msg % type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        raise ValidationError('Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col \n 255 or col \n 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        raise ValidationError('Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nThe \n.fail()\n method is a shortcut for raising \nValidationError\n that takes a message string from the \nerror_messages\n dictionary. For example:\n\n\ndefault_error_messages = {\n    'incorrect_type': 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got {input_type}',\n    'incorrect_format': 'Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.',\n    'out_of_range': 'Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.'\n}\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        self.fail('incorrect_type', input_type=type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        self.fail('incorrect_format')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col \n 255 or col \n 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        self.fail('out_of_range')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nThis style keeps your error messages cleaner and more separated from your code, and should be preferred.\n\n\nUsing \nsource='*'\n\n\nHere we'll take an example of a \nflat\n \nDataPoint\n model with \nx_coordinate\n and \ny_coordinate\n attributes.\n\n\nclass DataPoint(models.Model):\n    label = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n    x_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n    y_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n\n\n\nUsing a custom field and \nsource='*'\n we can provide a nested representation of\nthe coordinate pair:\n\n\nclass CoordinateField(serializers.Field):\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        ret = {\n            \"x\": value.x_coordinate,\n            \"y\": value.y_coordinate\n        }\n        return ret\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        ret = {\n            \"x_coordinate\": data[\"x\"],\n            \"y_coordinate\": data[\"y\"],\n        }\n        return ret\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = CoordinateField(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']\n\n\n\nNote that this example doesn't handle validation. Partly for that reason, in a\nreal project, the coordinate nesting might be better handled with a nested serialiser\nusing \nsource='*'\n, with two \nIntegerField\n instances, each with their own \nsource\n\npointing to the relevant field.\n\n\nThe key points from the example, though, are:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nto_representation\n is passed the entire \nDataPoint\n object and must map from that\nto the desired output.\n\n\n instance = DataPoint(label='Example', x_coordinate=1, y_coordinate=2)\n\n out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n\n out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'), ('coordinates', {'x': 1, 'y': 2})])\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnless our field is to be read-only, \nto_internal_value\n must map back to a dict\nsuitable for updating our target object. With \nsource='*'\n, the return from\n\nto_internal_value\n will update the root validated data dictionary, rather than a single key.\n\n\n data = {\n...     \"label\": \"Second Example\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 3,\n...         \"y\": 4,\n...     }\n... }\n\n in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n\n in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n\n in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'Second Example'),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3)])\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFor completeness lets do the same thing again but with the nested serialiser\napproach suggested above:\n\n\nclass NestedCoordinateSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    x = serializers.IntegerField(source='x_coordinate')\n    y = serializers.IntegerField(source='y_coordinate')\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = NestedCoordinateSerializer(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']\n\n\n\nHere the mapping between the target and source attribute pairs (\nx\n and\n\nx_coordinate\n, \ny\n and \ny_coordinate\n) is handled in the \nIntegerField\n\ndeclarations. It's our \nNestedCoordinateSerializer\n that takes \nsource='*'\n.\n\n\nOur new \nDataPointSerializer\n exhibits the same behaviour as the custom field\napproach.\n\n\nSerialising:\n\n\n out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n\n out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'),\n            ('coordinates', OrderedDict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)]))])\n\n\n\nDeserialising:\n\n\n in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n\n in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n\n in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'still testing'),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4)])\n\n\n\nBut we also get the built-in validation for free:\n\n\n invalid_data = {\n...     \"label\": \"still testing\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 'a',\n...         \"y\": 'b',\n...     }\n... }\n\n invalid_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=invalid_data)\n\n invalid_serializer.is_valid()\nFalse\n\n invalid_serializer.errors\nReturnDict([('coordinates',\n             {'x': ['A valid integer is required.'],\n              'y': ['A valid integer is required.']})])\n\n\n\nFor this reason, the nested serialiser approach would be the first to try. You\nwould use the custom field approach when the nested serialiser becomes infeasible\nor overly complex.\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Compound Fields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-compound-fields\n package provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values, which can be described by other fields rather than serializers with the \nmany=True\n option. Also provided are fields for typed dictionaries and values that can be either a specific type or a list of items of that type.\n\n\nDRF Extra Fields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-extra-fields\n package provides extra serializer fields for REST framework, including \nBase64ImageField\n and \nPointField\n classes.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-recursive\n\n\nthe \ndjangorestframework-recursive\n package provides a \nRecursiveField\n for serializing and deserializing recursive structures\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n package provides geographic addons for django rest framework like a  \nGeometryField\n field and a GeoJSON serializer.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n package provides an \nHStoreField\n to support \ndjango-hstore\n \nDictionaryField\n model field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/",
+            "text": "Serializer fields\n\n\n\n\nEach field in a Form class is responsible not only for validating data, but also for \"cleaning\" it \u2014 normalizing it to a consistent format.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields handle converting between primitive values and internal datatypes.  They also deal with validating input values, as well as retrieving and setting the values from their parent objects.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n The serializer fields are declared in \nfields.py\n, but by convention you should import them using \nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n and refer to fields as \nserializers.\n.\n\n\n\n\nCore arguments\n\n\nEach serializer field class constructor takes at least these arguments.  Some Field classes take additional, field-specific arguments, but the following should always be accepted:\n\n\nread_only\n\n\nRead-only fields are included in the API output, but should not be included in the input during create or update operations. Any 'read_only' fields that are incorrectly included in the serializer input will be ignored.\n\n\nSet this to \nTrue\n to ensure that the field is used when serializing a representation, but is not used when creating or updating an instance during deserialization.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nwrite_only\n\n\nSet this to \nTrue\n to ensure that the field may be used when updating or creating an instance, but is not included when serializing the representation.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nrequired\n\n\nNormally an error will be raised if a field is not supplied during deserialization.\nSet to false if this field is not required to be present during deserialization.\n\n\nSetting this to \nFalse\n also allows the object attribute or dictionary key to be omitted from output when serializing the instance. If the key is not present it will simply not be included in the output representation.\n\n\nDefaults to \nTrue\n.\n\n\ndefault\n\n\nIf set, this gives the default value that will be used for the field if no input value is supplied. If not set the default behaviour is to not populate the attribute at all.\n\n\nThe \ndefault\n is not applied during partial update operations. In the partial update case only fields that are provided in the incoming data will have a validated value returned.\n\n\nMay be set to a function or other callable, in which case the value will be evaluated each time it is used. When called, it will receive no arguments. If the callable has a \nset_context\n method, that will be called each time before getting the value with the field instance as only argument. This works the same way as for \nvalidators\n.\n\n\nWhen serializing the instance, default will be used if the the object attribute or dictionary key is not present in the instance.\n\n\nNote that setting a \ndefault\n value implies that the field is not required. Including both the \ndefault\n and \nrequired\n keyword arguments is invalid and will raise an error.\n\n\nallow_null\n\n\nNormally an error will be raised if \nNone\n is passed to a serializer field. Set this keyword argument to \nTrue\n if \nNone\n should be considered a valid value.\n\n\nNote that, without an explicit \ndefault\n, setting this argument to \nTrue\n will imply a \ndefault\n value of \nnull\n for serialization output, but does not imply a default for input deserialization.\n\n\nDefaults to \nFalse\n\n\nsource\n\n\nThe name of the attribute that will be used to populate the field.  May be a method that only takes a \nself\n argument, such as \nURLField(source='get_absolute_url')\n, or may use dotted notation to traverse attributes, such as \nEmailField(source='user.email')\n. When serializing fields with dotted notation, it may be necessary to provide a \ndefault\n value if any object is not present or is empty during attribute traversal.\n\n\nThe value \nsource='*'\n has a special meaning, and is used to indicate that the entire object should be passed through to the field.  This can be useful for creating nested representations, or for fields which require access to the complete object in order to determine the output representation.\n\n\nDefaults to the name of the field.\n\n\nvalidators\n\n\nA list of validator functions which should be applied to the incoming field input, and which either raise a validation error or simply return. Validator functions should typically raise \nserializers.ValidationError\n, but Django's built-in \nValidationError\n is also supported for compatibility with validators defined in the Django codebase or third party Django packages.\n\n\nerror_messages\n\n\nA dictionary of error codes to error messages.\n\n\nlabel\n\n\nA short text string that may be used as the name of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.\n\n\nhelp_text\n\n\nA text string that may be used as a description of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.\n\n\ninitial\n\n\nA value that should be used for pre-populating the value of HTML form fields. You may pass a callable to it, just as\nyou may do with any regular Django \nField\n:\n\n\nimport datetime\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    day = serializers.DateField(initial=datetime.date.today)\n\n\n\nstyle\n\n\nA dictionary of key-value pairs that can be used to control how renderers should render the field.\n\n\nTwo examples here are \n'input_type'\n and \n'base_template'\n:\n\n\n# Use  for the input.\npassword = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'input_type': 'password'}\n)\n\n# Use a radio input instead of a select input.\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nHTML & Forms\n documentation.\n\n\n\n\nBoolean fields\n\n\nBooleanField\n\n\nA boolean representation.\n\n\nWhen using HTML encoded form input be aware that omitting a value will always be treated as setting a field to \nFalse\n, even if it has a \ndefault=True\n option specified. This is because HTML checkbox inputs represent the unchecked state by omitting the value, so REST framework treats omission as if it is an empty checkbox input.\n\n\nNote that default \nBooleanField\n instances will be generated with a \nrequired=False\n option (since Django \nmodels.BooleanField\n is always \nblank=True\n). If you want to change this behaviour explicitly declare the \nBooleanField\n on the serializer class.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.BooleanField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nBooleanField()\n\n\nNullBooleanField\n\n\nA boolean representation that also accepts \nNone\n as a valid value.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.NullBooleanField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNullBooleanField()\n\n\n\n\nString fields\n\n\nCharField\n\n\nA text representation. Optionally validates the text to be shorter than \nmax_length\n and longer than \nmin_length\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.CharField\n or \ndjango.db.models.fields.TextField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nCharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Validates that the input contains no more than this number of characters.\n\n\nmin_length\n - Validates that the input contains no fewer than this number of characters.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\ntrim_whitespace\n - If set to \nTrue\n then leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed. Defaults to \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nallow_null\n option is also available for string fields, although its usage is discouraged in favor of \nallow_blank\n. It is valid to set both \nallow_blank=True\n and \nallow_null=True\n, but doing so means that there will be two differing types of empty value permissible for string representations, which can lead to data inconsistencies and subtle application bugs.\n\n\nEmailField\n\n\nA text representation, validates the text to be a valid e-mail address.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.EmailField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nEmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nRegexField\n\n\nA text representation, that validates the given value matches against a certain regular expression.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.RegexField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nRegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nThe mandatory \nregex\n argument may either be a string, or a compiled python regular expression object.\n\n\nUses Django's \ndjango.core.validators.RegexValidator\n for validation.\n\n\nSlugField\n\n\nA \nRegexField\n that validates the input against the pattern \n[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.SlugField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nSlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nURLField\n\n\nA \nRegexField\n that validates the input against a URL matching pattern. Expects fully qualified URLs of the form \nhttp:///\n.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.URLField\n.  Uses Django's \ndjango.core.validators.URLValidator\n for validation.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nURLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)\n\n\nUUIDField\n\n\nA field that ensures the input is a valid UUID string. The \nto_internal_value\n method will return a \nuuid.UUID\n instance. On output the field will return a string in the canonical hyphenated format, for example:\n\n\n\"de305d54-75b4-431b-adb2-eb6b9e546013\"\n\n\n\nSignature:\n \nUUIDField(format='hex_verbose')\n\n\n\n\nformat\n: Determines the representation format of the uuid value\n\n\n'hex_verbose'\n - The cannoncical hex representation, including hyphens: \n\"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"\n\n\n'hex'\n - The compact hex representation of the UUID, not including hyphens: \n\"5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a\"\n\n\n'int'\n - A 128 bit integer representation of the UUID: \n\"123456789012312313134124512351145145114\"\n\n\n'urn'\n - RFC 4122 URN representation of the UUID: \n\"urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"\n\n  Changing the \nformat\n parameters only affects representation values. All formats are accepted by \nto_internal_value\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFilePathField\n\n\nA field whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.FilePathField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nFilePathField(path, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, required=None, **kwargs)\n\n\n\n\npath\n - The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choice.\n\n\nmatch\n - A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames.\n\n\nrecursive\n - Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included.  Default is \nFalse\n.\n\n\nallow_files\n - Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Default is \nTrue\n. Either this or \nallow_folders\n must be \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_folders\n - Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Default is \nFalse\n. Either this or \nallow_files\n must be \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nIPAddressField\n\n\nA field that ensures the input is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 string.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.IPAddressField\n and \ndjango.forms.fields.GenericIPAddressField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nIPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)\n\n\n\n\nprotocol\n Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' (default), 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive.\n\n\nunpack_ipv4\n Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff:192.0.2.1. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to 192.0.2.1. Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNumeric fields\n\n\nIntegerField\n\n\nAn integer representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.IntegerField\n, \ndjango.db.models.fields.SmallIntegerField\n, \ndjango.db.models.fields.PositiveIntegerField\n and \ndjango.db.models.fields.PositiveSmallIntegerField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nIntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\nFloatField\n\n\nA floating point representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.FloatField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nFloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\nDecimalField\n\n\nA decimal representation, represented in Python by a \nDecimal\n instance.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DecimalField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nDecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_digits\n The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. It must be either \nNone\n or an integer greater than or equal to \ndecimal_places\n.\n\n\ndecimal_places\n The number of decimal places to store with the number.\n\n\ncoerce_to_string\n Set to \nTrue\n if string values should be returned for the representation, or \nFalse\n if \nDecimal\n objects should be returned. Defaults to the same value as the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n settings key, which will be \nTrue\n unless overridden. If \nDecimal\n objects are returned by the serializer, then the final output format will be determined by the renderer. Note that setting \nlocalize\n will force the value to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.\n\n\nlocalize\n Set to \nTrue\n to enable localization of input and output based on the current locale. This will also force \ncoerce_to_string\n to \nTrue\n. Defaults to \nFalse\n. Note that data formatting is enabled if you have set \nUSE_L10N=True\n in your settings file.\n\n\nrounding\n Sets the rounding mode used when quantising to the configured precision. Valid values are \ndecimal\n module rounding modes\n. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nExample usage\n\n\nTo validate numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you would use:\n\n\nserializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)\n\n\n\nAnd to validate numbers up to anything less than one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:\n\n\nserializers.DecimalField(max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)\n\n\n\nThis field also takes an optional argument, \ncoerce_to_string\n. If set to \nTrue\n the representation will be output as a string. If set to \nFalse\n the representation will be left as a \nDecimal\n instance and the final representation will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nIf unset, this will default to the same value as the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n setting, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nDate and time fields\n\n\nDateTimeField\n\n\nA date and time representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DateTimeField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format. If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ndatetime\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nDATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateTimeField\n format strings.\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style datetimes should be used. (eg \n'2013-01-29T12:34:56.000000Z'\n)\n\n\nWhen a value of \nNone\n is used for the format \ndatetime\n objects will be returned by \nto_representation\n and the final output representation will determined by the renderer class.\n\n\nauto_now\n and \nauto_now_add\n model fields.\n\n\nWhen using \nModelSerializer\n or \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n, note that any model fields with \nauto_now=True\n or \nauto_now_add=True\n will use serializer fields that are \nread_only=True\n by default.\n\n\nIf you want to override this behavior, you'll need to declare the \nDateTimeField\n explicitly on the serializer.  For example:\n\n\nclass CommentSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Comment\n\n\n\nDateField\n\n\nA date representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DateField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nDATE_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ndate\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nDATE_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateField\n format strings\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style dates should be used. (eg \n'2013-01-29'\n)\n\n\nTimeField\n\n\nA time representation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.TimeField\n\n\nSignature:\n \nTimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)\n\n\n\n\nformat\n - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings key, which will be \n'iso-8601'\n unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that \nto_representation\n return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to \nNone\n indicates that Python \ntime\n objects should be returned by \nto_representation\n. In this case the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\ninput_formats\n - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the \nTIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n setting will be used, which defaults to \n['iso-8601']\n.\n\n\n\n\nTimeField\n format strings\n\n\nFormat strings may either be \nPython strftime formats\n which explicitly specify the format, or the special string \n'iso-8601'\n, which indicates that \nISO 8601\n style times should be used. (eg \n'12:34:56.000000'\n)\n\n\nDurationField\n\n\nA Duration representation.\nCorresponds to \ndjango.db.models.fields.DurationField\n\n\nThe \nvalidated_data\n for these fields will contain a \ndatetime.timedelta\n instance.\nThe representation is a string following this format \n'[DD] [HH:[MM:]]ss[.uuuuuu]'\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nDurationField(max_value=None, min_value=None)\n\n\n\n\nmax_value\n Validate that the duration provided is no greater than this value.\n\n\nmin_value\n Validate that the duration provided is no less than this value.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChoice selection fields\n\n\nChoiceField\n\n\nA field that can accept a value out of a limited set of choices.\n\n\nUsed by \nModelSerializer\n to automatically generate fields if the corresponding model field includes a \nchoices=\u2026\n argument.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nChoiceField(choices)\n\n\n\n\nchoices\n - A list of valid values, or a list of \n(key, display_name)\n tuples.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nBoth the \nallow_blank\n and \nallow_null\n are valid options on \nChoiceField\n, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both. \nallow_blank\n should be preferred for textual choices, and \nallow_null\n should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n\n\nA field that can accept a set of zero, one or many values, chosen from a limited set of choices. Takes a single mandatory argument. \nto_internal_value\n returns a \nset\n containing the selected values.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nMultipleChoiceField(choices)\n\n\n\n\nchoices\n - A list of valid values, or a list of \n(key, display_name)\n tuples.\n\n\nallow_blank\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to \nFalse\n then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nAs with \nChoiceField\n, both the \nallow_blank\n and \nallow_null\n options are valid, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both. \nallow_blank\n should be preferred for textual choices, and \nallow_null\n should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.\n\n\n\n\nFile upload fields\n\n\nParsers and file uploads.\n\n\nThe \nFileField\n and \nImageField\n classes are only suitable for use with \nMultiPartParser\n or \nFileUploadParser\n. Most parsers, such as e.g. JSON don't support file uploads.\nDjango's regular \nFILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS\n are used for handling uploaded files.\n\n\nFileField\n\n\nA file representation.  Performs Django's standard FileField validation.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.FileField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nFileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Designates the maximum length for the file name.\n\n\nallow_empty_file\n - Designates if empty files are allowed.\n\n\nuse_url\n - If set to \nTrue\n then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to \nFalse\n then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nImageField\n\n\nAn image representation. Validates the uploaded file content as matching a known image format.\n\n\nCorresponds to \ndjango.forms.fields.ImageField\n.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)\n\n\n\n\nmax_length\n - Designates the maximum length for the file name.\n\n\nallow_empty_file\n - Designates if empty files are allowed.\n\n\nuse_url\n - If set to \nTrue\n then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to \nFalse\n then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key, which is \nTrue\n unless set otherwise.\n\n\n\n\nRequires either the \nPillow\n package or \nPIL\n package.  The \nPillow\n package is recommended, as \nPIL\n is no longer actively maintained.\n\n\n\n\nComposite fields\n\n\nListField\n\n\nA field class that validates a list of objects.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that should be used for validating the objects in the list. If this argument is not provided then objects in the list will not be validated.\n\n\nmin_length\n - Validates that the list contains no fewer than this number of elements.\n\n\nmax_length\n - Validates that the list contains no more than this number of elements.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, to validate a list of integers you might use something like the following:\n\n\nscores = serializers.ListField(\n   child=serializers.IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n)\n\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class also supports a declarative style that allows you to write reusable list field classes.\n\n\nclass StringListField(serializers.ListField):\n    child = serializers.CharField()\n\n\n\nWe can now reuse our custom \nStringListField\n class throughout our application, without having to provide a \nchild\n argument to it.\n\n\nDictField\n\n\nA field class that validates a dictionary of objects. The keys in \nDictField\n are always assumed to be string values.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nDictField(child=)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that should be used for validating the values in the dictionary. If this argument is not provided then values in the mapping will not be validated.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, to create a field that validates a mapping of strings to strings, you would write something like this:\n\n\ndocument = DictField(child=CharField())\n\n\n\nYou can also use the declarative style, as with \nListField\n. For example:\n\n\nclass DocumentField(DictField):\n    child = CharField()\n\n\n\nHStoreField\n\n\nA preconfigured \nDictField\n that is compatible with Django's postgres \nHStoreField\n.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nHStoreField(child=)\n\n\n\n\nchild\n - A field instance that is used for validating the values in the dictionary. The default child field accepts both empty strings and null values.\n\n\n\n\nNote that the child field \nmust\n be an instance of \nCharField\n, as the hstore extension stores values as strings.\n\n\nJSONField\n\n\nA field class that validates that the incoming data structure consists of valid JSON primitives. In its alternate binary mode, it will represent and validate JSON-encoded binary strings.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nJSONField(binary)\n\n\n\n\nbinary\n - If set to \nTrue\n then the field will output and validate a JSON encoded string, rather than a primitive data structure. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous fields\n\n\nReadOnlyField\n\n\nA field class that simply returns the value of the field without modification.\n\n\nThis field is used by default with \nModelSerializer\n when including field names that relate to an attribute rather than a model field.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nReadOnlyField()\n\n\nFor example, if \nhas_expired\n was a property on the \nAccount\n model, then the following serializer would automatically generate it as a \nReadOnlyField\n:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'has_expired')\n\n\n\nHiddenField\n\n\nA field class that does not take a value based on user input, but instead takes its value from a default value or callable.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nHiddenField()\n\n\nFor example, to include a field that always provides the current time as part of the serializer validated data, you would use the following:\n\n\nmodified = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\nThe \nHiddenField\n class is usually only needed if you have some validation that needs to run based on some pre-provided field values, but you do not want to expose all of those fields to the end user.\n\n\nFor further examples on \nHiddenField\n see the \nvalidators\n documentation.\n\n\nModelField\n\n\nA generic field that can be tied to any arbitrary model field. The \nModelField\n class delegates the task of serialization/deserialization to its associated model field.  This field can be used to create serializer fields for custom model fields, without having to create a new custom serializer field.\n\n\nThis field is used by \nModelSerializer\n to correspond to custom model field classes.\n\n\nSignature:\n \nModelField(model_field=)\n\n\nThe \nModelField\n class is generally intended for internal use, but can be used by your API if needed.  In order to properly instantiate a \nModelField\n, it must be passed a field that is attached to an instantiated model.  For example: \nModelField(model_field=MyModel()._meta.get_field('custom_field'))\n\n\nSerializerMethodField\n\n\nThis is a read-only field. It gets its value by calling a method on the serializer class it is attached to. It can be used to add any sort of data to the serialized representation of your object.\n\n\nSignature\n: \nSerializerMethodField(method_name=None)\n\n\n\n\nmethod_name\n - The name of the method on the serializer to be called. If not included this defaults to \nget_\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe serializer method referred to by the \nmethod_name\n argument should accept a single argument (in addition to \nself\n), which is the object being serialized. It should return whatever you want to be included in the serialized representation of the object. For example:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    days_since_joined = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n\n    def get_days_since_joined(self, obj):\n        return (now() - obj.date_joined).days\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom fields\n\n\nIf you want to create a custom field, you'll need to subclass \nField\n and then override either one or both of the \n.to_representation()\n and \n.to_internal_value()\n methods.  These two methods are used to convert between the initial datatype, and a primitive, serializable datatype. Primitive datatypes will typically be any of a number, string, boolean, \ndate\n/\ntime\n/\ndatetime\n or \nNone\n. They may also be any list or dictionary like object that only contains other primitive objects. Other types might be supported, depending on the renderer that you are using.\n\n\nThe \n.to_representation()\n method is called to convert the initial datatype into a primitive, serializable datatype.\n\n\nThe \nto_internal_value()\n method is called to restore a primitive datatype into its internal python representation. This method should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n if the data is invalid.\n\n\nNote that the \nWritableField\n class that was present in version 2.x no longer exists. You should subclass \nField\n and override \nto_internal_value()\n if the field supports data input.\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nA Basic Custom Field\n\n\nLet's look at an example of serializing a class that represents an RGB color value:\n\n\nclass Color(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    A color represented in the RGB colorspace.\n    \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self, red, green, blue):\n        assert(red >= 0 and green >= 0 and blue >= 0)\n        assert(red < 256 and green < 256 and blue < 256)\n        self.red, self.green, self.blue = red, green, blue\n\nclass ColorField(serializers.Field):\n    \"\"\"\n    Color objects are serialized into 'rgb(#, #, #)' notation.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        return \"rgb(%d, %d, %d)\" % (value.red, value.green, value.blue)\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n        red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n        return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nBy default field values are treated as mapping to an attribute on the object.  If you need to customize how the field value is accessed and set you need to override \n.get_attribute()\n and/or \n.get_value()\n.\n\n\nAs an example, let's create a field that can be used to represent the class name of the object being serialized:\n\n\nclass ClassNameField(serializers.Field):\n    def get_attribute(self, instance):\n        # We pass the object instance onto `to_representation`,\n        # not just the field attribute.\n        return instance\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize the value's class name.\n        \"\"\"\n        return value.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nRaising validation errors\n\n\nOur \nColorField\n class above currently does not perform any data validation.\nTo indicate invalid data, we should raise a \nserializers.ValidationError\n, like so:\n\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        msg = 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got %s'\n        raise ValidationError(msg % type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        raise ValidationError('Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col > 255 or col < 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        raise ValidationError('Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nThe \n.fail()\n method is a shortcut for raising \nValidationError\n that takes a message string from the \nerror_messages\n dictionary. For example:\n\n\ndefault_error_messages = {\n    'incorrect_type': 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got {input_type}',\n    'incorrect_format': 'Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.',\n    'out_of_range': 'Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.'\n}\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        self.fail('incorrect_type', input_type=type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        self.fail('incorrect_format')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col > 255 or col < 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        self.fail('out_of_range')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)\n\n\n\nThis style keeps your error messages cleaner and more separated from your code, and should be preferred.\n\n\nUsing \nsource='*'\n\n\nHere we'll take an example of a \nflat\n \nDataPoint\n model with \nx_coordinate\n and \ny_coordinate\n attributes.\n\n\nclass DataPoint(models.Model):\n    label = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n    x_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n    y_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n\n\n\nUsing a custom field and \nsource='*'\n we can provide a nested representation of\nthe coordinate pair:\n\n\nclass CoordinateField(serializers.Field):\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        ret = {\n            \"x\": value.x_coordinate,\n            \"y\": value.y_coordinate\n        }\n        return ret\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        ret = {\n            \"x_coordinate\": data[\"x\"],\n            \"y_coordinate\": data[\"y\"],\n        }\n        return ret\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = CoordinateField(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']\n\n\n\nNote that this example doesn't handle validation. Partly for that reason, in a\nreal project, the coordinate nesting might be better handled with a nested serialiser\nusing \nsource='*'\n, with two \nIntegerField\n instances, each with their own \nsource\n\npointing to the relevant field.\n\n\nThe key points from the example, though, are:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nto_representation\n is passed the entire \nDataPoint\n object and must map from that\nto the desired output.\n\n\n>>> instance = DataPoint(label='Example', x_coordinate=1, y_coordinate=2)\n>>> out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n>>> out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'), ('coordinates', {'x': 1, 'y': 2})])\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUnless our field is to be read-only, \nto_internal_value\n must map back to a dict\nsuitable for updating our target object. With \nsource='*'\n, the return from\n\nto_internal_value\n will update the root validated data dictionary, rather than a single key.\n\n\n>>> data = {\n...     \"label\": \"Second Example\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 3,\n...         \"y\": 4,\n...     }\n... }\n>>> in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n>>> in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'Second Example'),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3)])\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFor completeness lets do the same thing again but with the nested serialiser\napproach suggested above:\n\n\nclass NestedCoordinateSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    x = serializers.IntegerField(source='x_coordinate')\n    y = serializers.IntegerField(source='y_coordinate')\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = NestedCoordinateSerializer(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']\n\n\n\nHere the mapping between the target and source attribute pairs (\nx\n and\n\nx_coordinate\n, \ny\n and \ny_coordinate\n) is handled in the \nIntegerField\n\ndeclarations. It's our \nNestedCoordinateSerializer\n that takes \nsource='*'\n.\n\n\nOur new \nDataPointSerializer\n exhibits the same behaviour as the custom field\napproach.\n\n\nSerialising:\n\n\n>>> out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n>>> out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'),\n            ('coordinates', OrderedDict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)]))])\n\n\n\nDeserialising:\n\n\n>>> in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n>>> in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'still testing'),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4)])\n\n\n\nBut we also get the built-in validation for free:\n\n\n>>> invalid_data = {\n...     \"label\": \"still testing\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 'a',\n...         \"y\": 'b',\n...     }\n... }\n>>> invalid_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=invalid_data)\n>>> invalid_serializer.is_valid()\nFalse\n>>> invalid_serializer.errors\nReturnDict([('coordinates',\n             {'x': ['A valid integer is required.'],\n              'y': ['A valid integer is required.']})])\n\n\n\nFor this reason, the nested serialiser approach would be the first to try. You\nwould use the custom field approach when the nested serialiser becomes infeasible\nor overly complex.\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Compound Fields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-compound-fields\n package provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values, which can be described by other fields rather than serializers with the \nmany=True\n option. Also provided are fields for typed dictionaries and values that can be either a specific type or a list of items of that type.\n\n\nDRF Extra Fields\n\n\nThe \ndrf-extra-fields\n package provides extra serializer fields for REST framework, including \nBase64ImageField\n and \nPointField\n classes.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-recursive\n\n\nthe \ndjangorestframework-recursive\n package provides a \nRecursiveField\n for serializing and deserializing recursive structures\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-gis\n package provides geographic addons for django rest framework like a  \nGeometryField\n field and a GeoJSON serializer.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-hstore\n package provides an \nHStoreField\n to support \ndjango-hstore\n \nDictionaryField\n model field.",
             "title": "Serializer fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#serializer-fields", 
-            "text": "Each field in a Form class is responsible not only for validating data, but also for \"cleaning\" it   normalizing it to a consistent format.    Django documentation   Serializer fields handle converting between primitive values and internal datatypes.  They also deal with validating input values, as well as retrieving and setting the values from their parent objects.   Note:  The serializer fields are declared in  fields.py , but by convention you should import them using  from rest_framework import serializers  and refer to fields as  serializers. FieldName .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#serializer-fields",
+            "text": "Each field in a Form class is responsible not only for validating data, but also for \"cleaning\" it \u2014 normalizing it to a consistent format.  \u2014  Django documentation   Serializer fields handle converting between primitive values and internal datatypes.  They also deal with validating input values, as well as retrieving and setting the values from their parent objects.   Note:  The serializer fields are declared in  fields.py , but by convention you should import them using  from rest_framework import serializers  and refer to fields as  serializers. .",
             "title": "Serializer fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#core-arguments", 
-            "text": "Each serializer field class constructor takes at least these arguments.  Some Field classes take additional, field-specific arguments, but the following should always be accepted:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#core-arguments",
+            "text": "Each serializer field class constructor takes at least these arguments.  Some Field classes take additional, field-specific arguments, but the following should always be accepted:",
             "title": "Core arguments"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#read_only", 
-            "text": "Read-only fields are included in the API output, but should not be included in the input during create or update operations. Any 'read_only' fields that are incorrectly included in the serializer input will be ignored.  Set this to  True  to ensure that the field is used when serializing a representation, but is not used when creating or updating an instance during deserialization.  Defaults to  False", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#read_only",
+            "text": "Read-only fields are included in the API output, but should not be included in the input during create or update operations. Any 'read_only' fields that are incorrectly included in the serializer input will be ignored.  Set this to  True  to ensure that the field is used when serializing a representation, but is not used when creating or updating an instance during deserialization.  Defaults to  False",
             "title": "read_only"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#write_only", 
-            "text": "Set this to  True  to ensure that the field may be used when updating or creating an instance, but is not included when serializing the representation.  Defaults to  False", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#write_only",
+            "text": "Set this to  True  to ensure that the field may be used when updating or creating an instance, but is not included when serializing the representation.  Defaults to  False",
             "title": "write_only"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#required", 
-            "text": "Normally an error will be raised if a field is not supplied during deserialization.\nSet to false if this field is not required to be present during deserialization.  Setting this to  False  also allows the object attribute or dictionary key to be omitted from output when serializing the instance. If the key is not present it will simply not be included in the output representation.  Defaults to  True .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#required",
+            "text": "Normally an error will be raised if a field is not supplied during deserialization.\nSet to false if this field is not required to be present during deserialization.  Setting this to  False  also allows the object attribute or dictionary key to be omitted from output when serializing the instance. If the key is not present it will simply not be included in the output representation.  Defaults to  True .",
             "title": "required"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#default", 
-            "text": "If set, this gives the default value that will be used for the field if no input value is supplied. If not set the default behaviour is to not populate the attribute at all.  The  default  is not applied during partial update operations. In the partial update case only fields that are provided in the incoming data will have a validated value returned.  May be set to a function or other callable, in which case the value will be evaluated each time it is used. When called, it will receive no arguments. If the callable has a  set_context  method, that will be called each time before getting the value with the field instance as only argument. This works the same way as for  validators .  When serializing the instance, default will be used if the the object attribute or dictionary key is not present in the instance.  Note that setting a  default  value implies that the field is not required. Including both the  default  and  required  keyword arguments is invalid and will raise an error.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#default",
+            "text": "If set, this gives the default value that will be used for the field if no input value is supplied. If not set the default behaviour is to not populate the attribute at all.  The  default  is not applied during partial update operations. In the partial update case only fields that are provided in the incoming data will have a validated value returned.  May be set to a function or other callable, in which case the value will be evaluated each time it is used. When called, it will receive no arguments. If the callable has a  set_context  method, that will be called each time before getting the value with the field instance as only argument. This works the same way as for  validators .  When serializing the instance, default will be used if the the object attribute or dictionary key is not present in the instance.  Note that setting a  default  value implies that the field is not required. Including both the  default  and  required  keyword arguments is invalid and will raise an error.",
             "title": "default"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#allow_null", 
-            "text": "Normally an error will be raised if  None  is passed to a serializer field. Set this keyword argument to  True  if  None  should be considered a valid value.  Note that, without an explicit  default , setting this argument to  True  will imply a  default  value of  null  for serialization output, but does not imply a default for input deserialization.  Defaults to  False", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#allow_null",
+            "text": "Normally an error will be raised if  None  is passed to a serializer field. Set this keyword argument to  True  if  None  should be considered a valid value.  Note that, without an explicit  default , setting this argument to  True  will imply a  default  value of  null  for serialization output, but does not imply a default for input deserialization.  Defaults to  False",
             "title": "allow_null"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#source", 
-            "text": "The name of the attribute that will be used to populate the field.  May be a method that only takes a  self  argument, such as  URLField(source='get_absolute_url') , or may use dotted notation to traverse attributes, such as  EmailField(source='user.email') . When serializing fields with dotted notation, it may be necessary to provide a  default  value if any object is not present or is empty during attribute traversal.  The value  source='*'  has a special meaning, and is used to indicate that the entire object should be passed through to the field.  This can be useful for creating nested representations, or for fields which require access to the complete object in order to determine the output representation.  Defaults to the name of the field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#source",
+            "text": "The name of the attribute that will be used to populate the field.  May be a method that only takes a  self  argument, such as  URLField(source='get_absolute_url') , or may use dotted notation to traverse attributes, such as  EmailField(source='user.email') . When serializing fields with dotted notation, it may be necessary to provide a  default  value if any object is not present or is empty during attribute traversal.  The value  source='*'  has a special meaning, and is used to indicate that the entire object should be passed through to the field.  This can be useful for creating nested representations, or for fields which require access to the complete object in order to determine the output representation.  Defaults to the name of the field.",
             "title": "source"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#validators", 
-            "text": "A list of validator functions which should be applied to the incoming field input, and which either raise a validation error or simply return. Validator functions should typically raise  serializers.ValidationError , but Django's built-in  ValidationError  is also supported for compatibility with validators defined in the Django codebase or third party Django packages.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#validators",
+            "text": "A list of validator functions which should be applied to the incoming field input, and which either raise a validation error or simply return. Validator functions should typically raise  serializers.ValidationError , but Django's built-in  ValidationError  is also supported for compatibility with validators defined in the Django codebase or third party Django packages.",
             "title": "validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#error_messages", 
-            "text": "A dictionary of error codes to error messages.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#error_messages",
+            "text": "A dictionary of error codes to error messages.",
             "title": "error_messages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#label", 
-            "text": "A short text string that may be used as the name of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#label",
+            "text": "A short text string that may be used as the name of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.",
             "title": "label"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#help_text", 
-            "text": "A text string that may be used as a description of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#help_text",
+            "text": "A text string that may be used as a description of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.",
             "title": "help_text"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#initial", 
-            "text": "A value that should be used for pre-populating the value of HTML form fields. You may pass a callable to it, just as\nyou may do with any regular Django  Field :  import datetime\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    day = serializers.DateField(initial=datetime.date.today)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#initial",
+            "text": "A value that should be used for pre-populating the value of HTML form fields. You may pass a callable to it, just as\nyou may do with any regular Django  Field :  import datetime\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    day = serializers.DateField(initial=datetime.date.today)",
             "title": "initial"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#style", 
-            "text": "A dictionary of key-value pairs that can be used to control how renderers should render the field.  Two examples here are  'input_type'  and  'base_template' :  # Use  input type=\"password\"  for the input.\npassword = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'input_type': 'password'}\n)\n\n# Use a radio input instead of a select input.\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)  For more details see the  HTML   Forms  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#style",
+            "text": "A dictionary of key-value pairs that can be used to control how renderers should render the field.  Two examples here are  'input_type'  and  'base_template' :  # Use  for the input.\npassword = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'input_type': 'password'}\n)\n\n# Use a radio input instead of a select input.\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)  For more details see the  HTML & Forms  documentation.",
             "title": "style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#boolean-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#boolean-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Boolean fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#booleanfield", 
-            "text": "A boolean representation.  When using HTML encoded form input be aware that omitting a value will always be treated as setting a field to  False , even if it has a  default=True  option specified. This is because HTML checkbox inputs represent the unchecked state by omitting the value, so REST framework treats omission as if it is an empty checkbox input.  Note that default  BooleanField  instances will be generated with a  required=False  option (since Django  models.BooleanField  is always  blank=True ). If you want to change this behaviour explicitly declare the  BooleanField  on the serializer class.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.BooleanField .  Signature:   BooleanField()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#booleanfield",
+            "text": "A boolean representation.  When using HTML encoded form input be aware that omitting a value will always be treated as setting a field to  False , even if it has a  default=True  option specified. This is because HTML checkbox inputs represent the unchecked state by omitting the value, so REST framework treats omission as if it is an empty checkbox input.  Note that default  BooleanField  instances will be generated with a  required=False  option (since Django  models.BooleanField  is always  blank=True ). If you want to change this behaviour explicitly declare the  BooleanField  on the serializer class.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.BooleanField .  Signature:   BooleanField()",
             "title": "BooleanField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#nullbooleanfield", 
-            "text": "A boolean representation that also accepts  None  as a valid value.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.NullBooleanField .  Signature:   NullBooleanField()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#nullbooleanfield",
+            "text": "A boolean representation that also accepts  None  as a valid value.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.NullBooleanField .  Signature:   NullBooleanField()",
             "title": "NullBooleanField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#string-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#string-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "String fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#charfield", 
-            "text": "A text representation. Optionally validates the text to be shorter than  max_length  and longer than  min_length .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.CharField  or  django.db.models.fields.TextField .  Signature:   CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)   max_length  - Validates that the input contains no more than this number of characters.  min_length  - Validates that the input contains no fewer than this number of characters.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  trim_whitespace  - If set to  True  then leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed. Defaults to  True .   The  allow_null  option is also available for string fields, although its usage is discouraged in favor of  allow_blank . It is valid to set both  allow_blank=True  and  allow_null=True , but doing so means that there will be two differing types of empty value permissible for string representations, which can lead to data inconsistencies and subtle application bugs.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#charfield",
+            "text": "A text representation. Optionally validates the text to be shorter than  max_length  and longer than  min_length .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.CharField  or  django.db.models.fields.TextField .  Signature:   CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)   max_length  - Validates that the input contains no more than this number of characters.  min_length  - Validates that the input contains no fewer than this number of characters.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  trim_whitespace  - If set to  True  then leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed. Defaults to  True .   The  allow_null  option is also available for string fields, although its usage is discouraged in favor of  allow_blank . It is valid to set both  allow_blank=True  and  allow_null=True , but doing so means that there will be two differing types of empty value permissible for string representations, which can lead to data inconsistencies and subtle application bugs.",
             "title": "CharField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#emailfield", 
-            "text": "A text representation, validates the text to be a valid e-mail address.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.EmailField  Signature:   EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#emailfield",
+            "text": "A text representation, validates the text to be a valid e-mail address.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.EmailField  Signature:   EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)",
             "title": "EmailField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#regexfield", 
-            "text": "A text representation, that validates the given value matches against a certain regular expression.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.RegexField .  Signature:   RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)  The mandatory  regex  argument may either be a string, or a compiled python regular expression object.  Uses Django's  django.core.validators.RegexValidator  for validation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#regexfield",
+            "text": "A text representation, that validates the given value matches against a certain regular expression.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.RegexField .  Signature:   RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)  The mandatory  regex  argument may either be a string, or a compiled python regular expression object.  Uses Django's  django.core.validators.RegexValidator  for validation.",
             "title": "RegexField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#slugfield", 
-            "text": "A  RegexField  that validates the input against the pattern  [a-zA-Z0-9_-]+ .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.SlugField .  Signature:   SlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#slugfield",
+            "text": "A  RegexField  that validates the input against the pattern  [a-zA-Z0-9_-]+ .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.SlugField .  Signature:   SlugField(max_length=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)",
             "title": "SlugField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#urlfield", 
-            "text": "A  RegexField  that validates the input against a URL matching pattern. Expects fully qualified URLs of the form  http:// host / path .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.URLField .  Uses Django's  django.core.validators.URLValidator  for validation.  Signature:   URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#urlfield",
+            "text": "A  RegexField  that validates the input against a URL matching pattern. Expects fully qualified URLs of the form  http:/// .  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.URLField .  Uses Django's  django.core.validators.URLValidator  for validation.  Signature:   URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)",
             "title": "URLField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#uuidfield", 
-            "text": "A field that ensures the input is a valid UUID string. The  to_internal_value  method will return a  uuid.UUID  instance. On output the field will return a string in the canonical hyphenated format, for example:  \"de305d54-75b4-431b-adb2-eb6b9e546013\"  Signature:   UUIDField(format='hex_verbose')   format : Determines the representation format of the uuid value  'hex_verbose'  - The cannoncical hex representation, including hyphens:  \"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"  'hex'  - The compact hex representation of the UUID, not including hyphens:  \"5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a\"  'int'  - A 128 bit integer representation of the UUID:  \"123456789012312313134124512351145145114\"  'urn'  - RFC 4122 URN representation of the UUID:  \"urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\" \n  Changing the  format  parameters only affects representation values. All formats are accepted by  to_internal_value", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#uuidfield",
+            "text": "A field that ensures the input is a valid UUID string. The  to_internal_value  method will return a  uuid.UUID  instance. On output the field will return a string in the canonical hyphenated format, for example:  \"de305d54-75b4-431b-adb2-eb6b9e546013\"  Signature:   UUIDField(format='hex_verbose')   format : Determines the representation format of the uuid value  'hex_verbose'  - The cannoncical hex representation, including hyphens:  \"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\"  'hex'  - The compact hex representation of the UUID, not including hyphens:  \"5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a\"  'int'  - A 128 bit integer representation of the UUID:  \"123456789012312313134124512351145145114\"  'urn'  - RFC 4122 URN representation of the UUID:  \"urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a\" \n  Changing the  format  parameters only affects representation values. All formats are accepted by  to_internal_value",
             "title": "UUIDField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#filepathfield", 
-            "text": "A field whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.FilePathField .  Signature:   FilePathField(path, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, required=None, **kwargs)   path  - The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choice.  match  - A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames.  recursive  - Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included.  Default is  False .  allow_files  - Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Default is  True . Either this or  allow_folders  must be  True .  allow_folders  - Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Default is  False . Either this or  allow_files  must be  True .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#filepathfield",
+            "text": "A field whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.FilePathField .  Signature:   FilePathField(path, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, required=None, **kwargs)   path  - The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choice.  match  - A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames.  recursive  - Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included.  Default is  False .  allow_files  - Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Default is  True . Either this or  allow_folders  must be  True .  allow_folders  - Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Default is  False . Either this or  allow_files  must be  True .",
             "title": "FilePathField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#ipaddressfield", 
-            "text": "A field that ensures the input is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 string.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.IPAddressField  and  django.forms.fields.GenericIPAddressField .  Signature :  IPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)   protocol  Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' (default), 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive.  unpack_ipv4  Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff:192.0.2.1. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to 192.0.2.1. Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#ipaddressfield",
+            "text": "A field that ensures the input is a valid IPv4 or IPv6 string.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.IPAddressField  and  django.forms.fields.GenericIPAddressField .  Signature :  IPAddressField(protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **options)   protocol  Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' (default), 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive.  unpack_ipv4  Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff:192.0.2.1. If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to 192.0.2.1. Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'.",
             "title": "IPAddressField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#numeric-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#numeric-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Numeric fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#integerfield", 
-            "text": "An integer representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.IntegerField ,  django.db.models.fields.SmallIntegerField ,  django.db.models.fields.PositiveIntegerField  and  django.db.models.fields.PositiveSmallIntegerField .  Signature :  IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#integerfield",
+            "text": "An integer representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.IntegerField ,  django.db.models.fields.SmallIntegerField ,  django.db.models.fields.PositiveIntegerField  and  django.db.models.fields.PositiveSmallIntegerField .  Signature :  IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.",
             "title": "IntegerField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#floatfield", 
-            "text": "A floating point representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.FloatField .  Signature :  FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#floatfield",
+            "text": "A floating point representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.FloatField .  Signature :  FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.",
             "title": "FloatField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#decimalfield", 
-            "text": "A decimal representation, represented in Python by a  Decimal  instance.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DecimalField .  Signature :  DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_digits  The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. It must be either  None  or an integer greater than or equal to  decimal_places .  decimal_places  The number of decimal places to store with the number.  coerce_to_string  Set to  True  if string values should be returned for the representation, or  False  if  Decimal  objects should be returned. Defaults to the same value as the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  settings key, which will be  True  unless overridden. If  Decimal  objects are returned by the serializer, then the final output format will be determined by the renderer. Note that setting  localize  will force the value to  True .  max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.  localize  Set to  True  to enable localization of input and output based on the current locale. This will also force  coerce_to_string  to  True . Defaults to  False . Note that data formatting is enabled if you have set  USE_L10N=True  in your settings file.  rounding  Sets the rounding mode used when quantising to the configured precision. Valid values are  decimal  module rounding modes . Defaults to  None .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#decimalfield",
+            "text": "A decimal representation, represented in Python by a  Decimal  instance.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DecimalField .  Signature :  DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_digits  The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. It must be either  None  or an integer greater than or equal to  decimal_places .  decimal_places  The number of decimal places to store with the number.  coerce_to_string  Set to  True  if string values should be returned for the representation, or  False  if  Decimal  objects should be returned. Defaults to the same value as the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  settings key, which will be  True  unless overridden. If  Decimal  objects are returned by the serializer, then the final output format will be determined by the renderer. Note that setting  localize  will force the value to  True .  max_value  Validate that the number provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the number provided is no less than this value.  localize  Set to  True  to enable localization of input and output based on the current locale. This will also force  coerce_to_string  to  True . Defaults to  False . Note that data formatting is enabled if you have set  USE_L10N=True  in your settings file.  rounding  Sets the rounding mode used when quantising to the configured precision. Valid values are  decimal  module rounding modes . Defaults to  None .",
             "title": "DecimalField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#example-usage", 
-            "text": "To validate numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you would use:  serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)  And to validate numbers up to anything less than one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:  serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)  This field also takes an optional argument,  coerce_to_string . If set to  True  the representation will be output as a string. If set to  False  the representation will be left as a  Decimal  instance and the final representation will be determined by the renderer.  If unset, this will default to the same value as the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  setting, which is  True  unless set otherwise.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#example-usage",
+            "text": "To validate numbers up to 999 with a resolution of 2 decimal places, you would use:  serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)  And to validate numbers up to anything less than one billion with a resolution of 10 decimal places:  serializers.DecimalField(max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)  This field also takes an optional argument,  coerce_to_string . If set to  True  the representation will be output as a string. If set to  False  the representation will be left as a  Decimal  instance and the final representation will be determined by the renderer.  If unset, this will default to the same value as the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  setting, which is  True  unless set otherwise.",
             "title": "Example usage"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#date-and-time-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#date-and-time-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Date and time fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datetimefield", 
-            "text": "A date and time representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField .  Signature:   DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format. If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  DATETIME_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  datetime  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datetimefield",
+            "text": "A date and time representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField .  Signature:   DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format. If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  DATETIME_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  datetime  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .",
             "title": "DateTimeField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datetimefield-format-strings", 
-            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style datetimes should be used. (eg  '2013-01-29T12:34:56.000000Z' )  When a value of  None  is used for the format  datetime  objects will be returned by  to_representation  and the final output representation will determined by the renderer class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datetimefield-format-strings",
+            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style datetimes should be used. (eg  '2013-01-29T12:34:56.000000Z' )  When a value of  None  is used for the format  datetime  objects will be returned by  to_representation  and the final output representation will determined by the renderer class.",
             "title": "DateTimeField format strings."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#auto_now-and-auto_now_add-model-fields", 
-            "text": "When using  ModelSerializer  or  HyperlinkedModelSerializer , note that any model fields with  auto_now=True  or  auto_now_add=True  will use serializer fields that are  read_only=True  by default.  If you want to override this behavior, you'll need to declare the  DateTimeField  explicitly on the serializer.  For example:  class CommentSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Comment", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#auto_now-and-auto_now_add-model-fields",
+            "text": "When using  ModelSerializer  or  HyperlinkedModelSerializer , note that any model fields with  auto_now=True  or  auto_now_add=True  will use serializer fields that are  read_only=True  by default.  If you want to override this behavior, you'll need to declare the  DateTimeField  explicitly on the serializer.  For example:  class CommentSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Comment",
             "title": "auto_now and auto_now_add model fields."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datefield", 
-            "text": "A date representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DateField  Signature:   DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  DATE_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  date  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  DATE_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datefield",
+            "text": "A date representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DateField  Signature:   DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  DATE_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  date  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  DATE_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .",
             "title": "DateField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datefield-format-strings", 
-            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style dates should be used. (eg  '2013-01-29' )", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#datefield-format-strings",
+            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style dates should be used. (eg  '2013-01-29' )",
             "title": "DateField format strings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#timefield", 
-            "text": "A time representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.TimeField  Signature:   TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  TIME_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  time  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  TIME_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#timefield",
+            "text": "A time representation.  Corresponds to  django.db.models.fields.TimeField  Signature:   TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)   format  - A string representing the output format.  If not specified, this defaults to the same value as the  TIME_FORMAT  settings key, which will be  'iso-8601'  unless set. Setting to a format string indicates that  to_representation  return values should be coerced to string output. Format strings are described below. Setting this value to  None  indicates that Python  time  objects should be returned by  to_representation . In this case the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.  input_formats  - A list of strings representing the input formats which may be used to parse the date.  If not specified, the  TIME_INPUT_FORMATS  setting will be used, which defaults to  ['iso-8601'] .",
             "title": "TimeField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#timefield-format-strings", 
-            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style times should be used. (eg  '12:34:56.000000' )", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#timefield-format-strings",
+            "text": "Format strings may either be  Python strftime formats  which explicitly specify the format, or the special string  'iso-8601' , which indicates that  ISO 8601  style times should be used. (eg  '12:34:56.000000' )",
             "title": "TimeField format strings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#durationfield", 
-            "text": "A Duration representation.\nCorresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DurationField  The  validated_data  for these fields will contain a  datetime.timedelta  instance.\nThe representation is a string following this format  '[DD] [HH:[MM:]]ss[.uuuuuu]' .  Signature:   DurationField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the duration provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the duration provided is no less than this value.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#durationfield",
+            "text": "A Duration representation.\nCorresponds to  django.db.models.fields.DurationField  The  validated_data  for these fields will contain a  datetime.timedelta  instance.\nThe representation is a string following this format  '[DD] [HH:[MM:]]ss[.uuuuuu]' .  Signature:   DurationField(max_value=None, min_value=None)   max_value  Validate that the duration provided is no greater than this value.  min_value  Validate that the duration provided is no less than this value.",
             "title": "DurationField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#choice-selection-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#choice-selection-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Choice selection fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#choicefield", 
-            "text": "A field that can accept a value out of a limited set of choices.  Used by  ModelSerializer  to automatically generate fields if the corresponding model field includes a  choices=\u2026  argument.  Signature:   ChoiceField(choices)   choices  - A list of valid values, or a list of  (key, display_name)  tuples.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to  None .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   Both the  allow_blank  and  allow_null  are valid options on  ChoiceField , although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both.  allow_blank  should be preferred for textual choices, and  allow_null  should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#choicefield",
+            "text": "A field that can accept a value out of a limited set of choices.  Used by  ModelSerializer  to automatically generate fields if the corresponding model field includes a  choices=\u2026  argument.  Signature:   ChoiceField(choices)   choices  - A list of valid values, or a list of  (key, display_name)  tuples.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to  None .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   Both the  allow_blank  and  allow_null  are valid options on  ChoiceField , although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both.  allow_blank  should be preferred for textual choices, and  allow_null  should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.",
             "title": "ChoiceField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#multiplechoicefield", 
-            "text": "A field that can accept a set of zero, one or many values, chosen from a limited set of choices. Takes a single mandatory argument.  to_internal_value  returns a  set  containing the selected values.  Signature:   MultipleChoiceField(choices)   choices  - A list of valid values, or a list of  (key, display_name)  tuples.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to  None .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   As with  ChoiceField , both the  allow_blank  and  allow_null  options are valid, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both.  allow_blank  should be preferred for textual choices, and  allow_null  should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#multiplechoicefield",
+            "text": "A field that can accept a set of zero, one or many values, chosen from a limited set of choices. Takes a single mandatory argument.  to_internal_value  returns a  set  containing the selected values.  Signature:   MultipleChoiceField(choices)   choices  - A list of valid values, or a list of  (key, display_name)  tuples.  allow_blank  - If set to  True  then the empty string should be considered a valid value. If set to  False  then the empty string is considered invalid and will raise a validation error. Defaults to  False .  html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Can be used to ensure that automatically generated ChoiceFields with very large possible selections do not prevent a template from rendering. Defaults to  None .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   As with  ChoiceField , both the  allow_blank  and  allow_null  options are valid, although it is highly recommended that you only use one and not both.  allow_blank  should be preferred for textual choices, and  allow_null  should be preferred for numeric or other non-textual choices.",
             "title": "MultipleChoiceField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#file-upload-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#file-upload-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "File upload fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#parsers-and-file-uploads", 
-            "text": "The  FileField  and  ImageField  classes are only suitable for use with  MultiPartParser  or  FileUploadParser . Most parsers, such as e.g. JSON don't support file uploads.\nDjango's regular  FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS  are used for handling uploaded files.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#parsers-and-file-uploads",
+            "text": "The  FileField  and  ImageField  classes are only suitable for use with  MultiPartParser  or  FileUploadParser . Most parsers, such as e.g. JSON don't support file uploads.\nDjango's regular  FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS  are used for handling uploaded files.",
             "title": "Parsers and file uploads."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#filefield", 
-            "text": "A file representation.  Performs Django's standard FileField validation.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.FileField .  Signature:   FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)   max_length  - Designates the maximum length for the file name.  allow_empty_file  - Designates if empty files are allowed.  use_url  - If set to  True  then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to  False  then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key, which is  True  unless set otherwise.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#filefield",
+            "text": "A file representation.  Performs Django's standard FileField validation.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.FileField .  Signature:   FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)   max_length  - Designates the maximum length for the file name.  allow_empty_file  - Designates if empty files are allowed.  use_url  - If set to  True  then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to  False  then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key, which is  True  unless set otherwise.",
             "title": "FileField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#imagefield", 
-            "text": "An image representation. Validates the uploaded file content as matching a known image format.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.ImageField .  Signature:   ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)   max_length  - Designates the maximum length for the file name.  allow_empty_file  - Designates if empty files are allowed.  use_url  - If set to  True  then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to  False  then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key, which is  True  unless set otherwise.   Requires either the  Pillow  package or  PIL  package.  The  Pillow  package is recommended, as  PIL  is no longer actively maintained.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#imagefield",
+            "text": "An image representation. Validates the uploaded file content as matching a known image format.  Corresponds to  django.forms.fields.ImageField .  Signature:   ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)   max_length  - Designates the maximum length for the file name.  allow_empty_file  - Designates if empty files are allowed.  use_url  - If set to  True  then URL string values will be used for the output representation. If set to  False  then filename string values will be used for the output representation. Defaults to the value of the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key, which is  True  unless set otherwise.   Requires either the  Pillow  package or  PIL  package.  The  Pillow  package is recommended, as  PIL  is no longer actively maintained.",
             "title": "ImageField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#composite-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#composite-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Composite fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#listfield", 
-            "text": "A field class that validates a list of objects.  Signature :  ListField(child= A_FIELD_INSTANCE , min_length=None, max_length=None)   child  - A field instance that should be used for validating the objects in the list. If this argument is not provided then objects in the list will not be validated.  min_length  - Validates that the list contains no fewer than this number of elements.  max_length  - Validates that the list contains no more than this number of elements.   For example, to validate a list of integers you might use something like the following:  scores = serializers.ListField(\n   child=serializers.IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n)  The  ListField  class also supports a declarative style that allows you to write reusable list field classes.  class StringListField(serializers.ListField):\n    child = serializers.CharField()  We can now reuse our custom  StringListField  class throughout our application, without having to provide a  child  argument to it.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#listfield",
+            "text": "A field class that validates a list of objects.  Signature :  ListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)   child  - A field instance that should be used for validating the objects in the list. If this argument is not provided then objects in the list will not be validated.  min_length  - Validates that the list contains no fewer than this number of elements.  max_length  - Validates that the list contains no more than this number of elements.   For example, to validate a list of integers you might use something like the following:  scores = serializers.ListField(\n   child=serializers.IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n)  The  ListField  class also supports a declarative style that allows you to write reusable list field classes.  class StringListField(serializers.ListField):\n    child = serializers.CharField()  We can now reuse our custom  StringListField  class throughout our application, without having to provide a  child  argument to it.",
             "title": "ListField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#dictfield", 
-            "text": "A field class that validates a dictionary of objects. The keys in  DictField  are always assumed to be string values.  Signature :  DictField(child= A_FIELD_INSTANCE )   child  - A field instance that should be used for validating the values in the dictionary. If this argument is not provided then values in the mapping will not be validated.   For example, to create a field that validates a mapping of strings to strings, you would write something like this:  document = DictField(child=CharField())  You can also use the declarative style, as with  ListField . For example:  class DocumentField(DictField):\n    child = CharField()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#dictfield",
+            "text": "A field class that validates a dictionary of objects. The keys in  DictField  are always assumed to be string values.  Signature :  DictField(child=)   child  - A field instance that should be used for validating the values in the dictionary. If this argument is not provided then values in the mapping will not be validated.   For example, to create a field that validates a mapping of strings to strings, you would write something like this:  document = DictField(child=CharField())  You can also use the declarative style, as with  ListField . For example:  class DocumentField(DictField):\n    child = CharField()",
             "title": "DictField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#hstorefield", 
-            "text": "A preconfigured  DictField  that is compatible with Django's postgres  HStoreField .  Signature :  HStoreField(child= A_FIELD_INSTANCE )   child  - A field instance that is used for validating the values in the dictionary. The default child field accepts both empty strings and null values.   Note that the child field  must  be an instance of  CharField , as the hstore extension stores values as strings.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#hstorefield",
+            "text": "A preconfigured  DictField  that is compatible with Django's postgres  HStoreField .  Signature :  HStoreField(child=)   child  - A field instance that is used for validating the values in the dictionary. The default child field accepts both empty strings and null values.   Note that the child field  must  be an instance of  CharField , as the hstore extension stores values as strings.",
             "title": "HStoreField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#jsonfield", 
-            "text": "A field class that validates that the incoming data structure consists of valid JSON primitives. In its alternate binary mode, it will represent and validate JSON-encoded binary strings.  Signature :  JSONField(binary)   binary  - If set to  True  then the field will output and validate a JSON encoded string, rather than a primitive data structure. Defaults to  False .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#jsonfield",
+            "text": "A field class that validates that the incoming data structure consists of valid JSON primitives. In its alternate binary mode, it will represent and validate JSON-encoded binary strings.  Signature :  JSONField(binary)   binary  - If set to  True  then the field will output and validate a JSON encoded string, rather than a primitive data structure. Defaults to  False .",
             "title": "JSONField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#miscellaneous-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#miscellaneous-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Miscellaneous fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#readonlyfield", 
-            "text": "A field class that simply returns the value of the field without modification.  This field is used by default with  ModelSerializer  when including field names that relate to an attribute rather than a model field.  Signature :  ReadOnlyField()  For example, if  has_expired  was a property on the  Account  model, then the following serializer would automatically generate it as a  ReadOnlyField :  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'has_expired')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#readonlyfield",
+            "text": "A field class that simply returns the value of the field without modification.  This field is used by default with  ModelSerializer  when including field names that relate to an attribute rather than a model field.  Signature :  ReadOnlyField()  For example, if  has_expired  was a property on the  Account  model, then the following serializer would automatically generate it as a  ReadOnlyField :  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n        fields = ('id', 'account_name', 'has_expired')",
             "title": "ReadOnlyField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#hiddenfield", 
-            "text": "A field class that does not take a value based on user input, but instead takes its value from a default value or callable.  Signature :  HiddenField()  For example, to include a field that always provides the current time as part of the serializer validated data, you would use the following:  modified = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)  The  HiddenField  class is usually only needed if you have some validation that needs to run based on some pre-provided field values, but you do not want to expose all of those fields to the end user.  For further examples on  HiddenField  see the  validators  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#hiddenfield",
+            "text": "A field class that does not take a value based on user input, but instead takes its value from a default value or callable.  Signature :  HiddenField()  For example, to include a field that always provides the current time as part of the serializer validated data, you would use the following:  modified = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)  The  HiddenField  class is usually only needed if you have some validation that needs to run based on some pre-provided field values, but you do not want to expose all of those fields to the end user.  For further examples on  HiddenField  see the  validators  documentation.",
             "title": "HiddenField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#modelfield", 
-            "text": "A generic field that can be tied to any arbitrary model field. The  ModelField  class delegates the task of serialization/deserialization to its associated model field.  This field can be used to create serializer fields for custom model fields, without having to create a new custom serializer field.  This field is used by  ModelSerializer  to correspond to custom model field classes.  Signature:   ModelField(model_field= Django ModelField instance )  The  ModelField  class is generally intended for internal use, but can be used by your API if needed.  In order to properly instantiate a  ModelField , it must be passed a field that is attached to an instantiated model.  For example:  ModelField(model_field=MyModel()._meta.get_field('custom_field'))", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#modelfield",
+            "text": "A generic field that can be tied to any arbitrary model field. The  ModelField  class delegates the task of serialization/deserialization to its associated model field.  This field can be used to create serializer fields for custom model fields, without having to create a new custom serializer field.  This field is used by  ModelSerializer  to correspond to custom model field classes.  Signature:   ModelField(model_field=)  The  ModelField  class is generally intended for internal use, but can be used by your API if needed.  In order to properly instantiate a  ModelField , it must be passed a field that is attached to an instantiated model.  For example:  ModelField(model_field=MyModel()._meta.get_field('custom_field'))",
             "title": "ModelField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#serializermethodfield", 
-            "text": "This is a read-only field. It gets its value by calling a method on the serializer class it is attached to. It can be used to add any sort of data to the serialized representation of your object.  Signature :  SerializerMethodField(method_name=None)   method_name  - The name of the method on the serializer to be called. If not included this defaults to  get_ field_name .   The serializer method referred to by the  method_name  argument should accept a single argument (in addition to  self ), which is the object being serialized. It should return whatever you want to be included in the serialized representation of the object. For example:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    days_since_joined = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n\n    def get_days_since_joined(self, obj):\n        return (now() - obj.date_joined).days", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#serializermethodfield",
+            "text": "This is a read-only field. It gets its value by calling a method on the serializer class it is attached to. It can be used to add any sort of data to the serialized representation of your object.  Signature :  SerializerMethodField(method_name=None)   method_name  - The name of the method on the serializer to be called. If not included this defaults to  get_ .   The serializer method referred to by the  method_name  argument should accept a single argument (in addition to  self ), which is the object being serialized. It should return whatever you want to be included in the serialized representation of the object. For example:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    days_since_joined = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n\n    def get_days_since_joined(self, obj):\n        return (now() - obj.date_joined).days",
             "title": "SerializerMethodField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#custom-fields", 
-            "text": "If you want to create a custom field, you'll need to subclass  Field  and then override either one or both of the  .to_representation()  and  .to_internal_value()  methods.  These two methods are used to convert between the initial datatype, and a primitive, serializable datatype. Primitive datatypes will typically be any of a number, string, boolean,  date / time / datetime  or  None . They may also be any list or dictionary like object that only contains other primitive objects. Other types might be supported, depending on the renderer that you are using.  The  .to_representation()  method is called to convert the initial datatype into a primitive, serializable datatype.  The  to_internal_value()  method is called to restore a primitive datatype into its internal python representation. This method should raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if the data is invalid.  Note that the  WritableField  class that was present in version 2.x no longer exists. You should subclass  Field  and override  to_internal_value()  if the field supports data input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#custom-fields",
+            "text": "If you want to create a custom field, you'll need to subclass  Field  and then override either one or both of the  .to_representation()  and  .to_internal_value()  methods.  These two methods are used to convert between the initial datatype, and a primitive, serializable datatype. Primitive datatypes will typically be any of a number, string, boolean,  date / time / datetime  or  None . They may also be any list or dictionary like object that only contains other primitive objects. Other types might be supported, depending on the renderer that you are using.  The  .to_representation()  method is called to convert the initial datatype into a primitive, serializable datatype.  The  to_internal_value()  method is called to restore a primitive datatype into its internal python representation. This method should raise a  serializers.ValidationError  if the data is invalid.  Note that the  WritableField  class that was present in version 2.x no longer exists. You should subclass  Field  and override  to_internal_value()  if the field supports data input.",
             "title": "Custom fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#examples", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#examples",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Examples"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#a-basic-custom-field", 
-            "text": "Let's look at an example of serializing a class that represents an RGB color value:  class Color(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    A color represented in the RGB colorspace.\n    \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self, red, green, blue):\n        assert(red  = 0 and green  = 0 and blue  = 0)\n        assert(red   256 and green   256 and blue   256)\n        self.red, self.green, self.blue = red, green, blue\n\nclass ColorField(serializers.Field):\n    \"\"\"\n    Color objects are serialized into 'rgb(#, #, #)' notation.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        return \"rgb(%d, %d, %d)\" % (value.red, value.green, value.blue)\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n        red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n        return Color(red, green, blue)  By default field values are treated as mapping to an attribute on the object.  If you need to customize how the field value is accessed and set you need to override  .get_attribute()  and/or  .get_value() .  As an example, let's create a field that can be used to represent the class name of the object being serialized:  class ClassNameField(serializers.Field):\n    def get_attribute(self, instance):\n        # We pass the object instance onto `to_representation`,\n        # not just the field attribute.\n        return instance\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize the value's class name.\n        \"\"\"\n        return value.__class__.__name__", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#a-basic-custom-field",
+            "text": "Let's look at an example of serializing a class that represents an RGB color value:  class Color(object):\n    \"\"\"\n    A color represented in the RGB colorspace.\n    \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self, red, green, blue):\n        assert(red >= 0 and green >= 0 and blue >= 0)\n        assert(red < 256 and green < 256 and blue < 256)\n        self.red, self.green, self.blue = red, green, blue\n\nclass ColorField(serializers.Field):\n    \"\"\"\n    Color objects are serialized into 'rgb(#, #, #)' notation.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        return \"rgb(%d, %d, %d)\" % (value.red, value.green, value.blue)\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n        red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n        return Color(red, green, blue)  By default field values are treated as mapping to an attribute on the object.  If you need to customize how the field value is accessed and set you need to override  .get_attribute()  and/or  .get_value() .  As an example, let's create a field that can be used to represent the class name of the object being serialized:  class ClassNameField(serializers.Field):\n    def get_attribute(self, instance):\n        # We pass the object instance onto `to_representation`,\n        # not just the field attribute.\n        return instance\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize the value's class name.\n        \"\"\"\n        return value.__class__.__name__",
             "title": "A Basic Custom Field"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#raising-validation-errors", 
-            "text": "Our  ColorField  class above currently does not perform any data validation.\nTo indicate invalid data, we should raise a  serializers.ValidationError , like so:  def to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        msg = 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got %s'\n        raise ValidationError(msg % type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        raise ValidationError('Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col   255 or col   0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        raise ValidationError('Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)  The  .fail()  method is a shortcut for raising  ValidationError  that takes a message string from the  error_messages  dictionary. For example:  default_error_messages = {\n    'incorrect_type': 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got {input_type}',\n    'incorrect_format': 'Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.',\n    'out_of_range': 'Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.'\n}\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        self.fail('incorrect_type', input_type=type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        self.fail('incorrect_format')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col   255 or col   0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        self.fail('out_of_range')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)  This style keeps your error messages cleaner and more separated from your code, and should be preferred.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#raising-validation-errors",
+            "text": "Our  ColorField  class above currently does not perform any data validation.\nTo indicate invalid data, we should raise a  serializers.ValidationError , like so:  def to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        msg = 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got %s'\n        raise ValidationError(msg % type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        raise ValidationError('Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col > 255 or col < 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        raise ValidationError('Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)  The  .fail()  method is a shortcut for raising  ValidationError  that takes a message string from the  error_messages  dictionary. For example:  default_error_messages = {\n    'incorrect_type': 'Incorrect type. Expected a string, but got {input_type}',\n    'incorrect_format': 'Incorrect format. Expected `rgb(#,#,#)`.',\n    'out_of_range': 'Value out of range. Must be between 0 and 255.'\n}\n\ndef to_internal_value(self, data):\n    if not isinstance(data, six.text_type):\n        self.fail('incorrect_type', input_type=type(data).__name__)\n\n    if not re.match(r'^rgb\\([0-9]+,[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\)$', data):\n        self.fail('incorrect_format')\n\n    data = data.strip('rgb(').rstrip(')')\n    red, green, blue = [int(col) for col in data.split(',')]\n\n    if any([col > 255 or col < 0 for col in (red, green, blue)]):\n        self.fail('out_of_range')\n\n    return Color(red, green, blue)  This style keeps your error messages cleaner and more separated from your code, and should be preferred.",
             "title": "Raising validation errors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#using-source", 
-            "text": "Here we'll take an example of a  flat   DataPoint  model with  x_coordinate  and  y_coordinate  attributes.  class DataPoint(models.Model):\n    label = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n    x_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n    y_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()  Using a custom field and  source='*'  we can provide a nested representation of\nthe coordinate pair:  class CoordinateField(serializers.Field):\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        ret = {\n            \"x\": value.x_coordinate,\n            \"y\": value.y_coordinate\n        }\n        return ret\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        ret = {\n            \"x_coordinate\": data[\"x\"],\n            \"y_coordinate\": data[\"y\"],\n        }\n        return ret\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = CoordinateField(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']  Note that this example doesn't handle validation. Partly for that reason, in a\nreal project, the coordinate nesting might be better handled with a nested serialiser\nusing  source='*' , with two  IntegerField  instances, each with their own  source \npointing to the relevant field.  The key points from the example, though, are:    to_representation  is passed the entire  DataPoint  object and must map from that\nto the desired output.   instance = DataPoint(label='Example', x_coordinate=1, y_coordinate=2)  out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)  out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'), ('coordinates', {'x': 1, 'y': 2})])    Unless our field is to be read-only,  to_internal_value  must map back to a dict\nsuitable for updating our target object. With  source='*' , the return from to_internal_value  will update the root validated data dictionary, rather than a single key.   data = {\n...     \"label\": \"Second Example\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 3,\n...         \"y\": 4,\n...     }\n... }  in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)  in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue  in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'Second Example'),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3)])    For completeness lets do the same thing again but with the nested serialiser\napproach suggested above:  class NestedCoordinateSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    x = serializers.IntegerField(source='x_coordinate')\n    y = serializers.IntegerField(source='y_coordinate')\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = NestedCoordinateSerializer(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']  Here the mapping between the target and source attribute pairs ( x  and x_coordinate ,  y  and  y_coordinate ) is handled in the  IntegerField \ndeclarations. It's our  NestedCoordinateSerializer  that takes  source='*' .  Our new  DataPointSerializer  exhibits the same behaviour as the custom field\napproach.  Serialising:   out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)  out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'),\n            ('coordinates', OrderedDict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)]))])  Deserialising:   in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)  in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue  in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'still testing'),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4)])  But we also get the built-in validation for free:   invalid_data = {\n...     \"label\": \"still testing\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 'a',\n...         \"y\": 'b',\n...     }\n... }  invalid_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=invalid_data)  invalid_serializer.is_valid()\nFalse  invalid_serializer.errors\nReturnDict([('coordinates',\n             {'x': ['A valid integer is required.'],\n              'y': ['A valid integer is required.']})])  For this reason, the nested serialiser approach would be the first to try. You\nwould use the custom field approach when the nested serialiser becomes infeasible\nor overly complex.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#using-source",
+            "text": "Here we'll take an example of a  flat   DataPoint  model with  x_coordinate  and  y_coordinate  attributes.  class DataPoint(models.Model):\n    label = models.CharField(max_length=50)\n    x_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()\n    y_coordinate = models.SmallIntegerField()  Using a custom field and  source='*'  we can provide a nested representation of\nthe coordinate pair:  class CoordinateField(serializers.Field):\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        ret = {\n            \"x\": value.x_coordinate,\n            \"y\": value.y_coordinate\n        }\n        return ret\n\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        ret = {\n            \"x_coordinate\": data[\"x\"],\n            \"y_coordinate\": data[\"y\"],\n        }\n        return ret\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = CoordinateField(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']  Note that this example doesn't handle validation. Partly for that reason, in a\nreal project, the coordinate nesting might be better handled with a nested serialiser\nusing  source='*' , with two  IntegerField  instances, each with their own  source \npointing to the relevant field.  The key points from the example, though, are:    to_representation  is passed the entire  DataPoint  object and must map from that\nto the desired output.  >>> instance = DataPoint(label='Example', x_coordinate=1, y_coordinate=2)\n>>> out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n>>> out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'), ('coordinates', {'x': 1, 'y': 2})])    Unless our field is to be read-only,  to_internal_value  must map back to a dict\nsuitable for updating our target object. With  source='*' , the return from to_internal_value  will update the root validated data dictionary, rather than a single key.  >>> data = {\n...     \"label\": \"Second Example\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 3,\n...         \"y\": 4,\n...     }\n... }\n>>> in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n>>> in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'Second Example'),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3)])    For completeness lets do the same thing again but with the nested serialiser\napproach suggested above:  class NestedCoordinateSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    x = serializers.IntegerField(source='x_coordinate')\n    y = serializers.IntegerField(source='y_coordinate')\n\n\nclass DataPointSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    coordinates = NestedCoordinateSerializer(source='*')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = DataPoint\n        fields = ['label', 'coordinates']  Here the mapping between the target and source attribute pairs ( x  and x_coordinate ,  y  and  y_coordinate ) is handled in the  IntegerField \ndeclarations. It's our  NestedCoordinateSerializer  that takes  source='*' .  Our new  DataPointSerializer  exhibits the same behaviour as the custom field\napproach.  Serialising:  >>> out_serializer = DataPointSerializer(instance)\n>>> out_serializer.data\nReturnDict([('label', 'testing'),\n            ('coordinates', OrderedDict([('x', 1), ('y', 2)]))])  Deserialising:  >>> in_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=data)\n>>> in_serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> in_serializer.validated_data\nOrderedDict([('label', 'still testing'),\n             ('x_coordinate', 3),\n             ('y_coordinate', 4)])  But we also get the built-in validation for free:  >>> invalid_data = {\n...     \"label\": \"still testing\",\n...     \"coordinates\": {\n...         \"x\": 'a',\n...         \"y\": 'b',\n...     }\n... }\n>>> invalid_serializer = DataPointSerializer(data=invalid_data)\n>>> invalid_serializer.is_valid()\nFalse\n>>> invalid_serializer.errors\nReturnDict([('coordinates',\n             {'x': ['A valid integer is required.'],\n              'y': ['A valid integer is required.']})])  For this reason, the nested serialiser approach would be the first to try. You\nwould use the custom field approach when the nested serialiser becomes infeasible\nor overly complex.",
             "title": "Using source='*'"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#drf-compound-fields", 
-            "text": "The  drf-compound-fields  package provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values, which can be described by other fields rather than serializers with the  many=True  option. Also provided are fields for typed dictionaries and values that can be either a specific type or a list of items of that type.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#drf-compound-fields",
+            "text": "The  drf-compound-fields  package provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values, which can be described by other fields rather than serializers with the  many=True  option. Also provided are fields for typed dictionaries and values that can be either a specific type or a list of items of that type.",
             "title": "DRF Compound Fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#drf-extra-fields", 
-            "text": "The  drf-extra-fields  package provides extra serializer fields for REST framework, including  Base64ImageField  and  PointField  classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#drf-extra-fields",
+            "text": "The  drf-extra-fields  package provides extra serializer fields for REST framework, including  Base64ImageField  and  PointField  classes.",
             "title": "DRF Extra Fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#djangorestframework-recursive", 
-            "text": "the  djangorestframework-recursive  package provides a  RecursiveField  for serializing and deserializing recursive structures", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#djangorestframework-recursive",
+            "text": "the  djangorestframework-recursive  package provides a  RecursiveField  for serializing and deserializing recursive structures",
             "title": "djangorestframework-recursive"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#django-rest-framework-gis", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-gis  package provides geographic addons for django rest framework like a   GeometryField  field and a GeoJSON serializer.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#django-rest-framework-gis",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-gis  package provides geographic addons for django rest framework like a   GeometryField  field and a GeoJSON serializer.",
             "title": "django-rest-framework-gis"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#django-rest-framework-hstore", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-hstore  package provides an  HStoreField  to support  django-hstore   DictionaryField  model field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/fields/#django-rest-framework-hstore",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-hstore  package provides an  HStoreField  to support  django-hstore   DictionaryField  model field.",
             "title": "django-rest-framework-hstore"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/", 
-            "text": "Serializer relations\n\n\n\n\nBad programmers worry about the code.\nGood programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.\n\n\n \nLinus Torvalds\n\n\n\n\nRelational fields are used to represent model relationships.  They can be applied to \nForeignKey\n, \nManyToManyField\n and \nOneToOneField\n relationships, as well as to reverse relationships, and custom relationships such as \nGenericForeignKey\n.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n The relational fields are declared in \nrelations.py\n, but by convention you should import them from the \nserializers\n module, using \nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n and refer to fields as \nserializers.\nFieldName\n.\n\n\n\n\nInspecting relationships.\n\n\nWhen using the \nModelSerializer\n class, serializer fields and relationships will be automatically generated for you. Inspecting these automatically generated fields can be a useful tool for determining how to customize the relationship style.\n\n\nTo do so, open the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n, then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026\n\n\n from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n\n serializer = AccountSerializer()\n\n print repr(serializer)  # Or `print(repr(serializer))` in Python 3.x.\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nIn order to explain the various types of relational fields, we'll use a couple of simple models for our examples.  Our models will be for music albums, and the tracks listed on each album.\n\n\nclass Album(models.Model):\n    album_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    artist = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    order = models.IntegerField()\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    duration = models.IntegerField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        unique_together = ('album', 'order')\n        ordering = ['order']\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return '%d: %s' % (self.order, self.title)\n\n\n\nStringRelatedField\n\n\nStringRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its \n__unicode__\n method.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer.\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to the following representation.\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Things We Lost In The Fire',\n    'artist': 'Low',\n    'tracks': [\n        '1: Sunflower',\n        '2: Whitetail',\n        '3: Dinosaur Act',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nThis field is read only.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n\n\nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its primary key.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Undun',\n    'artist': 'The Roots',\n    'tracks': [\n        89,\n        90,\n        91,\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\npk_field\n - Set to a field to control serialization/deserialization of the primary key's value. For example, \npk_field=UUIDField(format='hex')\n would serialize a UUID primary key into its compact hex representation.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n\n\nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a hyperlink.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        view_name='track-detail'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Graceland',\n    'artist': 'Paul Simon',\n    'tracks': [\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/45/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/46/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/47/',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: This field is designed for objects that map to a URL that accepts a single URL keyword argument, as set using the \nlookup_field\n and \nlookup_url_kwarg\n arguments.\n\n\nThis is suitable for URLs that contain a single primary key or slug argument as part of the URL.\n\n\nIf you require more complex hyperlinked representation you'll need to customize the field, as described in the \ncustom hyperlinked fields\n section, below.\n\n\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nview_name\n - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using \nthe standard router classes\n this will be a string with the format \nmodelname\n-detail\n. \nrequired\n.\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is \n'pk'\n.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\nformat\n - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the \nformat\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nSlugRelatedField\n\n\nSlugRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a field on the target.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        slug_field='title'\n     )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Dear John',\n    'artist': 'Loney Dear',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Airport Surroundings',\n        'Everything Turns to You',\n        'I Was Only Going Out',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\nWhen using \nSlugRelatedField\n as a read-write field, you will normally want to ensure that the slug field corresponds to a model field with \nunique=True\n.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nslug_field\n - The field on the target that should be used to represent it.  This should be a field that uniquely identifies any given instance.  For example, \nusername\n.  \nrequired\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n\n\nThis field can be applied as an identity relationship, such as the \n'url'\n field on  a HyperlinkedModelSerializer.  It can also be used for an attribute on the object.  For example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    track_listing = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='track-list')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'track_listing')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Eraser',\n    'artist': 'Thom Yorke',\n    'track_listing': 'http://www.example.com/api/track_list/12/',\n}\n\n\n\nThis field is always read-only.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nview_name\n - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using \nthe standard router classes\n this will be a string with the format \nmodel_name\n-detail\n.  \nrequired\n.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is \n'pk'\n.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\nformat\n - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the \nformat\n argument.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNested relationships\n\n\nNested relationships can be expressed by using serializers as fields.\n\n\nIf the field is used to represent a to-many relationship, you should add the \nmany=True\n flag to the serializer field.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a nested representation like this:\n\n\n album = Album.objects.create(album_name=\"The Grey Album\", artist='Danger Mouse')\n\n Track.objects.create(album=album, order=1, title='Public Service Announcement', duration=245)\n\nTrack: Track object\n\n\n Track.objects.create(album=album, order=2, title='What More Can I Say', duration=264)\n\nTrack: Track object\n\n\n Track.objects.create(album=album, order=3, title='Encore', duration=159)\n\nTrack: Track object\n\n\n serializer = AlbumSerializer(instance=album)\n\n serializer.data\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n        ...\n    ],\n}\n\n\n\nWritable nested serializers\n\n\nBy default nested serializers are read-only. If you want to support write-operations to a nested serializer field you'll need to create \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n methods in order to explicitly specify how the child relationships should be saved.\n\n\nclass TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        tracks_data = validated_data.pop('tracks')\n        album = Album.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        for track_data in tracks_data:\n            Track.objects.create(album=album, **track_data)\n        return album\n\n\n data = {\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n    ],\n}\n\n serializer = AlbumSerializer(data=data)\n\n serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n\n serializer.save()\n\nAlbum: Album object\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom relational fields\n\n\nIn rare cases where none of the existing relational styles fit the representation you need,\nyou can implement a completely custom relational field, that describes exactly how the\noutput representation should be generated from the model instance.\n\n\nTo implement a custom relational field, you should override \nRelatedField\n, and implement the \n.to_representation(self, value)\n method. This method takes the target of the field as the \nvalue\n argument, and should return the representation that should be used to serialize the target. The \nvalue\n argument will typically be a model instance.\n\n\nIf you want to implement a read-write relational field, you must also implement the \n.to_internal_value(self, data)\n method.\n\n\nTo provide a dynamic queryset based on the \ncontext\n, you can also override \n.get_queryset(self)\n instead of specifying \n.queryset\n on the class or when initializing the field.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, we could define a relational field to serialize a track to a custom string representation, using its ordering, title, and duration.\n\n\nimport time\n\nclass TrackListingField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        duration = time.strftime('%M:%S', time.gmtime(value.duration))\n        return 'Track %d: %s (%s)' % (value.order, value.name, duration)\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackListingField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nThis custom field would then serialize to the following representation.\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle',\n    'artist': 'Bill Callahan',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Track 1: Jim Cain (04:39)',\n        'Track 2: Eid Ma Clack Shaw (04:19)',\n        'Track 3: The Wind and the Dove (04:34)',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom hyperlinked fields\n\n\nIn some cases you may need to customize the behavior of a hyperlinked field, in order to represent URLs that require more than a single lookup field.\n\n\nYou can achieve this by overriding \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n. There are two methods that may be overridden:\n\n\nget_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format)\n\n\nThe \nget_url\n method is used to map the object instance to its URL representation.\n\n\nMay raise a \nNoReverseMatch\n if the \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n\nattributes are not configured to correctly match the URL conf.\n\n\nget_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs)\n\n\nIf you want to support a writable hyperlinked field then you'll also want to override \nget_object\n, in order to map incoming URLs back to the object they represent. For read-only hyperlinked fields there is no need to override this method.\n\n\nThe return value of this method should the object that corresponds to the matched URL conf arguments.\n\n\nMay raise an \nObjectDoesNotExist\n exception.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nSay we have a URL for a customer object that takes two keyword arguments, like so:\n\n\n/api/\norganization_slug\n/customers/\ncustomer_pk\n/\n\n\n\nThis cannot be represented with the default implementation, which accepts only a single lookup field.\n\n\nIn this case we'd need to override \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n to get the behavior we want:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nclass CustomerHyperlink(serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField):\n    # We define these as class attributes, so we don't need to pass them as arguments.\n    view_name = 'customer-detail'\n    queryset = Customer.objects.all()\n\n    def get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format):\n        url_kwargs = {\n            'organization_slug': obj.organization.slug,\n            'customer_pk': obj.pk\n        }\n        return reverse(view_name, kwargs=url_kwargs, request=request, format=format)\n\n    def get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs):\n        lookup_kwargs = {\n           'organization__slug': view_kwargs['organization_slug'],\n           'pk': view_kwargs['customer_pk']\n        }\n        return self.get_queryset().get(**lookup_kwargs)\n\n\n\nNote that if you wanted to use this style together with the generic views then you'd also need to override \n.get_object\n on the view in order to get the correct lookup behavior.\n\n\nGenerally we recommend a flat style for API representations where possible, but the nested URL style can also be reasonable when used in moderation.\n\n\n\n\nFurther notes\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument is only ever required for \nwritable\n relationship field, in which case it is used for performing the model instance lookup, that maps from the primitive user input, into a model instance.\n\n\nIn version 2.x a serializer class could \nsometimes\n automatically determine the \nqueryset\n argument \nif\n a \nModelSerializer\n class was being used.\n\n\nThis behavior is now replaced with \nalways\n using an explicit \nqueryset\n argument for writable relational fields.\n\n\nDoing so reduces the amount of hidden 'magic' that \nModelSerializer\n provides, makes the behavior of the field more clear, and ensures that it is trivial to move between using the \nModelSerializer\n shortcut, or using fully explicit \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nCustomizing the HTML display\n\n\nThe built-in \n__str__\n method of the model will be used to generate string representations of the objects used to populate the \nchoices\n property. These choices are used to populate select HTML inputs in the browsable API.\n\n\nTo provide customized representations for such inputs, override \ndisplay_value()\n of a \nRelatedField\n subclass. This method will receive a model object, and should return a string suitable for representing it. For example:\n\n\nclass TrackPrimaryKeyRelatedField(serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField):\n    def display_value(self, instance):\n        return 'Track: %s' % (instance.title)\n\n\n\nSelect field cutoffs\n\n\nWhen rendered in the browsable API relational fields will default to only displaying a maximum of 1000 selectable items. If more items are present then a disabled option with \"More than 1000 items\u2026\" will be displayed.\n\n\nThis behavior is intended to prevent a template from being unable to render in an acceptable timespan due to a very large number of relationships being displayed.\n\n\nThere are two keyword arguments you can use to control this behavior:\n\n\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Set to \nNone\n to disable any limiting. Defaults to \n1000\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nYou can also control these globally using the settings \nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF\n and \nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT\n.\n\n\nIn cases where the cutoff is being enforced you may want to instead use a plain input field in the HTML form. You can do so using the \nstyle\n keyword argument. For example:\n\n\nassigned_to = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n   queryset=User.objects.all(),\n   slug_field='username',\n   style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nReverse relations\n\n\nNote that reverse relationships are not automatically included by the \nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n classes.  To include a reverse relationship, you must explicitly add it to the fields list.  For example:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('tracks', ...)\n\n\n\nYou'll normally want to ensure that you've set an appropriate \nrelated_name\n argument on the relationship, that you can use as the field name.  For example:\n\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    ...\n\n\n\nIf you have not set a related name for the reverse relationship, you'll need to use the automatically generated related name in the \nfields\n argument.  For example:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('track_set', ...)\n\n\n\nSee the Django documentation on \nreverse relationships\n for more details.\n\n\nGeneric relationships\n\n\nIf you want to serialize a generic foreign key, you need to define a custom field, to determine explicitly how you want to serialize the targets of the relationship.\n\n\nFor example, given the following model for a tag, which has a generic relationship with other arbitrary models:\n\n\nclass TaggedItem(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    Tags arbitrary model instances using a generic relation.\n\n    See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ref/contrib/contenttypes/\n    \"\"\"\n    tag_name = models.SlugField()\n    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()\n    tagged_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return self.tag_name\n\n\n\nAnd the following two models, which may have associated tags:\n\n\nclass Bookmark(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A bookmark consists of a URL, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    url = models.URLField()\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\nclass Note(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A note consists of some text, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    text = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\n\nWe could define a custom field that could be used to serialize tagged instances, using the type of each instance to determine how it should be serialized.\n\n\nclass TaggedObjectRelatedField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom field to use for the `tagged_object` generic relationship.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize tagged objects to a simple textual representation.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            return 'Bookmark: ' + value.url\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            return 'Note: ' + value.text\n        raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n\n\nIf you need the target of the relationship to have a nested representation, you can use the required serializers inside the \n.to_representation()\n method:\n\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize bookmark instances using a bookmark serializer,\n        and note instances using a note serializer.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            serializer = BookmarkSerializer(value)\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            serializer = NoteSerializer(value)\n        else:\n            raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n        return serializer.data\n\n\n\nNote that reverse generic keys, expressed using the \nGenericRelation\n field, can be serialized using the regular relational field types, since the type of the target in the relationship is always known.\n\n\nFor more information see \nthe Django documentation on generic relations\n.\n\n\nManyToManyFields with a Through Model\n\n\nBy default, relational fields that target a \nManyToManyField\n with a\n\nthrough\n model specified are set to read-only.\n\n\nIf you explicitly specify a relational field pointing to a\n\nManyToManyField\n with a through model, be sure to set \nread_only\n\nto \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nThird Party Packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Nested Routers\n\n\nThe \ndrf-nested-routers package\n provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nRest Framework Generic Relations\n\n\nThe \nrest-framework-generic-relations\n library provides read/write serialization for generic foreign keys.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/",
+            "text": "Serializer relations\n\n\n\n\nBad programmers worry about the code.\nGood programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.\n\n\n\u2014 \nLinus Torvalds\n\n\n\n\nRelational fields are used to represent model relationships.  They can be applied to \nForeignKey\n, \nManyToManyField\n and \nOneToOneField\n relationships, as well as to reverse relationships, and custom relationships such as \nGenericForeignKey\n.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n The relational fields are declared in \nrelations.py\n, but by convention you should import them from the \nserializers\n module, using \nfrom rest_framework import serializers\n and refer to fields as \nserializers.\n.\n\n\n\n\nInspecting relationships.\n\n\nWhen using the \nModelSerializer\n class, serializer fields and relationships will be automatically generated for you. Inspecting these automatically generated fields can be a useful tool for determining how to customize the relationship style.\n\n\nTo do so, open the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n, then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026\n\n\n>>> from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n>>> serializer = AccountSerializer()\n>>> print repr(serializer)  # Or `print(repr(serializer))` in Python 3.x.\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nIn order to explain the various types of relational fields, we'll use a couple of simple models for our examples.  Our models will be for music albums, and the tracks listed on each album.\n\n\nclass Album(models.Model):\n    album_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    artist = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    order = models.IntegerField()\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    duration = models.IntegerField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        unique_together = ('album', 'order')\n        ordering = ['order']\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return '%d: %s' % (self.order, self.title)\n\n\n\nStringRelatedField\n\n\nStringRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its \n__unicode__\n method.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer.\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to the following representation.\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Things We Lost In The Fire',\n    'artist': 'Low',\n    'tracks': [\n        '1: Sunflower',\n        '2: Whitetail',\n        '3: Dinosaur Act',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nThis field is read only.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n\n\nPrimaryKeyRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its primary key.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Undun',\n    'artist': 'The Roots',\n    'tracks': [\n        89,\n        90,\n        91,\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\npk_field\n - Set to a field to control serialization/deserialization of the primary key's value. For example, \npk_field=UUIDField(format='hex')\n would serialize a UUID primary key into its compact hex representation.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n\n\nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a hyperlink.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        view_name='track-detail'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Graceland',\n    'artist': 'Paul Simon',\n    'tracks': [\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/45/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/46/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/47/',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: This field is designed for objects that map to a URL that accepts a single URL keyword argument, as set using the \nlookup_field\n and \nlookup_url_kwarg\n arguments.\n\n\nThis is suitable for URLs that contain a single primary key or slug argument as part of the URL.\n\n\nIf you require more complex hyperlinked representation you'll need to customize the field, as described in the \ncustom hyperlinked fields\n section, below.\n\n\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nview_name\n - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using \nthe standard router classes\n this will be a string with the format \n-detail\n. \nrequired\n.\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is \n'pk'\n.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\nformat\n - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the \nformat\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nSlugRelatedField\n\n\nSlugRelatedField\n may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a field on the target.\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        slug_field='title'\n     )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Dear John',\n    'artist': 'Loney Dear',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Airport Surroundings',\n        'Everything Turns to You',\n        'I Was Only Going Out',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nBy default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the \nread_only\n flag.\n\n\nWhen using \nSlugRelatedField\n as a read-write field, you will normally want to ensure that the slug field corresponds to a model field with \nunique=True\n.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nslug_field\n - The field on the target that should be used to represent it.  This should be a field that uniquely identifies any given instance.  For example, \nusername\n.  \nrequired\n\n\nqueryset\n - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nmany\n - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to \nTrue\n.\n\n\nallow_null\n - If set to \nTrue\n, the field will accept values of \nNone\n or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to \nFalse\n.\n\n\n\n\nHyperlinkedIdentityField\n\n\nThis field can be applied as an identity relationship, such as the \n'url'\n field on  a HyperlinkedModelSerializer.  It can also be used for an attribute on the object.  For example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    track_listing = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='track-list')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'track_listing')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a representation like this:\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Eraser',\n    'artist': 'Thom Yorke',\n    'track_listing': 'http://www.example.com/api/track_list/12/',\n}\n\n\n\nThis field is always read-only.\n\n\nArguments\n:\n\n\n\n\nview_name\n - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using \nthe standard router classes\n this will be a string with the format \n-detail\n.  \nrequired\n.\n\n\nlookup_field\n - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is \n'pk'\n.\n\n\nlookup_url_kwarg\n - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as \nlookup_field\n.\n\n\nformat\n - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the \nformat\n argument.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNested relationships\n\n\nNested relationships can be expressed by using serializers as fields.\n\n\nIf the field is used to represent a to-many relationship, you should add the \nmany=True\n flag to the serializer field.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, the following serializer:\n\n\nclass TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nWould serialize to a nested representation like this:\n\n\n>>> album = Album.objects.create(album_name=\"The Grey Album\", artist='Danger Mouse')\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=1, title='Public Service Announcement', duration=245)\n\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=2, title='What More Can I Say', duration=264)\n\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=3, title='Encore', duration=159)\n\n>>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(instance=album)\n>>> serializer.data\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n        ...\n    ],\n}\n\n\n\nWritable nested serializers\n\n\nBy default nested serializers are read-only. If you want to support write-operations to a nested serializer field you'll need to create \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n methods in order to explicitly specify how the child relationships should be saved.\n\n\nclass TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        tracks_data = validated_data.pop('tracks')\n        album = Album.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        for track_data in tracks_data:\n            Track.objects.create(album=album, **track_data)\n        return album\n\n>>> data = {\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n    ],\n}\n>>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(data=data)\n>>> serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> serializer.save()\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom relational fields\n\n\nIn rare cases where none of the existing relational styles fit the representation you need,\nyou can implement a completely custom relational field, that describes exactly how the\noutput representation should be generated from the model instance.\n\n\nTo implement a custom relational field, you should override \nRelatedField\n, and implement the \n.to_representation(self, value)\n method. This method takes the target of the field as the \nvalue\n argument, and should return the representation that should be used to serialize the target. The \nvalue\n argument will typically be a model instance.\n\n\nIf you want to implement a read-write relational field, you must also implement the \n.to_internal_value(self, data)\n method.\n\n\nTo provide a dynamic queryset based on the \ncontext\n, you can also override \n.get_queryset(self)\n instead of specifying \n.queryset\n on the class or when initializing the field.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, we could define a relational field to serialize a track to a custom string representation, using its ordering, title, and duration.\n\n\nimport time\n\nclass TrackListingField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        duration = time.strftime('%M:%S', time.gmtime(value.duration))\n        return 'Track %d: %s (%s)' % (value.order, value.name, duration)\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackListingField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n\n\nThis custom field would then serialize to the following representation.\n\n\n{\n    'album_name': 'Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle',\n    'artist': 'Bill Callahan',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Track 1: Jim Cain (04:39)',\n        'Track 2: Eid Ma Clack Shaw (04:19)',\n        'Track 3: The Wind and the Dove (04:34)',\n        ...\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom hyperlinked fields\n\n\nIn some cases you may need to customize the behavior of a hyperlinked field, in order to represent URLs that require more than a single lookup field.\n\n\nYou can achieve this by overriding \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n. There are two methods that may be overridden:\n\n\nget_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format)\n\n\nThe \nget_url\n method is used to map the object instance to its URL representation.\n\n\nMay raise a \nNoReverseMatch\n if the \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n\nattributes are not configured to correctly match the URL conf.\n\n\nget_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs)\n\n\nIf you want to support a writable hyperlinked field then you'll also want to override \nget_object\n, in order to map incoming URLs back to the object they represent. For read-only hyperlinked fields there is no need to override this method.\n\n\nThe return value of this method should the object that corresponds to the matched URL conf arguments.\n\n\nMay raise an \nObjectDoesNotExist\n exception.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nSay we have a URL for a customer object that takes two keyword arguments, like so:\n\n\n/api//customers//\n\n\n\nThis cannot be represented with the default implementation, which accepts only a single lookup field.\n\n\nIn this case we'd need to override \nHyperlinkedRelatedField\n to get the behavior we want:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nclass CustomerHyperlink(serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField):\n    # We define these as class attributes, so we don't need to pass them as arguments.\n    view_name = 'customer-detail'\n    queryset = Customer.objects.all()\n\n    def get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format):\n        url_kwargs = {\n            'organization_slug': obj.organization.slug,\n            'customer_pk': obj.pk\n        }\n        return reverse(view_name, kwargs=url_kwargs, request=request, format=format)\n\n    def get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs):\n        lookup_kwargs = {\n           'organization__slug': view_kwargs['organization_slug'],\n           'pk': view_kwargs['customer_pk']\n        }\n        return self.get_queryset().get(**lookup_kwargs)\n\n\n\nNote that if you wanted to use this style together with the generic views then you'd also need to override \n.get_object\n on the view in order to get the correct lookup behavior.\n\n\nGenerally we recommend a flat style for API representations where possible, but the nested URL style can also be reasonable when used in moderation.\n\n\n\n\nFurther notes\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument is only ever required for \nwritable\n relationship field, in which case it is used for performing the model instance lookup, that maps from the primitive user input, into a model instance.\n\n\nIn version 2.x a serializer class could \nsometimes\n automatically determine the \nqueryset\n argument \nif\n a \nModelSerializer\n class was being used.\n\n\nThis behavior is now replaced with \nalways\n using an explicit \nqueryset\n argument for writable relational fields.\n\n\nDoing so reduces the amount of hidden 'magic' that \nModelSerializer\n provides, makes the behavior of the field more clear, and ensures that it is trivial to move between using the \nModelSerializer\n shortcut, or using fully explicit \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nCustomizing the HTML display\n\n\nThe built-in \n__str__\n method of the model will be used to generate string representations of the objects used to populate the \nchoices\n property. These choices are used to populate select HTML inputs in the browsable API.\n\n\nTo provide customized representations for such inputs, override \ndisplay_value()\n of a \nRelatedField\n subclass. This method will receive a model object, and should return a string suitable for representing it. For example:\n\n\nclass TrackPrimaryKeyRelatedField(serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField):\n    def display_value(self, instance):\n        return 'Track: %s' % (instance.title)\n\n\n\nSelect field cutoffs\n\n\nWhen rendered in the browsable API relational fields will default to only displaying a maximum of 1000 selectable items. If more items are present then a disabled option with \"More than 1000 items\u2026\" will be displayed.\n\n\nThis behavior is intended to prevent a template from being unable to render in an acceptable timespan due to a very large number of relationships being displayed.\n\n\nThere are two keyword arguments you can use to control this behavior:\n\n\n\n\nhtml_cutoff\n - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Set to \nNone\n to disable any limiting. Defaults to \n1000\n.\n\n\nhtml_cutoff_text\n - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to \n\"More than {count} items\u2026\"\n\n\n\n\nYou can also control these globally using the settings \nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF\n and \nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT\n.\n\n\nIn cases where the cutoff is being enforced you may want to instead use a plain input field in the HTML form. You can do so using the \nstyle\n keyword argument. For example:\n\n\nassigned_to = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n   queryset=User.objects.all(),\n   slug_field='username',\n   style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nReverse relations\n\n\nNote that reverse relationships are not automatically included by the \nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n classes.  To include a reverse relationship, you must explicitly add it to the fields list.  For example:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('tracks', ...)\n\n\n\nYou'll normally want to ensure that you've set an appropriate \nrelated_name\n argument on the relationship, that you can use as the field name.  For example:\n\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    ...\n\n\n\nIf you have not set a related name for the reverse relationship, you'll need to use the automatically generated related name in the \nfields\n argument.  For example:\n\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('track_set', ...)\n\n\n\nSee the Django documentation on \nreverse relationships\n for more details.\n\n\nGeneric relationships\n\n\nIf you want to serialize a generic foreign key, you need to define a custom field, to determine explicitly how you want to serialize the targets of the relationship.\n\n\nFor example, given the following model for a tag, which has a generic relationship with other arbitrary models:\n\n\nclass TaggedItem(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    Tags arbitrary model instances using a generic relation.\n\n    See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ref/contrib/contenttypes/\n    \"\"\"\n    tag_name = models.SlugField()\n    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()\n    tagged_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return self.tag_name\n\n\n\nAnd the following two models, which may have associated tags:\n\n\nclass Bookmark(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A bookmark consists of a URL, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    url = models.URLField()\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\nclass Note(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A note consists of some text, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    text = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\n\nWe could define a custom field that could be used to serialize tagged instances, using the type of each instance to determine how it should be serialized.\n\n\nclass TaggedObjectRelatedField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom field to use for the `tagged_object` generic relationship.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize tagged objects to a simple textual representation.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            return 'Bookmark: ' + value.url\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            return 'Note: ' + value.text\n        raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n\n\nIf you need the target of the relationship to have a nested representation, you can use the required serializers inside the \n.to_representation()\n method:\n\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize bookmark instances using a bookmark serializer,\n        and note instances using a note serializer.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            serializer = BookmarkSerializer(value)\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            serializer = NoteSerializer(value)\n        else:\n            raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n        return serializer.data\n\n\n\nNote that reverse generic keys, expressed using the \nGenericRelation\n field, can be serialized using the regular relational field types, since the type of the target in the relationship is always known.\n\n\nFor more information see \nthe Django documentation on generic relations\n.\n\n\nManyToManyFields with a Through Model\n\n\nBy default, relational fields that target a \nManyToManyField\n with a\n\nthrough\n model specified are set to read-only.\n\n\nIf you explicitly specify a relational field pointing to a\n\nManyToManyField\n with a through model, be sure to set \nread_only\n\nto \nTrue\n.\n\n\n\n\nThird Party Packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF Nested Routers\n\n\nThe \ndrf-nested-routers package\n provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nRest Framework Generic Relations\n\n\nThe \nrest-framework-generic-relations\n library provides read/write serialization for generic foreign keys.",
             "title": "Serializer relations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#serializer-relations", 
-            "text": "Bad programmers worry about the code.\nGood programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.    Linus Torvalds   Relational fields are used to represent model relationships.  They can be applied to  ForeignKey ,  ManyToManyField  and  OneToOneField  relationships, as well as to reverse relationships, and custom relationships such as  GenericForeignKey .   Note:  The relational fields are declared in  relations.py , but by convention you should import them from the  serializers  module, using  from rest_framework import serializers  and refer to fields as  serializers. FieldName .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#serializer-relations",
+            "text": "Bad programmers worry about the code.\nGood programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.  \u2014  Linus Torvalds   Relational fields are used to represent model relationships.  They can be applied to  ForeignKey ,  ManyToManyField  and  OneToOneField  relationships, as well as to reverse relationships, and custom relationships such as  GenericForeignKey .   Note:  The relational fields are declared in  relations.py , but by convention you should import them from the  serializers  module, using  from rest_framework import serializers  and refer to fields as  serializers. .",
             "title": "Serializer relations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#inspecting-relationships", 
-            "text": "When using the  ModelSerializer  class, serializer fields and relationships will be automatically generated for you. Inspecting these automatically generated fields can be a useful tool for determining how to customize the relationship style.  To do so, open the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell , then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026   from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer  serializer = AccountSerializer()  print repr(serializer)  # Or `print(repr(serializer))` in Python 3.x.\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#inspecting-relationships",
+            "text": "When using the  ModelSerializer  class, serializer fields and relationships will be automatically generated for you. Inspecting these automatically generated fields can be a useful tool for determining how to customize the relationship style.  To do so, open the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell , then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation\u2026  >>> from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer\n>>> serializer = AccountSerializer()\n>>> print repr(serializer)  # Or `print(repr(serializer))` in Python 3.x.\nAccountSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)\n    owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())",
             "title": "Inspecting relationships."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "In order to explain the various types of relational fields, we'll use a couple of simple models for our examples.  Our models will be for music albums, and the tracks listed on each album.  class Album(models.Model):\n    album_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    artist = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    order = models.IntegerField()\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    duration = models.IntegerField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        unique_together = ('album', 'order')\n        ordering = ['order']\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return '%d: %s' % (self.order, self.title)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#api-reference",
+            "text": "In order to explain the various types of relational fields, we'll use a couple of simple models for our examples.  Our models will be for music albums, and the tracks listed on each album.  class Album(models.Model):\n    album_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    artist = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n\nclass Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    order = models.IntegerField()\n    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    duration = models.IntegerField()\n\n    class Meta:\n        unique_together = ('album', 'order')\n        ordering = ['order']\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return '%d: %s' % (self.order, self.title)",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#stringrelatedfield", 
-            "text": "StringRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its  __unicode__  method.  For example, the following serializer.  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to the following representation.  {\n    'album_name': 'Things We Lost In The Fire',\n    'artist': 'Low',\n    'tracks': [\n        '1: Sunflower',\n        '2: Whitetail',\n        '3: Dinosaur Act',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  This field is read only.  Arguments :   many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#stringrelatedfield",
+            "text": "StringRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its  __unicode__  method.  For example, the following serializer.  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to the following representation.  {\n    'album_name': 'Things We Lost In The Fire',\n    'artist': 'Low',\n    'tracks': [\n        '1: Sunflower',\n        '2: Whitetail',\n        '3: Dinosaur Act',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  This field is read only.  Arguments :   many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .",
             "title": "StringRelatedField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#primarykeyrelatedfield", 
-            "text": "PrimaryKeyRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its primary key.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Undun',\n    'artist': 'The Roots',\n    'tracks': [\n        89,\n        90,\n        91,\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.  Arguments :   queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .  pk_field  - Set to a field to control serialization/deserialization of the primary key's value. For example,  pk_field=UUIDField(format='hex')  would serialize a UUID primary key into its compact hex representation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#primarykeyrelatedfield",
+            "text": "PrimaryKeyRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its primary key.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Undun',\n    'artist': 'The Roots',\n    'tracks': [\n        89,\n        90,\n        91,\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.  Arguments :   queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .  pk_field  - Set to a field to control serialization/deserialization of the primary key's value. For example,  pk_field=UUIDField(format='hex')  would serialize a UUID primary key into its compact hex representation.",
             "title": "PrimaryKeyRelatedField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#hyperlinkedrelatedfield", 
-            "text": "HyperlinkedRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a hyperlink.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        view_name='track-detail'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Graceland',\n    'artist': 'Paul Simon',\n    'tracks': [\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/45/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/46/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/47/',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.   Note : This field is designed for objects that map to a URL that accepts a single URL keyword argument, as set using the  lookup_field  and  lookup_url_kwarg  arguments.  This is suitable for URLs that contain a single primary key or slug argument as part of the URL.  If you require more complex hyperlinked representation you'll need to customize the field, as described in the  custom hyperlinked fields  section, below.   Arguments :   view_name  - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using  the standard router classes  this will be a string with the format  modelname -detail .  required .  queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .  lookup_field  - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is  'pk' .  lookup_url_kwarg  - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .  format  - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the  format  argument.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#hyperlinkedrelatedfield",
+            "text": "HyperlinkedRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a hyperlink.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        view_name='track-detail'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Graceland',\n    'artist': 'Paul Simon',\n    'tracks': [\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/45/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/46/',\n        'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/47/',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.   Note : This field is designed for objects that map to a URL that accepts a single URL keyword argument, as set using the  lookup_field  and  lookup_url_kwarg  arguments.  This is suitable for URLs that contain a single primary key or slug argument as part of the URL.  If you require more complex hyperlinked representation you'll need to customize the field, as described in the  custom hyperlinked fields  section, below.   Arguments :   view_name  - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using  the standard router classes  this will be a string with the format  -detail .  required .  queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .  lookup_field  - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is  'pk' .  lookup_url_kwarg  - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .  format  - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the  format  argument.",
             "title": "HyperlinkedRelatedField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#slugrelatedfield", 
-            "text": "SlugRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a field on the target.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        slug_field='title'\n     )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Dear John',\n    'artist': 'Loney Dear',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Airport Surroundings',\n        'Everything Turns to You',\n        'I Was Only Going Out',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.  When using  SlugRelatedField  as a read-write field, you will normally want to ensure that the slug field corresponds to a model field with  unique=True .  Arguments :   slug_field  - The field on the target that should be used to represent it.  This should be a field that uniquely identifies any given instance.  For example,  username .   required  queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#slugrelatedfield",
+            "text": "SlugRelatedField  may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a field on the target.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        many=True,\n        read_only=True,\n        slug_field='title'\n     )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'Dear John',\n    'artist': 'Loney Dear',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Airport Surroundings',\n        'Everything Turns to You',\n        'I Was Only Going Out',\n        ...\n    ]\n}  By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the  read_only  flag.  When using  SlugRelatedField  as a read-write field, you will normally want to ensure that the slug field corresponds to a model field with  unique=True .  Arguments :   slug_field  - The field on the target that should be used to represent it.  This should be a field that uniquely identifies any given instance.  For example,  username .   required  queryset  - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set  read_only=True .  many  - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to  True .  allow_null  - If set to  True , the field will accept values of  None  or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to  False .",
             "title": "SlugRelatedField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#hyperlinkedidentityfield", 
-            "text": "This field can be applied as an identity relationship, such as the  'url'  field on  a HyperlinkedModelSerializer.  It can also be used for an attribute on the object.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    track_listing = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='track-list')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'track_listing')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'The Eraser',\n    'artist': 'Thom Yorke',\n    'track_listing': 'http://www.example.com/api/track_list/12/',\n}  This field is always read-only.  Arguments :   view_name  - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using  the standard router classes  this will be a string with the format  model_name -detail .   required .  lookup_field  - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is  'pk' .  lookup_url_kwarg  - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .  format  - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the  format  argument.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#hyperlinkedidentityfield",
+            "text": "This field can be applied as an identity relationship, such as the  'url'  field on  a HyperlinkedModelSerializer.  It can also be used for an attribute on the object.  For example, the following serializer:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    track_listing = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='track-list')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'track_listing')  Would serialize to a representation like this:  {\n    'album_name': 'The Eraser',\n    'artist': 'Thom Yorke',\n    'track_listing': 'http://www.example.com/api/track_list/12/',\n}  This field is always read-only.  Arguments :   view_name  - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using  the standard router classes  this will be a string with the format  -detail .   required .  lookup_field  - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is  'pk' .  lookup_url_kwarg  - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as  lookup_field .  format  - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the  format  argument.",
             "title": "HyperlinkedIdentityField"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#nested-relationships", 
-            "text": "Nested relationships can be expressed by using serializers as fields.  If the field is used to represent a to-many relationship, you should add the  many=True  flag to the serializer field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#nested-relationships",
+            "text": "Nested relationships can be expressed by using serializers as fields.  If the field is used to represent a to-many relationship, you should add the  many=True  flag to the serializer field.",
             "title": "Nested relationships"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example", 
-            "text": "For example, the following serializer:  class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a nested representation like this:   album = Album.objects.create(album_name=\"The Grey Album\", artist='Danger Mouse')  Track.objects.create(album=album, order=1, title='Public Service Announcement', duration=245) Track: Track object   Track.objects.create(album=album, order=2, title='What More Can I Say', duration=264) Track: Track object   Track.objects.create(album=album, order=3, title='Encore', duration=159) Track: Track object   serializer = AlbumSerializer(instance=album)  serializer.data\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n        ...\n    ],\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example",
+            "text": "For example, the following serializer:  class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  Would serialize to a nested representation like this:  >>> album = Album.objects.create(album_name=\"The Grey Album\", artist='Danger Mouse')\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=1, title='Public Service Announcement', duration=245)\n\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=2, title='What More Can I Say', duration=264)\n\n>>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=3, title='Encore', duration=159)\n\n>>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(instance=album)\n>>> serializer.data\n{\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n        ...\n    ],\n}",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#writable-nested-serializers", 
-            "text": "By default nested serializers are read-only. If you want to support write-operations to a nested serializer field you'll need to create  create()  and/or  update()  methods in order to explicitly specify how the child relationships should be saved.  class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        tracks_data = validated_data.pop('tracks')\n        album = Album.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        for track_data in tracks_data:\n            Track.objects.create(album=album, **track_data)\n        return album  data = {\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n    ],\n}  serializer = AlbumSerializer(data=data)  serializer.is_valid()\nTrue  serializer.save() Album: Album object", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#writable-nested-serializers",
+            "text": "By default nested serializers are read-only. If you want to support write-operations to a nested serializer field you'll need to create  create()  and/or  update()  methods in order to explicitly specify how the child relationships should be saved.  class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Track\n        fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        tracks_data = validated_data.pop('tracks')\n        album = Album.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        for track_data in tracks_data:\n            Track.objects.create(album=album, **track_data)\n        return album\n\n>>> data = {\n    'album_name': 'The Grey Album',\n    'artist': 'Danger Mouse',\n    'tracks': [\n        {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},\n        {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},\n        {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},\n    ],\n}\n>>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(data=data)\n>>> serializer.is_valid()\nTrue\n>>> serializer.save()\n",
             "title": "Writable nested serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#custom-relational-fields", 
-            "text": "In rare cases where none of the existing relational styles fit the representation you need,\nyou can implement a completely custom relational field, that describes exactly how the\noutput representation should be generated from the model instance.  To implement a custom relational field, you should override  RelatedField , and implement the  .to_representation(self, value)  method. This method takes the target of the field as the  value  argument, and should return the representation that should be used to serialize the target. The  value  argument will typically be a model instance.  If you want to implement a read-write relational field, you must also implement the  .to_internal_value(self, data)  method.  To provide a dynamic queryset based on the  context , you can also override  .get_queryset(self)  instead of specifying  .queryset  on the class or when initializing the field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#custom-relational-fields",
+            "text": "In rare cases where none of the existing relational styles fit the representation you need,\nyou can implement a completely custom relational field, that describes exactly how the\noutput representation should be generated from the model instance.  To implement a custom relational field, you should override  RelatedField , and implement the  .to_representation(self, value)  method. This method takes the target of the field as the  value  argument, and should return the representation that should be used to serialize the target. The  value  argument will typically be a model instance.  If you want to implement a read-write relational field, you must also implement the  .to_internal_value(self, data)  method.  To provide a dynamic queryset based on the  context , you can also override  .get_queryset(self)  instead of specifying  .queryset  on the class or when initializing the field.",
             "title": "Custom relational fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example_1", 
-            "text": "For example, we could define a relational field to serialize a track to a custom string representation, using its ordering, title, and duration.  import time\n\nclass TrackListingField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        duration = time.strftime('%M:%S', time.gmtime(value.duration))\n        return 'Track %d: %s (%s)' % (value.order, value.name, duration)\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackListingField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  This custom field would then serialize to the following representation.  {\n    'album_name': 'Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle',\n    'artist': 'Bill Callahan',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Track 1: Jim Cain (04:39)',\n        'Track 2: Eid Ma Clack Shaw (04:19)',\n        'Track 3: The Wind and the Dove (04:34)',\n        ...\n    ]\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example_1",
+            "text": "For example, we could define a relational field to serialize a track to a custom string representation, using its ordering, title, and duration.  import time\n\nclass TrackListingField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        duration = time.strftime('%M:%S', time.gmtime(value.duration))\n        return 'Track %d: %s (%s)' % (value.order, value.name, duration)\n\nclass AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    tracks = TrackListingField(many=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Album\n        fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')  This custom field would then serialize to the following representation.  {\n    'album_name': 'Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle',\n    'artist': 'Bill Callahan',\n    'tracks': [\n        'Track 1: Jim Cain (04:39)',\n        'Track 2: Eid Ma Clack Shaw (04:19)',\n        'Track 3: The Wind and the Dove (04:34)',\n        ...\n    ]\n}",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#custom-hyperlinked-fields", 
-            "text": "In some cases you may need to customize the behavior of a hyperlinked field, in order to represent URLs that require more than a single lookup field.  You can achieve this by overriding  HyperlinkedRelatedField . There are two methods that may be overridden:  get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format)  The  get_url  method is used to map the object instance to its URL representation.  May raise a  NoReverseMatch  if the  view_name  and  lookup_field \nattributes are not configured to correctly match the URL conf.  get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs)  If you want to support a writable hyperlinked field then you'll also want to override  get_object , in order to map incoming URLs back to the object they represent. For read-only hyperlinked fields there is no need to override this method.  The return value of this method should the object that corresponds to the matched URL conf arguments.  May raise an  ObjectDoesNotExist  exception.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#custom-hyperlinked-fields",
+            "text": "In some cases you may need to customize the behavior of a hyperlinked field, in order to represent URLs that require more than a single lookup field.  You can achieve this by overriding  HyperlinkedRelatedField . There are two methods that may be overridden:  get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format)  The  get_url  method is used to map the object instance to its URL representation.  May raise a  NoReverseMatch  if the  view_name  and  lookup_field \nattributes are not configured to correctly match the URL conf.  get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs)  If you want to support a writable hyperlinked field then you'll also want to override  get_object , in order to map incoming URLs back to the object they represent. For read-only hyperlinked fields there is no need to override this method.  The return value of this method should the object that corresponds to the matched URL conf arguments.  May raise an  ObjectDoesNotExist  exception.",
             "title": "Custom hyperlinked fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example_2", 
-            "text": "Say we have a URL for a customer object that takes two keyword arguments, like so:  /api/ organization_slug /customers/ customer_pk /  This cannot be represented with the default implementation, which accepts only a single lookup field.  In this case we'd need to override  HyperlinkedRelatedField  to get the behavior we want:  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nclass CustomerHyperlink(serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField):\n    # We define these as class attributes, so we don't need to pass them as arguments.\n    view_name = 'customer-detail'\n    queryset = Customer.objects.all()\n\n    def get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format):\n        url_kwargs = {\n            'organization_slug': obj.organization.slug,\n            'customer_pk': obj.pk\n        }\n        return reverse(view_name, kwargs=url_kwargs, request=request, format=format)\n\n    def get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs):\n        lookup_kwargs = {\n           'organization__slug': view_kwargs['organization_slug'],\n           'pk': view_kwargs['customer_pk']\n        }\n        return self.get_queryset().get(**lookup_kwargs)  Note that if you wanted to use this style together with the generic views then you'd also need to override  .get_object  on the view in order to get the correct lookup behavior.  Generally we recommend a flat style for API representations where possible, but the nested URL style can also be reasonable when used in moderation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#example_2",
+            "text": "Say we have a URL for a customer object that takes two keyword arguments, like so:  /api//customers//  This cannot be represented with the default implementation, which accepts only a single lookup field.  In this case we'd need to override  HyperlinkedRelatedField  to get the behavior we want:  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nclass CustomerHyperlink(serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField):\n    # We define these as class attributes, so we don't need to pass them as arguments.\n    view_name = 'customer-detail'\n    queryset = Customer.objects.all()\n\n    def get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format):\n        url_kwargs = {\n            'organization_slug': obj.organization.slug,\n            'customer_pk': obj.pk\n        }\n        return reverse(view_name, kwargs=url_kwargs, request=request, format=format)\n\n    def get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs):\n        lookup_kwargs = {\n           'organization__slug': view_kwargs['organization_slug'],\n           'pk': view_kwargs['customer_pk']\n        }\n        return self.get_queryset().get(**lookup_kwargs)  Note that if you wanted to use this style together with the generic views then you'd also need to override  .get_object  on the view in order to get the correct lookup behavior.  Generally we recommend a flat style for API representations where possible, but the nested URL style can also be reasonable when used in moderation.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#further-notes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#further-notes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Further notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#the-queryset-argument", 
-            "text": "The  queryset  argument is only ever required for  writable  relationship field, in which case it is used for performing the model instance lookup, that maps from the primitive user input, into a model instance.  In version 2.x a serializer class could  sometimes  automatically determine the  queryset  argument  if  a  ModelSerializer  class was being used.  This behavior is now replaced with  always  using an explicit  queryset  argument for writable relational fields.  Doing so reduces the amount of hidden 'magic' that  ModelSerializer  provides, makes the behavior of the field more clear, and ensures that it is trivial to move between using the  ModelSerializer  shortcut, or using fully explicit  Serializer  classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#the-queryset-argument",
+            "text": "The  queryset  argument is only ever required for  writable  relationship field, in which case it is used for performing the model instance lookup, that maps from the primitive user input, into a model instance.  In version 2.x a serializer class could  sometimes  automatically determine the  queryset  argument  if  a  ModelSerializer  class was being used.  This behavior is now replaced with  always  using an explicit  queryset  argument for writable relational fields.  Doing so reduces the amount of hidden 'magic' that  ModelSerializer  provides, makes the behavior of the field more clear, and ensures that it is trivial to move between using the  ModelSerializer  shortcut, or using fully explicit  Serializer  classes.",
             "title": "The queryset argument"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#customizing-the-html-display", 
-            "text": "The built-in  __str__  method of the model will be used to generate string representations of the objects used to populate the  choices  property. These choices are used to populate select HTML inputs in the browsable API.  To provide customized representations for such inputs, override  display_value()  of a  RelatedField  subclass. This method will receive a model object, and should return a string suitable for representing it. For example:  class TrackPrimaryKeyRelatedField(serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField):\n    def display_value(self, instance):\n        return 'Track: %s' % (instance.title)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#customizing-the-html-display",
+            "text": "The built-in  __str__  method of the model will be used to generate string representations of the objects used to populate the  choices  property. These choices are used to populate select HTML inputs in the browsable API.  To provide customized representations for such inputs, override  display_value()  of a  RelatedField  subclass. This method will receive a model object, and should return a string suitable for representing it. For example:  class TrackPrimaryKeyRelatedField(serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField):\n    def display_value(self, instance):\n        return 'Track: %s' % (instance.title)",
             "title": "Customizing the HTML display"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#select-field-cutoffs", 
-            "text": "When rendered in the browsable API relational fields will default to only displaying a maximum of 1000 selectable items. If more items are present then a disabled option with \"More than 1000 items\u2026\" will be displayed.  This behavior is intended to prevent a template from being unable to render in an acceptable timespan due to a very large number of relationships being displayed.  There are two keyword arguments you can use to control this behavior:   html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Set to  None  to disable any limiting. Defaults to  1000 .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   You can also control these globally using the settings  HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF  and  HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT .  In cases where the cutoff is being enforced you may want to instead use a plain input field in the HTML form. You can do so using the  style  keyword argument. For example:  assigned_to = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n   queryset=User.objects.all(),\n   slug_field='username',\n   style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#select-field-cutoffs",
+            "text": "When rendered in the browsable API relational fields will default to only displaying a maximum of 1000 selectable items. If more items are present then a disabled option with \"More than 1000 items\u2026\" will be displayed.  This behavior is intended to prevent a template from being unable to render in an acceptable timespan due to a very large number of relationships being displayed.  There are two keyword arguments you can use to control this behavior:   html_cutoff  - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Set to  None  to disable any limiting. Defaults to  1000 .  html_cutoff_text  - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to  \"More than {count} items\u2026\"   You can also control these globally using the settings  HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF  and  HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT .  In cases where the cutoff is being enforced you may want to instead use a plain input field in the HTML form. You can do so using the  style  keyword argument. For example:  assigned_to = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n   queryset=User.objects.all(),\n   slug_field='username',\n   style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)",
             "title": "Select field cutoffs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#reverse-relations", 
-            "text": "Note that reverse relationships are not automatically included by the  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  classes.  To include a reverse relationship, you must explicitly add it to the fields list.  For example:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('tracks', ...)  You'll normally want to ensure that you've set an appropriate  related_name  argument on the relationship, that you can use as the field name.  For example:  class Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    ...  If you have not set a related name for the reverse relationship, you'll need to use the automatically generated related name in the  fields  argument.  For example:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('track_set', ...)  See the Django documentation on  reverse relationships  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#reverse-relations",
+            "text": "Note that reverse relationships are not automatically included by the  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  classes.  To include a reverse relationship, you must explicitly add it to the fields list.  For example:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('tracks', ...)  You'll normally want to ensure that you've set an appropriate  related_name  argument on the relationship, that you can use as the field name.  For example:  class Track(models.Model):\n    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks', on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    ...  If you have not set a related name for the reverse relationship, you'll need to use the automatically generated related name in the  fields  argument.  For example:  class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('track_set', ...)  See the Django documentation on  reverse relationships  for more details.",
             "title": "Reverse relations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#generic-relationships", 
-            "text": "If you want to serialize a generic foreign key, you need to define a custom field, to determine explicitly how you want to serialize the targets of the relationship.  For example, given the following model for a tag, which has a generic relationship with other arbitrary models:  class TaggedItem(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    Tags arbitrary model instances using a generic relation.\n\n    See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ref/contrib/contenttypes/\n    \"\"\"\n    tag_name = models.SlugField()\n    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()\n    tagged_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return self.tag_name  And the following two models, which may have associated tags:  class Bookmark(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A bookmark consists of a URL, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    url = models.URLField()\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\nclass Note(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A note consists of some text, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    text = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)  We could define a custom field that could be used to serialize tagged instances, using the type of each instance to determine how it should be serialized.  class TaggedObjectRelatedField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom field to use for the `tagged_object` generic relationship.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize tagged objects to a simple textual representation.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            return 'Bookmark: ' + value.url\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            return 'Note: ' + value.text\n        raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')  If you need the target of the relationship to have a nested representation, you can use the required serializers inside the  .to_representation()  method:      def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize bookmark instances using a bookmark serializer,\n        and note instances using a note serializer.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            serializer = BookmarkSerializer(value)\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            serializer = NoteSerializer(value)\n        else:\n            raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n        return serializer.data  Note that reverse generic keys, expressed using the  GenericRelation  field, can be serialized using the regular relational field types, since the type of the target in the relationship is always known.  For more information see  the Django documentation on generic relations .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#generic-relationships",
+            "text": "If you want to serialize a generic foreign key, you need to define a custom field, to determine explicitly how you want to serialize the targets of the relationship.  For example, given the following model for a tag, which has a generic relationship with other arbitrary models:  class TaggedItem(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    Tags arbitrary model instances using a generic relation.\n\n    See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ref/contrib/contenttypes/\n    \"\"\"\n    tag_name = models.SlugField()\n    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)\n    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()\n    tagged_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')\n\n    def __unicode__(self):\n        return self.tag_name  And the following two models, which may have associated tags:  class Bookmark(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A bookmark consists of a URL, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    url = models.URLField()\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)\n\n\nclass Note(models.Model):\n    \"\"\"\n    A note consists of some text, and 0 or more descriptive tags.\n    \"\"\"\n    text = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)  We could define a custom field that could be used to serialize tagged instances, using the type of each instance to determine how it should be serialized.  class TaggedObjectRelatedField(serializers.RelatedField):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom field to use for the `tagged_object` generic relationship.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize tagged objects to a simple textual representation.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            return 'Bookmark: ' + value.url\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            return 'Note: ' + value.text\n        raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')  If you need the target of the relationship to have a nested representation, you can use the required serializers inside the  .to_representation()  method:      def to_representation(self, value):\n        \"\"\"\n        Serialize bookmark instances using a bookmark serializer,\n        and note instances using a note serializer.\n        \"\"\"\n        if isinstance(value, Bookmark):\n            serializer = BookmarkSerializer(value)\n        elif isinstance(value, Note):\n            serializer = NoteSerializer(value)\n        else:\n            raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')\n\n        return serializer.data  Note that reverse generic keys, expressed using the  GenericRelation  field, can be serialized using the regular relational field types, since the type of the target in the relationship is always known.  For more information see  the Django documentation on generic relations .",
             "title": "Generic relationships"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#manytomanyfields-with-a-through-model", 
-            "text": "By default, relational fields that target a  ManyToManyField  with a through  model specified are set to read-only.  If you explicitly specify a relational field pointing to a ManyToManyField  with a through model, be sure to set  read_only \nto  True .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#manytomanyfields-with-a-through-model",
+            "text": "By default, relational fields that target a  ManyToManyField  with a through  model specified are set to read-only.  If you explicitly specify a relational field pointing to a ManyToManyField  with a through model, be sure to set  read_only \nto  True .",
             "title": "ManyToManyFields with a Through Model"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#drf-nested-routers", 
-            "text": "The  drf-nested-routers package  provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#drf-nested-routers",
+            "text": "The  drf-nested-routers package  provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.",
             "title": "DRF Nested Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#rest-framework-generic-relations", 
-            "text": "The  rest-framework-generic-relations  library provides read/write serialization for generic foreign keys.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/relations/#rest-framework-generic-relations",
+            "text": "The  rest-framework-generic-relations  library provides read/write serialization for generic foreign keys.",
             "title": "Rest Framework Generic Relations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/", 
-            "text": "Validators\n\n\n\n\nValidators can be useful for re-using validation logic between different types of fields.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nMost of the time you're dealing with validation in REST framework you'll simply be relying on the default field validation, or writing explicit validation methods on serializer or field classes.\n\n\nHowever, sometimes you'll want to place your validation logic into reusable components, so that it can easily be reused throughout your codebase. This can be achieved by using validator functions and validator classes.\n\n\nValidation in REST framework\n\n\nValidation in Django REST framework serializers is handled a little differently to how validation works in Django's \nModelForm\n class.\n\n\nWith \nModelForm\n the validation is performed partially on the form, and partially on the model instance. With REST framework the validation is performed entirely on the serializer class. This is advantageous for the following reasons:\n\n\n\n\nIt introduces a proper separation of concerns, making your code behavior more obvious.\n\n\nIt is easy to switch between using shortcut \nModelSerializer\n classes and using  explicit \nSerializer\n classes. Any validation behavior being used for \nModelSerializer\n is simple to replicate.\n\n\nPrinting the \nrepr\n of a serializer instance will show you exactly what validation rules it applies. There's no extra hidden validation behavior being called on the model instance.\n\n\n\n\nWhen you're using \nModelSerializer\n all of this is handled automatically for you. If you want to drop down to using \nSerializer\n classes instead, then you need to define the validation rules explicitly.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nAs an example of how REST framework uses explicit validation, we'll take a simple model class that has a field with a uniqueness constraint.\n\n\nclass CustomerReportRecord(models.Model):\n    time_raised = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, editable=False)\n    reference = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=20)\n    description = models.TextField()\n\n\n\nHere's a basic \nModelSerializer\n that we can use for creating or updating instances of \nCustomerReportRecord\n:\n\n\nclass CustomerReportSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = CustomerReportRecord\n\n\n\nIf we open up the Django shell using \nmanage.py shell\n we can now\n\n\n from project.example.serializers import CustomerReportSerializer\n\n serializer = CustomerReportSerializer()\n\n print(repr(serializer))\nCustomerReportSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    time_raised = DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    reference = CharField(max_length=20, validators=[\nUniqueValidator(queryset=CustomerReportRecord.objects.all())\n])\n    description = CharField(style={'type': 'textarea'})\n\n\n\nThe interesting bit here is the \nreference\n field. We can see that the uniqueness constraint is being explicitly enforced by a validator on the serializer field.\n\n\nBecause of this more explicit style REST framework includes a few validator classes that are not available in core Django. These classes are detailed below.\n\n\n\n\nUniqueValidator\n\n\nThis validator can be used to enforce the \nunique=True\n constraint on model fields.\nIt takes a single required argument, and an optional \nmessages\n argument:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\nlookup\n - The lookup used to find an existing instance with the value being validated. Defaults to \n'exact'\n.\n\n\n\n\nThis validator should be applied to \nserializer fields\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nslug = SlugField(\n    max_length=100,\n    validators=[UniqueValidator(queryset=BlogPost.objects.all())]\n)\n\n\n\nUniqueTogetherValidator\n\n\nThis validator can be used to enforce \nunique_together\n constraints on model instances.\nIt has two required arguments, and a single optional \nmessages\n argument:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nfields\n \nrequired\n - A list or tuple of field names which should make a unique set. These must exist as fields on the serializer class.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nThe validator should be applied to \nserializer classes\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueTogetherValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # ToDo items belong to a parent list, and have an ordering defined\n        #\u00a0by the 'position' field. No two items in a given list may share\n        # the same position.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueTogetherValidator(\n                queryset=ToDoItem.objects.all(),\n                fields=('list', 'position')\n            )\n        ]\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nUniqueTogetherValidation\n class always imposes an implicit constraint that all the fields it applies to are always treated as required. Fields with \ndefault\n values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.\n\n\n\n\nUniqueForDateValidator\n\n\nUniqueForMonthValidator\n\n\nUniqueForYearValidator\n\n\nThese validators can be used to enforce the \nunique_for_date\n, \nunique_for_month\n and \nunique_for_year\n constraints on model instances. They take the following arguments:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nfield\n \nrequired\n - A field name against which uniqueness in the given date range will be validated. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.\n\n\ndate_field\n \nrequired\n - A field name which will be used to determine date range for the uniqueness constrain. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nThe validator should be applied to \nserializer classes\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueForYearValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # Blog posts should have a slug that is unique for the current year.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueForYearValidator(\n                queryset=BlogPostItem.objects.all(),\n                field='slug',\n                date_field='published'\n            )\n        ]\n\n\n\nThe date field that is used for the validation is always required to be present on the serializer class. You can't simply rely on a model class \ndefault=...\n, because the value being used for the default wouldn't be generated until after the validation has run.\n\n\nThere are a couple of styles you may want to use for this depending on how you want your API to behave. If you're using \nModelSerializer\n you'll probably simply rely on the defaults that REST framework generates for you, but if you are using \nSerializer\n or simply want more explicit control, use on of the styles demonstrated below.\n\n\nUsing with a writable date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be writable the only thing worth noting is that you should ensure that it is always available in the input data, either by setting a \ndefault\n argument, or by setting \nrequired=True\n.\n\n\npublished = serializers.DateTimeField(required=True)\n\n\n\nUsing with a read-only date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be visible, but not editable by the user, then set \nread_only=True\n and additionally set a \ndefault=...\n argument.\n\n\npublished = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\nThe field will not be writable to the user, but the default value will still be passed through to the \nvalidated_data\n.\n\n\nUsing with a hidden date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be entirely hidden from the user, then use \nHiddenField\n. This field type does not accept user input, but instead always returns its default value to the \nvalidated_data\n in the serializer.\n\n\npublished = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nUniqueFor\nRange\nValidation\n classes impose an implicit constraint that the fields they are applied to are always treated as required. Fields with \ndefault\n values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced field defaults\n\n\nValidators that are applied across multiple fields in the serializer can sometimes require a field input that should not be provided by the API client, but that \nis\n available as input to the validator.\n\n\nTwo patterns that you may want to use for this sort of validation include:\n\n\n\n\nUsing \nHiddenField\n. This field will be present in \nvalidated_data\n but \nwill not\n be used in the serializer output representation.\n\n\nUsing a standard field with \nread_only=True\n, but that also includes a \ndefault=\u2026\n argument. This field \nwill\n be used in the serializer output representation, but cannot be set directly by the user.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a couple of defaults that may be useful in this context.\n\n\nCurrentUserDefault\n\n\nA default class that can be used to represent the current user. In order to use this, the 'request' must have been provided as part of the context dictionary when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nowner = serializers.HiddenField(\n    default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault()\n)\n\n\n\nCreateOnlyDefault\n\n\nA default class that can be used to \nonly set a default argument during create operations\n. During updates the field is omitted.\n\n\nIt takes a single argument, which is the default value or callable that should be used during create operations.\n\n\ncreated_at = serializers.DateTimeField(\n    default=serializers.CreateOnlyDefault(timezone.now)\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nLimitations of validators\n\n\nThere are some ambiguous cases where you'll need to instead handle validation\nexplicitly, rather than relying on the default serializer classes that\n\nModelSerializer\n generates.\n\n\nIn these cases you may want to disable the automatically generated validators,\nby specifying an empty list for the serializer \nMeta.validators\n attribute.\n\n\nOptional fields\n\n\nBy default \"unique together\" validation enforces that all fields be\n\nrequired=True\n. In some cases, you might want to explicit apply\n\nrequired=False\n to one of the fields, in which case the desired behaviour\nof the validation is ambiguous.\n\n\nIn this case you will typically need to exclude the validator from the\nserializer class, and instead write any validation logic explicitly, either\nin the \n.validate()\n method, or else in the view.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass BillingRecordSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    def validate(self, data):\n        # Apply custom validation either here, or in the view.\n\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('client', 'date', 'amount')\n        extra_kwargs = {'client': {'required': False}}\n        validators = []  # Remove a default \"unique together\" constraint.\n\n\n\nUpdating nested serializers\n\n\nWhen applying an update to an existing instance, uniqueness validators will\nexclude the current instance from the uniqueness check. The current instance\nis available in the context of the uniqueness check, because it exists as\nan attribute on the serializer, having initially been passed using\n\ninstance=...\n when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nIn the case of update operations on \nnested\n serializers there's no way of\napplying this exclusion, because the instance is not available.\n\n\nAgain, you'll probably want to explicitly remove the validator from the\nserializer class, and write the code the for the validation constraint\nexplicitly, in a \n.validate()\n method, or in the view.\n\n\nDebugging complex cases\n\n\nIf you're not sure exactly what behavior a \nModelSerializer\n class will\ngenerate it is usually a good idea to run \nmanage.py shell\n, and print\nan instance of the serializer, so that you can inspect the fields and\nvalidators that it automatically generates for you.\n\n\n serializer = MyComplexModelSerializer()\n\n print(serializer)\nclass MyComplexModelSerializer:\n    my_fields = ...\n\n\n\nAlso keep in mind that with complex cases it can often be better to explicitly\ndefine your serializer classes, rather than relying on the default\n\nModelSerializer\n behavior. This involves a little more code, but ensures\nthat the resulting behavior is more transparent.\n\n\n\n\nWriting custom validators\n\n\nYou can use any of Django's existing validators, or write your own custom validators.\n\n\nFunction based\n\n\nA validator may be any callable that raises a \nserializers.ValidationError\n on failure.\n\n\ndef even_number(value):\n    if value % 2 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an even number.')\n\n\n\nField-level validation\n\n\nYou can specify custom field-level validation by adding \n.validate_\nfield_name\n methods\nto your \nSerializer\n subclass. This is documented in the\n\nSerializer docs\n\n\nClass-based\n\n\nTo write a class-based validator, use the \n__call__\n method. Class-based validators are useful as they allow you to parameterize and reuse behavior.\n\n\nclass MultipleOf(object):\n    def __init__(self, base):\n        self.base = base\n\n    def __call__(self, value):\n        if value % self.base != 0:\n            message = 'This field must be a multiple of %d.' % self.base\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)\n\n\n\nUsing \nset_context()\n\n\nIn some advanced cases you might want a validator to be passed the serializer field it is being used with as additional context. You can do so by declaring a \nset_context\n method on a class-based validator.\n\n\ndef set_context(self, serializer_field):\n    # Determine if this is an update or a create operation.\n    # In `__call__` we can then use that information to modify the validation behavior.\n    self.is_update = serializer_field.parent.instance is not None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/",
+            "text": "Validators\n\n\n\n\nValidators can be useful for re-using validation logic between different types of fields.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nMost of the time you're dealing with validation in REST framework you'll simply be relying on the default field validation, or writing explicit validation methods on serializer or field classes.\n\n\nHowever, sometimes you'll want to place your validation logic into reusable components, so that it can easily be reused throughout your codebase. This can be achieved by using validator functions and validator classes.\n\n\nValidation in REST framework\n\n\nValidation in Django REST framework serializers is handled a little differently to how validation works in Django's \nModelForm\n class.\n\n\nWith \nModelForm\n the validation is performed partially on the form, and partially on the model instance. With REST framework the validation is performed entirely on the serializer class. This is advantageous for the following reasons:\n\n\n\n\nIt introduces a proper separation of concerns, making your code behavior more obvious.\n\n\nIt is easy to switch between using shortcut \nModelSerializer\n classes and using  explicit \nSerializer\n classes. Any validation behavior being used for \nModelSerializer\n is simple to replicate.\n\n\nPrinting the \nrepr\n of a serializer instance will show you exactly what validation rules it applies. There's no extra hidden validation behavior being called on the model instance.\n\n\n\n\nWhen you're using \nModelSerializer\n all of this is handled automatically for you. If you want to drop down to using \nSerializer\n classes instead, then you need to define the validation rules explicitly.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nAs an example of how REST framework uses explicit validation, we'll take a simple model class that has a field with a uniqueness constraint.\n\n\nclass CustomerReportRecord(models.Model):\n    time_raised = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, editable=False)\n    reference = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=20)\n    description = models.TextField()\n\n\n\nHere's a basic \nModelSerializer\n that we can use for creating or updating instances of \nCustomerReportRecord\n:\n\n\nclass CustomerReportSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = CustomerReportRecord\n\n\n\nIf we open up the Django shell using \nmanage.py shell\n we can now\n\n\n>>> from project.example.serializers import CustomerReportSerializer\n>>> serializer = CustomerReportSerializer()\n>>> print(repr(serializer))\nCustomerReportSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    time_raised = DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    reference = CharField(max_length=20, validators=[])\n    description = CharField(style={'type': 'textarea'})\n\n\n\nThe interesting bit here is the \nreference\n field. We can see that the uniqueness constraint is being explicitly enforced by a validator on the serializer field.\n\n\nBecause of this more explicit style REST framework includes a few validator classes that are not available in core Django. These classes are detailed below.\n\n\n\n\nUniqueValidator\n\n\nThis validator can be used to enforce the \nunique=True\n constraint on model fields.\nIt takes a single required argument, and an optional \nmessages\n argument:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\nlookup\n - The lookup used to find an existing instance with the value being validated. Defaults to \n'exact'\n.\n\n\n\n\nThis validator should be applied to \nserializer fields\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nslug = SlugField(\n    max_length=100,\n    validators=[UniqueValidator(queryset=BlogPost.objects.all())]\n)\n\n\n\nUniqueTogetherValidator\n\n\nThis validator can be used to enforce \nunique_together\n constraints on model instances.\nIt has two required arguments, and a single optional \nmessages\n argument:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nfields\n \nrequired\n - A list or tuple of field names which should make a unique set. These must exist as fields on the serializer class.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nThe validator should be applied to \nserializer classes\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueTogetherValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # ToDo items belong to a parent list, and have an ordering defined\n        #\u00a0by the 'position' field. No two items in a given list may share\n        # the same position.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueTogetherValidator(\n                queryset=ToDoItem.objects.all(),\n                fields=('list', 'position')\n            )\n        ]\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nUniqueTogetherValidation\n class always imposes an implicit constraint that all the fields it applies to are always treated as required. Fields with \ndefault\n values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.\n\n\n\n\nUniqueForDateValidator\n\n\nUniqueForMonthValidator\n\n\nUniqueForYearValidator\n\n\nThese validators can be used to enforce the \nunique_for_date\n, \nunique_for_month\n and \nunique_for_year\n constraints on model instances. They take the following arguments:\n\n\n\n\nqueryset\n \nrequired\n - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.\n\n\nfield\n \nrequired\n - A field name against which uniqueness in the given date range will be validated. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.\n\n\ndate_field\n \nrequired\n - A field name which will be used to determine date range for the uniqueness constrain. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.\n\n\nmessage\n - The error message that should be used when validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nThe validator should be applied to \nserializer classes\n, like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueForYearValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # Blog posts should have a slug that is unique for the current year.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueForYearValidator(\n                queryset=BlogPostItem.objects.all(),\n                field='slug',\n                date_field='published'\n            )\n        ]\n\n\n\nThe date field that is used for the validation is always required to be present on the serializer class. You can't simply rely on a model class \ndefault=...\n, because the value being used for the default wouldn't be generated until after the validation has run.\n\n\nThere are a couple of styles you may want to use for this depending on how you want your API to behave. If you're using \nModelSerializer\n you'll probably simply rely on the defaults that REST framework generates for you, but if you are using \nSerializer\n or simply want more explicit control, use on of the styles demonstrated below.\n\n\nUsing with a writable date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be writable the only thing worth noting is that you should ensure that it is always available in the input data, either by setting a \ndefault\n argument, or by setting \nrequired=True\n.\n\n\npublished = serializers.DateTimeField(required=True)\n\n\n\nUsing with a read-only date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be visible, but not editable by the user, then set \nread_only=True\n and additionally set a \ndefault=...\n argument.\n\n\npublished = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\nThe field will not be writable to the user, but the default value will still be passed through to the \nvalidated_data\n.\n\n\nUsing with a hidden date field.\n\n\nIf you want the date field to be entirely hidden from the user, then use \nHiddenField\n. This field type does not accept user input, but instead always returns its default value to the \nvalidated_data\n in the serializer.\n\n\npublished = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The \nUniqueForValidation\n classes impose an implicit constraint that the fields they are applied to are always treated as required. Fields with \ndefault\n values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.\n\n\n\n\nAdvanced field defaults\n\n\nValidators that are applied across multiple fields in the serializer can sometimes require a field input that should not be provided by the API client, but that \nis\n available as input to the validator.\n\n\nTwo patterns that you may want to use for this sort of validation include:\n\n\n\n\nUsing \nHiddenField\n. This field will be present in \nvalidated_data\n but \nwill not\n be used in the serializer output representation.\n\n\nUsing a standard field with \nread_only=True\n, but that also includes a \ndefault=\u2026\n argument. This field \nwill\n be used in the serializer output representation, but cannot be set directly by the user.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a couple of defaults that may be useful in this context.\n\n\nCurrentUserDefault\n\n\nA default class that can be used to represent the current user. In order to use this, the 'request' must have been provided as part of the context dictionary when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nowner = serializers.HiddenField(\n    default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault()\n)\n\n\n\nCreateOnlyDefault\n\n\nA default class that can be used to \nonly set a default argument during create operations\n. During updates the field is omitted.\n\n\nIt takes a single argument, which is the default value or callable that should be used during create operations.\n\n\ncreated_at = serializers.DateTimeField(\n    default=serializers.CreateOnlyDefault(timezone.now)\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nLimitations of validators\n\n\nThere are some ambiguous cases where you'll need to instead handle validation\nexplicitly, rather than relying on the default serializer classes that\n\nModelSerializer\n generates.\n\n\nIn these cases you may want to disable the automatically generated validators,\nby specifying an empty list for the serializer \nMeta.validators\n attribute.\n\n\nOptional fields\n\n\nBy default \"unique together\" validation enforces that all fields be\n\nrequired=True\n. In some cases, you might want to explicit apply\n\nrequired=False\n to one of the fields, in which case the desired behaviour\nof the validation is ambiguous.\n\n\nIn this case you will typically need to exclude the validator from the\nserializer class, and instead write any validation logic explicitly, either\nin the \n.validate()\n method, or else in the view.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass BillingRecordSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    def validate(self, data):\n        # Apply custom validation either here, or in the view.\n\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('client', 'date', 'amount')\n        extra_kwargs = {'client': {'required': False}}\n        validators = []  # Remove a default \"unique together\" constraint.\n\n\n\nUpdating nested serializers\n\n\nWhen applying an update to an existing instance, uniqueness validators will\nexclude the current instance from the uniqueness check. The current instance\nis available in the context of the uniqueness check, because it exists as\nan attribute on the serializer, having initially been passed using\n\ninstance=...\n when instantiating the serializer.\n\n\nIn the case of update operations on \nnested\n serializers there's no way of\napplying this exclusion, because the instance is not available.\n\n\nAgain, you'll probably want to explicitly remove the validator from the\nserializer class, and write the code the for the validation constraint\nexplicitly, in a \n.validate()\n method, or in the view.\n\n\nDebugging complex cases\n\n\nIf you're not sure exactly what behavior a \nModelSerializer\n class will\ngenerate it is usually a good idea to run \nmanage.py shell\n, and print\nan instance of the serializer, so that you can inspect the fields and\nvalidators that it automatically generates for you.\n\n\n>>> serializer = MyComplexModelSerializer()\n>>> print(serializer)\nclass MyComplexModelSerializer:\n    my_fields = ...\n\n\n\nAlso keep in mind that with complex cases it can often be better to explicitly\ndefine your serializer classes, rather than relying on the default\n\nModelSerializer\n behavior. This involves a little more code, but ensures\nthat the resulting behavior is more transparent.\n\n\n\n\nWriting custom validators\n\n\nYou can use any of Django's existing validators, or write your own custom validators.\n\n\nFunction based\n\n\nA validator may be any callable that raises a \nserializers.ValidationError\n on failure.\n\n\ndef even_number(value):\n    if value % 2 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an even number.')\n\n\n\nField-level validation\n\n\nYou can specify custom field-level validation by adding \n.validate_\n methods\nto your \nSerializer\n subclass. This is documented in the\n\nSerializer docs\n\n\nClass-based\n\n\nTo write a class-based validator, use the \n__call__\n method. Class-based validators are useful as they allow you to parameterize and reuse behavior.\n\n\nclass MultipleOf(object):\n    def __init__(self, base):\n        self.base = base\n\n    def __call__(self, value):\n        if value % self.base != 0:\n            message = 'This field must be a multiple of %d.' % self.base\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)\n\n\n\nUsing \nset_context()\n\n\nIn some advanced cases you might want a validator to be passed the serializer field it is being used with as additional context. You can do so by declaring a \nset_context\n method on a class-based validator.\n\n\ndef set_context(self, serializer_field):\n    # Determine if this is an update or a create operation.\n    # In `__call__` we can then use that information to modify the validation behavior.\n    self.is_update = serializer_field.parent.instance is not None",
             "title": "Validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#validators", 
-            "text": "Validators can be useful for re-using validation logic between different types of fields.    Django documentation   Most of the time you're dealing with validation in REST framework you'll simply be relying on the default field validation, or writing explicit validation methods on serializer or field classes.  However, sometimes you'll want to place your validation logic into reusable components, so that it can easily be reused throughout your codebase. This can be achieved by using validator functions and validator classes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#validators",
+            "text": "Validators can be useful for re-using validation logic between different types of fields.  \u2014  Django documentation   Most of the time you're dealing with validation in REST framework you'll simply be relying on the default field validation, or writing explicit validation methods on serializer or field classes.  However, sometimes you'll want to place your validation logic into reusable components, so that it can easily be reused throughout your codebase. This can be achieved by using validator functions and validator classes.",
             "title": "Validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#validation-in-rest-framework", 
-            "text": "Validation in Django REST framework serializers is handled a little differently to how validation works in Django's  ModelForm  class.  With  ModelForm  the validation is performed partially on the form, and partially on the model instance. With REST framework the validation is performed entirely on the serializer class. This is advantageous for the following reasons:   It introduces a proper separation of concerns, making your code behavior more obvious.  It is easy to switch between using shortcut  ModelSerializer  classes and using  explicit  Serializer  classes. Any validation behavior being used for  ModelSerializer  is simple to replicate.  Printing the  repr  of a serializer instance will show you exactly what validation rules it applies. There's no extra hidden validation behavior being called on the model instance.   When you're using  ModelSerializer  all of this is handled automatically for you. If you want to drop down to using  Serializer  classes instead, then you need to define the validation rules explicitly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#validation-in-rest-framework",
+            "text": "Validation in Django REST framework serializers is handled a little differently to how validation works in Django's  ModelForm  class.  With  ModelForm  the validation is performed partially on the form, and partially on the model instance. With REST framework the validation is performed entirely on the serializer class. This is advantageous for the following reasons:   It introduces a proper separation of concerns, making your code behavior more obvious.  It is easy to switch between using shortcut  ModelSerializer  classes and using  explicit  Serializer  classes. Any validation behavior being used for  ModelSerializer  is simple to replicate.  Printing the  repr  of a serializer instance will show you exactly what validation rules it applies. There's no extra hidden validation behavior being called on the model instance.   When you're using  ModelSerializer  all of this is handled automatically for you. If you want to drop down to using  Serializer  classes instead, then you need to define the validation rules explicitly.",
             "title": "Validation in REST framework"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#example", 
-            "text": "As an example of how REST framework uses explicit validation, we'll take a simple model class that has a field with a uniqueness constraint.  class CustomerReportRecord(models.Model):\n    time_raised = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, editable=False)\n    reference = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=20)\n    description = models.TextField()  Here's a basic  ModelSerializer  that we can use for creating or updating instances of  CustomerReportRecord :  class CustomerReportSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = CustomerReportRecord  If we open up the Django shell using  manage.py shell  we can now   from project.example.serializers import CustomerReportSerializer  serializer = CustomerReportSerializer()  print(repr(serializer))\nCustomerReportSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    time_raised = DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    reference = CharField(max_length=20, validators=[ UniqueValidator(queryset=CustomerReportRecord.objects.all()) ])\n    description = CharField(style={'type': 'textarea'})  The interesting bit here is the  reference  field. We can see that the uniqueness constraint is being explicitly enforced by a validator on the serializer field.  Because of this more explicit style REST framework includes a few validator classes that are not available in core Django. These classes are detailed below.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#example",
+            "text": "As an example of how REST framework uses explicit validation, we'll take a simple model class that has a field with a uniqueness constraint.  class CustomerReportRecord(models.Model):\n    time_raised = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, editable=False)\n    reference = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=20)\n    description = models.TextField()  Here's a basic  ModelSerializer  that we can use for creating or updating instances of  CustomerReportRecord :  class CustomerReportSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = CustomerReportRecord  If we open up the Django shell using  manage.py shell  we can now  >>> from project.example.serializers import CustomerReportSerializer\n>>> serializer = CustomerReportSerializer()\n>>> print(repr(serializer))\nCustomerReportSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    time_raised = DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    reference = CharField(max_length=20, validators=[])\n    description = CharField(style={'type': 'textarea'})  The interesting bit here is the  reference  field. We can see that the uniqueness constraint is being explicitly enforced by a validator on the serializer field.  Because of this more explicit style REST framework includes a few validator classes that are not available in core Django. These classes are detailed below.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquevalidator", 
-            "text": "This validator can be used to enforce the  unique=True  constraint on model fields.\nIt takes a single required argument, and an optional  messages  argument:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.  lookup  - The lookup used to find an existing instance with the value being validated. Defaults to  'exact' .   This validator should be applied to  serializer fields , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nslug = SlugField(\n    max_length=100,\n    validators=[UniqueValidator(queryset=BlogPost.objects.all())]\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquevalidator",
+            "text": "This validator can be used to enforce the  unique=True  constraint on model fields.\nIt takes a single required argument, and an optional  messages  argument:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.  lookup  - The lookup used to find an existing instance with the value being validated. Defaults to  'exact' .   This validator should be applied to  serializer fields , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nslug = SlugField(\n    max_length=100,\n    validators=[UniqueValidator(queryset=BlogPost.objects.all())]\n)",
             "title": "UniqueValidator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquetogethervalidator", 
-            "text": "This validator can be used to enforce  unique_together  constraints on model instances.\nIt has two required arguments, and a single optional  messages  argument:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  fields   required  - A list or tuple of field names which should make a unique set. These must exist as fields on the serializer class.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.   The validator should be applied to  serializer classes , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueTogetherValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # ToDo items belong to a parent list, and have an ordering defined\n        #\u00a0by the 'position' field. No two items in a given list may share\n        # the same position.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueTogetherValidator(\n                queryset=ToDoItem.objects.all(),\n                fields=('list', 'position')\n            )\n        ]   Note : The  UniqueTogetherValidation  class always imposes an implicit constraint that all the fields it applies to are always treated as required. Fields with  default  values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquetogethervalidator",
+            "text": "This validator can be used to enforce  unique_together  constraints on model instances.\nIt has two required arguments, and a single optional  messages  argument:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  fields   required  - A list or tuple of field names which should make a unique set. These must exist as fields on the serializer class.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.   The validator should be applied to  serializer classes , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueTogetherValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # ToDo items belong to a parent list, and have an ordering defined\n        #\u00a0by the 'position' field. No two items in a given list may share\n        # the same position.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueTogetherValidator(\n                queryset=ToDoItem.objects.all(),\n                fields=('list', 'position')\n            )\n        ]   Note : The  UniqueTogetherValidation  class always imposes an implicit constraint that all the fields it applies to are always treated as required. Fields with  default  values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.",
             "title": "UniqueTogetherValidator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquefordatevalidator", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniquefordatevalidator",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "UniqueForDateValidator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniqueformonthvalidator", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniqueformonthvalidator",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "UniqueForMonthValidator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniqueforyearvalidator", 
-            "text": "These validators can be used to enforce the  unique_for_date ,  unique_for_month  and  unique_for_year  constraints on model instances. They take the following arguments:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  field   required  - A field name against which uniqueness in the given date range will be validated. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.  date_field   required  - A field name which will be used to determine date range for the uniqueness constrain. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.   The validator should be applied to  serializer classes , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueForYearValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # Blog posts should have a slug that is unique for the current year.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueForYearValidator(\n                queryset=BlogPostItem.objects.all(),\n                field='slug',\n                date_field='published'\n            )\n        ]  The date field that is used for the validation is always required to be present on the serializer class. You can't simply rely on a model class  default=... , because the value being used for the default wouldn't be generated until after the validation has run.  There are a couple of styles you may want to use for this depending on how you want your API to behave. If you're using  ModelSerializer  you'll probably simply rely on the defaults that REST framework generates for you, but if you are using  Serializer  or simply want more explicit control, use on of the styles demonstrated below.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#uniqueforyearvalidator",
+            "text": "These validators can be used to enforce the  unique_for_date ,  unique_for_month  and  unique_for_year  constraints on model instances. They take the following arguments:   queryset   required  - This is the queryset against which uniqueness should be enforced.  field   required  - A field name against which uniqueness in the given date range will be validated. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.  date_field   required  - A field name which will be used to determine date range for the uniqueness constrain. This must exist as a field on the serializer class.  message  - The error message that should be used when validation fails.   The validator should be applied to  serializer classes , like so:  from rest_framework.validators import UniqueForYearValidator\n\nclass ExampleSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # ...\n    class Meta:\n        # Blog posts should have a slug that is unique for the current year.\n        validators = [\n            UniqueForYearValidator(\n                queryset=BlogPostItem.objects.all(),\n                field='slug',\n                date_field='published'\n            )\n        ]  The date field that is used for the validation is always required to be present on the serializer class. You can't simply rely on a model class  default=... , because the value being used for the default wouldn't be generated until after the validation has run.  There are a couple of styles you may want to use for this depending on how you want your API to behave. If you're using  ModelSerializer  you'll probably simply rely on the defaults that REST framework generates for you, but if you are using  Serializer  or simply want more explicit control, use on of the styles demonstrated below.",
             "title": "UniqueForYearValidator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-writable-date-field", 
-            "text": "If you want the date field to be writable the only thing worth noting is that you should ensure that it is always available in the input data, either by setting a  default  argument, or by setting  required=True .  published = serializers.DateTimeField(required=True)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-writable-date-field",
+            "text": "If you want the date field to be writable the only thing worth noting is that you should ensure that it is always available in the input data, either by setting a  default  argument, or by setting  required=True .  published = serializers.DateTimeField(required=True)",
             "title": "Using with a writable date field."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-read-only-date-field", 
-            "text": "If you want the date field to be visible, but not editable by the user, then set  read_only=True  and additionally set a  default=...  argument.  published = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, default=timezone.now)  The field will not be writable to the user, but the default value will still be passed through to the  validated_data .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-read-only-date-field",
+            "text": "If you want the date field to be visible, but not editable by the user, then set  read_only=True  and additionally set a  default=...  argument.  published = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, default=timezone.now)  The field will not be writable to the user, but the default value will still be passed through to the  validated_data .",
             "title": "Using with a read-only date field."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-hidden-date-field", 
-            "text": "If you want the date field to be entirely hidden from the user, then use  HiddenField . This field type does not accept user input, but instead always returns its default value to the  validated_data  in the serializer.  published = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)   Note : The  UniqueFor Range Validation  classes impose an implicit constraint that the fields they are applied to are always treated as required. Fields with  default  values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-with-a-hidden-date-field",
+            "text": "If you want the date field to be entirely hidden from the user, then use  HiddenField . This field type does not accept user input, but instead always returns its default value to the  validated_data  in the serializer.  published = serializers.HiddenField(default=timezone.now)   Note : The  UniqueForValidation  classes impose an implicit constraint that the fields they are applied to are always treated as required. Fields with  default  values are an exception to this as they always supply a value even when omitted from user input.",
             "title": "Using with a hidden date field."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#advanced-field-defaults", 
-            "text": "Validators that are applied across multiple fields in the serializer can sometimes require a field input that should not be provided by the API client, but that  is  available as input to the validator.  Two patterns that you may want to use for this sort of validation include:   Using  HiddenField . This field will be present in  validated_data  but  will not  be used in the serializer output representation.  Using a standard field with  read_only=True , but that also includes a  default=\u2026  argument. This field  will  be used in the serializer output representation, but cannot be set directly by the user.   REST framework includes a couple of defaults that may be useful in this context.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#advanced-field-defaults",
+            "text": "Validators that are applied across multiple fields in the serializer can sometimes require a field input that should not be provided by the API client, but that  is  available as input to the validator.  Two patterns that you may want to use for this sort of validation include:   Using  HiddenField . This field will be present in  validated_data  but  will not  be used in the serializer output representation.  Using a standard field with  read_only=True , but that also includes a  default=\u2026  argument. This field  will  be used in the serializer output representation, but cannot be set directly by the user.   REST framework includes a couple of defaults that may be useful in this context.",
             "title": "Advanced field defaults"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#currentuserdefault", 
-            "text": "A default class that can be used to represent the current user. In order to use this, the 'request' must have been provided as part of the context dictionary when instantiating the serializer.  owner = serializers.HiddenField(\n    default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault()\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#currentuserdefault",
+            "text": "A default class that can be used to represent the current user. In order to use this, the 'request' must have been provided as part of the context dictionary when instantiating the serializer.  owner = serializers.HiddenField(\n    default=serializers.CurrentUserDefault()\n)",
             "title": "CurrentUserDefault"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#createonlydefault", 
-            "text": "A default class that can be used to  only set a default argument during create operations . During updates the field is omitted.  It takes a single argument, which is the default value or callable that should be used during create operations.  created_at = serializers.DateTimeField(\n    default=serializers.CreateOnlyDefault(timezone.now)\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#createonlydefault",
+            "text": "A default class that can be used to  only set a default argument during create operations . During updates the field is omitted.  It takes a single argument, which is the default value or callable that should be used during create operations.  created_at = serializers.DateTimeField(\n    default=serializers.CreateOnlyDefault(timezone.now)\n)",
             "title": "CreateOnlyDefault"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#limitations-of-validators", 
-            "text": "There are some ambiguous cases where you'll need to instead handle validation\nexplicitly, rather than relying on the default serializer classes that ModelSerializer  generates.  In these cases you may want to disable the automatically generated validators,\nby specifying an empty list for the serializer  Meta.validators  attribute.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#limitations-of-validators",
+            "text": "There are some ambiguous cases where you'll need to instead handle validation\nexplicitly, rather than relying on the default serializer classes that ModelSerializer  generates.  In these cases you may want to disable the automatically generated validators,\nby specifying an empty list for the serializer  Meta.validators  attribute.",
             "title": "Limitations of validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#optional-fields", 
-            "text": "By default \"unique together\" validation enforces that all fields be required=True . In some cases, you might want to explicit apply required=False  to one of the fields, in which case the desired behaviour\nof the validation is ambiguous.  In this case you will typically need to exclude the validator from the\nserializer class, and instead write any validation logic explicitly, either\nin the  .validate()  method, or else in the view.  For example:  class BillingRecordSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    def validate(self, data):\n        # Apply custom validation either here, or in the view.\n\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('client', 'date', 'amount')\n        extra_kwargs = {'client': {'required': False}}\n        validators = []  # Remove a default \"unique together\" constraint.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#optional-fields",
+            "text": "By default \"unique together\" validation enforces that all fields be required=True . In some cases, you might want to explicit apply required=False  to one of the fields, in which case the desired behaviour\nof the validation is ambiguous.  In this case you will typically need to exclude the validator from the\nserializer class, and instead write any validation logic explicitly, either\nin the  .validate()  method, or else in the view.  For example:  class BillingRecordSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    def validate(self, data):\n        # Apply custom validation either here, or in the view.\n\n    class Meta:\n        fields = ('client', 'date', 'amount')\n        extra_kwargs = {'client': {'required': False}}\n        validators = []  # Remove a default \"unique together\" constraint.",
             "title": "Optional fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#updating-nested-serializers", 
-            "text": "When applying an update to an existing instance, uniqueness validators will\nexclude the current instance from the uniqueness check. The current instance\nis available in the context of the uniqueness check, because it exists as\nan attribute on the serializer, having initially been passed using instance=...  when instantiating the serializer.  In the case of update operations on  nested  serializers there's no way of\napplying this exclusion, because the instance is not available.  Again, you'll probably want to explicitly remove the validator from the\nserializer class, and write the code the for the validation constraint\nexplicitly, in a  .validate()  method, or in the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#updating-nested-serializers",
+            "text": "When applying an update to an existing instance, uniqueness validators will\nexclude the current instance from the uniqueness check. The current instance\nis available in the context of the uniqueness check, because it exists as\nan attribute on the serializer, having initially been passed using instance=...  when instantiating the serializer.  In the case of update operations on  nested  serializers there's no way of\napplying this exclusion, because the instance is not available.  Again, you'll probably want to explicitly remove the validator from the\nserializer class, and write the code the for the validation constraint\nexplicitly, in a  .validate()  method, or in the view.",
             "title": "Updating nested serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#debugging-complex-cases", 
-            "text": "If you're not sure exactly what behavior a  ModelSerializer  class will\ngenerate it is usually a good idea to run  manage.py shell , and print\nan instance of the serializer, so that you can inspect the fields and\nvalidators that it automatically generates for you.   serializer = MyComplexModelSerializer()  print(serializer)\nclass MyComplexModelSerializer:\n    my_fields = ...  Also keep in mind that with complex cases it can often be better to explicitly\ndefine your serializer classes, rather than relying on the default ModelSerializer  behavior. This involves a little more code, but ensures\nthat the resulting behavior is more transparent.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#debugging-complex-cases",
+            "text": "If you're not sure exactly what behavior a  ModelSerializer  class will\ngenerate it is usually a good idea to run  manage.py shell , and print\nan instance of the serializer, so that you can inspect the fields and\nvalidators that it automatically generates for you.  >>> serializer = MyComplexModelSerializer()\n>>> print(serializer)\nclass MyComplexModelSerializer:\n    my_fields = ...  Also keep in mind that with complex cases it can often be better to explicitly\ndefine your serializer classes, rather than relying on the default ModelSerializer  behavior. This involves a little more code, but ensures\nthat the resulting behavior is more transparent.",
             "title": "Debugging complex cases"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#writing-custom-validators", 
-            "text": "You can use any of Django's existing validators, or write your own custom validators.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#writing-custom-validators",
+            "text": "You can use any of Django's existing validators, or write your own custom validators.",
             "title": "Writing custom validators"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#function-based", 
-            "text": "A validator may be any callable that raises a  serializers.ValidationError  on failure.  def even_number(value):\n    if value % 2 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an even number.')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#function-based",
+            "text": "A validator may be any callable that raises a  serializers.ValidationError  on failure.  def even_number(value):\n    if value % 2 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an even number.')",
             "title": "Function based"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#field-level-validation", 
-            "text": "You can specify custom field-level validation by adding  .validate_ field_name  methods\nto your  Serializer  subclass. This is documented in the Serializer docs", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#field-level-validation",
+            "text": "You can specify custom field-level validation by adding  .validate_  methods\nto your  Serializer  subclass. This is documented in the Serializer docs",
             "title": "Field-level validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#class-based", 
-            "text": "To write a class-based validator, use the  __call__  method. Class-based validators are useful as they allow you to parameterize and reuse behavior.  class MultipleOf(object):\n    def __init__(self, base):\n        self.base = base\n\n    def __call__(self, value):\n        if value % self.base != 0:\n            message = 'This field must be a multiple of %d.' % self.base\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#class-based",
+            "text": "To write a class-based validator, use the  __call__  method. Class-based validators are useful as they allow you to parameterize and reuse behavior.  class MultipleOf(object):\n    def __init__(self, base):\n        self.base = base\n\n    def __call__(self, value):\n        if value % self.base != 0:\n            message = 'This field must be a multiple of %d.' % self.base\n            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)",
             "title": "Class-based"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-set_context", 
-            "text": "In some advanced cases you might want a validator to be passed the serializer field it is being used with as additional context. You can do so by declaring a  set_context  method on a class-based validator.  def set_context(self, serializer_field):\n    # Determine if this is an update or a create operation.\n    # In `__call__` we can then use that information to modify the validation behavior.\n    self.is_update = serializer_field.parent.instance is not None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/validators/#using-set_context",
+            "text": "In some advanced cases you might want a validator to be passed the serializer field it is being used with as additional context. You can do so by declaring a  set_context  method on a class-based validator.  def set_context(self, serializer_field):\n    # Determine if this is an update or a create operation.\n    # In `__call__` we can then use that information to modify the validation behavior.\n    self.is_update = serializer_field.parent.instance is not None",
             "title": "Using set_context()"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/", 
-            "text": "Authentication\n\n\n\n\nAuth needs to be pluggable.\n\n\n Jacob Kaplan-Moss, \n\"REST worst practices\"\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication is the mechanism of associating an incoming request with a set of identifying credentials, such as the user the request came from, or the token that it was signed with.  The \npermission\n and \nthrottling\n policies can then use those credentials to determine if the request should be permitted.\n\n\nREST framework provides a number of authentication schemes out of the box, and also allows you to implement custom schemes.\n\n\nAuthentication is always run at the very start of the view, before the permission and throttling checks occur, and before any other code is allowed to proceed.\n\n\nThe \nrequest.user\n property will typically be set to an instance of the \ncontrib.auth\n package's \nUser\n class.\n\n\nThe \nrequest.auth\n property is used for any additional authentication information, for example, it may be used to represent an authentication token that the request was signed with.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n Don't forget that \nauthentication by itself won't allow or disallow an incoming request\n, it simply identifies the credentials that the request was made with.\n\n\nFor information on how to setup the permission polices for your API please see the \npermissions documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nHow authentication is determined\n\n\nThe authentication schemes are always defined as a list of classes.  REST framework will attempt to authenticate with each class in the list, and will set \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n using the return value of the first class that successfully authenticates.\n\n\nIf no class authenticates, \nrequest.user\n will be set to an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n, and \nrequest.auth\n will be set to \nNone\n.\n\n\nThe value of \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n for unauthenticated requests can be modified using the \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n and \nUNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN\n settings.\n\n\nSetting the authentication scheme\n\n\nThe default authentication schemes may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n setting.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',\n        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the authentication scheme on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    authentication_classes = (SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication)\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n            'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@authentication_classes((SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication))\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n        'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nUnauthorized and Forbidden responses\n\n\nWhen an unauthenticated request is denied permission there are two different error codes that may be appropriate.\n\n\n\n\nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n\n\nHTTP 403 Permission Denied\n\n\n\n\nHTTP 401 responses must always include a \nWWW-Authenticate\n header, that instructs the client how to authenticate.  HTTP 403 responses do not include the \nWWW-Authenticate\n header.\n\n\nThe kind of response that will be used depends on the authentication scheme.  Although multiple authentication schemes may be in use, only one scheme may be used to determine the type of response.  \nThe first authentication class set on the view is used when determining the type of response\n.\n\n\nNote that when a request may successfully authenticate, but still be denied permission to perform the request, in which case a \n403 Permission Denied\n response will always be used, regardless of the authentication scheme.\n\n\nApache mod_wsgi specific configuration\n\n\nNote that if deploying to \nApache using mod_wsgi\n, the authorization header is not passed through to a WSGI application by default, as it is assumed that authentication will be handled by Apache, rather than at an application level.\n\n\nIf you are deploying to Apache, and using any non-session based authentication, you will need to explicitly configure mod_wsgi to pass the required headers through to the application.  This can be done by specifying the \nWSGIPassAuthorization\n directive in the appropriate context and setting it to \n'On'\n.\n\n\n# this can go in either server config, virtual host, directory or .htaccess\nWSGIPassAuthorization On\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nBasicAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses \nHTTP Basic Authentication\n, signed against a user's username and password.  Basic authentication is generally only appropriate for testing.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nBasicAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:\n\n\nWWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"api\"\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you use \nBasicAuthentication\n in production you must ensure that your API is only available over \nhttps\n.  You should also ensure that your API clients will always re-request the username and password at login, and will never store those details to persistent storage.\n\n\nTokenAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses a simple token-based HTTP Authentication scheme.  Token authentication is appropriate for client-server setups, such as native desktop and mobile clients.\n\n\nTo use the \nTokenAuthentication\n scheme you'll need to \nconfigure the authentication classes\n to include \nTokenAuthentication\n, and additionally include \nrest_framework.authtoken\n in your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting:\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework.authtoken'\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n Make sure to run \nmanage.py migrate\n after changing your settings. The \nrest_framework.authtoken\n app provides Django database migrations.\n\n\n\n\nYou'll also need to create tokens for your users.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\ntoken = Token.objects.create(user=...)\nprint token.key\n\n\n\nFor clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the \nAuthorization\n HTTP header.  The key should be prefixed by the string literal \"Token\", with whitespace separating the two strings.  For example:\n\n\nAuthorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you want to use a different keyword in the header, such as \nBearer\n, simply subclass \nTokenAuthentication\n and set the \nkeyword\n class variable.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nTokenAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be a \nrest_framework.authtoken.models.Token\n instance.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:\n\n\nWWW-Authenticate: Token\n\n\n\nThe \ncurl\n command line tool may be useful for testing token authenticated APIs.  For example:\n\n\ncurl -X GET http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/example/ -H 'Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b'\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you use \nTokenAuthentication\n in production you must ensure that your API is only available over \nhttps\n.\n\n\n\n\nGenerating Tokens\n\n\nBy using signals\n\n\nIf you want every user to have an automatically generated Token, you can simply catch the User's \npost_save\n signal.\n\n\nfrom django.conf import settings\nfrom django.db.models.signals import post_save\nfrom django.dispatch import receiver\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)\ndef create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):\n    if created:\n        Token.objects.create(user=instance)\n\n\n\nNote that you'll want to ensure you place this code snippet in an installed \nmodels.py\n module, or some other location that will be imported by Django on startup.\n\n\nIf you've already created some users, you can generate tokens for all existing users like this:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\nfor user in User.objects.all():\n    Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n\n\n\nBy exposing an api endpoint\n\n\nWhen using \nTokenAuthentication\n, you may want to provide a mechanism for clients to obtain a token given the username and password.  REST framework provides a built-in view to provide this behavior.  To use it, add the \nobtain_auth_token\n view to your URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken import views\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', views.obtain_auth_token)\n]\n\n\n\nNote that the URL part of the pattern can be whatever you want to use.\n\n\nThe \nobtain_auth_token\n view will return a JSON response when valid \nusername\n and \npassword\n fields are POSTed to the view using form data or JSON:\n\n\n{ 'token' : '9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b' }\n\n\n\nNote that the default \nobtain_auth_token\n view explicitly uses JSON requests and responses, rather than using default renderer and parser classes in your settings.\n\n\nBy default there are no permissions or throttling applied to the  \nobtain_auth_token\n view. If you do wish to apply throttling you'll need to override the view class,\nand include them using the \nthrottle_classes\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you need a customized version of the \nobtain_auth_token\n view, you can do so by subclassing the \nObtainAuthToken\n view class, and using that in your url conf instead.\n\n\nFor example, you may return additional user information beyond the \ntoken\n value:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.views import ObtainAuthToken\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass CustomAuthToken(ObtainAuthToken):\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        serializer = self.serializer_class(data=request.data,\n                                           context={'request': request})\n        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n        user = serializer.validated_data['user']\n        token, created = Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n        return Response({\n            'token': token.key,\n            'user_id': user.pk,\n            'email': user.email\n        })\n\n\n\nAnd in your \nurls.py\n:\n\n\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', CustomAuthToken.as_view())\n]\n\n\n\nWith Django admin\n\n\nIt is also possible to create Tokens manually through admin interface. In case you are using a large user base, we recommend that you monkey patch the \nTokenAdmin\n class to customize it to your needs, more specifically by declaring the \nuser\n field as \nraw_field\n.\n\n\nyour_app/admin.py\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.admin import TokenAdmin\n\nTokenAdmin.raw_id_fields = ('user',)\n\n\n\nUsing Django manage.py command\n\n\nSince version 3.6.4 it's possible to generate a user token using the following command:\n\n\n./manage.py drf_create_token \nusername\n\n\n\n\nthis command will return the API token for the given user, creating it if it doesn't exist:\n\n\nGenerated token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b for user user1\n\n\n\nIn case you want to regenerate the token (for example if it has been compromised or leaked) you can pass an additional parameter:\n\n\n./manage.py drf_create_token -r \nusername\n\n\n\n\nSessionAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses Django's default session backend for authentication.  Session authentication is appropriate for AJAX clients that are running in the same session context as your website.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nSessionAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 403 Forbidden\n response.\n\n\nIf you're using an AJAX style API with SessionAuthentication, you'll need to make sure you include a valid CSRF token for any \"unsafe\" HTTP method calls, such as \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n, \nPOST\n or \nDELETE\n requests.  See the \nDjango CSRF documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nWarning\n: Always use Django's standard login view when creating login pages. This will ensure your login views are properly protected.\n\n\nCSRF validation in REST framework works slightly differently to standard Django due to the need to support both session and non-session based authentication to the same views. This means that only authenticated requests require CSRF tokens, and anonymous requests may be sent without CSRF tokens. This behaviour is not suitable for login views, which should always have CSRF validation applied.\n\n\nRemoteUserAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme allows you to delegate authentication to your web server, which sets the \nREMOTE_USER\n\nenvironment variable.\n\n\nTo use it, you must have \ndjango.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend\n (or a subclass) in your\n\nAUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS\n setting. By default, \nRemoteUserBackend\n creates \nUser\n objects for usernames that don't\nalready exist. To change this and other behaviour, consult the\n\nDjango documentation\n.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nRemoteUserAuthentication\n provides the following credentials:\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nConsult your web server's documentation for information about configuring an authentication method, e.g.:\n\n\n\n\nApache Authentication How-To\n\n\nNGINX (Restricting Access)\n\n\n\n\nCustom authentication\n\n\nTo implement a custom authentication scheme, subclass \nBaseAuthentication\n and override the \n.authenticate(self, request)\n method.  The method should return a two-tuple of \n(user, auth)\n if authentication succeeds, or \nNone\n otherwise.\n\n\nIn some circumstances instead of returning \nNone\n, you may want to raise an \nAuthenticationFailed\n exception from the \n.authenticate()\n method.\n\n\nTypically the approach you should take is:\n\n\n\n\nIf authentication is not attempted, return \nNone\n.  Any other authentication schemes also in use will still be checked.\n\n\nIf authentication is attempted but fails, raise a \nAuthenticationFailed\n exception.  An error response will be returned immediately, regardless of any permissions checks, and without checking any other authentication schemes.\n\n\n\n\nYou \nmay\n also override the \n.authenticate_header(self, request)\n method.  If implemented, it should return a string that will be used as the value of the \nWWW-Authenticate\n header in a \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response.\n\n\nIf the \n.authenticate_header()\n method is not overridden, the authentication scheme will return \nHTTP 403 Forbidden\n responses when an unauthenticated request is denied access.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n When your custom authenticator is invoked by the request object's \n.user\n or \n.auth\n properties, you may see an \nAttributeError\n re-raised as a \nWrappedAttributeError\n. This is necessary to prevent the original exception from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the \nAttributeError\n orginates from your custom authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a \n.user\n or \n.auth\n property. These errors should be fixed or otherwise handled by your authenticator.\n\n\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example will authenticate any incoming request as the user given by the username in a custom request header named 'X_USERNAME'.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import authentication\nfrom rest_framework import exceptions\n\nclass ExampleAuthentication(authentication.BaseAuthentication):\n    def authenticate(self, request):\n        username = request.META.get('X_USERNAME')\n        if not username:\n            return None\n\n        try:\n            user = User.objects.get(username=username)\n        except User.DoesNotExist:\n            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('No such user')\n\n        return (user, None)\n\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDjango OAuth Toolkit\n\n\nThe \nDjango OAuth Toolkit\n package provides OAuth 2.0 support, and works with Python 2.7 and Python 3.3+. The package is maintained by \nEvonove\n and uses the excellent \nOAuthLib\n.  The package is well documented, and well supported and is currently our \nrecommended package for OAuth 2.0 support\n.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall using \npip\n.\n\n\npip install django-oauth-toolkit\n\n\n\nAdd the package to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n and modify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'oauth2_provider',\n)\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'oauth2_provider.contrib.rest_framework.OAuth2Authentication',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nDjango REST framework - Getting started\n documentation.\n\n\nDjango REST framework OAuth\n\n\nThe \nDjango REST framework OAuth\n package provides both OAuth1 and OAuth2 support for REST framework.\n\n\nThis package was previously included directly in REST framework but is now supported and maintained as a third party package.\n\n\nInstallation \n configuration\n\n\nInstall the package using \npip\n.\n\n\npip install djangorestframework-oauth\n\n\n\nFor details on configuration and usage see the Django REST framework OAuth documentation for \nauthentication\n and \npermissions\n.\n\n\nDigest Authentication\n\n\nHTTP digest authentication is a widely implemented scheme that was intended to replace HTTP basic authentication, and which provides a simple encrypted authentication mechanism. \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-digestauth\n package which provides HTTP digest authentication support for REST framework.\n\n\nJSON Web Token Authentication\n\n\nJSON Web Token is a fairly new standard which can be used for token-based authentication. Unlike the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme, JWT Authentication doesn't need to use a database to validate a token. A package for JWT authentication is \ndjangorestframework-simplejwt\n which provides some features as well as a pluggable token blacklist app.\n\n\nHawk HTTP Authentication\n\n\nThe \nHawkREST\n library builds on the \nMohawk\n library to let you work with \nHawk\n signed requests and responses in your API. \nHawk\n lets two parties securely communicate with each other using messages signed by a shared key. It is based on \nHTTP MAC access authentication\n (which was based on parts of \nOAuth 1.0\n).\n\n\nHTTP Signature Authentication\n\n\nHTTP Signature (currently a \nIETF draft\n) provides a way to achieve origin authentication and message integrity for HTTP messages. Similar to \nAmazon's HTTP Signature scheme\n, used by many of its services, it permits stateless, per-request authentication. \nElvio Toccalino\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n (outdated) package which provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism. You can use the updated fork version of \ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n, which is \ndrf-httpsig\n.\n\n\nDjoser\n\n\nDjoser\n library provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation. The package works with a custom user model and it uses token based authentication. This is a ready to use REST implementation of Django authentication system.\n\n\ndjango-rest-auth\n\n\nDjango-rest-auth\n library provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc. By having these API endpoints, your client apps such as AngularJS, iOS, Android, and others can communicate to your Django backend site independently via REST APIs for user management.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-social-oauth2\n\n\nDjango-rest-framework-social-oauth2\n library provides an easy way to integrate social plugins (facebook, twitter, google, etc.) to your authentication system and an easy oauth2 setup. With this library, you will be able to authenticate users based on external tokens (e.g. facebook access token), convert these tokens to \"in-house\" oauth2 tokens and use and generate oauth2 tokens to authenticate your users.\n\n\ndjango-rest-knox\n\n\nDjango-rest-knox\n library provides models and views to handle token based authentication in a more secure and extensible way than the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme - with Single Page Applications and Mobile clients in mind. It provides per-client tokens, and views to generate them when provided some other authentication (usually basic authentication), to delete the token (providing a server enforced logout) and to delete all tokens (logs out all clients that a user is logged into).\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless support to Django REST Framework's own TokenAuthentication scheme. Users log in and sign up with a token sent to a contact point like an email address or a mobile number.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/",
+            "text": "Authentication\n\n\n\n\nAuth needs to be pluggable.\n\n\n\u2014 Jacob Kaplan-Moss, \n\"REST worst practices\"\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication is the mechanism of associating an incoming request with a set of identifying credentials, such as the user the request came from, or the token that it was signed with.  The \npermission\n and \nthrottling\n policies can then use those credentials to determine if the request should be permitted.\n\n\nREST framework provides a number of authentication schemes out of the box, and also allows you to implement custom schemes.\n\n\nAuthentication is always run at the very start of the view, before the permission and throttling checks occur, and before any other code is allowed to proceed.\n\n\nThe \nrequest.user\n property will typically be set to an instance of the \ncontrib.auth\n package's \nUser\n class.\n\n\nThe \nrequest.auth\n property is used for any additional authentication information, for example, it may be used to represent an authentication token that the request was signed with.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n Don't forget that \nauthentication by itself won't allow or disallow an incoming request\n, it simply identifies the credentials that the request was made with.\n\n\nFor information on how to setup the permission polices for your API please see the \npermissions documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nHow authentication is determined\n\n\nThe authentication schemes are always defined as a list of classes.  REST framework will attempt to authenticate with each class in the list, and will set \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n using the return value of the first class that successfully authenticates.\n\n\nIf no class authenticates, \nrequest.user\n will be set to an instance of \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n, and \nrequest.auth\n will be set to \nNone\n.\n\n\nThe value of \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n for unauthenticated requests can be modified using the \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n and \nUNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN\n settings.\n\n\nSetting the authentication scheme\n\n\nThe default authentication schemes may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n setting.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',\n        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the authentication scheme on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    authentication_classes = (SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication)\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n            'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@authentication_classes((SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication))\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n        'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nUnauthorized and Forbidden responses\n\n\nWhen an unauthenticated request is denied permission there are two different error codes that may be appropriate.\n\n\n\n\nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n\n\nHTTP 403 Permission Denied\n\n\n\n\nHTTP 401 responses must always include a \nWWW-Authenticate\n header, that instructs the client how to authenticate.  HTTP 403 responses do not include the \nWWW-Authenticate\n header.\n\n\nThe kind of response that will be used depends on the authentication scheme.  Although multiple authentication schemes may be in use, only one scheme may be used to determine the type of response.  \nThe first authentication class set on the view is used when determining the type of response\n.\n\n\nNote that when a request may successfully authenticate, but still be denied permission to perform the request, in which case a \n403 Permission Denied\n response will always be used, regardless of the authentication scheme.\n\n\nApache mod_wsgi specific configuration\n\n\nNote that if deploying to \nApache using mod_wsgi\n, the authorization header is not passed through to a WSGI application by default, as it is assumed that authentication will be handled by Apache, rather than at an application level.\n\n\nIf you are deploying to Apache, and using any non-session based authentication, you will need to explicitly configure mod_wsgi to pass the required headers through to the application.  This can be done by specifying the \nWSGIPassAuthorization\n directive in the appropriate context and setting it to \n'On'\n.\n\n\n# this can go in either server config, virtual host, directory or .htaccess\nWSGIPassAuthorization On\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nBasicAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses \nHTTP Basic Authentication\n, signed against a user's username and password.  Basic authentication is generally only appropriate for testing.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nBasicAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:\n\n\nWWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"api\"\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you use \nBasicAuthentication\n in production you must ensure that your API is only available over \nhttps\n.  You should also ensure that your API clients will always re-request the username and password at login, and will never store those details to persistent storage.\n\n\nTokenAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses a simple token-based HTTP Authentication scheme.  Token authentication is appropriate for client-server setups, such as native desktop and mobile clients.\n\n\nTo use the \nTokenAuthentication\n scheme you'll need to \nconfigure the authentication classes\n to include \nTokenAuthentication\n, and additionally include \nrest_framework.authtoken\n in your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting:\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework.authtoken'\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n Make sure to run \nmanage.py migrate\n after changing your settings. The \nrest_framework.authtoken\n app provides Django database migrations.\n\n\n\n\nYou'll also need to create tokens for your users.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\ntoken = Token.objects.create(user=...)\nprint(token.key)\n\n\n\nFor clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the \nAuthorization\n HTTP header.  The key should be prefixed by the string literal \"Token\", with whitespace separating the two strings.  For example:\n\n\nAuthorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you want to use a different keyword in the header, such as \nBearer\n, simply subclass \nTokenAuthentication\n and set the \nkeyword\n class variable.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nTokenAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be a \nrest_framework.authtoken.models.Token\n instance.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:\n\n\nWWW-Authenticate: Token\n\n\n\nThe \ncurl\n command line tool may be useful for testing token authenticated APIs.  For example:\n\n\ncurl -X GET http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/example/ -H 'Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b'\n\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n If you use \nTokenAuthentication\n in production you must ensure that your API is only available over \nhttps\n.\n\n\n\n\nGenerating Tokens\n\n\nBy using signals\n\n\nIf you want every user to have an automatically generated Token, you can simply catch the User's \npost_save\n signal.\n\n\nfrom django.conf import settings\nfrom django.db.models.signals import post_save\nfrom django.dispatch import receiver\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)\ndef create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):\n    if created:\n        Token.objects.create(user=instance)\n\n\n\nNote that you'll want to ensure you place this code snippet in an installed \nmodels.py\n module, or some other location that will be imported by Django on startup.\n\n\nIf you've already created some users, you can generate tokens for all existing users like this:\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\nfor user in User.objects.all():\n    Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n\n\n\nBy exposing an api endpoint\n\n\nWhen using \nTokenAuthentication\n, you may want to provide a mechanism for clients to obtain a token given the username and password.  REST framework provides a built-in view to provide this behavior.  To use it, add the \nobtain_auth_token\n view to your URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken import views\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', views.obtain_auth_token)\n]\n\n\n\nNote that the URL part of the pattern can be whatever you want to use.\n\n\nThe \nobtain_auth_token\n view will return a JSON response when valid \nusername\n and \npassword\n fields are POSTed to the view using form data or JSON:\n\n\n{ 'token' : '9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b' }\n\n\n\nNote that the default \nobtain_auth_token\n view explicitly uses JSON requests and responses, rather than using default renderer and parser classes in your settings.\n\n\nBy default there are no permissions or throttling applied to the  \nobtain_auth_token\n view. If you do wish to apply throttling you'll need to override the view class,\nand include them using the \nthrottle_classes\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you need a customized version of the \nobtain_auth_token\n view, you can do so by subclassing the \nObtainAuthToken\n view class, and using that in your url conf instead.\n\n\nFor example, you may return additional user information beyond the \ntoken\n value:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.views import ObtainAuthToken\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass CustomAuthToken(ObtainAuthToken):\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        serializer = self.serializer_class(data=request.data,\n                                           context={'request': request})\n        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n        user = serializer.validated_data['user']\n        token, created = Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n        return Response({\n            'token': token.key,\n            'user_id': user.pk,\n            'email': user.email\n        })\n\n\n\nAnd in your \nurls.py\n:\n\n\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', CustomAuthToken.as_view())\n]\n\n\n\nWith Django admin\n\n\nIt is also possible to create Tokens manually through admin interface. In case you are using a large user base, we recommend that you monkey patch the \nTokenAdmin\n class to customize it to your needs, more specifically by declaring the \nuser\n field as \nraw_field\n.\n\n\nyour_app/admin.py\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.admin import TokenAdmin\n\nTokenAdmin.raw_id_fields = ('user',)\n\n\n\nUsing Django manage.py command\n\n\nSince version 3.6.4 it's possible to generate a user token using the following command:\n\n\n./manage.py drf_create_token \n\n\n\nthis command will return the API token for the given user, creating it if it doesn't exist:\n\n\nGenerated token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b for user user1\n\n\n\nIn case you want to regenerate the token (for example if it has been compromised or leaked) you can pass an additional parameter:\n\n\n./manage.py drf_create_token -r \n\n\n\nSessionAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme uses Django's default session backend for authentication.  Session authentication is appropriate for AJAX clients that are running in the same session context as your website.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nSessionAuthentication\n provides the following credentials.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nUnauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an \nHTTP 403 Forbidden\n response.\n\n\nIf you're using an AJAX style API with SessionAuthentication, you'll need to make sure you include a valid CSRF token for any \"unsafe\" HTTP method calls, such as \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n, \nPOST\n or \nDELETE\n requests.  See the \nDjango CSRF documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nWarning\n: Always use Django's standard login view when creating login pages. This will ensure your login views are properly protected.\n\n\nCSRF validation in REST framework works slightly differently to standard Django due to the need to support both session and non-session based authentication to the same views. This means that only authenticated requests require CSRF tokens, and anonymous requests may be sent without CSRF tokens. This behaviour is not suitable for login views, which should always have CSRF validation applied.\n\n\nRemoteUserAuthentication\n\n\nThis authentication scheme allows you to delegate authentication to your web server, which sets the \nREMOTE_USER\n\nenvironment variable.\n\n\nTo use it, you must have \ndjango.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend\n (or a subclass) in your\n\nAUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS\n setting. By default, \nRemoteUserBackend\n creates \nUser\n objects for usernames that don't\nalready exist. To change this and other behaviour, consult the\n\nDjango documentation\n.\n\n\nIf successfully authenticated, \nRemoteUserAuthentication\n provides the following credentials:\n\n\n\n\nrequest.user\n will be a Django \nUser\n instance.\n\n\nrequest.auth\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\nConsult your web server's documentation for information about configuring an authentication method, e.g.:\n\n\n\n\nApache Authentication How-To\n\n\nNGINX (Restricting Access)\n\n\n\n\nCustom authentication\n\n\nTo implement a custom authentication scheme, subclass \nBaseAuthentication\n and override the \n.authenticate(self, request)\n method.  The method should return a two-tuple of \n(user, auth)\n if authentication succeeds, or \nNone\n otherwise.\n\n\nIn some circumstances instead of returning \nNone\n, you may want to raise an \nAuthenticationFailed\n exception from the \n.authenticate()\n method.\n\n\nTypically the approach you should take is:\n\n\n\n\nIf authentication is not attempted, return \nNone\n.  Any other authentication schemes also in use will still be checked.\n\n\nIf authentication is attempted but fails, raise a \nAuthenticationFailed\n exception.  An error response will be returned immediately, regardless of any permissions checks, and without checking any other authentication schemes.\n\n\n\n\nYou \nmay\n also override the \n.authenticate_header(self, request)\n method.  If implemented, it should return a string that will be used as the value of the \nWWW-Authenticate\n header in a \nHTTP 401 Unauthorized\n response.\n\n\nIf the \n.authenticate_header()\n method is not overridden, the authentication scheme will return \nHTTP 403 Forbidden\n responses when an unauthenticated request is denied access.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n When your custom authenticator is invoked by the request object's \n.user\n or \n.auth\n properties, you may see an \nAttributeError\n re-raised as a \nWrappedAttributeError\n. This is necessary to prevent the original exception from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the \nAttributeError\n orginates from your custom authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a \n.user\n or \n.auth\n property. These errors should be fixed or otherwise handled by your authenticator.\n\n\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example will authenticate any incoming request as the user given by the username in a custom request header named 'X_USERNAME'.\n\n\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import authentication\nfrom rest_framework import exceptions\n\nclass ExampleAuthentication(authentication.BaseAuthentication):\n    def authenticate(self, request):\n        username = request.META.get('X_USERNAME')\n        if not username:\n            return None\n\n        try:\n            user = User.objects.get(username=username)\n        except User.DoesNotExist:\n            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('No such user')\n\n        return (user, None)\n\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDjango OAuth Toolkit\n\n\nThe \nDjango OAuth Toolkit\n package provides OAuth 2.0 support, and works with Python 2.7 and Python 3.3+. The package is maintained by \nEvonove\n and uses the excellent \nOAuthLib\n.  The package is well documented, and well supported and is currently our \nrecommended package for OAuth 2.0 support\n.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall using \npip\n.\n\n\npip install django-oauth-toolkit\n\n\n\nAdd the package to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n and modify your REST framework settings.\n\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'oauth2_provider',\n)\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'oauth2_provider.contrib.rest_framework.OAuth2Authentication',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nFor more details see the \nDjango REST framework - Getting started\n documentation.\n\n\nDjango REST framework OAuth\n\n\nThe \nDjango REST framework OAuth\n package provides both OAuth1 and OAuth2 support for REST framework.\n\n\nThis package was previously included directly in REST framework but is now supported and maintained as a third party package.\n\n\nInstallation & configuration\n\n\nInstall the package using \npip\n.\n\n\npip install djangorestframework-oauth\n\n\n\nFor details on configuration and usage see the Django REST framework OAuth documentation for \nauthentication\n and \npermissions\n.\n\n\nDigest Authentication\n\n\nHTTP digest authentication is a widely implemented scheme that was intended to replace HTTP basic authentication, and which provides a simple encrypted authentication mechanism. \nJuan Riaza\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-digestauth\n package which provides HTTP digest authentication support for REST framework.\n\n\nJSON Web Token Authentication\n\n\nJSON Web Token is a fairly new standard which can be used for token-based authentication. Unlike the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme, JWT Authentication doesn't need to use a database to validate a token. A package for JWT authentication is \ndjangorestframework-simplejwt\n which provides some features as well as a pluggable token blacklist app.\n\n\nHawk HTTP Authentication\n\n\nThe \nHawkREST\n library builds on the \nMohawk\n library to let you work with \nHawk\n signed requests and responses in your API. \nHawk\n lets two parties securely communicate with each other using messages signed by a shared key. It is based on \nHTTP MAC access authentication\n (which was based on parts of \nOAuth 1.0\n).\n\n\nHTTP Signature Authentication\n\n\nHTTP Signature (currently a \nIETF draft\n) provides a way to achieve origin authentication and message integrity for HTTP messages. Similar to \nAmazon's HTTP Signature scheme\n, used by many of its services, it permits stateless, per-request authentication. \nElvio Toccalino\n maintains the \ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n (outdated) package which provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism. You can use the updated fork version of \ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n, which is \ndrf-httpsig\n.\n\n\nDjoser\n\n\nDjoser\n library provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation. The package works with a custom user model and it uses token based authentication. This is a ready to use REST implementation of Django authentication system.\n\n\ndjango-rest-auth\n\n\nDjango-rest-auth\n library provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc. By having these API endpoints, your client apps such as AngularJS, iOS, Android, and others can communicate to your Django backend site independently via REST APIs for user management.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-social-oauth2\n\n\nDjango-rest-framework-social-oauth2\n library provides an easy way to integrate social plugins (facebook, twitter, google, etc.) to your authentication system and an easy oauth2 setup. With this library, you will be able to authenticate users based on external tokens (e.g. facebook access token), convert these tokens to \"in-house\" oauth2 tokens and use and generate oauth2 tokens to authenticate your users.\n\n\ndjango-rest-knox\n\n\nDjango-rest-knox\n library provides models and views to handle token based authentication in a more secure and extensible way than the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme - with Single Page Applications and Mobile clients in mind. It provides per-client tokens, and views to generate them when provided some other authentication (usually basic authentication), to delete the token (providing a server enforced logout) and to delete all tokens (logs out all clients that a user is logged into).\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless support to Django REST Framework's own TokenAuthentication scheme. Users log in and sign up with a token sent to a contact point like an email address or a mobile number.",
             "title": "Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#authentication", 
-            "text": "Auth needs to be pluggable.   Jacob Kaplan-Moss,  \"REST worst practices\"   Authentication is the mechanism of associating an incoming request with a set of identifying credentials, such as the user the request came from, or the token that it was signed with.  The  permission  and  throttling  policies can then use those credentials to determine if the request should be permitted.  REST framework provides a number of authentication schemes out of the box, and also allows you to implement custom schemes.  Authentication is always run at the very start of the view, before the permission and throttling checks occur, and before any other code is allowed to proceed.  The  request.user  property will typically be set to an instance of the  contrib.auth  package's  User  class.  The  request.auth  property is used for any additional authentication information, for example, it may be used to represent an authentication token that the request was signed with.   Note:  Don't forget that  authentication by itself won't allow or disallow an incoming request , it simply identifies the credentials that the request was made with.  For information on how to setup the permission polices for your API please see the  permissions documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#authentication",
+            "text": "Auth needs to be pluggable.  \u2014 Jacob Kaplan-Moss,  \"REST worst practices\"   Authentication is the mechanism of associating an incoming request with a set of identifying credentials, such as the user the request came from, or the token that it was signed with.  The  permission  and  throttling  policies can then use those credentials to determine if the request should be permitted.  REST framework provides a number of authentication schemes out of the box, and also allows you to implement custom schemes.  Authentication is always run at the very start of the view, before the permission and throttling checks occur, and before any other code is allowed to proceed.  The  request.user  property will typically be set to an instance of the  contrib.auth  package's  User  class.  The  request.auth  property is used for any additional authentication information, for example, it may be used to represent an authentication token that the request was signed with.   Note:  Don't forget that  authentication by itself won't allow or disallow an incoming request , it simply identifies the credentials that the request was made with.  For information on how to setup the permission polices for your API please see the  permissions documentation .",
             "title": "Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#how-authentication-is-determined", 
-            "text": "The authentication schemes are always defined as a list of classes.  REST framework will attempt to authenticate with each class in the list, and will set  request.user  and  request.auth  using the return value of the first class that successfully authenticates.  If no class authenticates,  request.user  will be set to an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser , and  request.auth  will be set to  None .  The value of  request.user  and  request.auth  for unauthenticated requests can be modified using the  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER  and  UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN  settings.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#how-authentication-is-determined",
+            "text": "The authentication schemes are always defined as a list of classes.  REST framework will attempt to authenticate with each class in the list, and will set  request.user  and  request.auth  using the return value of the first class that successfully authenticates.  If no class authenticates,  request.user  will be set to an instance of  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser , and  request.auth  will be set to  None .  The value of  request.user  and  request.auth  for unauthenticated requests can be modified using the  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER  and  UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN  settings.",
             "title": "How authentication is determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#setting-the-authentication-scheme", 
-            "text": "The default authentication schemes may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES  setting.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',\n        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    )\n}  You can also set the authentication scheme on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    authentication_classes = (SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication)\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n            'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@authentication_classes((SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication))\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n        'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n    }\n    return Response(content)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#setting-the-authentication-scheme",
+            "text": "The default authentication schemes may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES  setting.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',\n        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    )\n}  You can also set the authentication scheme on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    authentication_classes = (SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication)\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n            'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@authentication_classes((SessionAuthentication, BasicAuthentication))\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated,))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'user': unicode(request.user),  # `django.contrib.auth.User` instance.\n        'auth': unicode(request.auth),  # None\n    }\n    return Response(content)",
             "title": "Setting the authentication scheme"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#unauthorized-and-forbidden-responses", 
-            "text": "When an unauthenticated request is denied permission there are two different error codes that may be appropriate.   HTTP 401 Unauthorized  HTTP 403 Permission Denied   HTTP 401 responses must always include a  WWW-Authenticate  header, that instructs the client how to authenticate.  HTTP 403 responses do not include the  WWW-Authenticate  header.  The kind of response that will be used depends on the authentication scheme.  Although multiple authentication schemes may be in use, only one scheme may be used to determine the type of response.   The first authentication class set on the view is used when determining the type of response .  Note that when a request may successfully authenticate, but still be denied permission to perform the request, in which case a  403 Permission Denied  response will always be used, regardless of the authentication scheme.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#unauthorized-and-forbidden-responses",
+            "text": "When an unauthenticated request is denied permission there are two different error codes that may be appropriate.   HTTP 401 Unauthorized  HTTP 403 Permission Denied   HTTP 401 responses must always include a  WWW-Authenticate  header, that instructs the client how to authenticate.  HTTP 403 responses do not include the  WWW-Authenticate  header.  The kind of response that will be used depends on the authentication scheme.  Although multiple authentication schemes may be in use, only one scheme may be used to determine the type of response.   The first authentication class set on the view is used when determining the type of response .  Note that when a request may successfully authenticate, but still be denied permission to perform the request, in which case a  403 Permission Denied  response will always be used, regardless of the authentication scheme.",
             "title": "Unauthorized and Forbidden responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#apache-mod_wsgi-specific-configuration", 
-            "text": "Note that if deploying to  Apache using mod_wsgi , the authorization header is not passed through to a WSGI application by default, as it is assumed that authentication will be handled by Apache, rather than at an application level.  If you are deploying to Apache, and using any non-session based authentication, you will need to explicitly configure mod_wsgi to pass the required headers through to the application.  This can be done by specifying the  WSGIPassAuthorization  directive in the appropriate context and setting it to  'On' .  # this can go in either server config, virtual host, directory or .htaccess\nWSGIPassAuthorization On", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#apache-mod_wsgi-specific-configuration",
+            "text": "Note that if deploying to  Apache using mod_wsgi , the authorization header is not passed through to a WSGI application by default, as it is assumed that authentication will be handled by Apache, rather than at an application level.  If you are deploying to Apache, and using any non-session based authentication, you will need to explicitly configure mod_wsgi to pass the required headers through to the application.  This can be done by specifying the  WSGIPassAuthorization  directive in the appropriate context and setting it to  'On' .  # this can go in either server config, virtual host, directory or .htaccess\nWSGIPassAuthorization On",
             "title": "Apache mod_wsgi specific configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#basicauthentication", 
-            "text": "This authentication scheme uses  HTTP Basic Authentication , signed against a user's username and password.  Basic authentication is generally only appropriate for testing.  If successfully authenticated,  BasicAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:  WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"api\"  Note:  If you use  BasicAuthentication  in production you must ensure that your API is only available over  https .  You should also ensure that your API clients will always re-request the username and password at login, and will never store those details to persistent storage.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#basicauthentication",
+            "text": "This authentication scheme uses  HTTP Basic Authentication , signed against a user's username and password.  Basic authentication is generally only appropriate for testing.  If successfully authenticated,  BasicAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:  WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"api\"  Note:  If you use  BasicAuthentication  in production you must ensure that your API is only available over  https .  You should also ensure that your API clients will always re-request the username and password at login, and will never store those details to persistent storage.",
             "title": "BasicAuthentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#tokenauthentication", 
-            "text": "This authentication scheme uses a simple token-based HTTP Authentication scheme.  Token authentication is appropriate for client-server setups, such as native desktop and mobile clients.  To use the  TokenAuthentication  scheme you'll need to  configure the authentication classes  to include  TokenAuthentication , and additionally include  rest_framework.authtoken  in your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting:  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework.authtoken'\n)   Note:  Make sure to run  manage.py migrate  after changing your settings. The  rest_framework.authtoken  app provides Django database migrations.   You'll also need to create tokens for your users.  from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\ntoken = Token.objects.create(user=...)\nprint token.key  For clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the  Authorization  HTTP header.  The key should be prefixed by the string literal \"Token\", with whitespace separating the two strings.  For example:  Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b  Note:  If you want to use a different keyword in the header, such as  Bearer , simply subclass  TokenAuthentication  and set the  keyword  class variable.  If successfully authenticated,  TokenAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be a  rest_framework.authtoken.models.Token  instance.   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:  WWW-Authenticate: Token  The  curl  command line tool may be useful for testing token authenticated APIs.  For example:  curl -X GET http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/example/ -H 'Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b'   Note:  If you use  TokenAuthentication  in production you must ensure that your API is only available over  https .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#tokenauthentication",
+            "text": "This authentication scheme uses a simple token-based HTTP Authentication scheme.  Token authentication is appropriate for client-server setups, such as native desktop and mobile clients.  To use the  TokenAuthentication  scheme you'll need to  configure the authentication classes  to include  TokenAuthentication , and additionally include  rest_framework.authtoken  in your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting:  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'rest_framework.authtoken'\n)   Note:  Make sure to run  manage.py migrate  after changing your settings. The  rest_framework.authtoken  app provides Django database migrations.   You'll also need to create tokens for your users.  from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\ntoken = Token.objects.create(user=...)\nprint(token.key)  For clients to authenticate, the token key should be included in the  Authorization  HTTP header.  The key should be prefixed by the string literal \"Token\", with whitespace separating the two strings.  For example:  Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b  Note:  If you want to use a different keyword in the header, such as  Bearer , simply subclass  TokenAuthentication  and set the  keyword  class variable.  If successfully authenticated,  TokenAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be a  rest_framework.authtoken.models.Token  instance.   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response with an appropriate WWW-Authenticate header.  For example:  WWW-Authenticate: Token  The  curl  command line tool may be useful for testing token authenticated APIs.  For example:  curl -X GET http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/example/ -H 'Authorization: Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b'   Note:  If you use  TokenAuthentication  in production you must ensure that your API is only available over  https .",
             "title": "TokenAuthentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#generating-tokens", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#generating-tokens",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Generating Tokens"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#by-using-signals", 
-            "text": "If you want every user to have an automatically generated Token, you can simply catch the User's  post_save  signal.  from django.conf import settings\nfrom django.db.models.signals import post_save\nfrom django.dispatch import receiver\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)\ndef create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):\n    if created:\n        Token.objects.create(user=instance)  Note that you'll want to ensure you place this code snippet in an installed  models.py  module, or some other location that will be imported by Django on startup.  If you've already created some users, you can generate tokens for all existing users like this:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\nfor user in User.objects.all():\n    Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#by-using-signals",
+            "text": "If you want every user to have an automatically generated Token, you can simply catch the User's  post_save  signal.  from django.conf import settings\nfrom django.db.models.signals import post_save\nfrom django.dispatch import receiver\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)\ndef create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):\n    if created:\n        Token.objects.create(user=instance)  Note that you'll want to ensure you place this code snippet in an installed  models.py  module, or some other location that will be imported by Django on startup.  If you've already created some users, you can generate tokens for all existing users like this:  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\n\nfor user in User.objects.all():\n    Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)",
             "title": "By using signals"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#by-exposing-an-api-endpoint", 
-            "text": "When using  TokenAuthentication , you may want to provide a mechanism for clients to obtain a token given the username and password.  REST framework provides a built-in view to provide this behavior.  To use it, add the  obtain_auth_token  view to your URLconf:  from rest_framework.authtoken import views\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', views.obtain_auth_token)\n]  Note that the URL part of the pattern can be whatever you want to use.  The  obtain_auth_token  view will return a JSON response when valid  username  and  password  fields are POSTed to the view using form data or JSON:  { 'token' : '9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b' }  Note that the default  obtain_auth_token  view explicitly uses JSON requests and responses, rather than using default renderer and parser classes in your settings.  By default there are no permissions or throttling applied to the   obtain_auth_token  view. If you do wish to apply throttling you'll need to override the view class,\nand include them using the  throttle_classes  attribute.  If you need a customized version of the  obtain_auth_token  view, you can do so by subclassing the  ObtainAuthToken  view class, and using that in your url conf instead.  For example, you may return additional user information beyond the  token  value:  from rest_framework.authtoken.views import ObtainAuthToken\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass CustomAuthToken(ObtainAuthToken):\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        serializer = self.serializer_class(data=request.data,\n                                           context={'request': request})\n        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n        user = serializer.validated_data['user']\n        token, created = Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n        return Response({\n            'token': token.key,\n            'user_id': user.pk,\n            'email': user.email\n        })  And in your  urls.py :  urlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', CustomAuthToken.as_view())\n]", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#by-exposing-an-api-endpoint",
+            "text": "When using  TokenAuthentication , you may want to provide a mechanism for clients to obtain a token given the username and password.  REST framework provides a built-in view to provide this behavior.  To use it, add the  obtain_auth_token  view to your URLconf:  from rest_framework.authtoken import views\nurlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', views.obtain_auth_token)\n]  Note that the URL part of the pattern can be whatever you want to use.  The  obtain_auth_token  view will return a JSON response when valid  username  and  password  fields are POSTed to the view using form data or JSON:  { 'token' : '9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b' }  Note that the default  obtain_auth_token  view explicitly uses JSON requests and responses, rather than using default renderer and parser classes in your settings.  By default there are no permissions or throttling applied to the   obtain_auth_token  view. If you do wish to apply throttling you'll need to override the view class,\nand include them using the  throttle_classes  attribute.  If you need a customized version of the  obtain_auth_token  view, you can do so by subclassing the  ObtainAuthToken  view class, and using that in your url conf instead.  For example, you may return additional user information beyond the  token  value:  from rest_framework.authtoken.views import ObtainAuthToken\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\nclass CustomAuthToken(ObtainAuthToken):\n\n    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        serializer = self.serializer_class(data=request.data,\n                                           context={'request': request})\n        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n        user = serializer.validated_data['user']\n        token, created = Token.objects.get_or_create(user=user)\n        return Response({\n            'token': token.key,\n            'user_id': user.pk,\n            'email': user.email\n        })  And in your  urls.py :  urlpatterns += [\n    url(r'^api-token-auth/', CustomAuthToken.as_view())\n]",
             "title": "By exposing an api endpoint"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#with-django-admin", 
-            "text": "It is also possible to create Tokens manually through admin interface. In case you are using a large user base, we recommend that you monkey patch the  TokenAdmin  class to customize it to your needs, more specifically by declaring the  user  field as  raw_field .  your_app/admin.py :  from rest_framework.authtoken.admin import TokenAdmin\n\nTokenAdmin.raw_id_fields = ('user',)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#with-django-admin",
+            "text": "It is also possible to create Tokens manually through admin interface. In case you are using a large user base, we recommend that you monkey patch the  TokenAdmin  class to customize it to your needs, more specifically by declaring the  user  field as  raw_field .  your_app/admin.py :  from rest_framework.authtoken.admin import TokenAdmin\n\nTokenAdmin.raw_id_fields = ('user',)",
             "title": "With Django admin"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#using-django-managepy-command", 
-            "text": "Since version 3.6.4 it's possible to generate a user token using the following command:  ./manage.py drf_create_token  username   this command will return the API token for the given user, creating it if it doesn't exist:  Generated token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b for user user1  In case you want to regenerate the token (for example if it has been compromised or leaked) you can pass an additional parameter:  ./manage.py drf_create_token -r  username", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#using-django-managepy-command",
+            "text": "Since version 3.6.4 it's possible to generate a user token using the following command:  ./manage.py drf_create_token   this command will return the API token for the given user, creating it if it doesn't exist:  Generated token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b for user user1  In case you want to regenerate the token (for example if it has been compromised or leaked) you can pass an additional parameter:  ./manage.py drf_create_token -r ",
             "title": "Using Django manage.py command"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#sessionauthentication", 
-            "text": "This authentication scheme uses Django's default session backend for authentication.  Session authentication is appropriate for AJAX clients that are running in the same session context as your website.  If successfully authenticated,  SessionAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 403 Forbidden  response.  If you're using an AJAX style API with SessionAuthentication, you'll need to make sure you include a valid CSRF token for any \"unsafe\" HTTP method calls, such as  PUT ,  PATCH ,  POST  or  DELETE  requests.  See the  Django CSRF documentation  for more details.  Warning : Always use Django's standard login view when creating login pages. This will ensure your login views are properly protected.  CSRF validation in REST framework works slightly differently to standard Django due to the need to support both session and non-session based authentication to the same views. This means that only authenticated requests require CSRF tokens, and anonymous requests may be sent without CSRF tokens. This behaviour is not suitable for login views, which should always have CSRF validation applied.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#sessionauthentication",
+            "text": "This authentication scheme uses Django's default session backend for authentication.  Session authentication is appropriate for AJAX clients that are running in the same session context as your website.  If successfully authenticated,  SessionAuthentication  provides the following credentials.   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Unauthenticated responses that are denied permission will result in an  HTTP 403 Forbidden  response.  If you're using an AJAX style API with SessionAuthentication, you'll need to make sure you include a valid CSRF token for any \"unsafe\" HTTP method calls, such as  PUT ,  PATCH ,  POST  or  DELETE  requests.  See the  Django CSRF documentation  for more details.  Warning : Always use Django's standard login view when creating login pages. This will ensure your login views are properly protected.  CSRF validation in REST framework works slightly differently to standard Django due to the need to support both session and non-session based authentication to the same views. This means that only authenticated requests require CSRF tokens, and anonymous requests may be sent without CSRF tokens. This behaviour is not suitable for login views, which should always have CSRF validation applied.",
             "title": "SessionAuthentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#remoteuserauthentication", 
-            "text": "This authentication scheme allows you to delegate authentication to your web server, which sets the  REMOTE_USER \nenvironment variable.  To use it, you must have  django.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend  (or a subclass) in your AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS  setting. By default,  RemoteUserBackend  creates  User  objects for usernames that don't\nalready exist. To change this and other behaviour, consult the Django documentation .  If successfully authenticated,  RemoteUserAuthentication  provides the following credentials:   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Consult your web server's documentation for information about configuring an authentication method, e.g.:   Apache Authentication How-To  NGINX (Restricting Access)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#remoteuserauthentication",
+            "text": "This authentication scheme allows you to delegate authentication to your web server, which sets the  REMOTE_USER \nenvironment variable.  To use it, you must have  django.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend  (or a subclass) in your AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS  setting. By default,  RemoteUserBackend  creates  User  objects for usernames that don't\nalready exist. To change this and other behaviour, consult the Django documentation .  If successfully authenticated,  RemoteUserAuthentication  provides the following credentials:   request.user  will be a Django  User  instance.  request.auth  will be  None .   Consult your web server's documentation for information about configuring an authentication method, e.g.:   Apache Authentication How-To  NGINX (Restricting Access)",
             "title": "RemoteUserAuthentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#custom-authentication", 
-            "text": "To implement a custom authentication scheme, subclass  BaseAuthentication  and override the  .authenticate(self, request)  method.  The method should return a two-tuple of  (user, auth)  if authentication succeeds, or  None  otherwise.  In some circumstances instead of returning  None , you may want to raise an  AuthenticationFailed  exception from the  .authenticate()  method.  Typically the approach you should take is:   If authentication is not attempted, return  None .  Any other authentication schemes also in use will still be checked.  If authentication is attempted but fails, raise a  AuthenticationFailed  exception.  An error response will be returned immediately, regardless of any permissions checks, and without checking any other authentication schemes.   You  may  also override the  .authenticate_header(self, request)  method.  If implemented, it should return a string that will be used as the value of the  WWW-Authenticate  header in a  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response.  If the  .authenticate_header()  method is not overridden, the authentication scheme will return  HTTP 403 Forbidden  responses when an unauthenticated request is denied access.   Note:  When your custom authenticator is invoked by the request object's  .user  or  .auth  properties, you may see an  AttributeError  re-raised as a  WrappedAttributeError . This is necessary to prevent the original exception from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the  AttributeError  orginates from your custom authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a  .user  or  .auth  property. These errors should be fixed or otherwise handled by your authenticator.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#custom-authentication",
+            "text": "To implement a custom authentication scheme, subclass  BaseAuthentication  and override the  .authenticate(self, request)  method.  The method should return a two-tuple of  (user, auth)  if authentication succeeds, or  None  otherwise.  In some circumstances instead of returning  None , you may want to raise an  AuthenticationFailed  exception from the  .authenticate()  method.  Typically the approach you should take is:   If authentication is not attempted, return  None .  Any other authentication schemes also in use will still be checked.  If authentication is attempted but fails, raise a  AuthenticationFailed  exception.  An error response will be returned immediately, regardless of any permissions checks, and without checking any other authentication schemes.   You  may  also override the  .authenticate_header(self, request)  method.  If implemented, it should return a string that will be used as the value of the  WWW-Authenticate  header in a  HTTP 401 Unauthorized  response.  If the  .authenticate_header()  method is not overridden, the authentication scheme will return  HTTP 403 Forbidden  responses when an unauthenticated request is denied access.   Note:  When your custom authenticator is invoked by the request object's  .user  or  .auth  properties, you may see an  AttributeError  re-raised as a  WrappedAttributeError . This is necessary to prevent the original exception from being suppressed by the outer property access. Python will not recognize that the  AttributeError  orginates from your custom authenticator and will instead assume that the request object does not have a  .user  or  .auth  property. These errors should be fixed or otherwise handled by your authenticator.",
             "title": "Custom authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#example", 
-            "text": "The following example will authenticate any incoming request as the user given by the username in a custom request header named 'X_USERNAME'.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import authentication\nfrom rest_framework import exceptions\n\nclass ExampleAuthentication(authentication.BaseAuthentication):\n    def authenticate(self, request):\n        username = request.META.get('X_USERNAME')\n        if not username:\n            return None\n\n        try:\n            user = User.objects.get(username=username)\n        except User.DoesNotExist:\n            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('No such user')\n\n        return (user, None)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#example",
+            "text": "The following example will authenticate any incoming request as the user given by the username in a custom request header named 'X_USERNAME'.  from django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom rest_framework import authentication\nfrom rest_framework import exceptions\n\nclass ExampleAuthentication(authentication.BaseAuthentication):\n    def authenticate(self, request):\n        username = request.META.get('X_USERNAME')\n        if not username:\n            return None\n\n        try:\n            user = User.objects.get(username=username)\n        except User.DoesNotExist:\n            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('No such user')\n\n        return (user, None)",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-oauth-toolkit", 
-            "text": "The  Django OAuth Toolkit  package provides OAuth 2.0 support, and works with Python 2.7 and Python 3.3+. The package is maintained by  Evonove  and uses the excellent  OAuthLib .  The package is well documented, and well supported and is currently our  recommended package for OAuth 2.0 support .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-oauth-toolkit",
+            "text": "The  Django OAuth Toolkit  package provides OAuth 2.0 support, and works with Python 2.7 and Python 3.3+. The package is maintained by  Evonove  and uses the excellent  OAuthLib .  The package is well documented, and well supported and is currently our  recommended package for OAuth 2.0 support .",
             "title": "Django OAuth Toolkit"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#installation-configuration", 
-            "text": "Install using  pip .  pip install django-oauth-toolkit  Add the package to your  INSTALLED_APPS  and modify your REST framework settings.  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'oauth2_provider',\n)\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'oauth2_provider.contrib.rest_framework.OAuth2Authentication',\n    )\n}  For more details see the  Django REST framework - Getting started  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#installation-configuration",
+            "text": "Install using  pip .  pip install django-oauth-toolkit  Add the package to your  INSTALLED_APPS  and modify your REST framework settings.  INSTALLED_APPS = (\n    ...\n    'oauth2_provider',\n)\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (\n        'oauth2_provider.contrib.rest_framework.OAuth2Authentication',\n    )\n}  For more details see the  Django REST framework - Getting started  documentation.",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-framework-oauth", 
-            "text": "The  Django REST framework OAuth  package provides both OAuth1 and OAuth2 support for REST framework.  This package was previously included directly in REST framework but is now supported and maintained as a third party package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-framework-oauth",
+            "text": "The  Django REST framework OAuth  package provides both OAuth1 and OAuth2 support for REST framework.  This package was previously included directly in REST framework but is now supported and maintained as a third party package.",
             "title": "Django REST framework OAuth"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#installation-configuration_1", 
-            "text": "Install the package using  pip .  pip install djangorestframework-oauth  For details on configuration and usage see the Django REST framework OAuth documentation for  authentication  and  permissions .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#installation-configuration_1",
+            "text": "Install the package using  pip .  pip install djangorestframework-oauth  For details on configuration and usage see the Django REST framework OAuth documentation for  authentication  and  permissions .",
             "title": "Installation & configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#digest-authentication", 
-            "text": "HTTP digest authentication is a widely implemented scheme that was intended to replace HTTP basic authentication, and which provides a simple encrypted authentication mechanism.  Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-digestauth  package which provides HTTP digest authentication support for REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#digest-authentication",
+            "text": "HTTP digest authentication is a widely implemented scheme that was intended to replace HTTP basic authentication, and which provides a simple encrypted authentication mechanism.  Juan Riaza  maintains the  djangorestframework-digestauth  package which provides HTTP digest authentication support for REST framework.",
             "title": "Digest Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#json-web-token-authentication", 
-            "text": "JSON Web Token is a fairly new standard which can be used for token-based authentication. Unlike the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme, JWT Authentication doesn't need to use a database to validate a token. A package for JWT authentication is  djangorestframework-simplejwt  which provides some features as well as a pluggable token blacklist app.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#json-web-token-authentication",
+            "text": "JSON Web Token is a fairly new standard which can be used for token-based authentication. Unlike the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme, JWT Authentication doesn't need to use a database to validate a token. A package for JWT authentication is  djangorestframework-simplejwt  which provides some features as well as a pluggable token blacklist app.",
             "title": "JSON Web Token Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#hawk-http-authentication", 
-            "text": "The  HawkREST  library builds on the  Mohawk  library to let you work with  Hawk  signed requests and responses in your API.  Hawk  lets two parties securely communicate with each other using messages signed by a shared key. It is based on  HTTP MAC access authentication  (which was based on parts of  OAuth 1.0 ).", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#hawk-http-authentication",
+            "text": "The  HawkREST  library builds on the  Mohawk  library to let you work with  Hawk  signed requests and responses in your API.  Hawk  lets two parties securely communicate with each other using messages signed by a shared key. It is based on  HTTP MAC access authentication  (which was based on parts of  OAuth 1.0 ).",
             "title": "Hawk HTTP Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#http-signature-authentication", 
-            "text": "HTTP Signature (currently a  IETF draft ) provides a way to achieve origin authentication and message integrity for HTTP messages. Similar to  Amazon's HTTP Signature scheme , used by many of its services, it permits stateless, per-request authentication.  Elvio Toccalino  maintains the  djangorestframework-httpsignature  (outdated) package which provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism. You can use the updated fork version of  djangorestframework-httpsignature , which is  drf-httpsig .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#http-signature-authentication",
+            "text": "HTTP Signature (currently a  IETF draft ) provides a way to achieve origin authentication and message integrity for HTTP messages. Similar to  Amazon's HTTP Signature scheme , used by many of its services, it permits stateless, per-request authentication.  Elvio Toccalino  maintains the  djangorestframework-httpsignature  (outdated) package which provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism. You can use the updated fork version of  djangorestframework-httpsignature , which is  drf-httpsig .",
             "title": "HTTP Signature Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#djoser", 
-            "text": "Djoser  library provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation. The package works with a custom user model and it uses token based authentication. This is a ready to use REST implementation of Django authentication system.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#djoser",
+            "text": "Djoser  library provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation. The package works with a custom user model and it uses token based authentication. This is a ready to use REST implementation of Django authentication system.",
             "title": "Djoser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-auth", 
-            "text": "Django-rest-auth  library provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc. By having these API endpoints, your client apps such as AngularJS, iOS, Android, and others can communicate to your Django backend site independently via REST APIs for user management.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-auth",
+            "text": "Django-rest-auth  library provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc. By having these API endpoints, your client apps such as AngularJS, iOS, Android, and others can communicate to your Django backend site independently via REST APIs for user management.",
             "title": "django-rest-auth"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-framework-social-oauth2", 
-            "text": "Django-rest-framework-social-oauth2  library provides an easy way to integrate social plugins (facebook, twitter, google, etc.) to your authentication system and an easy oauth2 setup. With this library, you will be able to authenticate users based on external tokens (e.g. facebook access token), convert these tokens to \"in-house\" oauth2 tokens and use and generate oauth2 tokens to authenticate your users.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-framework-social-oauth2",
+            "text": "Django-rest-framework-social-oauth2  library provides an easy way to integrate social plugins (facebook, twitter, google, etc.) to your authentication system and an easy oauth2 setup. With this library, you will be able to authenticate users based on external tokens (e.g. facebook access token), convert these tokens to \"in-house\" oauth2 tokens and use and generate oauth2 tokens to authenticate your users.",
             "title": "django-rest-framework-social-oauth2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-knox", 
-            "text": "Django-rest-knox  library provides models and views to handle token based authentication in a more secure and extensible way than the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme - with Single Page Applications and Mobile clients in mind. It provides per-client tokens, and views to generate them when provided some other authentication (usually basic authentication), to delete the token (providing a server enforced logout) and to delete all tokens (logs out all clients that a user is logged into).", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#django-rest-knox",
+            "text": "Django-rest-knox  library provides models and views to handle token based authentication in a more secure and extensible way than the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme - with Single Page Applications and Mobile clients in mind. It provides per-client tokens, and views to generate them when provided some other authentication (usually basic authentication), to delete the token (providing a server enforced logout) and to delete all tokens (logs out all clients that a user is logged into).",
             "title": "django-rest-knox"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#drfpasswordless", 
-            "text": "drfpasswordless  adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless support to Django REST Framework's own TokenAuthentication scheme. Users log in and sign up with a token sent to a contact point like an email address or a mobile number.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/authentication/#drfpasswordless",
+            "text": "drfpasswordless  adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless support to Django REST Framework's own TokenAuthentication scheme. Users log in and sign up with a token sent to a contact point like an email address or a mobile number.",
             "title": "drfpasswordless"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/", 
-            "text": "Permissions\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication or identification by itself is not usually sufficient to gain access to information or code.  For that, the entity requesting access must have authorization.\n\n\n \nApple Developer Documentation\n\n\n\n\nTogether with \nauthentication\n and \nthrottling\n, permissions determine whether a request should be granted or denied access.\n\n\nPermission checks are always run at the very start of the view, before any other code is allowed to proceed.  Permission checks will typically use the authentication information in the \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n properties to determine if the incoming request should be permitted.\n\n\nPermissions are used to grant or deny access different classes of users to different parts of the API.\n\n\nThe simplest style of permission would be to allow access to any authenticated user, and deny access to any unauthenticated user. This corresponds the \nIsAuthenticated\n class in REST framework.\n\n\nA slightly less strict style of permission would be to allow full access to authenticated users, but allow read-only access to unauthenticated users. This corresponds to the \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n class in REST framework.\n\n\nHow permissions are determined\n\n\nPermissions in REST framework are always defined as a list of permission classes.\n\n\nBefore running the main body of the view each permission in the list is checked.\nIf any permission check fails an \nexceptions.PermissionDenied\n or \nexceptions.NotAuthenticated\n exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.\n\n\nWhen the permissions checks fail either a \"403 Forbidden\" or a \"401 Unauthorized\" response will be returned, according to the following rules:\n\n\n\n\nThe request was successfully authenticated, but permission was denied. \n An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.\n\n\nThe request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class \ndoes not\n use \nWWW-Authenticate\n headers. \n An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.\n\n\nThe request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class \ndoes\n use \nWWW-Authenticate\n headers. \n An HTTP 401 Unauthorized response, with an appropriate \nWWW-Authenticate\n header will be returned.\n\n\n\n\nObject level permissions\n\n\nREST framework permissions also support object-level permissioning.  Object level permissions are used to determine if a user should be allowed to act on a particular object, which will typically be a model instance.\n\n\nObject level permissions are run by REST framework's generic views when \n.get_object()\n is called.\nAs with view level permissions, an \nexceptions.PermissionDenied\n exception will be raised if the user is not allowed to act on the given object.\n\n\nIf you're writing your own views and want to enforce object level permissions,\nor if you override the \nget_object\n method on a generic view, then you'll need to explicitly call the \n.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n method on the view at the point at which you've retrieved the object.\n\n\nThis will either raise a \nPermissionDenied\n or \nNotAuthenticated\n exception, or simply return if the view has the appropriate permissions.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_object(self):\n    obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), pk=self.kwargs[\"pk\"])\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj\n\n\n\nLimitations of object level permissions\n\n\nFor performance reasons the generic views will not automatically apply object level permissions to each instance in a queryset when returning a list of objects.\n\n\nOften when you're using object level permissions you'll also want to \nfilter the queryset\n appropriately, to ensure that users only have visibility onto instances that they are permitted to view.\n\n\nSetting the permission policy\n\n\nThe default permission policy may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n setting.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nIf not specified, this setting defaults to allowing unrestricted access:\n\n\n'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n   'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)\n\n\n\nYou can also set the authentication policy on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated, ))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nNote:\n when you set new permission classes through class attribute or decorators you're telling the view to ignore the default list set over the \nsettings.py\n file.\n\n\nProvided they inherit from \nrest_framework.permissions.BasePermission\n, permissions can be composed using standard Python bitwise operators. For example, \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n could be written:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ReadOnly(BasePermission):\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        return request.method in SAFE_METHODS\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated|ReadOnly)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nNote:\n it only supports \n -and- and | -or-.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAllowAny\n\n\nThe \nAllowAny\n permission class will allow unrestricted access, \nregardless of if the request was authenticated or unauthenticated\n.\n\n\nThis permission is not strictly required, since you can achieve the same result by using an empty list or tuple for the permissions setting, but you may find it useful to specify this class because it makes the intention explicit.\n\n\nIsAuthenticated\n\n\nThe \nIsAuthenticated\n permission class will deny permission to any unauthenticated user, and allow permission otherwise.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to registered users.\n\n\nIsAdminUser\n\n\nThe \nIsAdminUser\n permission class will deny permission to any user, unless \nuser.is_staff\n is \nTrue\n in which case permission will be allowed.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to a subset of trusted administrators.\n\n\nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n\n\nThe \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n will allow authenticated users to perform any request.  Requests for unauthorised users will only be permitted if the request method is one of the \"safe\" methods; \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n or \nOPTIONS\n.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want to your API to allow read permissions to anonymous users, and only allow write permissions to authenticated users.\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissions\n\n\nThis permission class ties into Django's standard \ndjango.contrib.auth\n \nmodel permissions\n.  This permission must only be applied to views that have a \n.queryset\n property set. Authorization will only be granted if the user \nis authenticated\n and has the \nrelevant model permissions\n assigned.\n\n\n\n\nPOST\n requests require the user to have the \nadd\n permission on the model.\n\n\nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests require the user to have the \nchange\n permission on the model.\n\n\nDELETE\n requests require the user to have the \ndelete\n permission on the model.\n\n\n\n\nThe default behaviour can also be overridden to support custom model permissions.  For example, you might want to include a \nview\n model permission for \nGET\n requests.\n\n\nTo use custom model permissions, override \nDjangoModelPermissions\n and set the \n.perms_map\n property.  Refer to the source code for details.\n\n\nUsing with views that do not include a \nqueryset\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you're using this permission with a view that uses an overridden \nget_queryset()\n method there may not be a \nqueryset\n attribute on the view. In this case we suggest also marking the view with a sentinel queryset, so that this class can determine the required permissions. For example:\n\n\nqueryset = User.objects.none()  # Required for DjangoModelPermissions\n\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly\n\n\nSimilar to \nDjangoModelPermissions\n, but also allows unauthenticated users to have read-only access to the API.\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissions\n\n\nThis permission class ties into Django's standard \nobject permissions framework\n that allows per-object permissions on models.  In order to use this permission class, you'll also need to add a permission backend that supports object-level permissions, such as \ndjango-guardian\n.\n\n\nAs with \nDjangoModelPermissions\n, this permission must only be applied to views that have a \n.queryset\n property or \n.get_queryset()\n method. Authorization will only be granted if the user \nis authenticated\n and has the \nrelevant per-object permissions\n and \nrelevant model permissions\n assigned.\n\n\n\n\nPOST\n requests require the user to have the \nadd\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests require the user to have the \nchange\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\nDELETE\n requests require the user to have the \ndelete\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\n\n\nNote that \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n \ndoes not\n require the \ndjango-guardian\n package, and should support other object-level backends equally well.\n\n\nAs with \nDjangoModelPermissions\n you can use custom model permissions by overriding \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n and setting the \n.perms_map\n property.  Refer to the source code for details.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: If you need object level \nview\n permissions for \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n and \nOPTIONS\n requests and are using django-guardian for your object-level permissions backend, you'll want to consider using the \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class provided by the \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package\n. It ensures that list endpoints only return results including objects for which the user has appropriate view permissions.\n\n\n\n\nCustom permissions\n\n\nTo implement a custom permission, override \nBasePermission\n and implement either, or both, of the following methods:\n\n\n\n\n.has_permission(self, request, view)\n\n\n.has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj)\n\n\n\n\nThe methods should return \nTrue\n if the request should be granted access, and \nFalse\n otherwise.\n\n\nIf you need to test if a request is a read operation or a write operation, you should check the request method against the constant \nSAFE_METHODS\n, which is a tuple containing \n'GET'\n, \n'OPTIONS'\n and \n'HEAD'\n.  For example:\n\n\nif request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n    # Check permissions for read-only request\nelse:\n    # Check permissions for write request\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The instance-level \nhas_object_permission\n method will only be called if the view-level \nhas_permission\n checks have already passed. Also note that in order for the instance-level checks to run, the view code should explicitly call \n.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n. If you are using the generic views then this will be handled for you by default. (Function-based views will need to check object permissions explicitly, raising \nPermissionDenied\n on failure.)\n\n\n\n\nCustom permissions will raise a \nPermissionDenied\n exception if the test fails. To change the error message associated with the exception, implement a \nmessage\n attribute directly on your custom permission. Otherwise the \ndefault_detail\n attribute from \nPermissionDenied\n will be used.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass CustomerAccessPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    message = 'Adding customers not allowed.'\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n         ...\n\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nThe following is an example of a permission class that checks the incoming request's IP address against a blacklist, and denies the request if the IP has been blacklisted.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass BlacklistPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Global permission check for blacklisted IPs.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        ip_addr = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']\n        blacklisted = Blacklist.objects.filter(ip_addr=ip_addr).exists()\n        return not blacklisted\n\n\n\nAs well as global permissions, that are run against all incoming requests, you can also create object-level permissions, that are only run against operations that affect a particular object instance.  For example:\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Object-level permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    Assumes the model instance has an `owner` attribute.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Instance must have an attribute named `owner`.\n        return obj.owner == request.user\n\n\n\nNote that the generic views will check the appropriate object level permissions, but if you're writing your own custom views, you'll need to make sure you check the object level permission checks yourself.  You can do so by calling \nself.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n from the view once you have the object instance.  This call will raise an appropriate \nAPIException\n if any object-level permission checks fail, and will otherwise simply return.\n\n\nAlso note that the generic views will only check the object-level permissions for views that retrieve a single model instance.  If you require object-level filtering of list views, you'll need to filter the queryset separately.  See the \nfiltering documentation\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nComposed Permissions\n\n\nThe \nComposed Permissions\n package provides a simple way to define complex and multi-depth (with logic operators) permission objects, using small and reusable components.\n\n\nREST Condition\n\n\nThe \nREST Condition\n package is another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  The extension allows you to combine permissions with logical operators.\n\n\nDRY Rest Permissions\n\n\nThe \nDRY Rest Permissions\n package provides the ability to define different permissions for individual default and custom actions. This package is made for apps with permissions that are derived from relationships defined in the app's data model. It also supports permission checks being returned to a client app through the API's serializer. Additionally it supports adding permissions to the default and custom list actions to restrict the data they retrieve per user.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework Roles\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework Roles\n package makes it easier to parameterize your API over multiple types of users.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework API Key\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework API Key\n package allows you to ensure that every request made to the server requires an API key header. You can generate one from the django admin interface.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework Role Filters\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework Role Filters\n package provides simple filtering over multiple types of roles.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/",
+            "text": "Permissions\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication or identification by itself is not usually sufficient to gain access to information or code.  For that, the entity requesting access must have authorization.\n\n\n\u2014 \nApple Developer Documentation\n\n\n\n\nTogether with \nauthentication\n and \nthrottling\n, permissions determine whether a request should be granted or denied access.\n\n\nPermission checks are always run at the very start of the view, before any other code is allowed to proceed.  Permission checks will typically use the authentication information in the \nrequest.user\n and \nrequest.auth\n properties to determine if the incoming request should be permitted.\n\n\nPermissions are used to grant or deny access different classes of users to different parts of the API.\n\n\nThe simplest style of permission would be to allow access to any authenticated user, and deny access to any unauthenticated user. This corresponds the \nIsAuthenticated\n class in REST framework.\n\n\nA slightly less strict style of permission would be to allow full access to authenticated users, but allow read-only access to unauthenticated users. This corresponds to the \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n class in REST framework.\n\n\nHow permissions are determined\n\n\nPermissions in REST framework are always defined as a list of permission classes.\n\n\nBefore running the main body of the view each permission in the list is checked.\nIf any permission check fails an \nexceptions.PermissionDenied\n or \nexceptions.NotAuthenticated\n exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.\n\n\nWhen the permissions checks fail either a \"403 Forbidden\" or a \"401 Unauthorized\" response will be returned, according to the following rules:\n\n\n\n\nThe request was successfully authenticated, but permission was denied. \n\u2014 An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.\n\n\nThe request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class \ndoes not\n use \nWWW-Authenticate\n headers. \n\u2014 An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.\n\n\nThe request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class \ndoes\n use \nWWW-Authenticate\n headers. \n\u2014 An HTTP 401 Unauthorized response, with an appropriate \nWWW-Authenticate\n header will be returned.\n\n\n\n\nObject level permissions\n\n\nREST framework permissions also support object-level permissioning.  Object level permissions are used to determine if a user should be allowed to act on a particular object, which will typically be a model instance.\n\n\nObject level permissions are run by REST framework's generic views when \n.get_object()\n is called.\nAs with view level permissions, an \nexceptions.PermissionDenied\n exception will be raised if the user is not allowed to act on the given object.\n\n\nIf you're writing your own views and want to enforce object level permissions,\nor if you override the \nget_object\n method on a generic view, then you'll need to explicitly call the \n.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n method on the view at the point at which you've retrieved the object.\n\n\nThis will either raise a \nPermissionDenied\n or \nNotAuthenticated\n exception, or simply return if the view has the appropriate permissions.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_object(self):\n    obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), pk=self.kwargs[\"pk\"])\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj\n\n\n\nLimitations of object level permissions\n\n\nFor performance reasons the generic views will not automatically apply object level permissions to each instance in a queryset when returning a list of objects.\n\n\nOften when you're using object level permissions you'll also want to \nfilter the queryset\n appropriately, to ensure that users only have visibility onto instances that they are permitted to view.\n\n\nSetting the permission policy\n\n\nThe default permission policy may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n setting.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nIf not specified, this setting defaults to allowing unrestricted access:\n\n\n'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n   'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)\n\n\n\nYou can also set the authentication policy on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated, ))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nNote:\n when you set new permission classes through class attribute or decorators you're telling the view to ignore the default list set over the \nsettings.py\n file.\n\n\nProvided they inherit from \nrest_framework.permissions.BasePermission\n, permissions can be composed using standard Python bitwise operators. For example, \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n could be written:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ReadOnly(BasePermission):\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        return request.method in SAFE_METHODS\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated|ReadOnly)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nNote:\n it only supports & -and- and | -or-.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAllowAny\n\n\nThe \nAllowAny\n permission class will allow unrestricted access, \nregardless of if the request was authenticated or unauthenticated\n.\n\n\nThis permission is not strictly required, since you can achieve the same result by using an empty list or tuple for the permissions setting, but you may find it useful to specify this class because it makes the intention explicit.\n\n\nIsAuthenticated\n\n\nThe \nIsAuthenticated\n permission class will deny permission to any unauthenticated user, and allow permission otherwise.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to registered users.\n\n\nIsAdminUser\n\n\nThe \nIsAdminUser\n permission class will deny permission to any user, unless \nuser.is_staff\n is \nTrue\n in which case permission will be allowed.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to a subset of trusted administrators.\n\n\nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n\n\nThe \nIsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly\n will allow authenticated users to perform any request.  Requests for unauthorised users will only be permitted if the request method is one of the \"safe\" methods; \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n or \nOPTIONS\n.\n\n\nThis permission is suitable if you want to your API to allow read permissions to anonymous users, and only allow write permissions to authenticated users.\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissions\n\n\nThis permission class ties into Django's standard \ndjango.contrib.auth\n \nmodel permissions\n.  This permission must only be applied to views that have a \n.queryset\n property set. Authorization will only be granted if the user \nis authenticated\n and has the \nrelevant model permissions\n assigned.\n\n\n\n\nPOST\n requests require the user to have the \nadd\n permission on the model.\n\n\nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests require the user to have the \nchange\n permission on the model.\n\n\nDELETE\n requests require the user to have the \ndelete\n permission on the model.\n\n\n\n\nThe default behaviour can also be overridden to support custom model permissions.  For example, you might want to include a \nview\n model permission for \nGET\n requests.\n\n\nTo use custom model permissions, override \nDjangoModelPermissions\n and set the \n.perms_map\n property.  Refer to the source code for details.\n\n\nUsing with views that do not include a \nqueryset\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you're using this permission with a view that uses an overridden \nget_queryset()\n method there may not be a \nqueryset\n attribute on the view. In this case we suggest also marking the view with a sentinel queryset, so that this class can determine the required permissions. For example:\n\n\nqueryset = User.objects.none()  # Required for DjangoModelPermissions\n\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly\n\n\nSimilar to \nDjangoModelPermissions\n, but also allows unauthenticated users to have read-only access to the API.\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissions\n\n\nThis permission class ties into Django's standard \nobject permissions framework\n that allows per-object permissions on models.  In order to use this permission class, you'll also need to add a permission backend that supports object-level permissions, such as \ndjango-guardian\n.\n\n\nAs with \nDjangoModelPermissions\n, this permission must only be applied to views that have a \n.queryset\n property or \n.get_queryset()\n method. Authorization will only be granted if the user \nis authenticated\n and has the \nrelevant per-object permissions\n and \nrelevant model permissions\n assigned.\n\n\n\n\nPOST\n requests require the user to have the \nadd\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests require the user to have the \nchange\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\nDELETE\n requests require the user to have the \ndelete\n permission on the model instance.\n\n\n\n\nNote that \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n \ndoes not\n require the \ndjango-guardian\n package, and should support other object-level backends equally well.\n\n\nAs with \nDjangoModelPermissions\n you can use custom model permissions by overriding \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n and setting the \n.perms_map\n property.  Refer to the source code for details.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: If you need object level \nview\n permissions for \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n and \nOPTIONS\n requests and are using django-guardian for your object-level permissions backend, you'll want to consider using the \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class provided by the \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package\n. It ensures that list endpoints only return results including objects for which the user has appropriate view permissions.\n\n\n\n\nCustom permissions\n\n\nTo implement a custom permission, override \nBasePermission\n and implement either, or both, of the following methods:\n\n\n\n\n.has_permission(self, request, view)\n\n\n.has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj)\n\n\n\n\nThe methods should return \nTrue\n if the request should be granted access, and \nFalse\n otherwise.\n\n\nIf you need to test if a request is a read operation or a write operation, you should check the request method against the constant \nSAFE_METHODS\n, which is a tuple containing \n'GET'\n, \n'OPTIONS'\n and \n'HEAD'\n.  For example:\n\n\nif request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n    # Check permissions for read-only request\nelse:\n    # Check permissions for write request\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: The instance-level \nhas_object_permission\n method will only be called if the view-level \nhas_permission\n checks have already passed. Also note that in order for the instance-level checks to run, the view code should explicitly call \n.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n. If you are using the generic views then this will be handled for you by default. (Function-based views will need to check object permissions explicitly, raising \nPermissionDenied\n on failure.)\n\n\n\n\nCustom permissions will raise a \nPermissionDenied\n exception if the test fails. To change the error message associated with the exception, implement a \nmessage\n attribute directly on your custom permission. Otherwise the \ndefault_detail\n attribute from \nPermissionDenied\n will be used.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass CustomerAccessPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    message = 'Adding customers not allowed.'\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n         ...\n\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nThe following is an example of a permission class that checks the incoming request's IP address against a blacklist, and denies the request if the IP has been blacklisted.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass BlacklistPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Global permission check for blacklisted IPs.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        ip_addr = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']\n        blacklisted = Blacklist.objects.filter(ip_addr=ip_addr).exists()\n        return not blacklisted\n\n\n\nAs well as global permissions, that are run against all incoming requests, you can also create object-level permissions, that are only run against operations that affect a particular object instance.  For example:\n\n\nclass IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Object-level permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    Assumes the model instance has an `owner` attribute.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Instance must have an attribute named `owner`.\n        return obj.owner == request.user\n\n\n\nNote that the generic views will check the appropriate object level permissions, but if you're writing your own custom views, you'll need to make sure you check the object level permission checks yourself.  You can do so by calling \nself.check_object_permissions(request, obj)\n from the view once you have the object instance.  This call will raise an appropriate \nAPIException\n if any object-level permission checks fail, and will otherwise simply return.\n\n\nAlso note that the generic views will only check the object-level permissions for views that retrieve a single model instance.  If you require object-level filtering of list views, you'll need to filter the queryset separately.  See the \nfiltering documentation\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nComposed Permissions\n\n\nThe \nComposed Permissions\n package provides a simple way to define complex and multi-depth (with logic operators) permission objects, using small and reusable components.\n\n\nREST Condition\n\n\nThe \nREST Condition\n package is another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  The extension allows you to combine permissions with logical operators.\n\n\nDRY Rest Permissions\n\n\nThe \nDRY Rest Permissions\n package provides the ability to define different permissions for individual default and custom actions. This package is made for apps with permissions that are derived from relationships defined in the app's data model. It also supports permission checks being returned to a client app through the API's serializer. Additionally it supports adding permissions to the default and custom list actions to restrict the data they retrieve per user.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework Roles\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework Roles\n package makes it easier to parameterize your API over multiple types of users.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework API Key\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework API Key\n package allows you to ensure that every request made to the server requires an API key header. You can generate one from the django admin interface.\n\n\nDjango Rest Framework Role Filters\n\n\nThe \nDjango Rest Framework Role Filters\n package provides simple filtering over multiple types of roles.",
             "title": "Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#permissions", 
-            "text": "Authentication or identification by itself is not usually sufficient to gain access to information or code.  For that, the entity requesting access must have authorization.    Apple Developer Documentation   Together with  authentication  and  throttling , permissions determine whether a request should be granted or denied access.  Permission checks are always run at the very start of the view, before any other code is allowed to proceed.  Permission checks will typically use the authentication information in the  request.user  and  request.auth  properties to determine if the incoming request should be permitted.  Permissions are used to grant or deny access different classes of users to different parts of the API.  The simplest style of permission would be to allow access to any authenticated user, and deny access to any unauthenticated user. This corresponds the  IsAuthenticated  class in REST framework.  A slightly less strict style of permission would be to allow full access to authenticated users, but allow read-only access to unauthenticated users. This corresponds to the  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  class in REST framework.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#permissions",
+            "text": "Authentication or identification by itself is not usually sufficient to gain access to information or code.  For that, the entity requesting access must have authorization.  \u2014  Apple Developer Documentation   Together with  authentication  and  throttling , permissions determine whether a request should be granted or denied access.  Permission checks are always run at the very start of the view, before any other code is allowed to proceed.  Permission checks will typically use the authentication information in the  request.user  and  request.auth  properties to determine if the incoming request should be permitted.  Permissions are used to grant or deny access different classes of users to different parts of the API.  The simplest style of permission would be to allow access to any authenticated user, and deny access to any unauthenticated user. This corresponds the  IsAuthenticated  class in REST framework.  A slightly less strict style of permission would be to allow full access to authenticated users, but allow read-only access to unauthenticated users. This corresponds to the  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  class in REST framework.",
             "title": "Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#how-permissions-are-determined", 
-            "text": "Permissions in REST framework are always defined as a list of permission classes.  Before running the main body of the view each permission in the list is checked.\nIf any permission check fails an  exceptions.PermissionDenied  or  exceptions.NotAuthenticated  exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.  When the permissions checks fail either a \"403 Forbidden\" or a \"401 Unauthorized\" response will be returned, according to the following rules:   The request was successfully authenticated, but permission was denied.   An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.  The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class  does not  use  WWW-Authenticate  headers.   An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.  The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class  does  use  WWW-Authenticate  headers.   An HTTP 401 Unauthorized response, with an appropriate  WWW-Authenticate  header will be returned.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#how-permissions-are-determined",
+            "text": "Permissions in REST framework are always defined as a list of permission classes.  Before running the main body of the view each permission in the list is checked.\nIf any permission check fails an  exceptions.PermissionDenied  or  exceptions.NotAuthenticated  exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.  When the permissions checks fail either a \"403 Forbidden\" or a \"401 Unauthorized\" response will be returned, according to the following rules:   The request was successfully authenticated, but permission was denied.  \u2014 An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.  The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class  does not  use  WWW-Authenticate  headers.  \u2014 An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.  The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class  does  use  WWW-Authenticate  headers.  \u2014 An HTTP 401 Unauthorized response, with an appropriate  WWW-Authenticate  header will be returned.",
             "title": "How permissions are determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#object-level-permissions", 
-            "text": "REST framework permissions also support object-level permissioning.  Object level permissions are used to determine if a user should be allowed to act on a particular object, which will typically be a model instance.  Object level permissions are run by REST framework's generic views when  .get_object()  is called.\nAs with view level permissions, an  exceptions.PermissionDenied  exception will be raised if the user is not allowed to act on the given object.  If you're writing your own views and want to enforce object level permissions,\nor if you override the  get_object  method on a generic view, then you'll need to explicitly call the  .check_object_permissions(request, obj)  method on the view at the point at which you've retrieved the object.  This will either raise a  PermissionDenied  or  NotAuthenticated  exception, or simply return if the view has the appropriate permissions.  For example:  def get_object(self):\n    obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), pk=self.kwargs[\"pk\"])\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#object-level-permissions",
+            "text": "REST framework permissions also support object-level permissioning.  Object level permissions are used to determine if a user should be allowed to act on a particular object, which will typically be a model instance.  Object level permissions are run by REST framework's generic views when  .get_object()  is called.\nAs with view level permissions, an  exceptions.PermissionDenied  exception will be raised if the user is not allowed to act on the given object.  If you're writing your own views and want to enforce object level permissions,\nor if you override the  get_object  method on a generic view, then you'll need to explicitly call the  .check_object_permissions(request, obj)  method on the view at the point at which you've retrieved the object.  This will either raise a  PermissionDenied  or  NotAuthenticated  exception, or simply return if the view has the appropriate permissions.  For example:  def get_object(self):\n    obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), pk=self.kwargs[\"pk\"])\n    self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)\n    return obj",
             "title": "Object level permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#limitations-of-object-level-permissions", 
-            "text": "For performance reasons the generic views will not automatically apply object level permissions to each instance in a queryset when returning a list of objects.  Often when you're using object level permissions you'll also want to  filter the queryset  appropriately, to ensure that users only have visibility onto instances that they are permitted to view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#limitations-of-object-level-permissions",
+            "text": "For performance reasons the generic views will not automatically apply object level permissions to each instance in a queryset when returning a list of objects.  Often when you're using object level permissions you'll also want to  filter the queryset  appropriately, to ensure that users only have visibility onto instances that they are permitted to view.",
             "title": "Limitations of object level permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#setting-the-permission-policy", 
-            "text": "The default permission policy may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  setting.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',\n    )\n}  If not specified, this setting defaults to allowing unrestricted access:  'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n   'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)  You can also set the authentication policy on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated, ))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)  Note:  when you set new permission classes through class attribute or decorators you're telling the view to ignore the default list set over the  settings.py  file.  Provided they inherit from  rest_framework.permissions.BasePermission , permissions can be composed using standard Python bitwise operators. For example,  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  could be written:  from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ReadOnly(BasePermission):\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        return request.method in SAFE_METHODS\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated|ReadOnly)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Note:  it only supports   -and- and | -or-.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#setting-the-permission-policy",
+            "text": "The default permission policy may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  setting.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',\n    )\n}  If not specified, this setting defaults to allowing unrestricted access:  'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (\n   'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)  You can also set the authentication policy on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes\nfrom rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@permission_classes((IsAuthenticated, ))\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)  Note:  when you set new permission classes through class attribute or decorators you're telling the view to ignore the default list set over the  settings.py  file.  Provided they inherit from  rest_framework.permissions.BasePermission , permissions can be composed using standard Python bitwise operators. For example,  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  could be written:  from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, IsAuthenticated\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ReadOnly(BasePermission):\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        return request.method in SAFE_METHODS\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated|ReadOnly)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Note:  it only supports & -and- and | -or-.",
             "title": "Setting the permission policy"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#allowany", 
-            "text": "The  AllowAny  permission class will allow unrestricted access,  regardless of if the request was authenticated or unauthenticated .  This permission is not strictly required, since you can achieve the same result by using an empty list or tuple for the permissions setting, but you may find it useful to specify this class because it makes the intention explicit.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#allowany",
+            "text": "The  AllowAny  permission class will allow unrestricted access,  regardless of if the request was authenticated or unauthenticated .  This permission is not strictly required, since you can achieve the same result by using an empty list or tuple for the permissions setting, but you may find it useful to specify this class because it makes the intention explicit.",
             "title": "AllowAny"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isauthenticated", 
-            "text": "The  IsAuthenticated  permission class will deny permission to any unauthenticated user, and allow permission otherwise.  This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to registered users.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isauthenticated",
+            "text": "The  IsAuthenticated  permission class will deny permission to any unauthenticated user, and allow permission otherwise.  This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to registered users.",
             "title": "IsAuthenticated"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isadminuser", 
-            "text": "The  IsAdminUser  permission class will deny permission to any user, unless  user.is_staff  is  True  in which case permission will be allowed.  This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to a subset of trusted administrators.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isadminuser",
+            "text": "The  IsAdminUser  permission class will deny permission to any user, unless  user.is_staff  is  True  in which case permission will be allowed.  This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to a subset of trusted administrators.",
             "title": "IsAdminUser"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isauthenticatedorreadonly", 
-            "text": "The  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  will allow authenticated users to perform any request.  Requests for unauthorised users will only be permitted if the request method is one of the \"safe\" methods;  GET ,  HEAD  or  OPTIONS .  This permission is suitable if you want to your API to allow read permissions to anonymous users, and only allow write permissions to authenticated users.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#isauthenticatedorreadonly",
+            "text": "The  IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly  will allow authenticated users to perform any request.  Requests for unauthorised users will only be permitted if the request method is one of the \"safe\" methods;  GET ,  HEAD  or  OPTIONS .  This permission is suitable if you want to your API to allow read permissions to anonymous users, and only allow write permissions to authenticated users.",
             "title": "IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangomodelpermissions", 
-            "text": "This permission class ties into Django's standard  django.contrib.auth   model permissions .  This permission must only be applied to views that have a  .queryset  property set. Authorization will only be granted if the user  is authenticated  and has the  relevant model permissions  assigned.   POST  requests require the user to have the  add  permission on the model.  PUT  and  PATCH  requests require the user to have the  change  permission on the model.  DELETE  requests require the user to have the  delete  permission on the model.   The default behaviour can also be overridden to support custom model permissions.  For example, you might want to include a  view  model permission for  GET  requests.  To use custom model permissions, override  DjangoModelPermissions  and set the  .perms_map  property.  Refer to the source code for details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangomodelpermissions",
+            "text": "This permission class ties into Django's standard  django.contrib.auth   model permissions .  This permission must only be applied to views that have a  .queryset  property set. Authorization will only be granted if the user  is authenticated  and has the  relevant model permissions  assigned.   POST  requests require the user to have the  add  permission on the model.  PUT  and  PATCH  requests require the user to have the  change  permission on the model.  DELETE  requests require the user to have the  delete  permission on the model.   The default behaviour can also be overridden to support custom model permissions.  For example, you might want to include a  view  model permission for  GET  requests.  To use custom model permissions, override  DjangoModelPermissions  and set the  .perms_map  property.  Refer to the source code for details.",
             "title": "DjangoModelPermissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#using-with-views-that-do-not-include-a-queryset-attribute", 
-            "text": "If you're using this permission with a view that uses an overridden  get_queryset()  method there may not be a  queryset  attribute on the view. In this case we suggest also marking the view with a sentinel queryset, so that this class can determine the required permissions. For example:  queryset = User.objects.none()  # Required for DjangoModelPermissions", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#using-with-views-that-do-not-include-a-queryset-attribute",
+            "text": "If you're using this permission with a view that uses an overridden  get_queryset()  method there may not be a  queryset  attribute on the view. In this case we suggest also marking the view with a sentinel queryset, so that this class can determine the required permissions. For example:  queryset = User.objects.none()  # Required for DjangoModelPermissions",
             "title": "Using with views that do not include a queryset attribute."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangomodelpermissionsoranonreadonly", 
-            "text": "Similar to  DjangoModelPermissions , but also allows unauthenticated users to have read-only access to the API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangomodelpermissionsoranonreadonly",
+            "text": "Similar to  DjangoModelPermissions , but also allows unauthenticated users to have read-only access to the API.",
             "title": "DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangoobjectpermissions", 
-            "text": "This permission class ties into Django's standard  object permissions framework  that allows per-object permissions on models.  In order to use this permission class, you'll also need to add a permission backend that supports object-level permissions, such as  django-guardian .  As with  DjangoModelPermissions , this permission must only be applied to views that have a  .queryset  property or  .get_queryset()  method. Authorization will only be granted if the user  is authenticated  and has the  relevant per-object permissions  and  relevant model permissions  assigned.   POST  requests require the user to have the  add  permission on the model instance.  PUT  and  PATCH  requests require the user to have the  change  permission on the model instance.  DELETE  requests require the user to have the  delete  permission on the model instance.   Note that  DjangoObjectPermissions   does not  require the  django-guardian  package, and should support other object-level backends equally well.  As with  DjangoModelPermissions  you can use custom model permissions by overriding  DjangoObjectPermissions  and setting the  .perms_map  property.  Refer to the source code for details.   Note : If you need object level  view  permissions for  GET ,  HEAD  and  OPTIONS  requests and are using django-guardian for your object-level permissions backend, you'll want to consider using the  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class provided by the  djangorestframework-guardian  package . It ensures that list endpoints only return results including objects for which the user has appropriate view permissions.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#djangoobjectpermissions",
+            "text": "This permission class ties into Django's standard  object permissions framework  that allows per-object permissions on models.  In order to use this permission class, you'll also need to add a permission backend that supports object-level permissions, such as  django-guardian .  As with  DjangoModelPermissions , this permission must only be applied to views that have a  .queryset  property or  .get_queryset()  method. Authorization will only be granted if the user  is authenticated  and has the  relevant per-object permissions  and  relevant model permissions  assigned.   POST  requests require the user to have the  add  permission on the model instance.  PUT  and  PATCH  requests require the user to have the  change  permission on the model instance.  DELETE  requests require the user to have the  delete  permission on the model instance.   Note that  DjangoObjectPermissions   does not  require the  django-guardian  package, and should support other object-level backends equally well.  As with  DjangoModelPermissions  you can use custom model permissions by overriding  DjangoObjectPermissions  and setting the  .perms_map  property.  Refer to the source code for details.   Note : If you need object level  view  permissions for  GET ,  HEAD  and  OPTIONS  requests and are using django-guardian for your object-level permissions backend, you'll want to consider using the  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class provided by the  djangorestframework-guardian  package . It ensures that list endpoints only return results including objects for which the user has appropriate view permissions.",
             "title": "DjangoObjectPermissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#custom-permissions", 
-            "text": "To implement a custom permission, override  BasePermission  and implement either, or both, of the following methods:   .has_permission(self, request, view)  .has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj)   The methods should return  True  if the request should be granted access, and  False  otherwise.  If you need to test if a request is a read operation or a write operation, you should check the request method against the constant  SAFE_METHODS , which is a tuple containing  'GET' ,  'OPTIONS'  and  'HEAD' .  For example:  if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n    # Check permissions for read-only request\nelse:\n    # Check permissions for write request   Note : The instance-level  has_object_permission  method will only be called if the view-level  has_permission  checks have already passed. Also note that in order for the instance-level checks to run, the view code should explicitly call  .check_object_permissions(request, obj) . If you are using the generic views then this will be handled for you by default. (Function-based views will need to check object permissions explicitly, raising  PermissionDenied  on failure.)   Custom permissions will raise a  PermissionDenied  exception if the test fails. To change the error message associated with the exception, implement a  message  attribute directly on your custom permission. Otherwise the  default_detail  attribute from  PermissionDenied  will be used.  from rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass CustomerAccessPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    message = 'Adding customers not allowed.'\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n         ...", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#custom-permissions",
+            "text": "To implement a custom permission, override  BasePermission  and implement either, or both, of the following methods:   .has_permission(self, request, view)  .has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj)   The methods should return  True  if the request should be granted access, and  False  otherwise.  If you need to test if a request is a read operation or a write operation, you should check the request method against the constant  SAFE_METHODS , which is a tuple containing  'GET' ,  'OPTIONS'  and  'HEAD' .  For example:  if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n    # Check permissions for read-only request\nelse:\n    # Check permissions for write request   Note : The instance-level  has_object_permission  method will only be called if the view-level  has_permission  checks have already passed. Also note that in order for the instance-level checks to run, the view code should explicitly call  .check_object_permissions(request, obj) . If you are using the generic views then this will be handled for you by default. (Function-based views will need to check object permissions explicitly, raising  PermissionDenied  on failure.)   Custom permissions will raise a  PermissionDenied  exception if the test fails. To change the error message associated with the exception, implement a  message  attribute directly on your custom permission. Otherwise the  default_detail  attribute from  PermissionDenied  will be used.  from rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass CustomerAccessPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    message = 'Adding customers not allowed.'\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n         ...",
             "title": "Custom permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#examples", 
-            "text": "The following is an example of a permission class that checks the incoming request's IP address against a blacklist, and denies the request if the IP has been blacklisted.  from rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass BlacklistPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Global permission check for blacklisted IPs.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        ip_addr = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']\n        blacklisted = Blacklist.objects.filter(ip_addr=ip_addr).exists()\n        return not blacklisted  As well as global permissions, that are run against all incoming requests, you can also create object-level permissions, that are only run against operations that affect a particular object instance.  For example:  class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Object-level permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    Assumes the model instance has an `owner` attribute.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Instance must have an attribute named `owner`.\n        return obj.owner == request.user  Note that the generic views will check the appropriate object level permissions, but if you're writing your own custom views, you'll need to make sure you check the object level permission checks yourself.  You can do so by calling  self.check_object_permissions(request, obj)  from the view once you have the object instance.  This call will raise an appropriate  APIException  if any object-level permission checks fail, and will otherwise simply return.  Also note that the generic views will only check the object-level permissions for views that retrieve a single model instance.  If you require object-level filtering of list views, you'll need to filter the queryset separately.  See the  filtering documentation  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#examples",
+            "text": "The following is an example of a permission class that checks the incoming request's IP address against a blacklist, and denies the request if the IP has been blacklisted.  from rest_framework import permissions\n\nclass BlacklistPermission(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Global permission check for blacklisted IPs.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_permission(self, request, view):\n        ip_addr = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']\n        blacklisted = Blacklist.objects.filter(ip_addr=ip_addr).exists()\n        return not blacklisted  As well as global permissions, that are run against all incoming requests, you can also create object-level permissions, that are only run against operations that affect a particular object instance.  For example:  class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):\n    \"\"\"\n    Object-level permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.\n    Assumes the model instance has an `owner` attribute.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):\n        # Read permissions are allowed to any request,\n        # so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.\n        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:\n            return True\n\n        # Instance must have an attribute named `owner`.\n        return obj.owner == request.user  Note that the generic views will check the appropriate object level permissions, but if you're writing your own custom views, you'll need to make sure you check the object level permission checks yourself.  You can do so by calling  self.check_object_permissions(request, obj)  from the view once you have the object instance.  This call will raise an appropriate  APIException  if any object-level permission checks fail, and will otherwise simply return.  Also note that the generic views will only check the object-level permissions for views that retrieve a single model instance.  If you require object-level filtering of list views, you'll need to filter the queryset separately.  See the  filtering documentation  for more details.",
             "title": "Examples"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#composed-permissions", 
-            "text": "The  Composed Permissions  package provides a simple way to define complex and multi-depth (with logic operators) permission objects, using small and reusable components.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#composed-permissions",
+            "text": "The  Composed Permissions  package provides a simple way to define complex and multi-depth (with logic operators) permission objects, using small and reusable components.",
             "title": "Composed Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#rest-condition", 
-            "text": "The  REST Condition  package is another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  The extension allows you to combine permissions with logical operators.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#rest-condition",
+            "text": "The  REST Condition  package is another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  The extension allows you to combine permissions with logical operators.",
             "title": "REST Condition"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#dry-rest-permissions", 
-            "text": "The  DRY Rest Permissions  package provides the ability to define different permissions for individual default and custom actions. This package is made for apps with permissions that are derived from relationships defined in the app's data model. It also supports permission checks being returned to a client app through the API's serializer. Additionally it supports adding permissions to the default and custom list actions to restrict the data they retrieve per user.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#dry-rest-permissions",
+            "text": "The  DRY Rest Permissions  package provides the ability to define different permissions for individual default and custom actions. This package is made for apps with permissions that are derived from relationships defined in the app's data model. It also supports permission checks being returned to a client app through the API's serializer. Additionally it supports adding permissions to the default and custom list actions to restrict the data they retrieve per user.",
             "title": "DRY Rest Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-roles", 
-            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework Roles  package makes it easier to parameterize your API over multiple types of users.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-roles",
+            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework Roles  package makes it easier to parameterize your API over multiple types of users.",
             "title": "Django Rest Framework Roles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-api-key", 
-            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework API Key  package allows you to ensure that every request made to the server requires an API key header. You can generate one from the django admin interface.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-api-key",
+            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework API Key  package allows you to ensure that every request made to the server requires an API key header. You can generate one from the django admin interface.",
             "title": "Django Rest Framework API Key"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-role-filters", 
-            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework Role Filters  package provides simple filtering over multiple types of roles.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/permissions/#django-rest-framework-role-filters",
+            "text": "The  Django Rest Framework Role Filters  package provides simple filtering over multiple types of roles.",
             "title": "Django Rest Framework Role Filters"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/caching/", 
-            "text": "Caching\n\n\n\n\nA certain woman had a very sharp conciousness but almost no\nmemory ... She remembered enough to work, and she worked hard.\n- Lydia Davis\n\n\n\n\nCaching in REST Framework works well with the cache utilities\nprovided in Django.\n\n\n\n\nUsing cache with apiview and viewsets\n\n\nDjango provides a \nmethod_decorator\n to use\ndecorators with class based views. This can be used with\nwith other cache decorators such as \ncache_page\n and\n\nvary_on_cookie\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.Viewset):\n\n    # Cache requested url for each user for 2 hours\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    @method_decorator(vary_on_cookie)\n    def list(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user_feed': request.user.get_user_feed()\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\nclass PostView(APIView):\n\n    # Cache page for the requested url\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'title': 'Post title',\n            'body': 'Post content'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\n\nNOTE:\n The \ncache_page\n decorator only caches the\n\nGET\n and \nHEAD\n responses with status 200.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/caching/",
+            "text": "Caching\n\n\n\n\nA certain woman had a very sharp conciousness but almost no\nmemory ... She remembered enough to work, and she worked hard.\n- Lydia Davis\n\n\n\n\nCaching in REST Framework works well with the cache utilities\nprovided in Django.\n\n\n\n\nUsing cache with apiview and viewsets\n\n\nDjango provides a \nmethod_decorator\n to use\ndecorators with class based views. This can be used with\nwith other cache decorators such as \ncache_page\n and\n\nvary_on_cookie\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.Viewset):\n\n    # Cache requested url for each user for 2 hours\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    @method_decorator(vary_on_cookie)\n    def list(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user_feed': request.user.get_user_feed()\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\nclass PostView(APIView):\n\n    # Cache page for the requested url\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'title': 'Post title',\n            'body': 'Post content'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\n\nNOTE:\n The \ncache_page\n decorator only caches the\n\nGET\n and \nHEAD\n responses with status 200.",
             "title": "Caching"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/caching/#caching", 
-            "text": "A certain woman had a very sharp conciousness but almost no\nmemory ... She remembered enough to work, and she worked hard.\n- Lydia Davis   Caching in REST Framework works well with the cache utilities\nprovided in Django.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/caching/#caching",
+            "text": "A certain woman had a very sharp conciousness but almost no\nmemory ... She remembered enough to work, and she worked hard.\n- Lydia Davis   Caching in REST Framework works well with the cache utilities\nprovided in Django.",
             "title": "Caching"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/caching/#using-cache-with-apiview-and-viewsets", 
-            "text": "Django provides a  method_decorator  to use\ndecorators with class based views. This can be used with\nwith other cache decorators such as  cache_page  and vary_on_cookie .  from rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.Viewset):\n\n    # Cache requested url for each user for 2 hours\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    @method_decorator(vary_on_cookie)\n    def list(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user_feed': request.user.get_user_feed()\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\nclass PostView(APIView):\n\n    # Cache page for the requested url\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'title': 'Post title',\n            'body': 'Post content'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  NOTE:  The  cache_page  decorator only caches the GET  and  HEAD  responses with status 200.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/caching/#using-cache-with-apiview-and-viewsets",
+            "text": "Django provides a  method_decorator  to use\ndecorators with class based views. This can be used with\nwith other cache decorators such as  cache_page  and vary_on_cookie .  from rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework import viewsets\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.Viewset):\n\n    # Cache requested url for each user for 2 hours\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    @method_decorator(vary_on_cookie)\n    def list(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'user_feed': request.user.get_user_feed()\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\nclass PostView(APIView):\n\n    # Cache page for the requested url\n    @method_decorator(cache_page(60*60*2))\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'title': 'Post title',\n            'body': 'Post content'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  NOTE:  The  cache_page  decorator only caches the GET  and  HEAD  responses with status 200.",
             "title": "Using cache with apiview and viewsets"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/", 
-            "text": "Throttling\n\n\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm\n\n\nTwitter API rate limiting response\n\n\n\n\nThrottling is similar to \npermissions\n, in that it determines if a request should be authorized.  Throttles indicate a temporary state, and are used to control the rate of requests that clients can make to an API.\n\n\nAs with permissions, multiple throttles may be used.  Your API might have a restrictive throttle for unauthenticated requests, and a less restrictive throttle for authenticated requests.\n\n\nAnother scenario where you might want to use multiple throttles would be if you need to impose different constraints on different parts of the API, due to some services being particularly resource-intensive.\n\n\nMultiple throttles can also be used if you want to impose both burst throttling rates, and sustained throttling rates.  For example, you might want to limit a user to a maximum of 60 requests per minute, and 1000 requests per day.\n\n\nThrottles do not necessarily only refer to rate-limiting requests.  For example a storage service might also need to throttle against bandwidth, and a paid data service might want to throttle against a certain number of a records being accessed.\n\n\nHow throttling is determined\n\n\nAs with permissions and authentication, throttling in REST framework is always defined as a list of classes.\n\n\nBefore running the main body of the view each throttle in the list is checked.\nIf any throttle check fails an \nexceptions.Throttled\n exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.\n\n\nSetting the throttling policy\n\n\nThe default throttling policy may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES\n and \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n settings.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',\n        'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'anon': '100/day',\n        'user': '1000/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nThe rate descriptions used in \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n may include \nsecond\n, \nminute\n, \nhour\n or \nday\n as the throttle period.\n\n\nYou can also set the throttling policy on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([UserRateThrottle])\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nHow clients are identified\n\n\nThe \nX-Forwarded-For\n HTTP header and \nREMOTE_ADDR\n WSGI variable are used to uniquely identify client IP addresses for throttling.  If the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header is present then it will be used, otherwise the value of the \nREMOTE_ADDR\n variable from the WSGI environment will be used.\n\n\nIf you need to strictly identify unique client IP addresses, you'll need to first configure the number of application proxies that the API runs behind by setting the \nNUM_PROXIES\n setting.  This setting should be an integer of zero or more.  If set to non-zero then the client IP will be identified as being the last IP address in the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header, once any application proxy IP addresses have first been excluded.  If set to zero, then the \nREMOTE_ADDR\n value will always be used as the identifying IP address.\n\n\nIt is important to understand that if you configure the \nNUM_PROXIES\n setting, then all clients behind a unique \nNAT'd\n gateway will be treated as a single client.\n\n\nFurther context on how the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header works, and identifying a remote client IP can be \nfound here\n.\n\n\nSetting up the cache\n\n\nThe throttle classes provided by REST framework use Django's cache backend.  You should make sure that you've set appropriate \ncache settings\n.  The default value of \nLocMemCache\n backend should be okay for simple setups.  See Django's \ncache documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nIf you need to use a cache other than \n'default'\n, you can do so by creating a custom throttle class and setting the \ncache\n attribute.  For example:\n\n\nclass CustomAnonRateThrottle(AnonRateThrottle):\n    cache = get_cache('alternate')\n\n\n\nYou'll need to remember to also set your custom throttle class in the \n'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES'\n settings key, or using the \nthrottle_classes\n view attribute.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAnonRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nAnonRateThrottle\n will only ever throttle unauthenticated users.  The IP address of the incoming request is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrate\n property on the class, which may be provided by overriding \nAnonRateThrottle\n and setting the property.\n\n\nThe \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['anon']\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nAnonRateThrottle\n is suitable if you want to restrict the rate of requests from unknown sources.\n\n\nUserRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nUserRateThrottle\n will throttle users to a given rate of requests across the API.  The user id is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  Unauthenticated requests will fall back to using the IP address of the incoming request to generate a unique key to throttle against.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrate\n property on the class, which may be provided by overriding \nUserRateThrottle\n and setting the property.\n\n\nThe \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['user']\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nAn API may have multiple \nUserRateThrottles\n in place at the same time.  To do so, override \nUserRateThrottle\n and set a unique \"scope\" for each class.\n\n\nFor example, multiple user throttle rates could be implemented by using the following classes...\n\n\nclass BurstRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'burst'\n\nclass SustainedRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'sustained'\n\n\n\n...and the following settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'example.throttles.BurstRateThrottle',\n        'example.throttles.SustainedRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'burst': '60/min',\n        'sustained': '1000/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nUserRateThrottle\n is suitable if you want simple global rate restrictions per-user.\n\n\nScopedRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nScopedRateThrottle\n class can be used to restrict access to specific parts of the API.  This throttle will only be applied if the view that is being accessed includes a \n.throttle_scope\n property.  The unique throttle key will then be formed by concatenating the \"scope\" of the request with the unique user id or IP address.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined by the \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n setting using a key from the request \"scope\".\n\n\nFor example, given the following views...\n\n\nclass ContactListView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass ContactDetailView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass UploadView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'uploads'\n    ...\n\n\n\n...and the following settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.ScopedRateThrottle',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'contacts': '1000/day',\n        'uploads': '20/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nUser requests to either \nContactListView\n or \nContactDetailView\n would be restricted to a total of 1000 requests per-day.  User requests to \nUploadView\n would be restricted to 20 requests per day.\n\n\n\n\nCustom throttles\n\n\nTo create a custom throttle, override \nBaseThrottle\n and implement \n.allow_request(self, request, view)\n.  The method should return \nTrue\n if the request should be allowed, and \nFalse\n otherwise.\n\n\nOptionally you may also override the \n.wait()\n method.  If implemented, \n.wait()\n should return a recommended number of seconds to wait before attempting the next request, or \nNone\n.  The \n.wait()\n method will only be called if \n.allow_request()\n has previously returned \nFalse\n.\n\n\nIf the \n.wait()\n method is implemented and the request is throttled, then a \nRetry-After\n header will be included in the response.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example of a rate throttle, that will randomly throttle 1 in every 10 requests.\n\n\nimport random\n\nclass RandomRateThrottle(throttling.BaseThrottle):\n    def allow_request(self, request, view):\n        return random.randint(1, 10) != 1", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/",
+            "text": "Throttling\n\n\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm\n\n\nTwitter API rate limiting response\n\n\n\n\nThrottling is similar to \npermissions\n, in that it determines if a request should be authorized.  Throttles indicate a temporary state, and are used to control the rate of requests that clients can make to an API.\n\n\nAs with permissions, multiple throttles may be used.  Your API might have a restrictive throttle for unauthenticated requests, and a less restrictive throttle for authenticated requests.\n\n\nAnother scenario where you might want to use multiple throttles would be if you need to impose different constraints on different parts of the API, due to some services being particularly resource-intensive.\n\n\nMultiple throttles can also be used if you want to impose both burst throttling rates, and sustained throttling rates.  For example, you might want to limit a user to a maximum of 60 requests per minute, and 1000 requests per day.\n\n\nThrottles do not necessarily only refer to rate-limiting requests.  For example a storage service might also need to throttle against bandwidth, and a paid data service might want to throttle against a certain number of a records being accessed.\n\n\nHow throttling is determined\n\n\nAs with permissions and authentication, throttling in REST framework is always defined as a list of classes.\n\n\nBefore running the main body of the view each throttle in the list is checked.\nIf any throttle check fails an \nexceptions.Throttled\n exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.\n\n\nSetting the throttling policy\n\n\nThe default throttling policy may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES\n and \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n settings.  For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',\n        'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'anon': '100/day',\n        'user': '1000/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nThe rate descriptions used in \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n may include \nsecond\n, \nminute\n, \nhour\n or \nday\n as the throttle period.\n\n\nYou can also set the throttling policy on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)\n\n\n\nOr, if you're using the \n@api_view\n decorator with function based views.\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([UserRateThrottle])\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)\n\n\n\nHow clients are identified\n\n\nThe \nX-Forwarded-For\n HTTP header and \nREMOTE_ADDR\n WSGI variable are used to uniquely identify client IP addresses for throttling.  If the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header is present then it will be used, otherwise the value of the \nREMOTE_ADDR\n variable from the WSGI environment will be used.\n\n\nIf you need to strictly identify unique client IP addresses, you'll need to first configure the number of application proxies that the API runs behind by setting the \nNUM_PROXIES\n setting.  This setting should be an integer of zero or more.  If set to non-zero then the client IP will be identified as being the last IP address in the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header, once any application proxy IP addresses have first been excluded.  If set to zero, then the \nREMOTE_ADDR\n value will always be used as the identifying IP address.\n\n\nIt is important to understand that if you configure the \nNUM_PROXIES\n setting, then all clients behind a unique \nNAT'd\n gateway will be treated as a single client.\n\n\nFurther context on how the \nX-Forwarded-For\n header works, and identifying a remote client IP can be \nfound here\n.\n\n\nSetting up the cache\n\n\nThe throttle classes provided by REST framework use Django's cache backend.  You should make sure that you've set appropriate \ncache settings\n.  The default value of \nLocMemCache\n backend should be okay for simple setups.  See Django's \ncache documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nIf you need to use a cache other than \n'default'\n, you can do so by creating a custom throttle class and setting the \ncache\n attribute.  For example:\n\n\nclass CustomAnonRateThrottle(AnonRateThrottle):\n    cache = get_cache('alternate')\n\n\n\nYou'll need to remember to also set your custom throttle class in the \n'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES'\n settings key, or using the \nthrottle_classes\n view attribute.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAnonRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nAnonRateThrottle\n will only ever throttle unauthenticated users.  The IP address of the incoming request is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrate\n property on the class, which may be provided by overriding \nAnonRateThrottle\n and setting the property.\n\n\nThe \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['anon']\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nAnonRateThrottle\n is suitable if you want to restrict the rate of requests from unknown sources.\n\n\nUserRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nUserRateThrottle\n will throttle users to a given rate of requests across the API.  The user id is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  Unauthenticated requests will fall back to using the IP address of the incoming request to generate a unique key to throttle against.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrate\n property on the class, which may be provided by overriding \nUserRateThrottle\n and setting the property.\n\n\nThe \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['user']\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nAn API may have multiple \nUserRateThrottles\n in place at the same time.  To do so, override \nUserRateThrottle\n and set a unique \"scope\" for each class.\n\n\nFor example, multiple user throttle rates could be implemented by using the following classes...\n\n\nclass BurstRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'burst'\n\nclass SustainedRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'sustained'\n\n\n\n...and the following settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'example.throttles.BurstRateThrottle',\n        'example.throttles.SustainedRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'burst': '60/min',\n        'sustained': '1000/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nUserRateThrottle\n is suitable if you want simple global rate restrictions per-user.\n\n\nScopedRateThrottle\n\n\nThe \nScopedRateThrottle\n class can be used to restrict access to specific parts of the API.  This throttle will only be applied if the view that is being accessed includes a \n.throttle_scope\n property.  The unique throttle key will then be formed by concatenating the \"scope\" of the request with the unique user id or IP address.\n\n\nThe allowed request rate is determined by the \nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES\n setting using a key from the request \"scope\".\n\n\nFor example, given the following views...\n\n\nclass ContactListView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass ContactDetailView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass UploadView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'uploads'\n    ...\n\n\n\n...and the following settings.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.ScopedRateThrottle',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'contacts': '1000/day',\n        'uploads': '20/day'\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nUser requests to either \nContactListView\n or \nContactDetailView\n would be restricted to a total of 1000 requests per-day.  User requests to \nUploadView\n would be restricted to 20 requests per day.\n\n\n\n\nCustom throttles\n\n\nTo create a custom throttle, override \nBaseThrottle\n and implement \n.allow_request(self, request, view)\n.  The method should return \nTrue\n if the request should be allowed, and \nFalse\n otherwise.\n\n\nOptionally you may also override the \n.wait()\n method.  If implemented, \n.wait()\n should return a recommended number of seconds to wait before attempting the next request, or \nNone\n.  The \n.wait()\n method will only be called if \n.allow_request()\n has previously returned \nFalse\n.\n\n\nIf the \n.wait()\n method is implemented and the request is throttled, then a \nRetry-After\n header will be included in the response.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is an example of a rate throttle, that will randomly throttle 1 in every 10 requests.\n\n\nimport random\n\nclass RandomRateThrottle(throttling.BaseThrottle):\n    def allow_request(self, request, view):\n        return random.randint(1, 10) != 1",
             "title": "Throttling"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#throttling", 
-            "text": "HTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm  Twitter API rate limiting response   Throttling is similar to  permissions , in that it determines if a request should be authorized.  Throttles indicate a temporary state, and are used to control the rate of requests that clients can make to an API.  As with permissions, multiple throttles may be used.  Your API might have a restrictive throttle for unauthenticated requests, and a less restrictive throttle for authenticated requests.  Another scenario where you might want to use multiple throttles would be if you need to impose different constraints on different parts of the API, due to some services being particularly resource-intensive.  Multiple throttles can also be used if you want to impose both burst throttling rates, and sustained throttling rates.  For example, you might want to limit a user to a maximum of 60 requests per minute, and 1000 requests per day.  Throttles do not necessarily only refer to rate-limiting requests.  For example a storage service might also need to throttle against bandwidth, and a paid data service might want to throttle against a certain number of a records being accessed.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#throttling",
+            "text": "HTTP/1.1 420 Enhance Your Calm  Twitter API rate limiting response   Throttling is similar to  permissions , in that it determines if a request should be authorized.  Throttles indicate a temporary state, and are used to control the rate of requests that clients can make to an API.  As with permissions, multiple throttles may be used.  Your API might have a restrictive throttle for unauthenticated requests, and a less restrictive throttle for authenticated requests.  Another scenario where you might want to use multiple throttles would be if you need to impose different constraints on different parts of the API, due to some services being particularly resource-intensive.  Multiple throttles can also be used if you want to impose both burst throttling rates, and sustained throttling rates.  For example, you might want to limit a user to a maximum of 60 requests per minute, and 1000 requests per day.  Throttles do not necessarily only refer to rate-limiting requests.  For example a storage service might also need to throttle against bandwidth, and a paid data service might want to throttle against a certain number of a records being accessed.",
             "title": "Throttling"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#how-throttling-is-determined", 
-            "text": "As with permissions and authentication, throttling in REST framework is always defined as a list of classes.  Before running the main body of the view each throttle in the list is checked.\nIf any throttle check fails an  exceptions.Throttled  exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#how-throttling-is-determined",
+            "text": "As with permissions and authentication, throttling in REST framework is always defined as a list of classes.  Before running the main body of the view each throttle in the list is checked.\nIf any throttle check fails an  exceptions.Throttled  exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.",
             "title": "How throttling is determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#setting-the-throttling-policy", 
-            "text": "The default throttling policy may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES  and  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  settings.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',\n        'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'anon': '100/day',\n        'user': '1000/day'\n    }\n}  The rate descriptions used in  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  may include  second ,  minute ,  hour  or  day  as the throttle period.  You can also set the throttling policy on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([UserRateThrottle])\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#setting-the-throttling-policy",
+            "text": "The default throttling policy may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES  and  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  settings.  For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',\n        'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'anon': '100/day',\n        'user': '1000/day'\n    }\n}  The rate descriptions used in  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  may include  second ,  minute ,  hour  or  day  as the throttle period.  You can also set the throttling policy on a per-view or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  APIView  class-based views.  from rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleView(APIView):\n    throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle,)\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        content = {\n            'status': 'request was permitted'\n        }\n        return Response(content)  Or, if you're using the  @api_view  decorator with function based views.  @api_view(['GET'])\n@throttle_classes([UserRateThrottle])\ndef example_view(request, format=None):\n    content = {\n        'status': 'request was permitted'\n    }\n    return Response(content)",
             "title": "Setting the throttling policy"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#how-clients-are-identified", 
-            "text": "The  X-Forwarded-For  HTTP header and  REMOTE_ADDR  WSGI variable are used to uniquely identify client IP addresses for throttling.  If the  X-Forwarded-For  header is present then it will be used, otherwise the value of the  REMOTE_ADDR  variable from the WSGI environment will be used.  If you need to strictly identify unique client IP addresses, you'll need to first configure the number of application proxies that the API runs behind by setting the  NUM_PROXIES  setting.  This setting should be an integer of zero or more.  If set to non-zero then the client IP will be identified as being the last IP address in the  X-Forwarded-For  header, once any application proxy IP addresses have first been excluded.  If set to zero, then the  REMOTE_ADDR  value will always be used as the identifying IP address.  It is important to understand that if you configure the  NUM_PROXIES  setting, then all clients behind a unique  NAT'd  gateway will be treated as a single client.  Further context on how the  X-Forwarded-For  header works, and identifying a remote client IP can be  found here .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#how-clients-are-identified",
+            "text": "The  X-Forwarded-For  HTTP header and  REMOTE_ADDR  WSGI variable are used to uniquely identify client IP addresses for throttling.  If the  X-Forwarded-For  header is present then it will be used, otherwise the value of the  REMOTE_ADDR  variable from the WSGI environment will be used.  If you need to strictly identify unique client IP addresses, you'll need to first configure the number of application proxies that the API runs behind by setting the  NUM_PROXIES  setting.  This setting should be an integer of zero or more.  If set to non-zero then the client IP will be identified as being the last IP address in the  X-Forwarded-For  header, once any application proxy IP addresses have first been excluded.  If set to zero, then the  REMOTE_ADDR  value will always be used as the identifying IP address.  It is important to understand that if you configure the  NUM_PROXIES  setting, then all clients behind a unique  NAT'd  gateway will be treated as a single client.  Further context on how the  X-Forwarded-For  header works, and identifying a remote client IP can be  found here .",
             "title": "How clients are identified"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#setting-up-the-cache", 
-            "text": "The throttle classes provided by REST framework use Django's cache backend.  You should make sure that you've set appropriate  cache settings .  The default value of  LocMemCache  backend should be okay for simple setups.  See Django's  cache documentation  for more details.  If you need to use a cache other than  'default' , you can do so by creating a custom throttle class and setting the  cache  attribute.  For example:  class CustomAnonRateThrottle(AnonRateThrottle):\n    cache = get_cache('alternate')  You'll need to remember to also set your custom throttle class in the  'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES'  settings key, or using the  throttle_classes  view attribute.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#setting-up-the-cache",
+            "text": "The throttle classes provided by REST framework use Django's cache backend.  You should make sure that you've set appropriate  cache settings .  The default value of  LocMemCache  backend should be okay for simple setups.  See Django's  cache documentation  for more details.  If you need to use a cache other than  'default' , you can do so by creating a custom throttle class and setting the  cache  attribute.  For example:  class CustomAnonRateThrottle(AnonRateThrottle):\n    cache = get_cache('alternate')  You'll need to remember to also set your custom throttle class in the  'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES'  settings key, or using the  throttle_classes  view attribute.",
             "title": "Setting up the cache"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#anonratethrottle", 
-            "text": "The  AnonRateThrottle  will only ever throttle unauthenticated users.  The IP address of the incoming request is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  The allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).   The  rate  property on the class, which may be provided by overriding  AnonRateThrottle  and setting the property.  The  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['anon']  setting.   AnonRateThrottle  is suitable if you want to restrict the rate of requests from unknown sources.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#anonratethrottle",
+            "text": "The  AnonRateThrottle  will only ever throttle unauthenticated users.  The IP address of the incoming request is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  The allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).   The  rate  property on the class, which may be provided by overriding  AnonRateThrottle  and setting the property.  The  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['anon']  setting.   AnonRateThrottle  is suitable if you want to restrict the rate of requests from unknown sources.",
             "title": "AnonRateThrottle"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#userratethrottle", 
-            "text": "The  UserRateThrottle  will throttle users to a given rate of requests across the API.  The user id is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  Unauthenticated requests will fall back to using the IP address of the incoming request to generate a unique key to throttle against.  The allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).   The  rate  property on the class, which may be provided by overriding  UserRateThrottle  and setting the property.  The  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['user']  setting.   An API may have multiple  UserRateThrottles  in place at the same time.  To do so, override  UserRateThrottle  and set a unique \"scope\" for each class.  For example, multiple user throttle rates could be implemented by using the following classes...  class BurstRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'burst'\n\nclass SustainedRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'sustained'  ...and the following settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'example.throttles.BurstRateThrottle',\n        'example.throttles.SustainedRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'burst': '60/min',\n        'sustained': '1000/day'\n    }\n}  UserRateThrottle  is suitable if you want simple global rate restrictions per-user.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#userratethrottle",
+            "text": "The  UserRateThrottle  will throttle users to a given rate of requests across the API.  The user id is used to generate a unique key to throttle against.  Unauthenticated requests will fall back to using the IP address of the incoming request to generate a unique key to throttle against.  The allowed request rate is determined from one of the following (in order of preference).   The  rate  property on the class, which may be provided by overriding  UserRateThrottle  and setting the property.  The  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES['user']  setting.   An API may have multiple  UserRateThrottles  in place at the same time.  To do so, override  UserRateThrottle  and set a unique \"scope\" for each class.  For example, multiple user throttle rates could be implemented by using the following classes...  class BurstRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'burst'\n\nclass SustainedRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):\n    scope = 'sustained'  ...and the following settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'example.throttles.BurstRateThrottle',\n        'example.throttles.SustainedRateThrottle'\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'burst': '60/min',\n        'sustained': '1000/day'\n    }\n}  UserRateThrottle  is suitable if you want simple global rate restrictions per-user.",
             "title": "UserRateThrottle"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#scopedratethrottle", 
-            "text": "The  ScopedRateThrottle  class can be used to restrict access to specific parts of the API.  This throttle will only be applied if the view that is being accessed includes a  .throttle_scope  property.  The unique throttle key will then be formed by concatenating the \"scope\" of the request with the unique user id or IP address.  The allowed request rate is determined by the  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  setting using a key from the request \"scope\".  For example, given the following views...  class ContactListView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass ContactDetailView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass UploadView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'uploads'\n    ...  ...and the following settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.ScopedRateThrottle',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'contacts': '1000/day',\n        'uploads': '20/day'\n    }\n}  User requests to either  ContactListView  or  ContactDetailView  would be restricted to a total of 1000 requests per-day.  User requests to  UploadView  would be restricted to 20 requests per day.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#scopedratethrottle",
+            "text": "The  ScopedRateThrottle  class can be used to restrict access to specific parts of the API.  This throttle will only be applied if the view that is being accessed includes a  .throttle_scope  property.  The unique throttle key will then be formed by concatenating the \"scope\" of the request with the unique user id or IP address.  The allowed request rate is determined by the  DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES  setting using a key from the request \"scope\".  For example, given the following views...  class ContactListView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass ContactDetailView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'contacts'\n    ...\n\nclass UploadView(APIView):\n    throttle_scope = 'uploads'\n    ...  ...and the following settings.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.throttling.ScopedRateThrottle',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {\n        'contacts': '1000/day',\n        'uploads': '20/day'\n    }\n}  User requests to either  ContactListView  or  ContactDetailView  would be restricted to a total of 1000 requests per-day.  User requests to  UploadView  would be restricted to 20 requests per day.",
             "title": "ScopedRateThrottle"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#custom-throttles", 
-            "text": "To create a custom throttle, override  BaseThrottle  and implement  .allow_request(self, request, view) .  The method should return  True  if the request should be allowed, and  False  otherwise.  Optionally you may also override the  .wait()  method.  If implemented,  .wait()  should return a recommended number of seconds to wait before attempting the next request, or  None .  The  .wait()  method will only be called if  .allow_request()  has previously returned  False .  If the  .wait()  method is implemented and the request is throttled, then a  Retry-After  header will be included in the response.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#custom-throttles",
+            "text": "To create a custom throttle, override  BaseThrottle  and implement  .allow_request(self, request, view) .  The method should return  True  if the request should be allowed, and  False  otherwise.  Optionally you may also override the  .wait()  method.  If implemented,  .wait()  should return a recommended number of seconds to wait before attempting the next request, or  None .  The  .wait()  method will only be called if  .allow_request()  has previously returned  False .  If the  .wait()  method is implemented and the request is throttled, then a  Retry-After  header will be included in the response.",
             "title": "Custom throttles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#example", 
-            "text": "The following is an example of a rate throttle, that will randomly throttle 1 in every 10 requests.  import random\n\nclass RandomRateThrottle(throttling.BaseThrottle):\n    def allow_request(self, request, view):\n        return random.randint(1, 10) != 1", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/throttling/#example",
+            "text": "The following is an example of a rate throttle, that will randomly throttle 1 in every 10 requests.  import random\n\nclass RandomRateThrottle(throttling.BaseThrottle):\n    def allow_request(self, request, view):\n        return random.randint(1, 10) != 1",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/", 
-            "text": "Filtering\n\n\n\n\nThe root QuerySet provided by the Manager describes all objects in the database table.  Usually, though, you'll need to select only a subset of the complete set of objects.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nThe default behavior of REST framework's generic list views is to return the entire queryset for a model manager.  Often you will want your API to restrict the items that are returned by the queryset.\n\n\nThe simplest way to filter the queryset of any view that subclasses \nGenericAPIView\n is to override the \n.get_queryset()\n method.\n\n\nOverriding this method allows you to customize the queryset returned by the view in a number of different ways.\n\n\nFiltering against the current user\n\n\nYou might want to filter the queryset to ensure that only results relevant to the currently authenticated user making the request are returned.\n\n\nYou can do so by filtering based on the value of \nrequest.user\n.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nfrom myapp.models import Purchase\nfrom myapp.serializers import PurchaseSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases\n        for the currently authenticated user.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.request.user\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser=user)\n\n\n\nFiltering against the URL\n\n\nAnother style of filtering might involve restricting the queryset based on some part of the URL.\n\n\nFor example if your URL config contained an entry like this:\n\n\nurl('^purchases/(?P\nusername\n.+)/$', PurchaseList.as_view()),\n\n\n\nYou could then write a view that returned a purchase queryset filtered by the username portion of the URL:\n\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases for\n        the user as determined by the username portion of the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        username = self.kwargs['username']\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n\n\n\nFiltering against query parameters\n\n\nA final example of filtering the initial queryset would be to determine the initial queryset based on query parameters in the url.\n\n\nWe can override \n.get_queryset()\n to deal with URLs such as \nhttp://example.com/api/purchases?username=denvercoder9\n, and filter the queryset only if the \nusername\n parameter is included in the URL:\n\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Optionally restricts the returned purchases to a given user,\n        by filtering against a `username` query parameter in the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        queryset = Purchase.objects.all()\n        username = self.request.query_params.get('username', None)\n        if username is not None:\n            queryset = queryset.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n        return queryset\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneric Filtering\n\n\nAs well as being able to override the default queryset, REST framework also includes support for generic filtering backends that allow you to easily construct complex searches and filters.\n\n\nGeneric filters can also present themselves as HTML controls in the browsable API and admin API.\n\n\n\n\nSetting filter backends\n\n\nThe default filter backends may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n setting. For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the filter backends on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nGenericAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nimport django_filters.rest_framework\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend,)\n\n\n\nFiltering and object lookups\n\n\nNote that if a filter backend is configured for a view, then as well as being used to filter list views, it will also be used to filter the querysets used for returning a single object.\n\n\nFor instance, given the previous example, and a product with an id of \n4675\n, the following URL would either return the corresponding object, or return a 404 response, depending on if the filtering conditions were met by the given product instance:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/products/4675/?category=clothing\nmax_price=10.00\n\n\n\nOverriding the initial queryset\n\n\nNote that you can use both an overridden \n.get_queryset()\n and generic filtering together, and everything will work as expected.  For example, if \nProduct\n had a many-to-many relationship with \nUser\n, named \npurchase\n, you might want to write a view like this:\n\n\nclass PurchasedProductsList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the products that the authenticated\n    user has ever purchased, with optional filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    model = Product\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_class = ProductFilter\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        user = self.request.user\n        return user.purchase_set.all()\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Guide\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe \ndjango-filter\n library includes a \nDjangoFilterBackend\n class which\nsupports highly customizable field filtering for REST framework.\n\n\nTo use \nDjangoFilterBackend\n, first install \ndjango-filter\n. Then add \ndjango_filters\n to Django's \nINSTALLED_APPS\n\n\npip install django-filter\n\n\n\nYou should now either add the filter backend to your settings:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}\n\n\n\nOr add the filter backend to an individual View or ViewSet.\n\n\nfrom django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    ...\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n\n\n\nIf all you need is simple equality-based filtering, you can set a \nfilter_fields\n attribute on the view, or viewset, listing the set of fields you wish to filter against.\n\n\nclass ProductList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Product.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n    filter_fields = ('category', 'in_stock')\n\n\n\nThis will automatically create a \nFilterSet\n class for the given fields, and will allow you to make requests such as:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/products?category=clothing\nin_stock=True\n\n\n\nFor more advanced filtering requirements you can specify a \nFilterSet\n class that should be used by the view.\nYou can read more about \nFilterSet\ns in the \ndjango-filter documentation\n.\nIt's also recommended that you read the section on \nDRF integration\n.\n\n\nSearchFilter\n\n\nThe \nSearchFilter\n class supports simple single query parameter based searching, and is based on the \nDjango admin's search functionality\n.\n\n\nWhen in use, the browsable API will include a \nSearchFilter\n control:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nSearchFilter\n class will only be applied if the view has a \nsearch_fields\n attribute set.  The \nsearch_fields\n attribute should be a list of names of text type fields on the model, such as \nCharField\n or \nTextField\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import filters\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.SearchFilter,)\n    search_fields = ('username', 'email')\n\n\n\nThis will allow the client to filter the items in the list by making queries such as:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?search=russell\n\n\n\nYou can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField with the lookup API double-underscore notation:\n\n\nsearch_fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile__profession')\n\n\n\nBy default, searches will use case-insensitive partial matches.  The search parameter may contain multiple search terms, which should be whitespace and/or comma separated.  If multiple search terms are used then objects will be returned in the list only if all the provided terms are matched.\n\n\nThe search behavior may be restricted by prepending various characters to the \nsearch_fields\n.\n\n\n\n\n'^' Starts-with search.\n\n\n'=' Exact matches.\n\n\n'@' Full-text search.  (Currently only supported Django's MySQL backend.)\n\n\n'$' Regex search.\n\n\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nsearch_fields = ('=username', '=email')\n\n\n\nBy default, the search parameter is named \n'search\n', but this may be overridden with the \nSEARCH_PARAM\n setting.\n\n\nFor more details, see the \nDjango documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nOrderingFilter\n\n\nThe \nOrderingFilter\n class supports simple query parameter controlled ordering of results.\n\n\n\n\nBy default, the query parameter is named \n'ordering'\n, but this may by overridden with the \nORDERING_PARAM\n setting.\n\n\nFor example, to order users by username:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=username\n\n\n\nThe client may also specify reverse orderings by prefixing the field name with '-', like so:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=-username\n\n\n\nMultiple orderings may also be specified:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=account,username\n\n\n\nSpecifying which fields may be ordered against\n\n\nIt's recommended that you explicitly specify which fields the API should allowing in the ordering filter.  You can do this by setting an \nordering_fields\n attribute on the view, like so:\n\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n\n\n\nThis helps prevent unexpected data leakage, such as allowing users to order against a password hash field or other sensitive data.\n\n\nIf you \ndon't\n specify an \nordering_fields\n attribute on the view, the filter class will default to allowing the user to filter on any readable fields on the serializer specified by the \nserializer_class\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you are confident that the queryset being used by the view doesn't contain any sensitive data, you can also explicitly specify that a view should allow ordering on \nany\n model field or queryset aggregate, by using the special value \n'__all__'\n.\n\n\nclass BookingsListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BookingSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = '__all__'\n\n\n\nSpecifying a default ordering\n\n\nIf an \nordering\n attribute is set on the view, this will be used as the default ordering.\n\n\nTypically you'd instead control this by setting \norder_by\n on the initial queryset, but using the \nordering\n parameter on the view allows you to specify the ordering in a way that it can then be passed automatically as context to a rendered template.  This makes it possible to automatically render column headers differently if they are being used to order the results.\n\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n    ordering = ('username',)\n\n\n\nThe \nordering\n attribute may be either a string or a list/tuple of strings.\n\n\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n\n\nThe \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n is intended to be used together with the \ndjango-guardian\n package, with custom \n'view'\n permissions added.  The filter will ensure that querysets only returns objects for which the user has the appropriate view permission.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n This filter has been deprecated as of version 3.9 and moved to the 3rd-party \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n, you'll probably also want to add an appropriate object permissions class, to ensure that users can only operate on instances if they have the appropriate object permissions.  The easiest way to do this is to subclass \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n and add \n'view'\n permissions to the \nperms_map\n attribute.\n\n\nA complete example using both \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n and \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n might look something like this.\n\n\npermissions.py\n:\n\n\nclass CustomObjectPermissions(permissions.DjangoObjectPermissions):\n    \"\"\"\n    Similar to `DjangoObjectPermissions`, but adding 'view' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    perms_map = {\n        'GET': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'OPTIONS': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'HEAD': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'POST': ['%(app_label)s.add_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PUT': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PATCH': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'DELETE': ['%(app_label)s.delete_%(model_name)s'],\n    }\n\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nclass EventViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Viewset that only lists events if user has 'view' permissions, and only\n    allows operations on individual events if user has appropriate 'view', 'add',\n    'change' or 'delete' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Event.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = EventSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter,)\n    permission_classes = (myapp.permissions.CustomObjectPermissions,)\n\n\n\nFor more information on adding \n'view'\n permissions for models, see the \nrelevant section\n of the \ndjango-guardian\n documentation, and \nthis blogpost\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustom generic filtering\n\n\nYou can also provide your own generic filtering backend, or write an installable app for other developers to use.\n\n\nTo do so override \nBaseFilterBackend\n, and override the \n.filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view)\n method.  The method should return a new, filtered queryset.\n\n\nAs well as allowing clients to perform searches and filtering, generic filter backends can be useful for restricting which objects should be visible to any given request or user.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, you might need to restrict users to only being able to see objects they created.\n\n\nclass IsOwnerFilterBackend(filters.BaseFilterBackend):\n    \"\"\"\n    Filter that only allows users to see their own objects.\n    \"\"\"\n    def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):\n        return queryset.filter(owner=request.user)\n\n\n\nWe could achieve the same behavior by overriding \nget_queryset()\n on the views, but using a filter backend allows you to more easily add this restriction to multiple views, or to apply it across the entire API.\n\n\nCustomizing the interface\n\n\nGeneric filters may also present an interface in the browsable API. To do so you should implement a \nto_html()\n method which returns a rendered HTML representation of the filter. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nto_html(self, request, queryset, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a rendered HTML string.\n\n\nPagination \n schemas\n\n\nYou can also make the filter controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a \nget_schema_fields()\n method. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nget_schema_fields(self, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances.\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional filter implementations.\n\n\nDjango REST framework filters package\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-filters package\n works together with the \nDjangoFilterBackend\n class, and allows you to easily create filters across relationships, or create multiple filter lookup types for a given field.\n\n\nDjango REST framework full word search filter\n\n\nThe \ndjangorestframework-word-filter\n developed as alternative to \nfilters.SearchFilter\n which will search full word in text, or exact match.\n\n\nDjango URL Filter\n\n\ndjango-url-filter\n provides a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It works very similar to DRF serializers and fields in a sense that they can be nested except they are called filtersets and filters. That provides easy way to filter related data. Also this library is generic-purpose so it can be used to filter other sources of data and not only Django \nQuerySet\ns.\n\n\ndrf-url-filters\n\n\ndrf-url-filter\n is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf \nModelViewSet\n's \nQueryset\n in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values. A beautiful python package \nVoluptuous\n is being used for validations on the incoming query parameters. The best part about voluptuous is you can define your own validations as per your query params requirements.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/",
+            "text": "Filtering\n\n\n\n\nThe root QuerySet provided by the Manager describes all objects in the database table.  Usually, though, you'll need to select only a subset of the complete set of objects.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nThe default behavior of REST framework's generic list views is to return the entire queryset for a model manager.  Often you will want your API to restrict the items that are returned by the queryset.\n\n\nThe simplest way to filter the queryset of any view that subclasses \nGenericAPIView\n is to override the \n.get_queryset()\n method.\n\n\nOverriding this method allows you to customize the queryset returned by the view in a number of different ways.\n\n\nFiltering against the current user\n\n\nYou might want to filter the queryset to ensure that only results relevant to the currently authenticated user making the request are returned.\n\n\nYou can do so by filtering based on the value of \nrequest.user\n.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nfrom myapp.models import Purchase\nfrom myapp.serializers import PurchaseSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases\n        for the currently authenticated user.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.request.user\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser=user)\n\n\n\nFiltering against the URL\n\n\nAnother style of filtering might involve restricting the queryset based on some part of the URL.\n\n\nFor example if your URL config contained an entry like this:\n\n\nurl('^purchases/(?P.+)/$', PurchaseList.as_view()),\n\n\n\nYou could then write a view that returned a purchase queryset filtered by the username portion of the URL:\n\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases for\n        the user as determined by the username portion of the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        username = self.kwargs['username']\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n\n\n\nFiltering against query parameters\n\n\nA final example of filtering the initial queryset would be to determine the initial queryset based on query parameters in the url.\n\n\nWe can override \n.get_queryset()\n to deal with URLs such as \nhttp://example.com/api/purchases?username=denvercoder9\n, and filter the queryset only if the \nusername\n parameter is included in the URL:\n\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Optionally restricts the returned purchases to a given user,\n        by filtering against a `username` query parameter in the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        queryset = Purchase.objects.all()\n        username = self.request.query_params.get('username', None)\n        if username is not None:\n            queryset = queryset.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n        return queryset\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneric Filtering\n\n\nAs well as being able to override the default queryset, REST framework also includes support for generic filtering backends that allow you to easily construct complex searches and filters.\n\n\nGeneric filters can also present themselves as HTML controls in the browsable API and admin API.\n\n\n\n\nSetting filter backends\n\n\nThe default filter backends may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n setting. For example.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the filter backends on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the \nGenericAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nimport django_filters.rest_framework\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend,)\n\n\n\nFiltering and object lookups\n\n\nNote that if a filter backend is configured for a view, then as well as being used to filter list views, it will also be used to filter the querysets used for returning a single object.\n\n\nFor instance, given the previous example, and a product with an id of \n4675\n, the following URL would either return the corresponding object, or return a 404 response, depending on if the filtering conditions were met by the given product instance:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/products/4675/?category=clothing&max_price=10.00\n\n\n\nOverriding the initial queryset\n\n\nNote that you can use both an overridden \n.get_queryset()\n and generic filtering together, and everything will work as expected.  For example, if \nProduct\n had a many-to-many relationship with \nUser\n, named \npurchase\n, you might want to write a view like this:\n\n\nclass PurchasedProductsList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the products that the authenticated\n    user has ever purchased, with optional filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    model = Product\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_class = ProductFilter\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        user = self.request.user\n        return user.purchase_set.all()\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Guide\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe \ndjango-filter\n library includes a \nDjangoFilterBackend\n class which\nsupports highly customizable field filtering for REST framework.\n\n\nTo use \nDjangoFilterBackend\n, first install \ndjango-filter\n. Then add \ndjango_filters\n to Django's \nINSTALLED_APPS\n\n\npip install django-filter\n\n\n\nYou should now either add the filter backend to your settings:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}\n\n\n\nOr add the filter backend to an individual View or ViewSet.\n\n\nfrom django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    ...\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n\n\n\nIf all you need is simple equality-based filtering, you can set a \nfilter_fields\n attribute on the view, or viewset, listing the set of fields you wish to filter against.\n\n\nclass ProductList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Product.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n    filter_fields = ('category', 'in_stock')\n\n\n\nThis will automatically create a \nFilterSet\n class for the given fields, and will allow you to make requests such as:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/products?category=clothing&in_stock=True\n\n\n\nFor more advanced filtering requirements you can specify a \nFilterSet\n class that should be used by the view.\nYou can read more about \nFilterSet\ns in the \ndjango-filter documentation\n.\nIt's also recommended that you read the section on \nDRF integration\n.\n\n\nSearchFilter\n\n\nThe \nSearchFilter\n class supports simple single query parameter based searching, and is based on the \nDjango admin's search functionality\n.\n\n\nWhen in use, the browsable API will include a \nSearchFilter\n control:\n\n\n\n\nThe \nSearchFilter\n class will only be applied if the view has a \nsearch_fields\n attribute set.  The \nsearch_fields\n attribute should be a list of names of text type fields on the model, such as \nCharField\n or \nTextField\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import filters\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.SearchFilter,)\n    search_fields = ('username', 'email')\n\n\n\nThis will allow the client to filter the items in the list by making queries such as:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?search=russell\n\n\n\nYou can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField with the lookup API double-underscore notation:\n\n\nsearch_fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile__profession')\n\n\n\nBy default, searches will use case-insensitive partial matches.  The search parameter may contain multiple search terms, which should be whitespace and/or comma separated.  If multiple search terms are used then objects will be returned in the list only if all the provided terms are matched.\n\n\nThe search behavior may be restricted by prepending various characters to the \nsearch_fields\n.\n\n\n\n\n'^' Starts-with search.\n\n\n'=' Exact matches.\n\n\n'@' Full-text search.  (Currently only supported Django's MySQL backend.)\n\n\n'$' Regex search.\n\n\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nsearch_fields = ('=username', '=email')\n\n\n\nBy default, the search parameter is named \n'search\n', but this may be overridden with the \nSEARCH_PARAM\n setting.\n\n\nFor more details, see the \nDjango documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nOrderingFilter\n\n\nThe \nOrderingFilter\n class supports simple query parameter controlled ordering of results.\n\n\n\n\nBy default, the query parameter is named \n'ordering'\n, but this may by overridden with the \nORDERING_PARAM\n setting.\n\n\nFor example, to order users by username:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=username\n\n\n\nThe client may also specify reverse orderings by prefixing the field name with '-', like so:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=-username\n\n\n\nMultiple orderings may also be specified:\n\n\nhttp://example.com/api/users?ordering=account,username\n\n\n\nSpecifying which fields may be ordered against\n\n\nIt's recommended that you explicitly specify which fields the API should allowing in the ordering filter.  You can do this by setting an \nordering_fields\n attribute on the view, like so:\n\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n\n\n\nThis helps prevent unexpected data leakage, such as allowing users to order against a password hash field or other sensitive data.\n\n\nIf you \ndon't\n specify an \nordering_fields\n attribute on the view, the filter class will default to allowing the user to filter on any readable fields on the serializer specified by the \nserializer_class\n attribute.\n\n\nIf you are confident that the queryset being used by the view doesn't contain any sensitive data, you can also explicitly specify that a view should allow ordering on \nany\n model field or queryset aggregate, by using the special value \n'__all__'\n.\n\n\nclass BookingsListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BookingSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = '__all__'\n\n\n\nSpecifying a default ordering\n\n\nIf an \nordering\n attribute is set on the view, this will be used as the default ordering.\n\n\nTypically you'd instead control this by setting \norder_by\n on the initial queryset, but using the \nordering\n parameter on the view allows you to specify the ordering in a way that it can then be passed automatically as context to a rendered template.  This makes it possible to automatically render column headers differently if they are being used to order the results.\n\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n    ordering = ('username',)\n\n\n\nThe \nordering\n attribute may be either a string or a list/tuple of strings.\n\n\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n\n\nThe \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n is intended to be used together with the \ndjango-guardian\n package, with custom \n'view'\n permissions added.  The filter will ensure that querysets only returns objects for which the user has the appropriate view permission.\n\n\n\n\nNote:\n This filter has been deprecated as of version 3.9 and moved to the 3rd-party \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n, you'll probably also want to add an appropriate object permissions class, to ensure that users can only operate on instances if they have the appropriate object permissions.  The easiest way to do this is to subclass \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n and add \n'view'\n permissions to the \nperms_map\n attribute.\n\n\nA complete example using both \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n and \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n might look something like this.\n\n\npermissions.py\n:\n\n\nclass CustomObjectPermissions(permissions.DjangoObjectPermissions):\n    \"\"\"\n    Similar to `DjangoObjectPermissions`, but adding 'view' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    perms_map = {\n        'GET': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'OPTIONS': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'HEAD': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'POST': ['%(app_label)s.add_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PUT': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PATCH': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'DELETE': ['%(app_label)s.delete_%(model_name)s'],\n    }\n\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nclass EventViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Viewset that only lists events if user has 'view' permissions, and only\n    allows operations on individual events if user has appropriate 'view', 'add',\n    'change' or 'delete' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Event.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = EventSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter,)\n    permission_classes = (myapp.permissions.CustomObjectPermissions,)\n\n\n\nFor more information on adding \n'view'\n permissions for models, see the \nrelevant section\n of the \ndjango-guardian\n documentation, and \nthis blogpost\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustom generic filtering\n\n\nYou can also provide your own generic filtering backend, or write an installable app for other developers to use.\n\n\nTo do so override \nBaseFilterBackend\n, and override the \n.filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view)\n method.  The method should return a new, filtered queryset.\n\n\nAs well as allowing clients to perform searches and filtering, generic filter backends can be useful for restricting which objects should be visible to any given request or user.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nFor example, you might need to restrict users to only being able to see objects they created.\n\n\nclass IsOwnerFilterBackend(filters.BaseFilterBackend):\n    \"\"\"\n    Filter that only allows users to see their own objects.\n    \"\"\"\n    def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):\n        return queryset.filter(owner=request.user)\n\n\n\nWe could achieve the same behavior by overriding \nget_queryset()\n on the views, but using a filter backend allows you to more easily add this restriction to multiple views, or to apply it across the entire API.\n\n\nCustomizing the interface\n\n\nGeneric filters may also present an interface in the browsable API. To do so you should implement a \nto_html()\n method which returns a rendered HTML representation of the filter. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nto_html(self, request, queryset, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a rendered HTML string.\n\n\nPagination & schemas\n\n\nYou can also make the filter controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a \nget_schema_fields()\n method. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nget_schema_fields(self, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances.\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional filter implementations.\n\n\nDjango REST framework filters package\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-filters package\n works together with the \nDjangoFilterBackend\n class, and allows you to easily create filters across relationships, or create multiple filter lookup types for a given field.\n\n\nDjango REST framework full word search filter\n\n\nThe \ndjangorestframework-word-filter\n developed as alternative to \nfilters.SearchFilter\n which will search full word in text, or exact match.\n\n\nDjango URL Filter\n\n\ndjango-url-filter\n provides a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It works very similar to DRF serializers and fields in a sense that they can be nested except they are called filtersets and filters. That provides easy way to filter related data. Also this library is generic-purpose so it can be used to filter other sources of data and not only Django \nQuerySet\ns.\n\n\ndrf-url-filters\n\n\ndrf-url-filter\n is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf \nModelViewSet\n's \nQueryset\n in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values. A beautiful python package \nVoluptuous\n is being used for validations on the incoming query parameters. The best part about voluptuous is you can define your own validations as per your query params requirements.",
             "title": "Filtering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering", 
-            "text": "The root QuerySet provided by the Manager describes all objects in the database table.  Usually, though, you'll need to select only a subset of the complete set of objects.    Django documentation   The default behavior of REST framework's generic list views is to return the entire queryset for a model manager.  Often you will want your API to restrict the items that are returned by the queryset.  The simplest way to filter the queryset of any view that subclasses  GenericAPIView  is to override the  .get_queryset()  method.  Overriding this method allows you to customize the queryset returned by the view in a number of different ways.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering",
+            "text": "The root QuerySet provided by the Manager describes all objects in the database table.  Usually, though, you'll need to select only a subset of the complete set of objects.  \u2014  Django documentation   The default behavior of REST framework's generic list views is to return the entire queryset for a model manager.  Often you will want your API to restrict the items that are returned by the queryset.  The simplest way to filter the queryset of any view that subclasses  GenericAPIView  is to override the  .get_queryset()  method.  Overriding this method allows you to customize the queryset returned by the view in a number of different ways.",
             "title": "Filtering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-the-current-user", 
-            "text": "You might want to filter the queryset to ensure that only results relevant to the currently authenticated user making the request are returned.  You can do so by filtering based on the value of  request.user .  For example:  from myapp.models import Purchase\nfrom myapp.serializers import PurchaseSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases\n        for the currently authenticated user.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.request.user\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser=user)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-the-current-user",
+            "text": "You might want to filter the queryset to ensure that only results relevant to the currently authenticated user making the request are returned.  You can do so by filtering based on the value of  request.user .  For example:  from myapp.models import Purchase\nfrom myapp.serializers import PurchaseSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases\n        for the currently authenticated user.\n        \"\"\"\n        user = self.request.user\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser=user)",
             "title": "Filtering against the current user"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-the-url", 
-            "text": "Another style of filtering might involve restricting the queryset based on some part of the URL.  For example if your URL config contained an entry like this:  url('^purchases/(?P username .+)/$', PurchaseList.as_view()),  You could then write a view that returned a purchase queryset filtered by the username portion of the URL:  class PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases for\n        the user as determined by the username portion of the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        username = self.kwargs['username']\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser__username=username)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-the-url",
+            "text": "Another style of filtering might involve restricting the queryset based on some part of the URL.  For example if your URL config contained an entry like this:  url('^purchases/(?P.+)/$', PurchaseList.as_view()),  You could then write a view that returned a purchase queryset filtered by the username portion of the URL:  class PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        This view should return a list of all the purchases for\n        the user as determined by the username portion of the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        username = self.kwargs['username']\n        return Purchase.objects.filter(purchaser__username=username)",
             "title": "Filtering against the URL"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-query-parameters", 
-            "text": "A final example of filtering the initial queryset would be to determine the initial queryset based on query parameters in the url.  We can override  .get_queryset()  to deal with URLs such as  http://example.com/api/purchases?username=denvercoder9 , and filter the queryset only if the  username  parameter is included in the URL:  class PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Optionally restricts the returned purchases to a given user,\n        by filtering against a `username` query parameter in the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        queryset = Purchase.objects.all()\n        username = self.request.query_params.get('username', None)\n        if username is not None:\n            queryset = queryset.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n        return queryset", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-against-query-parameters",
+            "text": "A final example of filtering the initial queryset would be to determine the initial queryset based on query parameters in the url.  We can override  .get_queryset()  to deal with URLs such as  http://example.com/api/purchases?username=denvercoder9 , and filter the queryset only if the  username  parameter is included in the URL:  class PurchaseList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    serializer_class = PurchaseSerializer\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Optionally restricts the returned purchases to a given user,\n        by filtering against a `username` query parameter in the URL.\n        \"\"\"\n        queryset = Purchase.objects.all()\n        username = self.request.query_params.get('username', None)\n        if username is not None:\n            queryset = queryset.filter(purchaser__username=username)\n        return queryset",
             "title": "Filtering against query parameters"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#generic-filtering", 
-            "text": "As well as being able to override the default queryset, REST framework also includes support for generic filtering backends that allow you to easily construct complex searches and filters.  Generic filters can also present themselves as HTML controls in the browsable API and admin API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#generic-filtering",
+            "text": "As well as being able to override the default queryset, REST framework also includes support for generic filtering backends that allow you to easily construct complex searches and filters.  Generic filters can also present themselves as HTML controls in the browsable API and admin API.",
             "title": "Generic Filtering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#setting-filter-backends", 
-            "text": "The default filter backends may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS  setting. For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}  You can also set the filter backends on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  GenericAPIView  class-based views.  import django_filters.rest_framework\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend,)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#setting-filter-backends",
+            "text": "The default filter backends may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS  setting. For example.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}  You can also set the filter backends on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,\nusing the  GenericAPIView  class-based views.  import django_filters.rest_framework\nfrom django.contrib.auth.models import User\nfrom myapp.serializers import UserSerializer\nfrom rest_framework import generics\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend,)",
             "title": "Setting filter backends"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-and-object-lookups", 
-            "text": "Note that if a filter backend is configured for a view, then as well as being used to filter list views, it will also be used to filter the querysets used for returning a single object.  For instance, given the previous example, and a product with an id of  4675 , the following URL would either return the corresponding object, or return a 404 response, depending on if the filtering conditions were met by the given product instance:  http://example.com/api/products/4675/?category=clothing max_price=10.00", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#filtering-and-object-lookups",
+            "text": "Note that if a filter backend is configured for a view, then as well as being used to filter list views, it will also be used to filter the querysets used for returning a single object.  For instance, given the previous example, and a product with an id of  4675 , the following URL would either return the corresponding object, or return a 404 response, depending on if the filtering conditions were met by the given product instance:  http://example.com/api/products/4675/?category=clothing&max_price=10.00",
             "title": "Filtering and object lookups"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#overriding-the-initial-queryset", 
-            "text": "Note that you can use both an overridden  .get_queryset()  and generic filtering together, and everything will work as expected.  For example, if  Product  had a many-to-many relationship with  User , named  purchase , you might want to write a view like this:  class PurchasedProductsList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the products that the authenticated\n    user has ever purchased, with optional filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    model = Product\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_class = ProductFilter\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        user = self.request.user\n        return user.purchase_set.all()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#overriding-the-initial-queryset",
+            "text": "Note that you can use both an overridden  .get_queryset()  and generic filtering together, and everything will work as expected.  For example, if  Product  had a many-to-many relationship with  User , named  purchase , you might want to write a view like this:  class PurchasedProductsList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the products that the authenticated\n    user has ever purchased, with optional filtering.\n    \"\"\"\n    model = Product\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_class = ProductFilter\n\n    def get_queryset(self):\n        user = self.request.user\n        return user.purchase_set.all()",
             "title": "Overriding the initial queryset"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#api-guide", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#api-guide",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Guide"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#djangofilterbackend", 
-            "text": "The  django-filter  library includes a  DjangoFilterBackend  class which\nsupports highly customizable field filtering for REST framework.  To use  DjangoFilterBackend , first install  django-filter . Then add  django_filters  to Django's  INSTALLED_APPS  pip install django-filter  You should now either add the filter backend to your settings:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}  Or add the filter backend to an individual View or ViewSet.  from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    ...\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)  If all you need is simple equality-based filtering, you can set a  filter_fields  attribute on the view, or viewset, listing the set of fields you wish to filter against.  class ProductList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Product.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n    filter_fields = ('category', 'in_stock')  This will automatically create a  FilterSet  class for the given fields, and will allow you to make requests such as:  http://example.com/api/products?category=clothing in_stock=True  For more advanced filtering requirements you can specify a  FilterSet  class that should be used by the view.\nYou can read more about  FilterSet s in the  django-filter documentation .\nIt's also recommended that you read the section on  DRF integration .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#djangofilterbackend",
+            "text": "The  django-filter  library includes a  DjangoFilterBackend  class which\nsupports highly customizable field filtering for REST framework.  To use  DjangoFilterBackend , first install  django-filter . Then add  django_filters  to Django's  INSTALLED_APPS  pip install django-filter  You should now either add the filter backend to your settings:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)\n}  Or add the filter backend to an individual View or ViewSet.  from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    ...\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)  If all you need is simple equality-based filtering, you can set a  filter_fields  attribute on the view, or viewset, listing the set of fields you wish to filter against.  class ProductList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Product.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = ProductSerializer\n    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)\n    filter_fields = ('category', 'in_stock')  This will automatically create a  FilterSet  class for the given fields, and will allow you to make requests such as:  http://example.com/api/products?category=clothing&in_stock=True  For more advanced filtering requirements you can specify a  FilterSet  class that should be used by the view.\nYou can read more about  FilterSet s in the  django-filter documentation .\nIt's also recommended that you read the section on  DRF integration .",
             "title": "DjangoFilterBackend"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#searchfilter", 
-            "text": "The  SearchFilter  class supports simple single query parameter based searching, and is based on the  Django admin's search functionality .  When in use, the browsable API will include a  SearchFilter  control:   The  SearchFilter  class will only be applied if the view has a  search_fields  attribute set.  The  search_fields  attribute should be a list of names of text type fields on the model, such as  CharField  or  TextField .  from rest_framework import filters\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.SearchFilter,)\n    search_fields = ('username', 'email')  This will allow the client to filter the items in the list by making queries such as:  http://example.com/api/users?search=russell  You can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField with the lookup API double-underscore notation:  search_fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile__profession')  By default, searches will use case-insensitive partial matches.  The search parameter may contain multiple search terms, which should be whitespace and/or comma separated.  If multiple search terms are used then objects will be returned in the list only if all the provided terms are matched.  The search behavior may be restricted by prepending various characters to the  search_fields .   '^' Starts-with search.  '=' Exact matches.  '@' Full-text search.  (Currently only supported Django's MySQL backend.)  '$' Regex search.   For example:  search_fields = ('=username', '=email')  By default, the search parameter is named  'search ', but this may be overridden with the  SEARCH_PARAM  setting.  For more details, see the  Django documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#searchfilter",
+            "text": "The  SearchFilter  class supports simple single query parameter based searching, and is based on the  Django admin's search functionality .  When in use, the browsable API will include a  SearchFilter  control:   The  SearchFilter  class will only be applied if the view has a  search_fields  attribute set.  The  search_fields  attribute should be a list of names of text type fields on the model, such as  CharField  or  TextField .  from rest_framework import filters\n\nclass UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.SearchFilter,)\n    search_fields = ('username', 'email')  This will allow the client to filter the items in the list by making queries such as:  http://example.com/api/users?search=russell  You can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField with the lookup API double-underscore notation:  search_fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile__profession')  By default, searches will use case-insensitive partial matches.  The search parameter may contain multiple search terms, which should be whitespace and/or comma separated.  If multiple search terms are used then objects will be returned in the list only if all the provided terms are matched.  The search behavior may be restricted by prepending various characters to the  search_fields .   '^' Starts-with search.  '=' Exact matches.  '@' Full-text search.  (Currently only supported Django's MySQL backend.)  '$' Regex search.   For example:  search_fields = ('=username', '=email')  By default, the search parameter is named  'search ', but this may be overridden with the  SEARCH_PARAM  setting.  For more details, see the  Django documentation .",
             "title": "SearchFilter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#orderingfilter", 
-            "text": "The  OrderingFilter  class supports simple query parameter controlled ordering of results.   By default, the query parameter is named  'ordering' , but this may by overridden with the  ORDERING_PARAM  setting.  For example, to order users by username:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=username  The client may also specify reverse orderings by prefixing the field name with '-', like so:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=-username  Multiple orderings may also be specified:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=account,username", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#orderingfilter",
+            "text": "The  OrderingFilter  class supports simple query parameter controlled ordering of results.   By default, the query parameter is named  'ordering' , but this may by overridden with the  ORDERING_PARAM  setting.  For example, to order users by username:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=username  The client may also specify reverse orderings by prefixing the field name with '-', like so:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=-username  Multiple orderings may also be specified:  http://example.com/api/users?ordering=account,username",
             "title": "OrderingFilter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#specifying-which-fields-may-be-ordered-against", 
-            "text": "It's recommended that you explicitly specify which fields the API should allowing in the ordering filter.  You can do this by setting an  ordering_fields  attribute on the view, like so:  class UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')  This helps prevent unexpected data leakage, such as allowing users to order against a password hash field or other sensitive data.  If you  don't  specify an  ordering_fields  attribute on the view, the filter class will default to allowing the user to filter on any readable fields on the serializer specified by the  serializer_class  attribute.  If you are confident that the queryset being used by the view doesn't contain any sensitive data, you can also explicitly specify that a view should allow ordering on  any  model field or queryset aggregate, by using the special value  '__all__' .  class BookingsListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BookingSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = '__all__'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#specifying-which-fields-may-be-ordered-against",
+            "text": "It's recommended that you explicitly specify which fields the API should allowing in the ordering filter.  You can do this by setting an  ordering_fields  attribute on the view, like so:  class UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')  This helps prevent unexpected data leakage, such as allowing users to order against a password hash field or other sensitive data.  If you  don't  specify an  ordering_fields  attribute on the view, the filter class will default to allowing the user to filter on any readable fields on the serializer specified by the  serializer_class  attribute.  If you are confident that the queryset being used by the view doesn't contain any sensitive data, you can also explicitly specify that a view should allow ordering on  any  model field or queryset aggregate, by using the special value  '__all__' .  class BookingsListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BookingSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = '__all__'",
             "title": "Specifying which fields may be ordered against"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#specifying-a-default-ordering", 
-            "text": "If an  ordering  attribute is set on the view, this will be used as the default ordering.  Typically you'd instead control this by setting  order_by  on the initial queryset, but using the  ordering  parameter on the view allows you to specify the ordering in a way that it can then be passed automatically as context to a rendered template.  This makes it possible to automatically render column headers differently if they are being used to order the results.  class UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n    ordering = ('username',)  The  ordering  attribute may be either a string or a list/tuple of strings.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#specifying-a-default-ordering",
+            "text": "If an  ordering  attribute is set on the view, this will be used as the default ordering.  Typically you'd instead control this by setting  order_by  on the initial queryset, but using the  ordering  parameter on the view allows you to specify the ordering in a way that it can then be passed automatically as context to a rendered template.  This makes it possible to automatically render column headers differently if they are being used to order the results.  class UserListView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.OrderingFilter,)\n    ordering_fields = ('username', 'email')\n    ordering = ('username',)  The  ordering  attribute may be either a string or a list/tuple of strings.",
             "title": "Specifying a default ordering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#djangoobjectpermissionsfilter", 
-            "text": "The  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  is intended to be used together with the  django-guardian  package, with custom  'view'  permissions added.  The filter will ensure that querysets only returns objects for which the user has the appropriate view permission.   Note:  This filter has been deprecated as of version 3.9 and moved to the 3rd-party  djangorestframework-guardian  package .   If you're using  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter , you'll probably also want to add an appropriate object permissions class, to ensure that users can only operate on instances if they have the appropriate object permissions.  The easiest way to do this is to subclass  DjangoObjectPermissions  and add  'view'  permissions to the  perms_map  attribute.  A complete example using both  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  and  DjangoObjectPermissions  might look something like this.  permissions.py :  class CustomObjectPermissions(permissions.DjangoObjectPermissions):\n    \"\"\"\n    Similar to `DjangoObjectPermissions`, but adding 'view' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    perms_map = {\n        'GET': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'OPTIONS': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'HEAD': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'POST': ['%(app_label)s.add_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PUT': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PATCH': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'DELETE': ['%(app_label)s.delete_%(model_name)s'],\n    }  views.py :  class EventViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Viewset that only lists events if user has 'view' permissions, and only\n    allows operations on individual events if user has appropriate 'view', 'add',\n    'change' or 'delete' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Event.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = EventSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter,)\n    permission_classes = (myapp.permissions.CustomObjectPermissions,)  For more information on adding  'view'  permissions for models, see the  relevant section  of the  django-guardian  documentation, and  this blogpost .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#djangoobjectpermissionsfilter",
+            "text": "The  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  is intended to be used together with the  django-guardian  package, with custom  'view'  permissions added.  The filter will ensure that querysets only returns objects for which the user has the appropriate view permission.   Note:  This filter has been deprecated as of version 3.9 and moved to the 3rd-party  djangorestframework-guardian  package .   If you're using  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter , you'll probably also want to add an appropriate object permissions class, to ensure that users can only operate on instances if they have the appropriate object permissions.  The easiest way to do this is to subclass  DjangoObjectPermissions  and add  'view'  permissions to the  perms_map  attribute.  A complete example using both  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  and  DjangoObjectPermissions  might look something like this.  permissions.py :  class CustomObjectPermissions(permissions.DjangoObjectPermissions):\n    \"\"\"\n    Similar to `DjangoObjectPermissions`, but adding 'view' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    perms_map = {\n        'GET': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'OPTIONS': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'HEAD': ['%(app_label)s.view_%(model_name)s'],\n        'POST': ['%(app_label)s.add_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PUT': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'PATCH': ['%(app_label)s.change_%(model_name)s'],\n        'DELETE': ['%(app_label)s.delete_%(model_name)s'],\n    }  views.py :  class EventViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    Viewset that only lists events if user has 'view' permissions, and only\n    allows operations on individual events if user has appropriate 'view', 'add',\n    'change' or 'delete' permissions.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = Event.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = EventSerializer\n    filter_backends = (filters.DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter,)\n    permission_classes = (myapp.permissions.CustomObjectPermissions,)  For more information on adding  'view'  permissions for models, see the  relevant section  of the  django-guardian  documentation, and  this blogpost .",
             "title": "DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#custom-generic-filtering", 
-            "text": "You can also provide your own generic filtering backend, or write an installable app for other developers to use.  To do so override  BaseFilterBackend , and override the  .filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view)  method.  The method should return a new, filtered queryset.  As well as allowing clients to perform searches and filtering, generic filter backends can be useful for restricting which objects should be visible to any given request or user.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#custom-generic-filtering",
+            "text": "You can also provide your own generic filtering backend, or write an installable app for other developers to use.  To do so override  BaseFilterBackend , and override the  .filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view)  method.  The method should return a new, filtered queryset.  As well as allowing clients to perform searches and filtering, generic filter backends can be useful for restricting which objects should be visible to any given request or user.",
             "title": "Custom generic filtering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#example", 
-            "text": "For example, you might need to restrict users to only being able to see objects they created.  class IsOwnerFilterBackend(filters.BaseFilterBackend):\n    \"\"\"\n    Filter that only allows users to see their own objects.\n    \"\"\"\n    def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):\n        return queryset.filter(owner=request.user)  We could achieve the same behavior by overriding  get_queryset()  on the views, but using a filter backend allows you to more easily add this restriction to multiple views, or to apply it across the entire API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#example",
+            "text": "For example, you might need to restrict users to only being able to see objects they created.  class IsOwnerFilterBackend(filters.BaseFilterBackend):\n    \"\"\"\n    Filter that only allows users to see their own objects.\n    \"\"\"\n    def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):\n        return queryset.filter(owner=request.user)  We could achieve the same behavior by overriding  get_queryset()  on the views, but using a filter backend allows you to more easily add this restriction to multiple views, or to apply it across the entire API.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#customizing-the-interface", 
-            "text": "Generic filters may also present an interface in the browsable API. To do so you should implement a  to_html()  method which returns a rendered HTML representation of the filter. This method should have the following signature:  to_html(self, request, queryset, view)  The method should return a rendered HTML string.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#customizing-the-interface",
+            "text": "Generic filters may also present an interface in the browsable API. To do so you should implement a  to_html()  method which returns a rendered HTML representation of the filter. This method should have the following signature:  to_html(self, request, queryset, view)  The method should return a rendered HTML string.",
             "title": "Customizing the interface"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#pagination-schemas", 
-            "text": "You can also make the filter controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a  get_schema_fields()  method. This method should have the following signature:  get_schema_fields(self, view)  The method should return a list of  coreapi.Field  instances.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#pagination-schemas",
+            "text": "You can also make the filter controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a  get_schema_fields()  method. This method should have the following signature:  get_schema_fields(self, view)  The method should return a list of  coreapi.Field  instances.",
             "title": "Pagination & schemas"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional filter implementations.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional filter implementations.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-rest-framework-filters-package", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-filters package  works together with the  DjangoFilterBackend  class, and allows you to easily create filters across relationships, or create multiple filter lookup types for a given field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-rest-framework-filters-package",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-filters package  works together with the  DjangoFilterBackend  class, and allows you to easily create filters across relationships, or create multiple filter lookup types for a given field.",
             "title": "Django REST framework filters package"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-rest-framework-full-word-search-filter", 
-            "text": "The  djangorestframework-word-filter  developed as alternative to  filters.SearchFilter  which will search full word in text, or exact match.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-rest-framework-full-word-search-filter",
+            "text": "The  djangorestframework-word-filter  developed as alternative to  filters.SearchFilter  which will search full word in text, or exact match.",
             "title": "Django REST framework full word search filter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-url-filter", 
-            "text": "django-url-filter  provides a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It works very similar to DRF serializers and fields in a sense that they can be nested except they are called filtersets and filters. That provides easy way to filter related data. Also this library is generic-purpose so it can be used to filter other sources of data and not only Django  QuerySet s.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#django-url-filter",
+            "text": "django-url-filter  provides a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It works very similar to DRF serializers and fields in a sense that they can be nested except they are called filtersets and filters. That provides easy way to filter related data. Also this library is generic-purpose so it can be used to filter other sources of data and not only Django  QuerySet s.",
             "title": "Django URL Filter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#drf-url-filters", 
-            "text": "drf-url-filter  is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf  ModelViewSet 's  Queryset  in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values. A beautiful python package  Voluptuous  is being used for validations on the incoming query parameters. The best part about voluptuous is you can define your own validations as per your query params requirements.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/filtering/#drf-url-filters",
+            "text": "drf-url-filter  is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf  ModelViewSet 's  Queryset  in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values. A beautiful python package  Voluptuous  is being used for validations on the incoming query parameters. The best part about voluptuous is you can define your own validations as per your query params requirements.",
             "title": "drf-url-filters"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/", 
-            "text": "Pagination\n\n\n\n\nDjango provides a few classes that help you manage paginated data \u2013 that is, data that\u2019s split across several pages, with \u201cPrevious/Next\u201d links.\n\n\n \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes support for customizable pagination styles. This allows you to modify how large result sets are split into individual pages of data.\n\n\nThe pagination API can support either:\n\n\n\n\nPagination links that are provided as part of the content of the response.\n\n\nPagination links that are included in response headers, such as \nContent-Range\n or \nLink\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe built-in styles currently all use links included as part of the content of the response. This style is more accessible when using the browsable API.\n\n\nPagination is only performed automatically if you're using the generic views or viewsets. If you're using a regular \nAPIView\n, you'll need to call into the pagination API yourself to ensure you return a paginated response. See the source code for the \nmixins.ListModelMixin\n and \ngenerics.GenericAPIView\n classes for an example.\n\n\nPagination can be turned off by setting the pagination class to \nNone\n.\n\n\nSetting the pagination style\n\n\nThe pagination style may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n and \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting keys. For example, to use the built-in limit/offset pagination, you would do something like this:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nNote that you need to set both the pagination class, and the page size that should be used.  Both \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n and \nPAGE_SIZE\n are \nNone\n by default.\n\n\nYou can also set the pagination class on an individual view by using the \npagination_class\n attribute. Typically you'll want to use the same pagination style throughout your API, although you might want to vary individual aspects of the pagination, such as default or maximum page size, on a per-view basis.\n\n\nModifying the pagination style\n\n\nIf you want to modify particular aspects of the pagination style, you'll want to override one of the pagination classes, and set the attributes that you want to change.\n\n\nclass LargeResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 1000\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 10000\n\nclass StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 100\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 1000\n\n\n\nYou can then apply your new style to a view using the \npagination_class\n attribute:\n\n\nclass BillingRecordsView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Billing.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BillingRecordsSerializer\n    pagination_class = LargeResultsSetPagination\n\n\n\nOr apply the style globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n settings key. For example:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'apps.core.pagination.StandardResultsSetPagination'\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nPageNumberPagination\n\n\nThis pagination style accepts a single number page number in the request query parameters.\n\n\nRequest\n:\n\n\nGET https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4\n\n\n\nResponse\n:\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=5\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=3\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nPageNumberPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration, and set the \nPAGE_SIZE\n as desired:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nPageNumberPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nPageNumberPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nPageNumberPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\ndjango_paginator_class\n - The Django Paginator class to use. Default is \ndjango.core.paginator.Paginator\n, which should be fine for most use cases.\n\n\npage_size\n - A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\npage_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the query parameter to use for the pagination control.\n\n\npage_size_query_param\n - If set, this is a string value indicating the name of a query parameter that allows the client to set the page size on a per-request basis. Defaults to \nNone\n, indicating that the client may not control the requested page size.\n\n\nmax_page_size\n - If set, this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable requested page size. This attribute is only valid if \npage_size_query_param\n is also set.\n\n\nlast_page_strings\n - A list or tuple of string values indicating values that may be used with the \npage_query_param\n to request the final page in the set. Defaults to \n('last',)\n\n\ntemplate\n - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination\n\n\nThis pagination style mirrors the syntax used when looking up multiple database records. The client includes both a \"limit\" and an\n\"offset\" query parameter. The limit indicates the maximum number of items to return, and is equivalent to the \npage_size\n in other styles. The offset indicates the starting position of the query in relation to the complete set of unpaginated items.\n\n\nRequest\n:\n\n\nGET https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100\noffset=400\n\n\n\nResponse\n:\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100\noffset=500\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100\noffset=300\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nLimitOffsetPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination'\n}\n\n\n\nOptionally, you may also set a \nPAGE_SIZE\n key. If the \nPAGE_SIZE\n parameter is also used then the \nlimit\n query parameter will be optional, and may be omitted by the client.\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nLimitOffsetPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nLimitOffsetPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nLimitOffsetPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\ndefault_limit\n - A numeric value indicating the limit to use if one is not provided by the client in a query parameter. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\nlimit_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the \"limit\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'limit'\n.\n\n\noffset_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the \"offset\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'offset'\n.\n\n\nmax_limit\n - If set this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable limit that may be requested by the client. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\ntemplate\n - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCursorPagination\n\n\nThe cursor-based pagination presents an opaque \"cursor\" indicator that the client may use to page through the result set. This pagination style only presents forward and reverse controls, and does not allow the client to navigate to arbitrary positions.\n\n\nCursor based pagination requires that there is a unique, unchanging ordering of items in the result set. This ordering might typically be a creation timestamp on the records, as this presents a consistent ordering to paginate against.\n\n\nCursor based pagination is more complex than other schemes. It also requires that the result set presents a fixed ordering, and does not allow the client to arbitrarily index into the result set. However it does provide the following benefits:\n\n\n\n\nProvides a consistent pagination view. When used properly \nCursorPagination\n ensures that the client will never see the same item twice when paging through records, even when new items are being inserted by other clients during the pagination process.\n\n\nSupports usage with very large datasets. With extremely large datasets pagination using offset-based pagination styles may become inefficient or unusable. Cursor based pagination schemes instead have fixed-time properties, and do not slow down as the dataset size increases.\n\n\n\n\nDetails and limitations\n\n\nProper use of cursor based pagination requires a little attention to detail. You'll need to think about what ordering you want the scheme to be applied against. The default is to order by \n\"-created\"\n. This assumes that \nthere must be a 'created' timestamp field\n on the model instances, and will present a \"timeline\" style paginated view, with the most recently added items first.\n\n\nYou can modify the ordering by overriding the \n'ordering'\n attribute on the pagination class, or by using the \nOrderingFilter\n filter class together with \nCursorPagination\n. When used with \nOrderingFilter\n you should strongly consider restricting the fields that the user may order by.\n\n\nProper usage of cursor pagination should have an ordering field that satisfies the following:\n\n\n\n\nShould be an unchanging value, such as a timestamp, slug, or other field that is only set once, on creation.\n\n\nShould be unique, or nearly unique. Millisecond precision timestamps are a good example. This implementation of cursor pagination uses a smart \"position plus offset\" style that allows it to properly support not-strictly-unique values as the ordering.\n\n\nShould be a non-nullable value that can be coerced to a string.\n\n\nShould not be a float. Precision errors easily lead to incorrect results.\n  Hint: use decimals instead.\n  (If you already have a float field and must paginate on that, an\n  \nexample \nCursorPagination\n subclass that uses decimals to limit precision is available here\n.)\n\n\nThe field should have a database index.\n\n\n\n\nUsing an ordering field that does not satisfy these constraints will generally still work, but you'll be losing some of the benefits of cursor pagination.\n\n\nFor more technical details on the implementation we use for cursor pagination, the \n\"Building cursors for the Disqus API\"\n blog post gives a good overview of the basic approach.\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nCursorPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration, modifying the \nPAGE_SIZE\n as desired:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.CursorPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nCursorPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nCursorPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nCursorPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\npage_size\n = A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\ncursor_query_param\n = A string value indicating the name of the \"cursor\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'cursor'\n.\n\n\nordering\n = This should be a string, or list of strings, indicating the field against which the cursor based pagination will be applied. For example: \nordering = 'slug'\n. Defaults to \n-created\n. This value may also be overridden by using \nOrderingFilter\n on the view.\n\n\ntemplate\n = The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom pagination styles\n\n\nTo create a custom pagination serializer class you should subclass \npagination.BasePagination\n and override the \npaginate_queryset(self, queryset, request, view=None)\n and \nget_paginated_response(self, data)\n methods:\n\n\n\n\nThe \npaginate_queryset\n method is passed the initial queryset and should return an iterable object that contains only the data in the requested page.\n\n\nThe \nget_paginated_response\n method is passed the serialized page data and should return a \nResponse\n instance.\n\n\n\n\nNote that the \npaginate_queryset\n method may set state on the pagination instance, that may later be used by the \nget_paginated_response\n method.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nSuppose we want to replace the default pagination output style with a modified format that  includes the next and previous links under in a nested 'links' key. We could specify a custom pagination class like so:\n\n\nclass CustomPagination(pagination.PageNumberPagination):\n    def get_paginated_response(self, data):\n        return Response({\n            'links': {\n                'next': self.get_next_link(),\n                'previous': self.get_previous_link()\n            },\n            'count': self.page.paginator.count,\n            'results': data\n        })\n\n\n\nWe'd then need to setup the custom class in our configuration:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.CustomPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nNote that if you care about how the ordering of keys is displayed in responses in the browsable API you might choose to use an \nOrderedDict\n when constructing the body of paginated responses, but this is optional.\n\n\nUsing your custom pagination class\n\n\nTo have your custom pagination class be used by default, use the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.LinkHeaderPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nAPI responses for list endpoints will now include a \nLink\n header, instead of including the pagination links as part of the body of the response, for example:\n\n\nPagination \n schemas\n\n\nYou can also make the pagination controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a \nget_schema_fields()\n method. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nget_schema_fields(self, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA custom pagination style, using the 'Link' header'\n\n\n\n\nHTML pagination controls\n\n\nBy default using the pagination classes will cause HTML pagination controls to be displayed in the browsable API. There are two built-in display styles. The \nPageNumberPagination\n and \nLimitOffsetPagination\n classes display a list of page numbers with previous and next controls. The \nCursorPagination\n class displays a simpler style that only displays a previous and next control.\n\n\nCustomizing the controls\n\n\nYou can override the templates that render the HTML pagination controls. The two built-in styles are:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\n\n\nrest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\n\n\n\n\nProviding a template with either of these paths in a global template directory will override the default rendering for the relevant pagination classes.\n\n\nAlternatively you can disable HTML pagination controls completely by subclassing on of the existing classes, setting \ntemplate = None\n as an attribute on the class. You'll then need to configure your \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n settings key to use your custom class as the default pagination style.\n\n\nLow-level API\n\n\nThe low-level API for determining if a pagination class should display the controls or not is exposed as a \ndisplay_page_controls\n attribute on the pagination instance. Custom pagination classes should be set to \nTrue\n in the \npaginate_queryset\n method if they require the HTML pagination controls to be displayed.\n\n\nThe \n.to_html()\n and \n.get_html_context()\n methods may also be overridden in a custom pagination class in order to further customize how the controls are rendered.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF-extensions\n\n\nThe \nDRF-extensions\n package\n includes a \nPaginateByMaxMixin\n mixin class\n that allows your API clients to specify \n?page_size=max\n to obtain the maximum allowed page size.\n\n\ndrf-proxy-pagination\n\n\nThe \ndrf-proxy-pagination\n package\n includes a \nProxyPagination\n class which allows to choose pagination class with a query parameter.\n\n\nlink-header-pagination\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-link-header-pagination\n package\n includes a \nLinkHeaderPagination\n class which provides pagination via an HTTP \nLink\n header as desribed in \nGithub's developer documentation\n.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/",
+            "text": "Pagination\n\n\n\n\nDjango provides a few classes that help you manage paginated data \u2013 that is, data that\u2019s split across several pages, with \u201cPrevious/Next\u201d links.\n\n\n\u2014 \nDjango documentation\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes support for customizable pagination styles. This allows you to modify how large result sets are split into individual pages of data.\n\n\nThe pagination API can support either:\n\n\n\n\nPagination links that are provided as part of the content of the response.\n\n\nPagination links that are included in response headers, such as \nContent-Range\n or \nLink\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe built-in styles currently all use links included as part of the content of the response. This style is more accessible when using the browsable API.\n\n\nPagination is only performed automatically if you're using the generic views or viewsets. If you're using a regular \nAPIView\n, you'll need to call into the pagination API yourself to ensure you return a paginated response. See the source code for the \nmixins.ListModelMixin\n and \ngenerics.GenericAPIView\n classes for an example.\n\n\nPagination can be turned off by setting the pagination class to \nNone\n.\n\n\nSetting the pagination style\n\n\nThe pagination style may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n and \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting keys. For example, to use the built-in limit/offset pagination, you would do something like this:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nNote that you need to set both the pagination class, and the page size that should be used.  Both \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n and \nPAGE_SIZE\n are \nNone\n by default.\n\n\nYou can also set the pagination class on an individual view by using the \npagination_class\n attribute. Typically you'll want to use the same pagination style throughout your API, although you might want to vary individual aspects of the pagination, such as default or maximum page size, on a per-view basis.\n\n\nModifying the pagination style\n\n\nIf you want to modify particular aspects of the pagination style, you'll want to override one of the pagination classes, and set the attributes that you want to change.\n\n\nclass LargeResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 1000\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 10000\n\nclass StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 100\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 1000\n\n\n\nYou can then apply your new style to a view using the \npagination_class\n attribute:\n\n\nclass BillingRecordsView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Billing.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BillingRecordsSerializer\n    pagination_class = LargeResultsSetPagination\n\n\n\nOr apply the style globally, using the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n settings key. For example:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'apps.core.pagination.StandardResultsSetPagination'\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nPageNumberPagination\n\n\nThis pagination style accepts a single number page number in the request query parameters.\n\n\nRequest\n:\n\n\nGET https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4\n\n\n\nResponse\n:\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=5\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=3\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nPageNumberPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration, and set the \nPAGE_SIZE\n as desired:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nPageNumberPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nPageNumberPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nPageNumberPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\ndjango_paginator_class\n - The Django Paginator class to use. Default is \ndjango.core.paginator.Paginator\n, which should be fine for most use cases.\n\n\npage_size\n - A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\npage_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the query parameter to use for the pagination control.\n\n\npage_size_query_param\n - If set, this is a string value indicating the name of a query parameter that allows the client to set the page size on a per-request basis. Defaults to \nNone\n, indicating that the client may not control the requested page size.\n\n\nmax_page_size\n - If set, this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable requested page size. This attribute is only valid if \npage_size_query_param\n is also set.\n\n\nlast_page_strings\n - A list or tuple of string values indicating values that may be used with the \npage_query_param\n to request the final page in the set. Defaults to \n('last',)\n\n\ntemplate\n - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination\n\n\nThis pagination style mirrors the syntax used when looking up multiple database records. The client includes both a \"limit\" and an\n\"offset\" query parameter. The limit indicates the maximum number of items to return, and is equivalent to the \npage_size\n in other styles. The offset indicates the starting position of the query in relation to the complete set of unpaginated items.\n\n\nRequest\n:\n\n\nGET https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=400\n\n\n\nResponse\n:\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=500\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=300\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nLimitOffsetPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination'\n}\n\n\n\nOptionally, you may also set a \nPAGE_SIZE\n key. If the \nPAGE_SIZE\n parameter is also used then the \nlimit\n query parameter will be optional, and may be omitted by the client.\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nLimitOffsetPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nLimitOffsetPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nLimitOffsetPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\ndefault_limit\n - A numeric value indicating the limit to use if one is not provided by the client in a query parameter. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\nlimit_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the \"limit\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'limit'\n.\n\n\noffset_query_param\n - A string value indicating the name of the \"offset\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'offset'\n.\n\n\nmax_limit\n - If set this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable limit that may be requested by the client. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\ntemplate\n - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCursorPagination\n\n\nThe cursor-based pagination presents an opaque \"cursor\" indicator that the client may use to page through the result set. This pagination style only presents forward and reverse controls, and does not allow the client to navigate to arbitrary positions.\n\n\nCursor based pagination requires that there is a unique, unchanging ordering of items in the result set. This ordering might typically be a creation timestamp on the records, as this presents a consistent ordering to paginate against.\n\n\nCursor based pagination is more complex than other schemes. It also requires that the result set presents a fixed ordering, and does not allow the client to arbitrarily index into the result set. However it does provide the following benefits:\n\n\n\n\nProvides a consistent pagination view. When used properly \nCursorPagination\n ensures that the client will never see the same item twice when paging through records, even when new items are being inserted by other clients during the pagination process.\n\n\nSupports usage with very large datasets. With extremely large datasets pagination using offset-based pagination styles may become inefficient or unusable. Cursor based pagination schemes instead have fixed-time properties, and do not slow down as the dataset size increases.\n\n\n\n\nDetails and limitations\n\n\nProper use of cursor based pagination requires a little attention to detail. You'll need to think about what ordering you want the scheme to be applied against. The default is to order by \n\"-created\"\n. This assumes that \nthere must be a 'created' timestamp field\n on the model instances, and will present a \"timeline\" style paginated view, with the most recently added items first.\n\n\nYou can modify the ordering by overriding the \n'ordering'\n attribute on the pagination class, or by using the \nOrderingFilter\n filter class together with \nCursorPagination\n. When used with \nOrderingFilter\n you should strongly consider restricting the fields that the user may order by.\n\n\nProper usage of cursor pagination should have an ordering field that satisfies the following:\n\n\n\n\nShould be an unchanging value, such as a timestamp, slug, or other field that is only set once, on creation.\n\n\nShould be unique, or nearly unique. Millisecond precision timestamps are a good example. This implementation of cursor pagination uses a smart \"position plus offset\" style that allows it to properly support not-strictly-unique values as the ordering.\n\n\nShould be a non-nullable value that can be coerced to a string.\n\n\nShould not be a float. Precision errors easily lead to incorrect results.\n  Hint: use decimals instead.\n  (If you already have a float field and must paginate on that, an\n  \nexample \nCursorPagination\n subclass that uses decimals to limit precision is available here\n.)\n\n\nThe field should have a database index.\n\n\n\n\nUsing an ordering field that does not satisfy these constraints will generally still work, but you'll be losing some of the benefits of cursor pagination.\n\n\nFor more technical details on the implementation we use for cursor pagination, the \n\"Building cursors for the Disqus API\"\n blog post gives a good overview of the basic approach.\n\n\nSetup\n\n\nTo enable the \nCursorPagination\n style globally, use the following configuration, modifying the \nPAGE_SIZE\n as desired:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.CursorPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nOn \nGenericAPIView\n subclasses you may also set the \npagination_class\n attribute to select \nCursorPagination\n on a per-view basis.\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nThe \nCursorPagination\n class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.\n\n\nTo set these attributes you should override the \nCursorPagination\n class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.\n\n\n\n\npage_size\n = A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the \nPAGE_SIZE\n setting. Defaults to the same value as the \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key.\n\n\ncursor_query_param\n = A string value indicating the name of the \"cursor\" query parameter. Defaults to \n'cursor'\n.\n\n\nordering\n = This should be a string, or list of strings, indicating the field against which the cursor based pagination will be applied. For example: \nordering = 'slug'\n. Defaults to \n-created\n. This value may also be overridden by using \nOrderingFilter\n on the view.\n\n\ntemplate\n = The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to \nNone\n to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to \n\"rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\"\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom pagination styles\n\n\nTo create a custom pagination serializer class you should subclass \npagination.BasePagination\n and override the \npaginate_queryset(self, queryset, request, view=None)\n and \nget_paginated_response(self, data)\n methods:\n\n\n\n\nThe \npaginate_queryset\n method is passed the initial queryset and should return an iterable object that contains only the data in the requested page.\n\n\nThe \nget_paginated_response\n method is passed the serialized page data and should return a \nResponse\n instance.\n\n\n\n\nNote that the \npaginate_queryset\n method may set state on the pagination instance, that may later be used by the \nget_paginated_response\n method.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nSuppose we want to replace the default pagination output style with a modified format that  includes the next and previous links under in a nested 'links' key. We could specify a custom pagination class like so:\n\n\nclass CustomPagination(pagination.PageNumberPagination):\n    def get_paginated_response(self, data):\n        return Response({\n            'links': {\n                'next': self.get_next_link(),\n                'previous': self.get_previous_link()\n            },\n            'count': self.page.paginator.count,\n            'results': data\n        })\n\n\n\nWe'd then need to setup the custom class in our configuration:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.CustomPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nNote that if you care about how the ordering of keys is displayed in responses in the browsable API you might choose to use an \nOrderedDict\n when constructing the body of paginated responses, but this is optional.\n\n\nUsing your custom pagination class\n\n\nTo have your custom pagination class be used by default, use the \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.LinkHeaderPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nAPI responses for list endpoints will now include a \nLink\n header, instead of including the pagination links as part of the body of the response, for example:\n\n\nPagination & schemas\n\n\nYou can also make the pagination controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a \nget_schema_fields()\n method. This method should have the following signature:\n\n\nget_schema_fields(self, view)\n\n\nThe method should return a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA custom pagination style, using the 'Link' header'\n\n\n\n\nHTML pagination controls\n\n\nBy default using the pagination classes will cause HTML pagination controls to be displayed in the browsable API. There are two built-in display styles. The \nPageNumberPagination\n and \nLimitOffsetPagination\n classes display a list of page numbers with previous and next controls. The \nCursorPagination\n class displays a simpler style that only displays a previous and next control.\n\n\nCustomizing the controls\n\n\nYou can override the templates that render the HTML pagination controls. The two built-in styles are:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\n\n\nrest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\n\n\n\n\nProviding a template with either of these paths in a global template directory will override the default rendering for the relevant pagination classes.\n\n\nAlternatively you can disable HTML pagination controls completely by subclassing on of the existing classes, setting \ntemplate = None\n as an attribute on the class. You'll then need to configure your \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n settings key to use your custom class as the default pagination style.\n\n\nLow-level API\n\n\nThe low-level API for determining if a pagination class should display the controls or not is exposed as a \ndisplay_page_controls\n attribute on the pagination instance. Custom pagination classes should be set to \nTrue\n in the \npaginate_queryset\n method if they require the HTML pagination controls to be displayed.\n\n\nThe \n.to_html()\n and \n.get_html_context()\n methods may also be overridden in a custom pagination class in order to further customize how the controls are rendered.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages are also available.\n\n\nDRF-extensions\n\n\nThe \nDRF-extensions\n package\n includes a \nPaginateByMaxMixin\n mixin class\n that allows your API clients to specify \n?page_size=max\n to obtain the maximum allowed page size.\n\n\ndrf-proxy-pagination\n\n\nThe \ndrf-proxy-pagination\n package\n includes a \nProxyPagination\n class which allows to choose pagination class with a query parameter.\n\n\nlink-header-pagination\n\n\nThe \ndjango-rest-framework-link-header-pagination\n package\n includes a \nLinkHeaderPagination\n class which provides pagination via an HTTP \nLink\n header as desribed in \nGithub's developer documentation\n.",
             "title": "Pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagination", 
-            "text": "Django provides a few classes that help you manage paginated data \u2013 that is, data that\u2019s split across several pages, with \u201cPrevious/Next\u201d links.    Django documentation   REST framework includes support for customizable pagination styles. This allows you to modify how large result sets are split into individual pages of data.  The pagination API can support either:   Pagination links that are provided as part of the content of the response.  Pagination links that are included in response headers, such as  Content-Range  or  Link .   The built-in styles currently all use links included as part of the content of the response. This style is more accessible when using the browsable API.  Pagination is only performed automatically if you're using the generic views or viewsets. If you're using a regular  APIView , you'll need to call into the pagination API yourself to ensure you return a paginated response. See the source code for the  mixins.ListModelMixin  and  generics.GenericAPIView  classes for an example.  Pagination can be turned off by setting the pagination class to  None .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagination",
+            "text": "Django provides a few classes that help you manage paginated data \u2013 that is, data that\u2019s split across several pages, with \u201cPrevious/Next\u201d links.  \u2014  Django documentation   REST framework includes support for customizable pagination styles. This allows you to modify how large result sets are split into individual pages of data.  The pagination API can support either:   Pagination links that are provided as part of the content of the response.  Pagination links that are included in response headers, such as  Content-Range  or  Link .   The built-in styles currently all use links included as part of the content of the response. This style is more accessible when using the browsable API.  Pagination is only performed automatically if you're using the generic views or viewsets. If you're using a regular  APIView , you'll need to call into the pagination API yourself to ensure you return a paginated response. See the source code for the  mixins.ListModelMixin  and  generics.GenericAPIView  classes for an example.  Pagination can be turned off by setting the pagination class to  None .",
             "title": "Pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setting-the-pagination-style", 
-            "text": "The pagination style may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  and  PAGE_SIZE  setting keys. For example, to use the built-in limit/offset pagination, you would do something like this:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  Note that you need to set both the pagination class, and the page size that should be used.  Both  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  and  PAGE_SIZE  are  None  by default.  You can also set the pagination class on an individual view by using the  pagination_class  attribute. Typically you'll want to use the same pagination style throughout your API, although you might want to vary individual aspects of the pagination, such as default or maximum page size, on a per-view basis.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setting-the-pagination-style",
+            "text": "The pagination style may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  and  PAGE_SIZE  setting keys. For example, to use the built-in limit/offset pagination, you would do something like this:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  Note that you need to set both the pagination class, and the page size that should be used.  Both  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  and  PAGE_SIZE  are  None  by default.  You can also set the pagination class on an individual view by using the  pagination_class  attribute. Typically you'll want to use the same pagination style throughout your API, although you might want to vary individual aspects of the pagination, such as default or maximum page size, on a per-view basis.",
             "title": "Setting the pagination style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#modifying-the-pagination-style", 
-            "text": "If you want to modify particular aspects of the pagination style, you'll want to override one of the pagination classes, and set the attributes that you want to change.  class LargeResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 1000\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 10000\n\nclass StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 100\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 1000  You can then apply your new style to a view using the  pagination_class  attribute:  class BillingRecordsView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Billing.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BillingRecordsSerializer\n    pagination_class = LargeResultsSetPagination  Or apply the style globally, using the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  settings key. For example:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'apps.core.pagination.StandardResultsSetPagination'\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#modifying-the-pagination-style",
+            "text": "If you want to modify particular aspects of the pagination style, you'll want to override one of the pagination classes, and set the attributes that you want to change.  class LargeResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 1000\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 10000\n\nclass StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):\n    page_size = 100\n    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'\n    max_page_size = 1000  You can then apply your new style to a view using the  pagination_class  attribute:  class BillingRecordsView(generics.ListAPIView):\n    queryset = Billing.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = BillingRecordsSerializer\n    pagination_class = LargeResultsSetPagination  Or apply the style globally, using the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  settings key. For example:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'apps.core.pagination.StandardResultsSetPagination'\n}",
             "title": "Modifying the pagination style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagenumberpagination", 
-            "text": "This pagination style accepts a single number page number in the request query parameters.  Request :  GET https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4  Response :  HTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=5\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=3\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagenumberpagination",
+            "text": "This pagination style accepts a single number page number in the request query parameters.  Request :  GET https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=4  Response :  HTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=5\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?page=3\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}",
             "title": "PageNumberPagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup", 
-            "text": "To enable the  PageNumberPagination  style globally, use the following configuration, and set the  PAGE_SIZE  as desired:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  PageNumberPagination  on a per-view basis.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup",
+            "text": "To enable the  PageNumberPagination  style globally, use the following configuration, and set the  PAGE_SIZE  as desired:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  PageNumberPagination  on a per-view basis.",
             "title": "Setup"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration", 
-            "text": "The  PageNumberPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  PageNumberPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   django_paginator_class  - The Django Paginator class to use. Default is  django.core.paginator.Paginator , which should be fine for most use cases.  page_size  - A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the  PAGE_SIZE  setting. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  page_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the query parameter to use for the pagination control.  page_size_query_param  - If set, this is a string value indicating the name of a query parameter that allows the client to set the page size on a per-request basis. Defaults to  None , indicating that the client may not control the requested page size.  max_page_size  - If set, this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable requested page size. This attribute is only valid if  page_size_query_param  is also set.  last_page_strings  - A list or tuple of string values indicating values that may be used with the  page_query_param  to request the final page in the set. Defaults to  ('last',)  template  - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\" .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration",
+            "text": "The  PageNumberPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  PageNumberPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   django_paginator_class  - The Django Paginator class to use. Default is  django.core.paginator.Paginator , which should be fine for most use cases.  page_size  - A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the  PAGE_SIZE  setting. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  page_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the query parameter to use for the pagination control.  page_size_query_param  - If set, this is a string value indicating the name of a query parameter that allows the client to set the page size on a per-request basis. Defaults to  None , indicating that the client may not control the requested page size.  max_page_size  - If set, this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable requested page size. This attribute is only valid if  page_size_query_param  is also set.  last_page_strings  - A list or tuple of string values indicating values that may be used with the  page_query_param  to request the final page in the set. Defaults to  ('last',)  template  - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\" .",
             "title": "Configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#limitoffsetpagination", 
-            "text": "This pagination style mirrors the syntax used when looking up multiple database records. The client includes both a \"limit\" and an\n\"offset\" query parameter. The limit indicates the maximum number of items to return, and is equivalent to the  page_size  in other styles. The offset indicates the starting position of the query in relation to the complete set of unpaginated items.  Request :  GET https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100 offset=400  Response :  HTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100 offset=500\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100 offset=300\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#limitoffsetpagination",
+            "text": "This pagination style mirrors the syntax used when looking up multiple database records. The client includes both a \"limit\" and an\n\"offset\" query parameter. The limit indicates the maximum number of items to return, and is equivalent to the  page_size  in other styles. The offset indicates the starting position of the query in relation to the complete set of unpaginated items.  Request :  GET https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=400  Response :  HTTP 200 OK\n{\n    \"count\": 1023\n    \"next\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=500\",\n    \"previous\": \"https://api.example.org/accounts/?limit=100&offset=300\",\n    \"results\": [\n       \u2026\n    ]\n}",
             "title": "LimitOffsetPagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup_1", 
-            "text": "To enable the  LimitOffsetPagination  style globally, use the following configuration:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination'\n}  Optionally, you may also set a  PAGE_SIZE  key. If the  PAGE_SIZE  parameter is also used then the  limit  query parameter will be optional, and may be omitted by the client.  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  LimitOffsetPagination  on a per-view basis.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup_1",
+            "text": "To enable the  LimitOffsetPagination  style globally, use the following configuration:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.LimitOffsetPagination'\n}  Optionally, you may also set a  PAGE_SIZE  key. If the  PAGE_SIZE  parameter is also used then the  limit  query parameter will be optional, and may be omitted by the client.  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  LimitOffsetPagination  on a per-view basis.",
             "title": "Setup"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration_1", 
-            "text": "The  LimitOffsetPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  LimitOffsetPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   default_limit  - A numeric value indicating the limit to use if one is not provided by the client in a query parameter. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  limit_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the \"limit\" query parameter. Defaults to  'limit' .  offset_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the \"offset\" query parameter. Defaults to  'offset' .  max_limit  - If set this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable limit that may be requested by the client. Defaults to  None .  template  - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\" .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration_1",
+            "text": "The  LimitOffsetPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  LimitOffsetPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   default_limit  - A numeric value indicating the limit to use if one is not provided by the client in a query parameter. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  limit_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the \"limit\" query parameter. Defaults to  'limit' .  offset_query_param  - A string value indicating the name of the \"offset\" query parameter. Defaults to  'offset' .  max_limit  - If set this is a numeric value indicating the maximum allowable limit that may be requested by the client. Defaults to  None .  template  - The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html\" .",
             "title": "Configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#cursorpagination", 
-            "text": "The cursor-based pagination presents an opaque \"cursor\" indicator that the client may use to page through the result set. This pagination style only presents forward and reverse controls, and does not allow the client to navigate to arbitrary positions.  Cursor based pagination requires that there is a unique, unchanging ordering of items in the result set. This ordering might typically be a creation timestamp on the records, as this presents a consistent ordering to paginate against.  Cursor based pagination is more complex than other schemes. It also requires that the result set presents a fixed ordering, and does not allow the client to arbitrarily index into the result set. However it does provide the following benefits:   Provides a consistent pagination view. When used properly  CursorPagination  ensures that the client will never see the same item twice when paging through records, even when new items are being inserted by other clients during the pagination process.  Supports usage with very large datasets. With extremely large datasets pagination using offset-based pagination styles may become inefficient or unusable. Cursor based pagination schemes instead have fixed-time properties, and do not slow down as the dataset size increases.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#cursorpagination",
+            "text": "The cursor-based pagination presents an opaque \"cursor\" indicator that the client may use to page through the result set. This pagination style only presents forward and reverse controls, and does not allow the client to navigate to arbitrary positions.  Cursor based pagination requires that there is a unique, unchanging ordering of items in the result set. This ordering might typically be a creation timestamp on the records, as this presents a consistent ordering to paginate against.  Cursor based pagination is more complex than other schemes. It also requires that the result set presents a fixed ordering, and does not allow the client to arbitrarily index into the result set. However it does provide the following benefits:   Provides a consistent pagination view. When used properly  CursorPagination  ensures that the client will never see the same item twice when paging through records, even when new items are being inserted by other clients during the pagination process.  Supports usage with very large datasets. With extremely large datasets pagination using offset-based pagination styles may become inefficient or unusable. Cursor based pagination schemes instead have fixed-time properties, and do not slow down as the dataset size increases.",
             "title": "CursorPagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#details-and-limitations", 
-            "text": "Proper use of cursor based pagination requires a little attention to detail. You'll need to think about what ordering you want the scheme to be applied against. The default is to order by  \"-created\" . This assumes that  there must be a 'created' timestamp field  on the model instances, and will present a \"timeline\" style paginated view, with the most recently added items first.  You can modify the ordering by overriding the  'ordering'  attribute on the pagination class, or by using the  OrderingFilter  filter class together with  CursorPagination . When used with  OrderingFilter  you should strongly consider restricting the fields that the user may order by.  Proper usage of cursor pagination should have an ordering field that satisfies the following:   Should be an unchanging value, such as a timestamp, slug, or other field that is only set once, on creation.  Should be unique, or nearly unique. Millisecond precision timestamps are a good example. This implementation of cursor pagination uses a smart \"position plus offset\" style that allows it to properly support not-strictly-unique values as the ordering.  Should be a non-nullable value that can be coerced to a string.  Should not be a float. Precision errors easily lead to incorrect results.\n  Hint: use decimals instead.\n  (If you already have a float field and must paginate on that, an\n   example  CursorPagination  subclass that uses decimals to limit precision is available here .)  The field should have a database index.   Using an ordering field that does not satisfy these constraints will generally still work, but you'll be losing some of the benefits of cursor pagination.  For more technical details on the implementation we use for cursor pagination, the  \"Building cursors for the Disqus API\"  blog post gives a good overview of the basic approach.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#details-and-limitations",
+            "text": "Proper use of cursor based pagination requires a little attention to detail. You'll need to think about what ordering you want the scheme to be applied against. The default is to order by  \"-created\" . This assumes that  there must be a 'created' timestamp field  on the model instances, and will present a \"timeline\" style paginated view, with the most recently added items first.  You can modify the ordering by overriding the  'ordering'  attribute on the pagination class, or by using the  OrderingFilter  filter class together with  CursorPagination . When used with  OrderingFilter  you should strongly consider restricting the fields that the user may order by.  Proper usage of cursor pagination should have an ordering field that satisfies the following:   Should be an unchanging value, such as a timestamp, slug, or other field that is only set once, on creation.  Should be unique, or nearly unique. Millisecond precision timestamps are a good example. This implementation of cursor pagination uses a smart \"position plus offset\" style that allows it to properly support not-strictly-unique values as the ordering.  Should be a non-nullable value that can be coerced to a string.  Should not be a float. Precision errors easily lead to incorrect results.\n  Hint: use decimals instead.\n  (If you already have a float field and must paginate on that, an\n   example  CursorPagination  subclass that uses decimals to limit precision is available here .)  The field should have a database index.   Using an ordering field that does not satisfy these constraints will generally still work, but you'll be losing some of the benefits of cursor pagination.  For more technical details on the implementation we use for cursor pagination, the  \"Building cursors for the Disqus API\"  blog post gives a good overview of the basic approach.",
             "title": "Details and limitations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup_2", 
-            "text": "To enable the  CursorPagination  style globally, use the following configuration, modifying the  PAGE_SIZE  as desired:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.CursorPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  CursorPagination  on a per-view basis.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#setup_2",
+            "text": "To enable the  CursorPagination  style globally, use the following configuration, modifying the  PAGE_SIZE  as desired:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.CursorPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  On  GenericAPIView  subclasses you may also set the  pagination_class  attribute to select  CursorPagination  on a per-view basis.",
             "title": "Setup"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration_2", 
-            "text": "The  CursorPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  CursorPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   page_size  = A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the  PAGE_SIZE  setting. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  cursor_query_param  = A string value indicating the name of the \"cursor\" query parameter. Defaults to  'cursor' .  ordering  = This should be a string, or list of strings, indicating the field against which the cursor based pagination will be applied. For example:  ordering = 'slug' . Defaults to  -created . This value may also be overridden by using  OrderingFilter  on the view.  template  = The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\" .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#configuration_2",
+            "text": "The  CursorPagination  class includes a number of attributes that may be overridden to modify the pagination style.  To set these attributes you should override the  CursorPagination  class, and then enable your custom pagination class as above.   page_size  = A numeric value indicating the page size. If set, this overrides the  PAGE_SIZE  setting. Defaults to the same value as the  PAGE_SIZE  settings key.  cursor_query_param  = A string value indicating the name of the \"cursor\" query parameter. Defaults to  'cursor' .  ordering  = This should be a string, or list of strings, indicating the field against which the cursor based pagination will be applied. For example:  ordering = 'slug' . Defaults to  -created . This value may also be overridden by using  OrderingFilter  on the view.  template  = The name of a template to use when rendering pagination controls in the browsable API. May be overridden to modify the rendering style, or set to  None  to disable HTML pagination controls completely. Defaults to  \"rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html\" .",
             "title": "Configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#custom-pagination-styles", 
-            "text": "To create a custom pagination serializer class you should subclass  pagination.BasePagination  and override the  paginate_queryset(self, queryset, request, view=None)  and  get_paginated_response(self, data)  methods:   The  paginate_queryset  method is passed the initial queryset and should return an iterable object that contains only the data in the requested page.  The  get_paginated_response  method is passed the serialized page data and should return a  Response  instance.   Note that the  paginate_queryset  method may set state on the pagination instance, that may later be used by the  get_paginated_response  method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#custom-pagination-styles",
+            "text": "To create a custom pagination serializer class you should subclass  pagination.BasePagination  and override the  paginate_queryset(self, queryset, request, view=None)  and  get_paginated_response(self, data)  methods:   The  paginate_queryset  method is passed the initial queryset and should return an iterable object that contains only the data in the requested page.  The  get_paginated_response  method is passed the serialized page data and should return a  Response  instance.   Note that the  paginate_queryset  method may set state on the pagination instance, that may later be used by the  get_paginated_response  method.",
             "title": "Custom pagination styles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#example", 
-            "text": "Suppose we want to replace the default pagination output style with a modified format that  includes the next and previous links under in a nested 'links' key. We could specify a custom pagination class like so:  class CustomPagination(pagination.PageNumberPagination):\n    def get_paginated_response(self, data):\n        return Response({\n            'links': {\n                'next': self.get_next_link(),\n                'previous': self.get_previous_link()\n            },\n            'count': self.page.paginator.count,\n            'results': data\n        })  We'd then need to setup the custom class in our configuration:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.CustomPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  Note that if you care about how the ordering of keys is displayed in responses in the browsable API you might choose to use an  OrderedDict  when constructing the body of paginated responses, but this is optional.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#example",
+            "text": "Suppose we want to replace the default pagination output style with a modified format that  includes the next and previous links under in a nested 'links' key. We could specify a custom pagination class like so:  class CustomPagination(pagination.PageNumberPagination):\n    def get_paginated_response(self, data):\n        return Response({\n            'links': {\n                'next': self.get_next_link(),\n                'previous': self.get_previous_link()\n            },\n            'count': self.page.paginator.count,\n            'results': data\n        })  We'd then need to setup the custom class in our configuration:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.CustomPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  Note that if you care about how the ordering of keys is displayed in responses in the browsable API you might choose to use an  OrderedDict  when constructing the body of paginated responses, but this is optional.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#using-your-custom-pagination-class", 
-            "text": "To have your custom pagination class be used by default, use the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.LinkHeaderPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  API responses for list endpoints will now include a  Link  header, instead of including the pagination links as part of the body of the response, for example:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#using-your-custom-pagination-class",
+            "text": "To have your custom pagination class be used by default, use the  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'my_project.apps.core.pagination.LinkHeaderPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  API responses for list endpoints will now include a  Link  header, instead of including the pagination links as part of the body of the response, for example:",
             "title": "Using your custom pagination class"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagination-schemas", 
-            "text": "You can also make the pagination controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a  get_schema_fields()  method. This method should have the following signature:  get_schema_fields(self, view)  The method should return a list of  coreapi.Field  instances.    A custom pagination style, using the 'Link' header'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#pagination-schemas",
+            "text": "You can also make the pagination controls available to the schema autogeneration\nthat REST framework provides, by implementing a  get_schema_fields()  method. This method should have the following signature:  get_schema_fields(self, view)  The method should return a list of  coreapi.Field  instances.    A custom pagination style, using the 'Link' header'",
             "title": "Pagination & schemas"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#html-pagination-controls", 
-            "text": "By default using the pagination classes will cause HTML pagination controls to be displayed in the browsable API. There are two built-in display styles. The  PageNumberPagination  and  LimitOffsetPagination  classes display a list of page numbers with previous and next controls. The  CursorPagination  class displays a simpler style that only displays a previous and next control.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#html-pagination-controls",
+            "text": "By default using the pagination classes will cause HTML pagination controls to be displayed in the browsable API. There are two built-in display styles. The  PageNumberPagination  and  LimitOffsetPagination  classes display a list of page numbers with previous and next controls. The  CursorPagination  class displays a simpler style that only displays a previous and next control.",
             "title": "HTML pagination controls"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#customizing-the-controls", 
-            "text": "You can override the templates that render the HTML pagination controls. The two built-in styles are:   rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html  rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html   Providing a template with either of these paths in a global template directory will override the default rendering for the relevant pagination classes.  Alternatively you can disable HTML pagination controls completely by subclassing on of the existing classes, setting  template = None  as an attribute on the class. You'll then need to configure your  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  settings key to use your custom class as the default pagination style.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#customizing-the-controls",
+            "text": "You can override the templates that render the HTML pagination controls. The two built-in styles are:   rest_framework/pagination/numbers.html  rest_framework/pagination/previous_and_next.html   Providing a template with either of these paths in a global template directory will override the default rendering for the relevant pagination classes.  Alternatively you can disable HTML pagination controls completely by subclassing on of the existing classes, setting  template = None  as an attribute on the class. You'll then need to configure your  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS  settings key to use your custom class as the default pagination style.",
             "title": "Customizing the controls"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#low-level-api", 
-            "text": "The low-level API for determining if a pagination class should display the controls or not is exposed as a  display_page_controls  attribute on the pagination instance. Custom pagination classes should be set to  True  in the  paginate_queryset  method if they require the HTML pagination controls to be displayed.  The  .to_html()  and  .get_html_context()  methods may also be overridden in a custom pagination class in order to further customize how the controls are rendered.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#low-level-api",
+            "text": "The low-level API for determining if a pagination class should display the controls or not is exposed as a  display_page_controls  attribute on the pagination instance. Custom pagination classes should be set to  True  in the  paginate_queryset  method if they require the HTML pagination controls to be displayed.  The  .to_html()  and  .get_html_context()  methods may also be overridden in a custom pagination class in order to further customize how the controls are rendered.",
             "title": "Low-level API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages are also available.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#drf-extensions", 
-            "text": "The  DRF-extensions  package  includes a  PaginateByMaxMixin  mixin class  that allows your API clients to specify  ?page_size=max  to obtain the maximum allowed page size.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#drf-extensions",
+            "text": "The  DRF-extensions  package  includes a  PaginateByMaxMixin  mixin class  that allows your API clients to specify  ?page_size=max  to obtain the maximum allowed page size.",
             "title": "DRF-extensions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#drf-proxy-pagination", 
-            "text": "The  drf-proxy-pagination  package  includes a  ProxyPagination  class which allows to choose pagination class with a query parameter.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#drf-proxy-pagination",
+            "text": "The  drf-proxy-pagination  package  includes a  ProxyPagination  class which allows to choose pagination class with a query parameter.",
             "title": "drf-proxy-pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#link-header-pagination", 
-            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-link-header-pagination  package  includes a  LinkHeaderPagination  class which provides pagination via an HTTP  Link  header as desribed in  Github's developer documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/pagination/#link-header-pagination",
+            "text": "The  django-rest-framework-link-header-pagination  package  includes a  LinkHeaderPagination  class which provides pagination via an HTTP  Link  header as desribed in  Github's developer documentation .",
             "title": "link-header-pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/", 
-            "text": "Versioning\n\n\n\n\nVersioning an interface is just a \"polite\" way to kill deployed clients.\n\n\n \nRoy Fielding\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI versioning allows you to alter behavior between different clients. REST framework provides for a number of different versioning schemes.\n\n\nVersioning is determined by the incoming client request, and may either be based on the request URL, or based on the request headers.\n\n\nThere are a number of valid approaches to approaching versioning. \nNon-versioned systems can also be appropriate\n, particularly if you're engineering for very long-term systems with multiple clients outside of your control.\n\n\nVersioning with REST framework\n\n\nWhen API versioning is enabled, the \nrequest.version\n attribute will contain a string that corresponds to the version requested in the incoming client request.\n\n\nBy default, versioning is not enabled, and \nrequest.version\n will always return \nNone\n.\n\n\nVarying behavior based on the version\n\n\nHow you vary the API behavior is up to you, but one example you might typically want is to switch to a different serialization style in a newer version. For example:\n\n\ndef get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.version == 'v1':\n        return AccountSerializerVersion1\n    return AccountSerializer\n\n\n\nReversing URLs for versioned APIs\n\n\nThe \nreverse\n function included by REST framework ties in with the versioning scheme. You need to make sure to include the current \nrequest\n as a keyword argument, like so.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nreverse('bookings-list', request=request)\n\n\n\nThe above function will apply any URL transformations appropriate to the request version. For example:\n\n\n\n\nIf \nNamespaceVersioning\n was being used, and the API version was 'v1', then the URL lookup used would be \n'v1:bookings-list'\n, which might resolve to a URL like \nhttp://example.org/v1/bookings/\n.\n\n\nIf \nQueryParameterVersioning\n was being used, and the API version was \n1.0\n, then the returned URL might be something like \nhttp://example.org/bookings/?version=1.0\n\n\n\n\nVersioned APIs and hyperlinked serializers\n\n\nWhen using hyperlinked serialization styles together with a URL based versioning scheme make sure to include the request as context to the serializer.\n\n\ndef get(self, request):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer = BookingsSerializer(queryset, many=True, context={'request': request})\n    return Response({'all_bookings': serializer.data})\n\n\n\nDoing so will allow any returned URLs to include the appropriate versioning.\n\n\nConfiguring the versioning scheme\n\n\nThe versioning scheme is defined by the \nDEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS\n settings key.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': 'rest_framework.versioning.NamespaceVersioning'\n}\n\n\n\nUnless it is explicitly set, the value for \nDEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS\n will be \nNone\n. In this case the \nrequest.version\n attribute will always return \nNone\n.\n\n\nYou can also set the versioning scheme on an individual view. Typically you won't need to do this, as it makes more sense to have a single versioning scheme used globally. If you do need to do so, use the \nversioning_class\n attribute.\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    versioning_class = versioning.QueryParameterVersioning\n\n\n\nOther versioning settings\n\n\nThe following settings keys are also used to control versioning:\n\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_VERSION\n. The value that should be used for \nrequest.version\n when no versioning information is present. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n. If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version is not in this set. Note that the value used for the \nDEFAULT_VERSION\n setting is always considered to be part of the \nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n set (unless it is \nNone\n). Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nVERSION_PARAM\n. The string that should be used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters. Defaults to \n'version'\n.\n\n\n\n\nYou can also set your versioning class plus those three values on a per-view or a per-viewset basis by defining your own versioning scheme and using the \ndefault_version\n, \nallowed_versions\n and \nversion_param\n class variables. For example, if you want to use \nURLPathVersioning\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleVersioning(URLPathVersioning):\n    default_version = ...\n    allowed_versions = ...\n    version_param = ...\n\nclass ExampleView(APIVIew):\n    versioning_class = ExampleVersioning\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAcceptHeaderVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the media type in the \nAccept\n header. The version is included as a media type parameter, that supplements the main media type.\n\n\nHere's an example HTTP request using the accept header versioning style.\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json; version=1.0\n\n\n\nIn the example request above \nrequest.version\n attribute would return the string \n'1.0'\n.\n\n\nVersioning based on accept headers is \ngenerally considered\n as \nbest practice\n, although other styles may be suitable depending on your client requirements.\n\n\nUsing accept headers with vendor media types\n\n\nStrictly speaking the \njson\n media type is not specified as \nincluding additional parameters\n. If you are building a well-specified public API you might consider using a \nvendor media type\n. To do so, configure your renderers to use a JSON based renderer with a custom media type:\n\n\nclass BookingsAPIRenderer(JSONRenderer):\n    media_type = 'application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json'\n\n\n\nYour client requests would now look like this:\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json; version=1.0\n\n\n\nURLPathVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the URL path.\n\n\nGET /v1/bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nYour URL conf must include a pattern that matches the version with a \n'version'\n keyword argument, so that this information is available to the versioning scheme.\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(\n        r'^(?P\nversion\n(v1|v2))/bookings/$',\n        bookings_list,\n        name='bookings-list'\n    ),\n    url(\n        r'^(?P\nversion\n(v1|v2))/bookings/(?P\npk\n[0-9]+)/$',\n        bookings_detail,\n        name='bookings-detail'\n    )\n]\n\n\n\nNamespaceVersioning\n\n\nTo the client, this scheme is the same as \nURLPathVersioning\n. The only difference is how it is configured in your Django application, as it uses URL namespacing, instead of URL keyword arguments.\n\n\nGET /v1/something/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nWith this scheme the \nrequest.version\n attribute is determined based on the \nnamespace\n that matches the incoming request path.\n\n\nIn the following example we're giving a set of views two different possible URL prefixes, each under a different namespace:\n\n\n# bookings/urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^$', bookings_list, name='bookings-list'),\n    url(r'^(?P\npk\n[0-9]+)/$', bookings_detail, name='bookings-detail')\n]\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^v1/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v1')),\n    url(r'^v2/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v2'))\n]\n\n\n\nBoth \nURLPathVersioning\n and \nNamespaceVersioning\n are reasonable if you just need a simple versioning scheme. The \nURLPathVersioning\n approach might be better suitable for small ad-hoc projects, and the \nNamespaceVersioning\n is probably easier to manage for larger projects.\n\n\nHostNameVersioning\n\n\nThe hostname versioning scheme requires the client to specify the requested version as part of the hostname in the URL.\n\n\nFor example the following is an HTTP request to the \nhttp://v1.example.com/bookings/\n URL:\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: v1.example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nBy default this implementation expects the hostname to match this simple regular expression:\n\n\n^([a-zA-Z0-9]+)\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+$\n\n\n\nNote that the first group is enclosed in brackets, indicating that this is the matched portion of the hostname.\n\n\nThe \nHostNameVersioning\n scheme can be awkward to use in debug mode as you will typically be accessing a raw IP address such as \n127.0.0.1\n. There are various online tutorials on how to \naccess localhost with a custom subdomain\n which you may find helpful in this case.\n\n\nHostname based versioning can be particularly useful if you have requirements to route incoming requests to different servers based on the version, as you can configure different DNS records for different API versions.\n\n\nQueryParameterVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme is a simple style that includes the version as a query parameter in the URL. For example:\n\n\nGET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom versioning schemes\n\n\nTo implement a custom versioning scheme, subclass \nBaseVersioning\n and override the \n.determine_version\n method.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example uses a custom \nX-API-Version\n header to determine the requested version.\n\n\nclass XAPIVersionScheme(versioning.BaseVersioning):\n    def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return request.META.get('HTTP_X_API_VERSION', None)\n\n\n\nIf your versioning scheme is based on the request URL, you will also want to alter how versioned URLs are determined. In order to do so you should override the \n.reverse()\n method on the class. See the source code for examples.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/",
+            "text": "Versioning\n\n\n\n\nVersioning an interface is just a \"polite\" way to kill deployed clients.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRoy Fielding\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI versioning allows you to alter behavior between different clients. REST framework provides for a number of different versioning schemes.\n\n\nVersioning is determined by the incoming client request, and may either be based on the request URL, or based on the request headers.\n\n\nThere are a number of valid approaches to approaching versioning. \nNon-versioned systems can also be appropriate\n, particularly if you're engineering for very long-term systems with multiple clients outside of your control.\n\n\nVersioning with REST framework\n\n\nWhen API versioning is enabled, the \nrequest.version\n attribute will contain a string that corresponds to the version requested in the incoming client request.\n\n\nBy default, versioning is not enabled, and \nrequest.version\n will always return \nNone\n.\n\n\nVarying behavior based on the version\n\n\nHow you vary the API behavior is up to you, but one example you might typically want is to switch to a different serialization style in a newer version. For example:\n\n\ndef get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.version == 'v1':\n        return AccountSerializerVersion1\n    return AccountSerializer\n\n\n\nReversing URLs for versioned APIs\n\n\nThe \nreverse\n function included by REST framework ties in with the versioning scheme. You need to make sure to include the current \nrequest\n as a keyword argument, like so.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nreverse('bookings-list', request=request)\n\n\n\nThe above function will apply any URL transformations appropriate to the request version. For example:\n\n\n\n\nIf \nNamespaceVersioning\n was being used, and the API version was 'v1', then the URL lookup used would be \n'v1:bookings-list'\n, which might resolve to a URL like \nhttp://example.org/v1/bookings/\n.\n\n\nIf \nQueryParameterVersioning\n was being used, and the API version was \n1.0\n, then the returned URL might be something like \nhttp://example.org/bookings/?version=1.0\n\n\n\n\nVersioned APIs and hyperlinked serializers\n\n\nWhen using hyperlinked serialization styles together with a URL based versioning scheme make sure to include the request as context to the serializer.\n\n\ndef get(self, request):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer = BookingsSerializer(queryset, many=True, context={'request': request})\n    return Response({'all_bookings': serializer.data})\n\n\n\nDoing so will allow any returned URLs to include the appropriate versioning.\n\n\nConfiguring the versioning scheme\n\n\nThe versioning scheme is defined by the \nDEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS\n settings key.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': 'rest_framework.versioning.NamespaceVersioning'\n}\n\n\n\nUnless it is explicitly set, the value for \nDEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS\n will be \nNone\n. In this case the \nrequest.version\n attribute will always return \nNone\n.\n\n\nYou can also set the versioning scheme on an individual view. Typically you won't need to do this, as it makes more sense to have a single versioning scheme used globally. If you do need to do so, use the \nversioning_class\n attribute.\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    versioning_class = versioning.QueryParameterVersioning\n\n\n\nOther versioning settings\n\n\nThe following settings keys are also used to control versioning:\n\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_VERSION\n. The value that should be used for \nrequest.version\n when no versioning information is present. Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n. If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version is not in this set. Note that the value used for the \nDEFAULT_VERSION\n setting is always considered to be part of the \nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n set (unless it is \nNone\n). Defaults to \nNone\n.\n\n\nVERSION_PARAM\n. The string that should be used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters. Defaults to \n'version'\n.\n\n\n\n\nYou can also set your versioning class plus those three values on a per-view or a per-viewset basis by defining your own versioning scheme and using the \ndefault_version\n, \nallowed_versions\n and \nversion_param\n class variables. For example, if you want to use \nURLPathVersioning\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleVersioning(URLPathVersioning):\n    default_version = ...\n    allowed_versions = ...\n    version_param = ...\n\nclass ExampleView(APIVIew):\n    versioning_class = ExampleVersioning\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAcceptHeaderVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the media type in the \nAccept\n header. The version is included as a media type parameter, that supplements the main media type.\n\n\nHere's an example HTTP request using the accept header versioning style.\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json; version=1.0\n\n\n\nIn the example request above \nrequest.version\n attribute would return the string \n'1.0'\n.\n\n\nVersioning based on accept headers is \ngenerally considered\n as \nbest practice\n, although other styles may be suitable depending on your client requirements.\n\n\nUsing accept headers with vendor media types\n\n\nStrictly speaking the \njson\n media type is not specified as \nincluding additional parameters\n. If you are building a well-specified public API you might consider using a \nvendor media type\n. To do so, configure your renderers to use a JSON based renderer with a custom media type:\n\n\nclass BookingsAPIRenderer(JSONRenderer):\n    media_type = 'application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json'\n\n\n\nYour client requests would now look like this:\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json; version=1.0\n\n\n\nURLPathVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the URL path.\n\n\nGET /v1/bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nYour URL conf must include a pattern that matches the version with a \n'version'\n keyword argument, so that this information is available to the versioning scheme.\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(\n        r'^(?P(v1|v2))/bookings/$',\n        bookings_list,\n        name='bookings-list'\n    ),\n    url(\n        r'^(?P(v1|v2))/bookings/(?P[0-9]+)/$',\n        bookings_detail,\n        name='bookings-detail'\n    )\n]\n\n\n\nNamespaceVersioning\n\n\nTo the client, this scheme is the same as \nURLPathVersioning\n. The only difference is how it is configured in your Django application, as it uses URL namespacing, instead of URL keyword arguments.\n\n\nGET /v1/something/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nWith this scheme the \nrequest.version\n attribute is determined based on the \nnamespace\n that matches the incoming request path.\n\n\nIn the following example we're giving a set of views two different possible URL prefixes, each under a different namespace:\n\n\n# bookings/urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^$', bookings_list, name='bookings-list'),\n    url(r'^(?P[0-9]+)/$', bookings_detail, name='bookings-detail')\n]\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^v1/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v1')),\n    url(r'^v2/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v2'))\n]\n\n\n\nBoth \nURLPathVersioning\n and \nNamespaceVersioning\n are reasonable if you just need a simple versioning scheme. The \nURLPathVersioning\n approach might be better suitable for small ad-hoc projects, and the \nNamespaceVersioning\n is probably easier to manage for larger projects.\n\n\nHostNameVersioning\n\n\nThe hostname versioning scheme requires the client to specify the requested version as part of the hostname in the URL.\n\n\nFor example the following is an HTTP request to the \nhttp://v1.example.com/bookings/\n URL:\n\n\nGET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: v1.example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nBy default this implementation expects the hostname to match this simple regular expression:\n\n\n^([a-zA-Z0-9]+)\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+$\n\n\n\nNote that the first group is enclosed in brackets, indicating that this is the matched portion of the hostname.\n\n\nThe \nHostNameVersioning\n scheme can be awkward to use in debug mode as you will typically be accessing a raw IP address such as \n127.0.0.1\n. There are various online tutorials on how to \naccess localhost with a custom subdomain\n which you may find helpful in this case.\n\n\nHostname based versioning can be particularly useful if you have requirements to route incoming requests to different servers based on the version, as you can configure different DNS records for different API versions.\n\n\nQueryParameterVersioning\n\n\nThis scheme is a simple style that includes the version as a query parameter in the URL. For example:\n\n\nGET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\n\n\nCustom versioning schemes\n\n\nTo implement a custom versioning scheme, subclass \nBaseVersioning\n and override the \n.determine_version\n method.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following example uses a custom \nX-API-Version\n header to determine the requested version.\n\n\nclass XAPIVersionScheme(versioning.BaseVersioning):\n    def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return request.META.get('HTTP_X_API_VERSION', None)\n\n\n\nIf your versioning scheme is based on the request URL, you will also want to alter how versioned URLs are determined. In order to do so you should override the \n.reverse()\n method on the class. See the source code for examples.",
             "title": "Versioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioning", 
-            "text": "Versioning an interface is just a \"polite\" way to kill deployed clients.    Roy Fielding .   API versioning allows you to alter behavior between different clients. REST framework provides for a number of different versioning schemes.  Versioning is determined by the incoming client request, and may either be based on the request URL, or based on the request headers.  There are a number of valid approaches to approaching versioning.  Non-versioned systems can also be appropriate , particularly if you're engineering for very long-term systems with multiple clients outside of your control.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioning",
+            "text": "Versioning an interface is just a \"polite\" way to kill deployed clients.  \u2014  Roy Fielding .   API versioning allows you to alter behavior between different clients. REST framework provides for a number of different versioning schemes.  Versioning is determined by the incoming client request, and may either be based on the request URL, or based on the request headers.  There are a number of valid approaches to approaching versioning.  Non-versioned systems can also be appropriate , particularly if you're engineering for very long-term systems with multiple clients outside of your control.",
             "title": "Versioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioning-with-rest-framework", 
-            "text": "When API versioning is enabled, the  request.version  attribute will contain a string that corresponds to the version requested in the incoming client request.  By default, versioning is not enabled, and  request.version  will always return  None .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioning-with-rest-framework",
+            "text": "When API versioning is enabled, the  request.version  attribute will contain a string that corresponds to the version requested in the incoming client request.  By default, versioning is not enabled, and  request.version  will always return  None .",
             "title": "Versioning with REST framework"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#varying-behavior-based-on-the-version", 
-            "text": "How you vary the API behavior is up to you, but one example you might typically want is to switch to a different serialization style in a newer version. For example:  def get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.version == 'v1':\n        return AccountSerializerVersion1\n    return AccountSerializer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#varying-behavior-based-on-the-version",
+            "text": "How you vary the API behavior is up to you, but one example you might typically want is to switch to a different serialization style in a newer version. For example:  def get_serializer_class(self):\n    if self.request.version == 'v1':\n        return AccountSerializerVersion1\n    return AccountSerializer",
             "title": "Varying behavior based on the version"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#reversing-urls-for-versioned-apis", 
-            "text": "The  reverse  function included by REST framework ties in with the versioning scheme. You need to make sure to include the current  request  as a keyword argument, like so.  from rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nreverse('bookings-list', request=request)  The above function will apply any URL transformations appropriate to the request version. For example:   If  NamespaceVersioning  was being used, and the API version was 'v1', then the URL lookup used would be  'v1:bookings-list' , which might resolve to a URL like  http://example.org/v1/bookings/ .  If  QueryParameterVersioning  was being used, and the API version was  1.0 , then the returned URL might be something like  http://example.org/bookings/?version=1.0", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#reversing-urls-for-versioned-apis",
+            "text": "The  reverse  function included by REST framework ties in with the versioning scheme. You need to make sure to include the current  request  as a keyword argument, like so.  from rest_framework.reverse import reverse\n\nreverse('bookings-list', request=request)  The above function will apply any URL transformations appropriate to the request version. For example:   If  NamespaceVersioning  was being used, and the API version was 'v1', then the URL lookup used would be  'v1:bookings-list' , which might resolve to a URL like  http://example.org/v1/bookings/ .  If  QueryParameterVersioning  was being used, and the API version was  1.0 , then the returned URL might be something like  http://example.org/bookings/?version=1.0",
             "title": "Reversing URLs for versioned APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioned-apis-and-hyperlinked-serializers", 
-            "text": "When using hyperlinked serialization styles together with a URL based versioning scheme make sure to include the request as context to the serializer.  def get(self, request):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer = BookingsSerializer(queryset, many=True, context={'request': request})\n    return Response({'all_bookings': serializer.data})  Doing so will allow any returned URLs to include the appropriate versioning.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#versioned-apis-and-hyperlinked-serializers",
+            "text": "When using hyperlinked serialization styles together with a URL based versioning scheme make sure to include the request as context to the serializer.  def get(self, request):\n    queryset = Booking.objects.all()\n    serializer = BookingsSerializer(queryset, many=True, context={'request': request})\n    return Response({'all_bookings': serializer.data})  Doing so will allow any returned URLs to include the appropriate versioning.",
             "title": "Versioned APIs and hyperlinked serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#configuring-the-versioning-scheme", 
-            "text": "The versioning scheme is defined by the  DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS  settings key.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': 'rest_framework.versioning.NamespaceVersioning'\n}  Unless it is explicitly set, the value for  DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS  will be  None . In this case the  request.version  attribute will always return  None .  You can also set the versioning scheme on an individual view. Typically you won't need to do this, as it makes more sense to have a single versioning scheme used globally. If you do need to do so, use the  versioning_class  attribute.  class ProfileList(APIView):\n    versioning_class = versioning.QueryParameterVersioning", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#configuring-the-versioning-scheme",
+            "text": "The versioning scheme is defined by the  DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS  settings key.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': 'rest_framework.versioning.NamespaceVersioning'\n}  Unless it is explicitly set, the value for  DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS  will be  None . In this case the  request.version  attribute will always return  None .  You can also set the versioning scheme on an individual view. Typically you won't need to do this, as it makes more sense to have a single versioning scheme used globally. If you do need to do so, use the  versioning_class  attribute.  class ProfileList(APIView):\n    versioning_class = versioning.QueryParameterVersioning",
             "title": "Configuring the versioning scheme"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#other-versioning-settings", 
-            "text": "The following settings keys are also used to control versioning:   DEFAULT_VERSION . The value that should be used for  request.version  when no versioning information is present. Defaults to  None .  ALLOWED_VERSIONS . If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version is not in this set. Note that the value used for the  DEFAULT_VERSION  setting is always considered to be part of the  ALLOWED_VERSIONS  set (unless it is  None ). Defaults to  None .  VERSION_PARAM . The string that should be used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters. Defaults to  'version' .   You can also set your versioning class plus those three values on a per-view or a per-viewset basis by defining your own versioning scheme and using the  default_version ,  allowed_versions  and  version_param  class variables. For example, if you want to use  URLPathVersioning :  from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleVersioning(URLPathVersioning):\n    default_version = ...\n    allowed_versions = ...\n    version_param = ...\n\nclass ExampleView(APIVIew):\n    versioning_class = ExampleVersioning", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#other-versioning-settings",
+            "text": "The following settings keys are also used to control versioning:   DEFAULT_VERSION . The value that should be used for  request.version  when no versioning information is present. Defaults to  None .  ALLOWED_VERSIONS . If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version is not in this set. Note that the value used for the  DEFAULT_VERSION  setting is always considered to be part of the  ALLOWED_VERSIONS  set (unless it is  None ). Defaults to  None .  VERSION_PARAM . The string that should be used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters. Defaults to  'version' .   You can also set your versioning class plus those three values on a per-view or a per-viewset basis by defining your own versioning scheme and using the  default_version ,  allowed_versions  and  version_param  class variables. For example, if you want to use  URLPathVersioning :  from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass ExampleVersioning(URLPathVersioning):\n    default_version = ...\n    allowed_versions = ...\n    version_param = ...\n\nclass ExampleView(APIVIew):\n    versioning_class = ExampleVersioning",
             "title": "Other versioning settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#acceptheaderversioning", 
-            "text": "This scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the media type in the  Accept  header. The version is included as a media type parameter, that supplements the main media type.  Here's an example HTTP request using the accept header versioning style.  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json; version=1.0  In the example request above  request.version  attribute would return the string  '1.0' .  Versioning based on accept headers is  generally considered  as  best practice , although other styles may be suitable depending on your client requirements.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#acceptheaderversioning",
+            "text": "This scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the media type in the  Accept  header. The version is included as a media type parameter, that supplements the main media type.  Here's an example HTTP request using the accept header versioning style.  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json; version=1.0  In the example request above  request.version  attribute would return the string  '1.0' .  Versioning based on accept headers is  generally considered  as  best practice , although other styles may be suitable depending on your client requirements.",
             "title": "AcceptHeaderVersioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#using-accept-headers-with-vendor-media-types", 
-            "text": "Strictly speaking the  json  media type is not specified as  including additional parameters . If you are building a well-specified public API you might consider using a  vendor media type . To do so, configure your renderers to use a JSON based renderer with a custom media type:  class BookingsAPIRenderer(JSONRenderer):\n    media_type = 'application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json'  Your client requests would now look like this:  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json; version=1.0", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#using-accept-headers-with-vendor-media-types",
+            "text": "Strictly speaking the  json  media type is not specified as  including additional parameters . If you are building a well-specified public API you might consider using a  vendor media type . To do so, configure your renderers to use a JSON based renderer with a custom media type:  class BookingsAPIRenderer(JSONRenderer):\n    media_type = 'application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json'  Your client requests would now look like this:  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/vnd.megacorp.bookings+json; version=1.0",
             "title": "Using accept headers with vendor media types"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#urlpathversioning", 
-            "text": "This scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the URL path.  GET /v1/bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json  Your URL conf must include a pattern that matches the version with a  'version'  keyword argument, so that this information is available to the versioning scheme.  urlpatterns = [\n    url(\n        r'^(?P version (v1|v2))/bookings/$',\n        bookings_list,\n        name='bookings-list'\n    ),\n    url(\n        r'^(?P version (v1|v2))/bookings/(?P pk [0-9]+)/$',\n        bookings_detail,\n        name='bookings-detail'\n    )\n]", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#urlpathversioning",
+            "text": "This scheme requires the client to specify the version as part of the URL path.  GET /v1/bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json  Your URL conf must include a pattern that matches the version with a  'version'  keyword argument, so that this information is available to the versioning scheme.  urlpatterns = [\n    url(\n        r'^(?P(v1|v2))/bookings/$',\n        bookings_list,\n        name='bookings-list'\n    ),\n    url(\n        r'^(?P(v1|v2))/bookings/(?P[0-9]+)/$',\n        bookings_detail,\n        name='bookings-detail'\n    )\n]",
             "title": "URLPathVersioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#namespaceversioning", 
-            "text": "To the client, this scheme is the same as  URLPathVersioning . The only difference is how it is configured in your Django application, as it uses URL namespacing, instead of URL keyword arguments.  GET /v1/something/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json  With this scheme the  request.version  attribute is determined based on the  namespace  that matches the incoming request path.  In the following example we're giving a set of views two different possible URL prefixes, each under a different namespace:  # bookings/urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^$', bookings_list, name='bookings-list'),\n    url(r'^(?P pk [0-9]+)/$', bookings_detail, name='bookings-detail')\n]\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^v1/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v1')),\n    url(r'^v2/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v2'))\n]  Both  URLPathVersioning  and  NamespaceVersioning  are reasonable if you just need a simple versioning scheme. The  URLPathVersioning  approach might be better suitable for small ad-hoc projects, and the  NamespaceVersioning  is probably easier to manage for larger projects.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#namespaceversioning",
+            "text": "To the client, this scheme is the same as  URLPathVersioning . The only difference is how it is configured in your Django application, as it uses URL namespacing, instead of URL keyword arguments.  GET /v1/something/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json  With this scheme the  request.version  attribute is determined based on the  namespace  that matches the incoming request path.  In the following example we're giving a set of views two different possible URL prefixes, each under a different namespace:  # bookings/urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^$', bookings_list, name='bookings-list'),\n    url(r'^(?P[0-9]+)/$', bookings_detail, name='bookings-detail')\n]\n\n# urls.py\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^v1/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v1')),\n    url(r'^v2/bookings/', include('bookings.urls', namespace='v2'))\n]  Both  URLPathVersioning  and  NamespaceVersioning  are reasonable if you just need a simple versioning scheme. The  URLPathVersioning  approach might be better suitable for small ad-hoc projects, and the  NamespaceVersioning  is probably easier to manage for larger projects.",
             "title": "NamespaceVersioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#hostnameversioning", 
-            "text": "The hostname versioning scheme requires the client to specify the requested version as part of the hostname in the URL.  For example the following is an HTTP request to the  http://v1.example.com/bookings/  URL:  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: v1.example.com\nAccept: application/json  By default this implementation expects the hostname to match this simple regular expression:  ^([a-zA-Z0-9]+)\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+$  Note that the first group is enclosed in brackets, indicating that this is the matched portion of the hostname.  The  HostNameVersioning  scheme can be awkward to use in debug mode as you will typically be accessing a raw IP address such as  127.0.0.1 . There are various online tutorials on how to  access localhost with a custom subdomain  which you may find helpful in this case.  Hostname based versioning can be particularly useful if you have requirements to route incoming requests to different servers based on the version, as you can configure different DNS records for different API versions.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#hostnameversioning",
+            "text": "The hostname versioning scheme requires the client to specify the requested version as part of the hostname in the URL.  For example the following is an HTTP request to the  http://v1.example.com/bookings/  URL:  GET /bookings/ HTTP/1.1\nHost: v1.example.com\nAccept: application/json  By default this implementation expects the hostname to match this simple regular expression:  ^([a-zA-Z0-9]+)\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\.[a-zA-Z0-9]+$  Note that the first group is enclosed in brackets, indicating that this is the matched portion of the hostname.  The  HostNameVersioning  scheme can be awkward to use in debug mode as you will typically be accessing a raw IP address such as  127.0.0.1 . There are various online tutorials on how to  access localhost with a custom subdomain  which you may find helpful in this case.  Hostname based versioning can be particularly useful if you have requirements to route incoming requests to different servers based on the version, as you can configure different DNS records for different API versions.",
             "title": "HostNameVersioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#queryparameterversioning", 
-            "text": "This scheme is a simple style that includes the version as a query parameter in the URL. For example:  GET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#queryparameterversioning",
+            "text": "This scheme is a simple style that includes the version as a query parameter in the URL. For example:  GET /something/?version=0.1 HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\nAccept: application/json",
             "title": "QueryParameterVersioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#custom-versioning-schemes", 
-            "text": "To implement a custom versioning scheme, subclass  BaseVersioning  and override the  .determine_version  method.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#custom-versioning-schemes",
+            "text": "To implement a custom versioning scheme, subclass  BaseVersioning  and override the  .determine_version  method.",
             "title": "Custom versioning schemes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#example", 
-            "text": "The following example uses a custom  X-API-Version  header to determine the requested version.  class XAPIVersionScheme(versioning.BaseVersioning):\n    def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return request.META.get('HTTP_X_API_VERSION', None)  If your versioning scheme is based on the request URL, you will also want to alter how versioned URLs are determined. In order to do so you should override the  .reverse()  method on the class. See the source code for examples.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/versioning/#example",
+            "text": "The following example uses a custom  X-API-Version  header to determine the requested version.  class XAPIVersionScheme(versioning.BaseVersioning):\n    def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        return request.META.get('HTTP_X_API_VERSION', None)  If your versioning scheme is based on the request URL, you will also want to alter how versioned URLs are determined. In order to do so you should override the  .reverse()  method on the class. See the source code for examples.",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/", 
-            "text": "Content negotiation\n\n\n\n\nHTTP has provisions for several mechanisms for \"content negotiation\" - the process of selecting the best representation for a given response when there are multiple representations available.\n\n\n \nRFC 2616\n, Fielding et al.\n\n\n\n\nContent negotiation is the process of selecting one of multiple possible representations to return to a client, based on client or server preferences.\n\n\nDetermining the accepted renderer\n\n\nREST framework uses a simple style of content negotiation to determine which media type should be returned to a client, based on the available renderers, the priorities of each of those renderers, and the client's \nAccept:\n header.  The style used is partly client-driven, and partly server-driven.\n\n\n\n\nMore specific media types are given preference to less specific media types.\n\n\nIf multiple media types have the same specificity, then preference is given to based on the ordering of the renderers configured for the given view.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, given the following \nAccept\n header:\n\n\napplication/json; indent=4, application/json, application/yaml, text/html, */*\n\n\n\nThe priorities for each of the given media types would be:\n\n\n\n\napplication/json; indent=4\n\n\napplication/json\n, \napplication/yaml\n and \ntext/html\n\n\n*/*\n\n\n\n\nIf the requested view was only configured with renderers for \nYAML\n and \nHTML\n, then REST framework would select whichever renderer was listed first in the \nrenderer_classes\n list or \nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nFor more information on the \nHTTP Accept\n header, see \nRFC 2616\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: \"q\" values are not taken into account by REST framework when determining preference.  The use of \"q\" values negatively impacts caching, and in the author's opinion they are an unnecessary and overcomplicated approach to content negotiation.\n\n\nThis is a valid approach as the HTTP spec deliberately underspecifies how a server should weight server-based preferences against client-based preferences.\n\n\n\n\nCustom content negotiation\n\n\nIt's unlikely that you'll want to provide a custom content negotiation scheme for REST framework, but you can do so if needed.  To implement a custom content negotiation scheme override \nBaseContentNegotiation\n.\n\n\nREST framework's content negotiation classes handle selection of both the appropriate parser for the request, and the appropriate renderer for the response, so you should implement both the \n.select_parser(request, parsers)\n and \n.select_renderer(request, renderers, format_suffix)\n methods.\n\n\nThe \nselect_parser()\n method should return one of the parser instances from the list of available parsers, or \nNone\n if none of the parsers can handle the incoming request.\n\n\nThe \nselect_renderer()\n method should return a two-tuple of (renderer instance, media type), or raise a \nNotAcceptable\n exception.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is a custom content negotiation class which ignores the client\nrequest when selecting the appropriate parser or renderer.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.negotiation import BaseContentNegotiation\n\nclass IgnoreClientContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):\n    def select_parser(self, request, parsers):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first parser in the `.parser_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return parsers[0]\n\n    def select_renderer(self, request, renderers, format_suffix):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first renderer in the `.renderer_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return (renderers[0], renderers[0].media_type)\n\n\n\nSetting the content negotiation\n\n\nThe default content negotiation class may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS\n setting.  For example, the following settings would use our example \nIgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n class.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'myapp.negotiation.IgnoreClientContentNegotiation',\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the content negotiation used for an individual view, or viewset, using the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom myapp.negotiation import IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass NoNegotiationView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    An example view that does not perform content negotiation.\n    \"\"\"\n    content_negotiation_class = IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            'accepted media type': request.accepted_renderer.media_type\n        })", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/",
+            "text": "Content negotiation\n\n\n\n\nHTTP has provisions for several mechanisms for \"content negotiation\" - the process of selecting the best representation for a given response when there are multiple representations available.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRFC 2616\n, Fielding et al.\n\n\n\n\nContent negotiation is the process of selecting one of multiple possible representations to return to a client, based on client or server preferences.\n\n\nDetermining the accepted renderer\n\n\nREST framework uses a simple style of content negotiation to determine which media type should be returned to a client, based on the available renderers, the priorities of each of those renderers, and the client's \nAccept:\n header.  The style used is partly client-driven, and partly server-driven.\n\n\n\n\nMore specific media types are given preference to less specific media types.\n\n\nIf multiple media types have the same specificity, then preference is given to based on the ordering of the renderers configured for the given view.\n\n\n\n\nFor example, given the following \nAccept\n header:\n\n\napplication/json; indent=4, application/json, application/yaml, text/html, */*\n\n\n\nThe priorities for each of the given media types would be:\n\n\n\n\napplication/json; indent=4\n\n\napplication/json\n, \napplication/yaml\n and \ntext/html\n\n\n*/*\n\n\n\n\nIf the requested view was only configured with renderers for \nYAML\n and \nHTML\n, then REST framework would select whichever renderer was listed first in the \nrenderer_classes\n list or \nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nFor more information on the \nHTTP Accept\n header, see \nRFC 2616\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: \"q\" values are not taken into account by REST framework when determining preference.  The use of \"q\" values negatively impacts caching, and in the author's opinion they are an unnecessary and overcomplicated approach to content negotiation.\n\n\nThis is a valid approach as the HTTP spec deliberately underspecifies how a server should weight server-based preferences against client-based preferences.\n\n\n\n\nCustom content negotiation\n\n\nIt's unlikely that you'll want to provide a custom content negotiation scheme for REST framework, but you can do so if needed.  To implement a custom content negotiation scheme override \nBaseContentNegotiation\n.\n\n\nREST framework's content negotiation classes handle selection of both the appropriate parser for the request, and the appropriate renderer for the response, so you should implement both the \n.select_parser(request, parsers)\n and \n.select_renderer(request, renderers, format_suffix)\n methods.\n\n\nThe \nselect_parser()\n method should return one of the parser instances from the list of available parsers, or \nNone\n if none of the parsers can handle the incoming request.\n\n\nThe \nselect_renderer()\n method should return a two-tuple of (renderer instance, media type), or raise a \nNotAcceptable\n exception.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following is a custom content negotiation class which ignores the client\nrequest when selecting the appropriate parser or renderer.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.negotiation import BaseContentNegotiation\n\nclass IgnoreClientContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):\n    def select_parser(self, request, parsers):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first parser in the `.parser_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return parsers[0]\n\n    def select_renderer(self, request, renderers, format_suffix):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first renderer in the `.renderer_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return (renderers[0], renderers[0].media_type)\n\n\n\nSetting the content negotiation\n\n\nThe default content negotiation class may be set globally, using the \nDEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS\n setting.  For example, the following settings would use our example \nIgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n class.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'myapp.negotiation.IgnoreClientContentNegotiation',\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also set the content negotiation used for an individual view, or viewset, using the \nAPIView\n class-based views.\n\n\nfrom myapp.negotiation import IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass NoNegotiationView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    An example view that does not perform content negotiation.\n    \"\"\"\n    content_negotiation_class = IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            'accepted media type': request.accepted_renderer.media_type\n        })",
             "title": "Content negotiation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#content-negotiation", 
-            "text": "HTTP has provisions for several mechanisms for \"content negotiation\" - the process of selecting the best representation for a given response when there are multiple representations available.    RFC 2616 , Fielding et al.   Content negotiation is the process of selecting one of multiple possible representations to return to a client, based on client or server preferences.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#content-negotiation",
+            "text": "HTTP has provisions for several mechanisms for \"content negotiation\" - the process of selecting the best representation for a given response when there are multiple representations available.  \u2014  RFC 2616 , Fielding et al.   Content negotiation is the process of selecting one of multiple possible representations to return to a client, based on client or server preferences.",
             "title": "Content negotiation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#determining-the-accepted-renderer", 
-            "text": "REST framework uses a simple style of content negotiation to determine which media type should be returned to a client, based on the available renderers, the priorities of each of those renderers, and the client's  Accept:  header.  The style used is partly client-driven, and partly server-driven.   More specific media types are given preference to less specific media types.  If multiple media types have the same specificity, then preference is given to based on the ordering of the renderers configured for the given view.   For example, given the following  Accept  header:  application/json; indent=4, application/json, application/yaml, text/html, */*  The priorities for each of the given media types would be:   application/json; indent=4  application/json ,  application/yaml  and  text/html  */*   If the requested view was only configured with renderers for  YAML  and  HTML , then REST framework would select whichever renderer was listed first in the  renderer_classes  list or  DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For more information on the  HTTP Accept  header, see  RFC 2616   Note : \"q\" values are not taken into account by REST framework when determining preference.  The use of \"q\" values negatively impacts caching, and in the author's opinion they are an unnecessary and overcomplicated approach to content negotiation.  This is a valid approach as the HTTP spec deliberately underspecifies how a server should weight server-based preferences against client-based preferences.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#determining-the-accepted-renderer",
+            "text": "REST framework uses a simple style of content negotiation to determine which media type should be returned to a client, based on the available renderers, the priorities of each of those renderers, and the client's  Accept:  header.  The style used is partly client-driven, and partly server-driven.   More specific media types are given preference to less specific media types.  If multiple media types have the same specificity, then preference is given to based on the ordering of the renderers configured for the given view.   For example, given the following  Accept  header:  application/json; indent=4, application/json, application/yaml, text/html, */*  The priorities for each of the given media types would be:   application/json; indent=4  application/json ,  application/yaml  and  text/html  */*   If the requested view was only configured with renderers for  YAML  and  HTML , then REST framework would select whichever renderer was listed first in the  renderer_classes  list or  DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For more information on the  HTTP Accept  header, see  RFC 2616   Note : \"q\" values are not taken into account by REST framework when determining preference.  The use of \"q\" values negatively impacts caching, and in the author's opinion they are an unnecessary and overcomplicated approach to content negotiation.  This is a valid approach as the HTTP spec deliberately underspecifies how a server should weight server-based preferences against client-based preferences.",
             "title": "Determining the accepted renderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#custom-content-negotiation", 
-            "text": "It's unlikely that you'll want to provide a custom content negotiation scheme for REST framework, but you can do so if needed.  To implement a custom content negotiation scheme override  BaseContentNegotiation .  REST framework's content negotiation classes handle selection of both the appropriate parser for the request, and the appropriate renderer for the response, so you should implement both the  .select_parser(request, parsers)  and  .select_renderer(request, renderers, format_suffix)  methods.  The  select_parser()  method should return one of the parser instances from the list of available parsers, or  None  if none of the parsers can handle the incoming request.  The  select_renderer()  method should return a two-tuple of (renderer instance, media type), or raise a  NotAcceptable  exception.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#custom-content-negotiation",
+            "text": "It's unlikely that you'll want to provide a custom content negotiation scheme for REST framework, but you can do so if needed.  To implement a custom content negotiation scheme override  BaseContentNegotiation .  REST framework's content negotiation classes handle selection of both the appropriate parser for the request, and the appropriate renderer for the response, so you should implement both the  .select_parser(request, parsers)  and  .select_renderer(request, renderers, format_suffix)  methods.  The  select_parser()  method should return one of the parser instances from the list of available parsers, or  None  if none of the parsers can handle the incoming request.  The  select_renderer()  method should return a two-tuple of (renderer instance, media type), or raise a  NotAcceptable  exception.",
             "title": "Custom content negotiation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#example", 
-            "text": "The following is a custom content negotiation class which ignores the client\nrequest when selecting the appropriate parser or renderer.  from rest_framework.negotiation import BaseContentNegotiation\n\nclass IgnoreClientContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):\n    def select_parser(self, request, parsers):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first parser in the `.parser_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return parsers[0]\n\n    def select_renderer(self, request, renderers, format_suffix):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first renderer in the `.renderer_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return (renderers[0], renderers[0].media_type)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#example",
+            "text": "The following is a custom content negotiation class which ignores the client\nrequest when selecting the appropriate parser or renderer.  from rest_framework.negotiation import BaseContentNegotiation\n\nclass IgnoreClientContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):\n    def select_parser(self, request, parsers):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first parser in the `.parser_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return parsers[0]\n\n    def select_renderer(self, request, renderers, format_suffix):\n        \"\"\"\n        Select the first renderer in the `.renderer_classes` list.\n        \"\"\"\n        return (renderers[0], renderers[0].media_type)",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#setting-the-content-negotiation", 
-            "text": "The default content negotiation class may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS  setting.  For example, the following settings would use our example  IgnoreClientContentNegotiation  class.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'myapp.negotiation.IgnoreClientContentNegotiation',\n}  You can also set the content negotiation used for an individual view, or viewset, using the  APIView  class-based views.  from myapp.negotiation import IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass NoNegotiationView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    An example view that does not perform content negotiation.\n    \"\"\"\n    content_negotiation_class = IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            'accepted media type': request.accepted_renderer.media_type\n        })", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/content-negotiation/#setting-the-content-negotiation",
+            "text": "The default content negotiation class may be set globally, using the  DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS  setting.  For example, the following settings would use our example  IgnoreClientContentNegotiation  class.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'myapp.negotiation.IgnoreClientContentNegotiation',\n}  You can also set the content negotiation used for an individual view, or viewset, using the  APIView  class-based views.  from myapp.negotiation import IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\nclass NoNegotiationView(APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    An example view that does not perform content negotiation.\n    \"\"\"\n    content_negotiation_class = IgnoreClientContentNegotiation\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            'accepted media type': request.accepted_renderer.media_type\n        })",
             "title": "Setting the content negotiation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/", 
-            "text": "Metadata\n\n\n\n\n[The \nOPTIONS\n] method allows a client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or initiating a resource retrieval.\n\n\n \nRFC7231, Section 4.3.7.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a configurable mechanism for determining how your API should respond to \nOPTIONS\n requests. This allows you to return API schema or other resource information.\n\n\nThere are not currently any widely adopted conventions for exactly what style of response should be returned for HTTP \nOPTIONS\n requests, so we provide an ad-hoc style that returns some useful information.\n\n\nHere's an example response that demonstrates the information that is returned by default.\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\nAllow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n    \"name\": \"To Do List\",\n    \"description\": \"List existing 'To Do' items, or create a new item.\",\n    \"renders\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"text/html\"\n    ],\n    \"parses\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\",\n        \"multipart/form-data\"\n    ],\n    \"actions\": {\n        \"POST\": {\n            \"note\": {\n                \"type\": \"string\",\n                \"required\": false,\n                \"read_only\": false,\n                \"label\": \"title\",\n                \"max_length\": 100\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nSetting the metadata scheme\n\n\nYou can set the metadata class globally using the \n'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS'\n settings key:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata'\n}\n\n\n\nOr you can set the metadata class individually for a view:\n\n\nclass APIRoot(APIView):\n    metadata_class = APIRootMetadata\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            ...\n        })\n\n\n\nThe REST framework package only includes a single metadata class implementation, named \nSimpleMetadata\n. If you want to use an alternative style you'll need to implement a custom metadata class.\n\n\nCreating schema endpoints\n\n\nIf you have specific requirements for creating schema endpoints that are accessed with regular \nGET\n requests, you might consider re-using the metadata API for doing so.\n\n\nFor example, the following additional route could be used on a viewset to provide a linkable schema endpoint.\n\n\n@action(methods=['GET'], detail=False)\ndef schema(self, request):\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nThere are a couple of reasons that you might choose to take this approach, including that \nOPTIONS\n responses \nare not cacheable\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustom metadata classes\n\n\nIf you want to provide a custom metadata class you should override \nBaseMetadata\n and implement the \ndetermine_metadata(self, request, view)\n method.\n\n\nUseful things that you might want to do could include returning schema information, using a format such as \nJSON schema\n, or returning debug information to admin users.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following class could be used to limit the information that is returned to \nOPTIONS\n requests.\n\n\nclass MinimalMetadata(BaseMetadata):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include field and other information for `OPTIONS` requests.\n    Just return the name and description.\n    \"\"\"\n    def determine_metadata(self, request, view):\n        return {\n            'name': view.get_view_name(),\n            'description': view.get_view_description()\n        }\n\n\n\nThen configure your settings to use this custom class:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'myproject.apps.core.MinimalMetadata'\n}\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional metadata implementations.\n\n\nDRF-schema-adapter\n\n\ndrf-schema-adapter\n is a set of tools that makes it easier to provide schema information to frontend frameworks and libraries. It provides a metadata mixin as well as 2 metadata classes and several adapters suitable to generate \njson-schema\n as well as schema information readable by various libraries.\n\n\nYou can also write your own adapter to work with your specific frontend.\nIf you wish to do so, it also provides an exporter that can export those schema information to json files.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/",
+            "text": "Metadata\n\n\n\n\n[The \nOPTIONS\n] method allows a client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or initiating a resource retrieval.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRFC7231, Section 4.3.7.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a configurable mechanism for determining how your API should respond to \nOPTIONS\n requests. This allows you to return API schema or other resource information.\n\n\nThere are not currently any widely adopted conventions for exactly what style of response should be returned for HTTP \nOPTIONS\n requests, so we provide an ad-hoc style that returns some useful information.\n\n\nHere's an example response that demonstrates the information that is returned by default.\n\n\nHTTP 200 OK\nAllow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n    \"name\": \"To Do List\",\n    \"description\": \"List existing 'To Do' items, or create a new item.\",\n    \"renders\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"text/html\"\n    ],\n    \"parses\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\",\n        \"multipart/form-data\"\n    ],\n    \"actions\": {\n        \"POST\": {\n            \"note\": {\n                \"type\": \"string\",\n                \"required\": false,\n                \"read_only\": false,\n                \"label\": \"title\",\n                \"max_length\": 100\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n\n\nSetting the metadata scheme\n\n\nYou can set the metadata class globally using the \n'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS'\n settings key:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata'\n}\n\n\n\nOr you can set the metadata class individually for a view:\n\n\nclass APIRoot(APIView):\n    metadata_class = APIRootMetadata\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            ...\n        })\n\n\n\nThe REST framework package only includes a single metadata class implementation, named \nSimpleMetadata\n. If you want to use an alternative style you'll need to implement a custom metadata class.\n\n\nCreating schema endpoints\n\n\nIf you have specific requirements for creating schema endpoints that are accessed with regular \nGET\n requests, you might consider re-using the metadata API for doing so.\n\n\nFor example, the following additional route could be used on a viewset to provide a linkable schema endpoint.\n\n\n@action(methods=['GET'], detail=False)\ndef schema(self, request):\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    return Response(data)\n\n\n\nThere are a couple of reasons that you might choose to take this approach, including that \nOPTIONS\n responses \nare not cacheable\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustom metadata classes\n\n\nIf you want to provide a custom metadata class you should override \nBaseMetadata\n and implement the \ndetermine_metadata(self, request, view)\n method.\n\n\nUseful things that you might want to do could include returning schema information, using a format such as \nJSON schema\n, or returning debug information to admin users.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nThe following class could be used to limit the information that is returned to \nOPTIONS\n requests.\n\n\nclass MinimalMetadata(BaseMetadata):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include field and other information for `OPTIONS` requests.\n    Just return the name and description.\n    \"\"\"\n    def determine_metadata(self, request, view):\n        return {\n            'name': view.get_view_name(),\n            'description': view.get_view_description()\n        }\n\n\n\nThen configure your settings to use this custom class:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'myproject.apps.core.MinimalMetadata'\n}\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThe following third party packages provide additional metadata implementations.\n\n\nDRF-schema-adapter\n\n\ndrf-schema-adapter\n is a set of tools that makes it easier to provide schema information to frontend frameworks and libraries. It provides a metadata mixin as well as 2 metadata classes and several adapters suitable to generate \njson-schema\n as well as schema information readable by various libraries.\n\n\nYou can also write your own adapter to work with your specific frontend.\nIf you wish to do so, it also provides an exporter that can export those schema information to json files.",
             "title": "Metadata"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#metadata", 
-            "text": "[The  OPTIONS ] method allows a client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or initiating a resource retrieval.    RFC7231, Section 4.3.7.   REST framework includes a configurable mechanism for determining how your API should respond to  OPTIONS  requests. This allows you to return API schema or other resource information.  There are not currently any widely adopted conventions for exactly what style of response should be returned for HTTP  OPTIONS  requests, so we provide an ad-hoc style that returns some useful information.  Here's an example response that demonstrates the information that is returned by default.  HTTP 200 OK\nAllow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n    \"name\": \"To Do List\",\n    \"description\": \"List existing 'To Do' items, or create a new item.\",\n    \"renders\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"text/html\"\n    ],\n    \"parses\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\",\n        \"multipart/form-data\"\n    ],\n    \"actions\": {\n        \"POST\": {\n            \"note\": {\n                \"type\": \"string\",\n                \"required\": false,\n                \"read_only\": false,\n                \"label\": \"title\",\n                \"max_length\": 100\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#metadata",
+            "text": "[The  OPTIONS ] method allows a client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or initiating a resource retrieval.  \u2014  RFC7231, Section 4.3.7.   REST framework includes a configurable mechanism for determining how your API should respond to  OPTIONS  requests. This allows you to return API schema or other resource information.  There are not currently any widely adopted conventions for exactly what style of response should be returned for HTTP  OPTIONS  requests, so we provide an ad-hoc style that returns some useful information.  Here's an example response that demonstrates the information that is returned by default.  HTTP 200 OK\nAllow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\n    \"name\": \"To Do List\",\n    \"description\": \"List existing 'To Do' items, or create a new item.\",\n    \"renders\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"text/html\"\n    ],\n    \"parses\": [\n        \"application/json\",\n        \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\",\n        \"multipart/form-data\"\n    ],\n    \"actions\": {\n        \"POST\": {\n            \"note\": {\n                \"type\": \"string\",\n                \"required\": false,\n                \"read_only\": false,\n                \"label\": \"title\",\n                \"max_length\": 100\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}",
             "title": "Metadata"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#setting-the-metadata-scheme", 
-            "text": "You can set the metadata class globally using the  'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS'  settings key:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata'\n}  Or you can set the metadata class individually for a view:  class APIRoot(APIView):\n    metadata_class = APIRootMetadata\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            ...\n        })  The REST framework package only includes a single metadata class implementation, named  SimpleMetadata . If you want to use an alternative style you'll need to implement a custom metadata class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#setting-the-metadata-scheme",
+            "text": "You can set the metadata class globally using the  'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS'  settings key:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata'\n}  Or you can set the metadata class individually for a view:  class APIRoot(APIView):\n    metadata_class = APIRootMetadata\n\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        return Response({\n            ...\n        })  The REST framework package only includes a single metadata class implementation, named  SimpleMetadata . If you want to use an alternative style you'll need to implement a custom metadata class.",
             "title": "Setting the metadata scheme"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#creating-schema-endpoints", 
-            "text": "If you have specific requirements for creating schema endpoints that are accessed with regular  GET  requests, you might consider re-using the metadata API for doing so.  For example, the following additional route could be used on a viewset to provide a linkable schema endpoint.  @action(methods=['GET'], detail=False)\ndef schema(self, request):\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    return Response(data)  There are a couple of reasons that you might choose to take this approach, including that  OPTIONS  responses  are not cacheable .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#creating-schema-endpoints",
+            "text": "If you have specific requirements for creating schema endpoints that are accessed with regular  GET  requests, you might consider re-using the metadata API for doing so.  For example, the following additional route could be used on a viewset to provide a linkable schema endpoint.  @action(methods=['GET'], detail=False)\ndef schema(self, request):\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    return Response(data)  There are a couple of reasons that you might choose to take this approach, including that  OPTIONS  responses  are not cacheable .",
             "title": "Creating schema endpoints"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#custom-metadata-classes", 
-            "text": "If you want to provide a custom metadata class you should override  BaseMetadata  and implement the  determine_metadata(self, request, view)  method.  Useful things that you might want to do could include returning schema information, using a format such as  JSON schema , or returning debug information to admin users.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#custom-metadata-classes",
+            "text": "If you want to provide a custom metadata class you should override  BaseMetadata  and implement the  determine_metadata(self, request, view)  method.  Useful things that you might want to do could include returning schema information, using a format such as  JSON schema , or returning debug information to admin users.",
             "title": "Custom metadata classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#example", 
-            "text": "The following class could be used to limit the information that is returned to  OPTIONS  requests.  class MinimalMetadata(BaseMetadata):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include field and other information for `OPTIONS` requests.\n    Just return the name and description.\n    \"\"\"\n    def determine_metadata(self, request, view):\n        return {\n            'name': view.get_view_name(),\n            'description': view.get_view_description()\n        }  Then configure your settings to use this custom class:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'myproject.apps.core.MinimalMetadata'\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#example",
+            "text": "The following class could be used to limit the information that is returned to  OPTIONS  requests.  class MinimalMetadata(BaseMetadata):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include field and other information for `OPTIONS` requests.\n    Just return the name and description.\n    \"\"\"\n    def determine_metadata(self, request, view):\n        return {\n            'name': view.get_view_name(),\n            'description': view.get_view_description()\n        }  Then configure your settings to use this custom class:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'myproject.apps.core.MinimalMetadata'\n}",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional metadata implementations.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "The following third party packages provide additional metadata implementations.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#drf-schema-adapter", 
-            "text": "drf-schema-adapter  is a set of tools that makes it easier to provide schema information to frontend frameworks and libraries. It provides a metadata mixin as well as 2 metadata classes and several adapters suitable to generate  json-schema  as well as schema information readable by various libraries.  You can also write your own adapter to work with your specific frontend.\nIf you wish to do so, it also provides an exporter that can export those schema information to json files.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/metadata/#drf-schema-adapter",
+            "text": "drf-schema-adapter  is a set of tools that makes it easier to provide schema information to frontend frameworks and libraries. It provides a metadata mixin as well as 2 metadata classes and several adapters suitable to generate  json-schema  as well as schema information readable by various libraries.  You can also write your own adapter to work with your specific frontend.\nIf you wish to do so, it also provides an exporter that can export those schema information to json files.",
             "title": "DRF-schema-adapter"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/", 
-            "text": "Schemas\n\n\n\n\nA machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.\n\n\n Heroku, \nJSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API\n\n\n\n\nAPI schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including\ngenerating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that\ncan interact with your API.\n\n\nInstall Core API \n PyYAML\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n package in order to add schema support\nfor REST framework. You probably also want to install \npyyaml\n, so that you\ncan render the schema into the commonly used YAML-based OpenAPI format.\n\n\npip install coreapi pyyaml\n\n\n\nQuickstart\n\n\nThere are two different ways you can serve a schema description for you API.\n\n\nGenerating a schema with the \ngenerateschema\n management command\n\n\nTo generate a static API schema, use the \ngenerateschema\n management command.\n\n\n$ python manage.py generateschema \n schema.yml\n\n\n\n\nOnce you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any\nadditional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema\ngenerator.\n\n\nYou might want to check your API schema into version control and update it\nwith each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.\n\n\nAdding a view with \nget_schema_view\n\n\nTo add a dynamically generated schema view to your API, use \nget_schema_view\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\nExample API\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nSee below \nfor more details\n on customizing a\ndynamically generated schema view.\n\n\nInternal schema representation\n\n\nREST framework uses \nCore API\n in order to model schema information in\na format-independent representation. This information can then be rendered\ninto various different schema formats, or used to generate API documentation.\n\n\nWhen using Core API, a schema is represented as a \nDocument\n which is the\ntop-level container object for information about the API. Available API\ninteractions are represented using \nLink\n objects. Each link includes a URL,\nHTTP method, and may include a list of \nField\n instances, which describe any\nparameters that may be accepted by the API endpoint. The \nLink\n and \nField\n\ninstances may also include descriptions, that allow an API schema to be\nrendered into user documentation.\n\n\nHere's an example of an API description that includes a single \nsearch\n\nendpoint:\n\n\ncoreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    url='https://api.example.org/',\n    content={\n        'search': coreapi.Link(\n            url='/search/',\n            action='get',\n            fields=[\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='from',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='to',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='date',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='Flight date in \"YYYY-MM-DD\" format.'\n                )\n            ],\n            description='Return flight availability and prices.'\n        )\n    }\n)\n\n\n\nSchema output formats\n\n\nIn order to be presented in an HTTP response, the internal representation\nhas to be rendered into the actual bytes that are used in the response.\n\n\nREST framework includes a few different renderers that you can use for\nencoding the API schema.\n\n\n\n\nrenderers.OpenAPIRenderer\n - Renders into YAML-based [OpenAPI][openapi], the most widely used API schema format.\n\n\nrenderers.JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n - Renders into JSON-based [OpenAPI][openapi].\n\n\nrenderers.CoreJSONRenderer\n - Renders into \nCore JSON\n, a format designed for\nuse with the \ncoreapi\n client library.\n\n\n\n\nCore JSON\n is designed as a canonical format for use with Core API.\nREST framework includes a renderer class for handling this media type, which\nis available as \nrenderers.CoreJSONRenderer\n.\n\n\nSchemas vs Hypermedia\n\n\nIt's worth pointing out here that Core API can also be used to model hypermedia\nresponses, which present an alternative interaction style to API schemas.\n\n\nWith an API schema, the entire available interface is presented up-front\nas a single endpoint. Responses to individual API endpoints are then typically\npresented as plain data, without any further interactions contained in each\nresponse.\n\n\nWith Hypermedia, the client is instead presented with a document containing\nboth data and available interactions. Each interaction results in a new\ndocument, detailing both the current state and the available interactions.\n\n\nFurther information and support on building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\nis planned for a future version.\n\n\n\n\nCreating a schema\n\n\nREST framework includes functionality for auto-generating a schema,\nor allows you to specify one explicitly.\n\n\nManual Schema Specification\n\n\nTo manually specify a schema you create a Core API \nDocument\n, similar to the\nexample above.\n\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n\n\nAutomatic Schema Generation\n\n\nAutomatic schema generation is provided by the \nSchemaGenerator\n class.\n\n\nSchemaGenerator\n processes a list of routed URL patterns and compiles the\nappropriately structured Core API Document.\n\n\nBasic usage is just to provide the title for your schema and call\n\nget_schema()\n:\n\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Flight Search API')\nschema = generator.get_schema()\n\n\n\nPer-View Schema Customisation\n\n\nBy default, view introspection is performed by an \nAutoSchema\n instance\naccessible via the \nschema\n attribute on \nAPIView\n. This provides the\nappropriate Core API \nLink\n object for the view, request method and path:\n\n\nauto_schema = view.schema\ncoreapi_link = auto_schema.get_link(...)\n\n\n\n(In compiling the schema, \nSchemaGenerator\n calls \nview.schema.get_link()\n for\neach view, allowed method and path.)\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: For basic \nAPIView\n subclasses, default introspection is essentially\nlimited to the URL kwarg path parameters. For \nGenericAPIView\n\nsubclasses, which includes all the provided class based views, \nAutoSchema\n will\nattempt to introspect serialiser, pagination and filter fields, as well as\nprovide richer path field descriptions. (The key hooks here are the relevant\n\nGenericAPIView\n attributes and methods: \nget_serializer\n, \npagination_class\n,\n\nfilter_backends\n and so on.)\n\n\n\n\nTo customise the \nLink\n generation you may:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInstantiate \nAutoSchema\n on your view with the \nmanual_fields\n kwarg:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = AutoSchema(\n        manual_fields=[\n            coreapi.Field(\"extra_field\", ...),\n        ]\n    )\n\n\n\nThis allows extension for the most common case without subclassing.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvide an \nAutoSchema\n subclass with more complex customisation:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(...):\n        # Implement custom introspection here (or in other sub-methods)\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = CustomSchema()\n\n\n\nThis provides complete control over view introspection.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInstantiate \nManualSchema\n on your view, providing the Core API \nFields\n for\n  the view explicitly:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import ManualSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])\n\n\n\nThis allows manually specifying the schema for some views whilst maintaining\nautomatic generation elsewhere.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYou may disable schema generation for a view by setting \nschema\n to \nNone\n:\n\n\n    class CustomView(APIView):\n        ...\n        schema = None  # Will not appear in schema\n\n\n\nThis also applies to extra actions for \nViewSet\ns:\n\n\n    class CustomViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n\n        @action(detail=True, schema=None)\n        def extra_action(self, request, pk=None):\n            ...\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: For full details on \nSchemaGenerator\n plus the \nAutoSchema\n and\n\nManualSchema\n descriptors see the \nAPI Reference below\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdding a schema view\n\n\nThere are a few different ways to add a schema view to your API, depending on\nexactly what you need.\n\n\nThe get_schema_view shortcut\n\n\nThe simplest way to include a schema in your project is to use the\n\nget_schema_view()\n function.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Server Monitoring API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nOnce the view has been added, you'll be able to make API requests to retrieve\nthe auto-generated schema definition.\n\n\n$ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/vnd.coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Server Monitoring API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n}\n\n\n\nThe arguments to \nget_schema_view()\n are:\n\n\ntitle\n\n\nMay be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nMay be used to pass a canonical URL for the schema.\n\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/'\n)\n\n\n\nurlconf\n\n\nA string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want\nto generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's\nROOT_URLCONF setting.\n\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    urlconf='myproject.urls'\n)\n\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n\n\nMay be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can be used to render the API root endpoint.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\n\n\npatterns\n\n\nList of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you only want the \nmyproject.api\n urls\nto be exposed in the schema:\n\n\nschema_url_patterns = [\n    url(r'^api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),\n]\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    patterns=schema_url_patterns,\n)\n\n\n\ngenerator_class\n\n\nMay be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the\n\nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n\n\nMay be used to specify the list of authentication classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to \nsettings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n\n\npermission_classes\n\n\nMay be used to specify the list of permission classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to \nsettings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n\n\nUsing an explicit schema view\n\n\nIf you need a little more control than the \nget_schema_view()\n shortcut gives you,\nthen you can use the \nSchemaGenerator\n class directly to auto-generate the\n\nDocument\n instance, and to return that from a view.\n\n\nThis option gives you the flexibility of setting up the schema endpoint\nwith whatever behaviour you want. For example, you can apply different\npermission, throttling, or authentication policies to the schema endpoint.\n\n\nHere's an example of using \nSchemaGenerator\n together with a view to\nreturn the schema.\n\n\nviews.py:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response, schemas\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    schema = generator.get_schema(request)\n    return response.Response(schema)\n\n\n\nurls.py:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nYou can also serve different schemas to different users, depending on the\npermissions they have available. This approach can be used to ensure that\nunauthenticated requests are presented with a different schema to\nauthenticated requests, or to ensure that different parts of the API are\nmade visible to different users depending on their role.\n\n\nIn order to present a schema with endpoints filtered by user permissions,\nyou need to pass the \nrequest\n argument to the \nget_schema()\n method, like so:\n\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return response.Response(generator.get_schema(request=request))\n\n\n\nExplicit schema definition\n\n\nAn alternative to the auto-generated approach is to specify the API schema\nexplicitly, by declaring a \nDocument\n object in your codebase. Doing so is a\nlittle more work, but ensures that you have full control over the schema\nrepresentation.\n\n\nimport coreapi\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Bookings API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    return response.Response(schema)\n\n\n\n\n\nSchemas as documentation\n\n\nOne common usage of API schemas is to use them to build documentation pages.\n\n\nThe schema generation in REST framework uses docstrings to automatically\npopulate descriptions in the schema document.\n\n\nThese descriptions will be based on:\n\n\n\n\nThe corresponding method docstring if one exists.\n\n\nA named section within the class docstring, which can be either single line or multi-line.\n\n\nThe class docstring.\n\n\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nAn \nAPIView\n, with an explicit method docstring.\n\n\nclass ListUsernames(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n, with an explict action docstring.\n\n\nclass ListUsernames(ViewSet):\n    def list(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\nA generic view with sections in the class docstring, using single-line style.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get: List all the users.\n    post: Create a new user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n\n\nA generic viewset with sections in the class docstring, using multi-line style.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n\n    retrieve:\n    Return a user instance.\n\n    list:\n    Return all users, ordered by most recently joined.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nSchemaGenerator\n\n\nA class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests the schema for each view,\nand collates the resulting CoreAPI Document.\n\n\nTypically you'll instantiate \nSchemaGenerator\n with a single argument, like so:\n\n\ngenerator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')\n\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n \nrequired\n - The name of the API.\n\n\nurl\n - The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.\n\n\npatterns\n - A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.\n\n\nurlconf\n - A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to \nsettings.ROOT_URLCONF\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_schema(self, request)\n\n\nReturns a \ncoreapi.Document\n instance that represents the API schema.\n\n\n@api_view\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return Response(generator.get_schema())\n\n\n\nThe \nrequest\n argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply per-user\npermissions to the resulting schema generation.\n\n\nget_links(self, request)\n\n\nReturn a nested dictionary containing all the links that should be included in the API schema.\n\n\nThis is a good point to override if you want to modify the resulting structure of the generated schema,\nas you can build a new dictionary with a different layout.\n\n\nAutoSchema\n\n\nA class that deals with introspection of individual views for schema generation.\n\n\nAutoSchema\n is attached to \nAPIView\n via the \nschema\n attribute.\n\n\nThe \nAutoSchema\n constructor takes a single keyword argument  \nmanual_fields\n.\n\n\nmanual_fields\n: a \nlist\n of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances that will be added to\nthe generated fields. Generated fields with a matching \nname\n will be overwritten.\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"my_extra_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])\n\n\n\nFor more advanced customisation subclass \nAutoSchema\n to customise schema generation.\n\n\nclass CustomViewSchema(AutoSchema):\n    \"\"\"\n    Overrides `get_link()` to provide Custom Behavior X\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        link = super().get_link(path, method, base_url)\n        # Do something to customize link here...\n        return link\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = CustomViewSchema()\n\n\n\nThe following methods are available to override.\n\n\nget_link(self, path, method, base_url)\n\n\nReturns a \ncoreapi.Link\n instance corresponding to the given view.\n\n\nThis is the main entry point.\nYou can override this if you need to provide custom behaviors for particular views.\n\n\nget_description(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturns a string to use as the link description. By default this is based on the\nview docstring as described in the \"Schemas as Documentation\" section above.\n\n\nget_encoding(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturns a string to indicate the encoding for any request body, when interacting\nwith the given view. Eg. \n'application/json'\n. May return a blank string for views\nthat do not expect a request body.\n\n\nget_path_fields(self, path, method):\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances. One for each path parameter in the URL.\n\n\nget_serializer_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances. One for each field in the serializer class used by the view.\n\n\nget_pagination_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances, as returned by the \nget_schema_fields()\n method on any pagination class used by the view.\n\n\nget_filter_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances, as returned by the \nget_schema_fields()\n method of any filter classes used by the view.\n\n\nget_manual_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances to be added to or replace generated fields. Defaults to (optional) \nmanual_fields\n passed to \nAutoSchema\n constructor.\n\n\nMay be overridden to customise manual fields by \npath\n or \nmethod\n. For example, a per-method adjustment may look like this:\n\n\ndef get_manual_fields(self, path, method):\n    \nExample adding per-method fields.\n\n\n    extra_fields = []\n    if method=='GET':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for GET ...\n    if method=='POST':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for POST ...\n\n    manual_fields = super().get_manual_fields(path, method)\n    return manual_fields + extra_fields\n\n\n\n\nupdate_fields(fields, update_with)\n\n\nUtility \nstaticmethod\n. Encapsulates logic to add or replace fields from a list\nby \nField.name\n. May be overridden to adjust replacement criteria.\n\n\nManualSchema\n\n\nAllows manually providing a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances for the schema,\nplus an optional description.\n\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ]\n  )\n\n\n\nThe \nManualSchema\n constructor takes two arguments:\n\n\nfields\n: A list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances. Required.\n\n\ndescription\n: A string description. Optional.\n\n\nencoding\n: Default \nNone\n. A string encoding, e.g \napplication/json\n. Optional.\n\n\n\n\nCore API\n\n\nThis documentation gives a brief overview of the components within the \ncoreapi\n\npackage that are used to represent an API schema.\n\n\nNote that these classes are imported from the \ncoreapi\n package, rather than\nfrom the \nrest_framework\n package.\n\n\nDocument\n\n\nRepresents a container for the API schema.\n\n\ntitle\n\n\nA name for the API.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nA canonical URL for the API.\n\n\ncontent\n\n\nA dictionary, containing the \nLink\n objects that the schema contains.\n\n\nIn order to provide more structure to the schema, the \ncontent\n dictionary\nmay be nested, typically to a second level. For example:\n\n\ncontent={\n    \"bookings\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        \"create\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    \"venues\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    ...\n}\n\n\n\nLink\n\n\nRepresents an individual API endpoint.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nThe URL of the endpoint. May be a URI template, such as \n/users/{username}/\n.\n\n\naction\n\n\nThe HTTP method associated with the endpoint. Note that URLs that support\nmore than one HTTP method, should correspond to a single \nLink\n for each.\n\n\nfields\n\n\nA list of \nField\n instances, describing the available parameters on the input.\n\n\ndescription\n\n\nA short description of the meaning and intended usage of the endpoint.\n\n\nField\n\n\nRepresents a single input parameter on a given API endpoint.\n\n\nname\n\n\nA descriptive name for the input.\n\n\nrequired\n\n\nA boolean, indicated if the client is required to included a value, or if\nthe parameter can be omitted.\n\n\nlocation\n\n\nDetermines how the information is encoded into the request. Should be one of\nthe following strings:\n\n\n\"path\"\n\n\nIncluded in a templated URI. For example a \nurl\n value of \n/products/{product_code}/\n could be used together with a \n\"path\"\n field, to handle API inputs in a URL path such as \n/products/slim-fit-jeans/\n.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with \nnamed arguments in the project URL conf\n.\n\n\n\"query\"\n\n\nIncluded as a URL query parameter. For example \n?search=sale\n. Typically for \nGET\n requests.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with pagination and filtering controls on a view.\n\n\n\"form\"\n\n\nIncluded in the request body, as a single item of a JSON object or HTML form. For example \n{\"colour\": \"blue\", ...}\n. Typically for \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests. Multiple \n\"form\"\n fields may be included on a single link.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with serializer fields on a view.\n\n\n\"body\"\n\n\nIncluded as the complete request body. Typically for \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests. No more than one \n\"body\"\n field may exist on a link. May not be used together with \n\"form\"\n fields.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with views that use \nListSerializer\n to validate the request input, or with file upload views.\n\n\nencoding\n\n\n\"application/json\"\n\n\nJSON encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nJSONParser\n.\nValid only if either one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields, or a single\n\nlocation=\"body\"\n field is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"multipart/form-data\"\n\n\nMultipart encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nMultiPartParser\n.\nValid only if one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\"\n\n\nURL encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nFormParser\n. Valid\nonly if one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"application/octet-stream\"\n\n\nBinary upload request content. Corresponds to views using \nFileUploadParser\n.\nValid only if a \nlocation=\"body\"\n field is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\ndescription\n\n\nA short description of the meaning and intended usage of the input field.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\ndrf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator\n\n\ndrf-yasg\n generates \nOpenAPI\n documents suitable for code generation - nested schemas,\nnamed models, response bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc.\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n renders the schema generated by Django Rest Framework\nin \nOpenAPI\n format.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/",
+            "text": "Schemas\n\n\n\n\nA machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.\n\n\n\u2014 Heroku, \nJSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API\n\n\n\n\nAPI schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including\ngenerating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that\ncan interact with your API.\n\n\nInstall Core API & PyYAML\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n package in order to add schema support\nfor REST framework. You probably also want to install \npyyaml\n, so that you\ncan render the schema into the commonly used YAML-based OpenAPI format.\n\n\npip install coreapi pyyaml\n\n\n\nQuickstart\n\n\nThere are two different ways you can serve a schema description for you API.\n\n\nGenerating a schema with the \ngenerateschema\n management command\n\n\nTo generate a static API schema, use the \ngenerateschema\n management command.\n\n\n$ python manage.py generateschema > schema.yml\n\n\n\n\nOnce you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any\nadditional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema\ngenerator.\n\n\nYou might want to check your API schema into version control and update it\nwith each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.\n\n\nAdding a view with \nget_schema_view\n\n\nTo add a dynamically generated schema view to your API, use \nget_schema_view\n.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Example API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nSee below \nfor more details\n on customizing a\ndynamically generated schema view.\n\n\nInternal schema representation\n\n\nREST framework uses \nCore API\n in order to model schema information in\na format-independent representation. This information can then be rendered\ninto various different schema formats, or used to generate API documentation.\n\n\nWhen using Core API, a schema is represented as a \nDocument\n which is the\ntop-level container object for information about the API. Available API\ninteractions are represented using \nLink\n objects. Each link includes a URL,\nHTTP method, and may include a list of \nField\n instances, which describe any\nparameters that may be accepted by the API endpoint. The \nLink\n and \nField\n\ninstances may also include descriptions, that allow an API schema to be\nrendered into user documentation.\n\n\nHere's an example of an API description that includes a single \nsearch\n\nendpoint:\n\n\ncoreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    url='https://api.example.org/',\n    content={\n        'search': coreapi.Link(\n            url='/search/',\n            action='get',\n            fields=[\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='from',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='to',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='date',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='Flight date in \"YYYY-MM-DD\" format.'\n                )\n            ],\n            description='Return flight availability and prices.'\n        )\n    }\n)\n\n\n\nSchema output formats\n\n\nIn order to be presented in an HTTP response, the internal representation\nhas to be rendered into the actual bytes that are used in the response.\n\n\nREST framework includes a few different renderers that you can use for\nencoding the API schema.\n\n\n\n\nrenderers.OpenAPIRenderer\n - Renders into YAML-based [OpenAPI][openapi], the most widely used API schema format.\n\n\nrenderers.JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n - Renders into JSON-based [OpenAPI][openapi].\n\n\nrenderers.CoreJSONRenderer\n - Renders into \nCore JSON\n, a format designed for\nuse with the \ncoreapi\n client library.\n\n\n\n\nCore JSON\n is designed as a canonical format for use with Core API.\nREST framework includes a renderer class for handling this media type, which\nis available as \nrenderers.CoreJSONRenderer\n.\n\n\nSchemas vs Hypermedia\n\n\nIt's worth pointing out here that Core API can also be used to model hypermedia\nresponses, which present an alternative interaction style to API schemas.\n\n\nWith an API schema, the entire available interface is presented up-front\nas a single endpoint. Responses to individual API endpoints are then typically\npresented as plain data, without any further interactions contained in each\nresponse.\n\n\nWith Hypermedia, the client is instead presented with a document containing\nboth data and available interactions. Each interaction results in a new\ndocument, detailing both the current state and the available interactions.\n\n\nFurther information and support on building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\nis planned for a future version.\n\n\n\n\nCreating a schema\n\n\nREST framework includes functionality for auto-generating a schema,\nor allows you to specify one explicitly.\n\n\nManual Schema Specification\n\n\nTo manually specify a schema you create a Core API \nDocument\n, similar to the\nexample above.\n\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n\n\nAutomatic Schema Generation\n\n\nAutomatic schema generation is provided by the \nSchemaGenerator\n class.\n\n\nSchemaGenerator\n processes a list of routed URL patterns and compiles the\nappropriately structured Core API Document.\n\n\nBasic usage is just to provide the title for your schema and call\n\nget_schema()\n:\n\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Flight Search API')\nschema = generator.get_schema()\n\n\n\nPer-View Schema Customisation\n\n\nBy default, view introspection is performed by an \nAutoSchema\n instance\naccessible via the \nschema\n attribute on \nAPIView\n. This provides the\nappropriate Core API \nLink\n object for the view, request method and path:\n\n\nauto_schema = view.schema\ncoreapi_link = auto_schema.get_link(...)\n\n\n\n(In compiling the schema, \nSchemaGenerator\n calls \nview.schema.get_link()\n for\neach view, allowed method and path.)\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: For basic \nAPIView\n subclasses, default introspection is essentially\nlimited to the URL kwarg path parameters. For \nGenericAPIView\n\nsubclasses, which includes all the provided class based views, \nAutoSchema\n will\nattempt to introspect serialiser, pagination and filter fields, as well as\nprovide richer path field descriptions. (The key hooks here are the relevant\n\nGenericAPIView\n attributes and methods: \nget_serializer\n, \npagination_class\n,\n\nfilter_backends\n and so on.)\n\n\n\n\nTo customise the \nLink\n generation you may:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInstantiate \nAutoSchema\n on your view with the \nmanual_fields\n kwarg:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = AutoSchema(\n        manual_fields=[\n            coreapi.Field(\"extra_field\", ...),\n        ]\n    )\n\n\n\nThis allows extension for the most common case without subclassing.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvide an \nAutoSchema\n subclass with more complex customisation:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(...):\n        # Implement custom introspection here (or in other sub-methods)\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = CustomSchema()\n\n\n\nThis provides complete control over view introspection.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInstantiate \nManualSchema\n on your view, providing the Core API \nFields\n for\n  the view explicitly:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import ManualSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])\n\n\n\nThis allows manually specifying the schema for some views whilst maintaining\nautomatic generation elsewhere.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYou may disable schema generation for a view by setting \nschema\n to \nNone\n:\n\n\n    class CustomView(APIView):\n        ...\n        schema = None  # Will not appear in schema\n\n\n\nThis also applies to extra actions for \nViewSet\ns:\n\n\n    class CustomViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n\n        @action(detail=True, schema=None)\n        def extra_action(self, request, pk=None):\n            ...\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: For full details on \nSchemaGenerator\n plus the \nAutoSchema\n and\n\nManualSchema\n descriptors see the \nAPI Reference below\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdding a schema view\n\n\nThere are a few different ways to add a schema view to your API, depending on\nexactly what you need.\n\n\nThe get_schema_view shortcut\n\n\nThe simplest way to include a schema in your project is to use the\n\nget_schema_view()\n function.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Server Monitoring API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nOnce the view has been added, you'll be able to make API requests to retrieve\nthe auto-generated schema definition.\n\n\n$ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/vnd.coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Server Monitoring API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n}\n\n\n\nThe arguments to \nget_schema_view()\n are:\n\n\ntitle\n\n\nMay be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nMay be used to pass a canonical URL for the schema.\n\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/'\n)\n\n\n\nurlconf\n\n\nA string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want\nto generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's\nROOT_URLCONF setting.\n\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    urlconf='myproject.urls'\n)\n\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n\n\nMay be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can be used to render the API root endpoint.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\n\n\npatterns\n\n\nList of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you only want the \nmyproject.api\n urls\nto be exposed in the schema:\n\n\nschema_url_patterns = [\n    url(r'^api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),\n]\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    patterns=schema_url_patterns,\n)\n\n\n\ngenerator_class\n\n\nMay be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the\n\nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n\n\nMay be used to specify the list of authentication classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to \nsettings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n\n\npermission_classes\n\n\nMay be used to specify the list of permission classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to \nsettings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n\n\nUsing an explicit schema view\n\n\nIf you need a little more control than the \nget_schema_view()\n shortcut gives you,\nthen you can use the \nSchemaGenerator\n class directly to auto-generate the\n\nDocument\n instance, and to return that from a view.\n\n\nThis option gives you the flexibility of setting up the schema endpoint\nwith whatever behaviour you want. For example, you can apply different\npermission, throttling, or authentication policies to the schema endpoint.\n\n\nHere's an example of using \nSchemaGenerator\n together with a view to\nreturn the schema.\n\n\nviews.py:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response, schemas\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    schema = generator.get_schema(request)\n    return response.Response(schema)\n\n\n\nurls.py:\n\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nYou can also serve different schemas to different users, depending on the\npermissions they have available. This approach can be used to ensure that\nunauthenticated requests are presented with a different schema to\nauthenticated requests, or to ensure that different parts of the API are\nmade visible to different users depending on their role.\n\n\nIn order to present a schema with endpoints filtered by user permissions,\nyou need to pass the \nrequest\n argument to the \nget_schema()\n method, like so:\n\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return response.Response(generator.get_schema(request=request))\n\n\n\nExplicit schema definition\n\n\nAn alternative to the auto-generated approach is to specify the API schema\nexplicitly, by declaring a \nDocument\n object in your codebase. Doing so is a\nlittle more work, but ensures that you have full control over the schema\nrepresentation.\n\n\nimport coreapi\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Bookings API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    return response.Response(schema)\n\n\n\n\n\nSchemas as documentation\n\n\nOne common usage of API schemas is to use them to build documentation pages.\n\n\nThe schema generation in REST framework uses docstrings to automatically\npopulate descriptions in the schema document.\n\n\nThese descriptions will be based on:\n\n\n\n\nThe corresponding method docstring if one exists.\n\n\nA named section within the class docstring, which can be either single line or multi-line.\n\n\nThe class docstring.\n\n\n\n\nExamples\n\n\nAn \nAPIView\n, with an explicit method docstring.\n\n\nclass ListUsernames(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\nA \nViewSet\n, with an explict action docstring.\n\n\nclass ListUsernames(ViewSet):\n    def list(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)\n\n\n\nA generic view with sections in the class docstring, using single-line style.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get: List all the users.\n    post: Create a new user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)\n\n\n\nA generic viewset with sections in the class docstring, using multi-line style.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n\n    retrieve:\n    Return a user instance.\n\n    list:\n    Return all users, ordered by most recently joined.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nSchemaGenerator\n\n\nA class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests the schema for each view,\nand collates the resulting CoreAPI Document.\n\n\nTypically you'll instantiate \nSchemaGenerator\n with a single argument, like so:\n\n\ngenerator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')\n\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n \nrequired\n - The name of the API.\n\n\nurl\n - The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.\n\n\npatterns\n - A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.\n\n\nurlconf\n - A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to \nsettings.ROOT_URLCONF\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_schema(self, request)\n\n\nReturns a \ncoreapi.Document\n instance that represents the API schema.\n\n\n@api_view\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return Response(generator.get_schema())\n\n\n\nThe \nrequest\n argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply per-user\npermissions to the resulting schema generation.\n\n\nget_links(self, request)\n\n\nReturn a nested dictionary containing all the links that should be included in the API schema.\n\n\nThis is a good point to override if you want to modify the resulting structure of the generated schema,\nas you can build a new dictionary with a different layout.\n\n\nAutoSchema\n\n\nA class that deals with introspection of individual views for schema generation.\n\n\nAutoSchema\n is attached to \nAPIView\n via the \nschema\n attribute.\n\n\nThe \nAutoSchema\n constructor takes a single keyword argument  \nmanual_fields\n.\n\n\nmanual_fields\n: a \nlist\n of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances that will be added to\nthe generated fields. Generated fields with a matching \nname\n will be overwritten.\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"my_extra_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])\n\n\n\nFor more advanced customisation subclass \nAutoSchema\n to customise schema generation.\n\n\nclass CustomViewSchema(AutoSchema):\n    \"\"\"\n    Overrides `get_link()` to provide Custom Behavior X\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        link = super().get_link(path, method, base_url)\n        # Do something to customize link here...\n        return link\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = CustomViewSchema()\n\n\n\nThe following methods are available to override.\n\n\nget_link(self, path, method, base_url)\n\n\nReturns a \ncoreapi.Link\n instance corresponding to the given view.\n\n\nThis is the main entry point.\nYou can override this if you need to provide custom behaviors for particular views.\n\n\nget_description(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturns a string to use as the link description. By default this is based on the\nview docstring as described in the \"Schemas as Documentation\" section above.\n\n\nget_encoding(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturns a string to indicate the encoding for any request body, when interacting\nwith the given view. Eg. \n'application/json'\n. May return a blank string for views\nthat do not expect a request body.\n\n\nget_path_fields(self, path, method):\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances. One for each path parameter in the URL.\n\n\nget_serializer_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances. One for each field in the serializer class used by the view.\n\n\nget_pagination_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances, as returned by the \nget_schema_fields()\n method on any pagination class used by the view.\n\n\nget_filter_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances, as returned by the \nget_schema_fields()\n method of any filter classes used by the view.\n\n\nget_manual_fields(self, path, method)\n\n\nReturn a list of \ncoreapi.Field()\n instances to be added to or replace generated fields. Defaults to (optional) \nmanual_fields\n passed to \nAutoSchema\n constructor.\n\n\nMay be overridden to customise manual fields by \npath\n or \nmethod\n. For example, a per-method adjustment may look like this:\n\n\ndef get_manual_fields(self, path, method):\n    \"\"\"Example adding per-method fields.\"\"\"\n\n    extra_fields = []\n    if method=='GET':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for GET ...\n    if method=='POST':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for POST ...\n\n    manual_fields = super().get_manual_fields(path, method)\n    return manual_fields + extra_fields\n\n\n\n\nupdate_fields(fields, update_with)\n\n\nUtility \nstaticmethod\n. Encapsulates logic to add or replace fields from a list\nby \nField.name\n. May be overridden to adjust replacement criteria.\n\n\nManualSchema\n\n\nAllows manually providing a list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances for the schema,\nplus an optional description.\n\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ]\n  )\n\n\n\nThe \nManualSchema\n constructor takes two arguments:\n\n\nfields\n: A list of \ncoreapi.Field\n instances. Required.\n\n\ndescription\n: A string description. Optional.\n\n\nencoding\n: Default \nNone\n. A string encoding, e.g \napplication/json\n. Optional.\n\n\n\n\nCore API\n\n\nThis documentation gives a brief overview of the components within the \ncoreapi\n\npackage that are used to represent an API schema.\n\n\nNote that these classes are imported from the \ncoreapi\n package, rather than\nfrom the \nrest_framework\n package.\n\n\nDocument\n\n\nRepresents a container for the API schema.\n\n\ntitle\n\n\nA name for the API.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nA canonical URL for the API.\n\n\ncontent\n\n\nA dictionary, containing the \nLink\n objects that the schema contains.\n\n\nIn order to provide more structure to the schema, the \ncontent\n dictionary\nmay be nested, typically to a second level. For example:\n\n\ncontent={\n    \"bookings\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        \"create\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    \"venues\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    ...\n}\n\n\n\nLink\n\n\nRepresents an individual API endpoint.\n\n\nurl\n\n\nThe URL of the endpoint. May be a URI template, such as \n/users/{username}/\n.\n\n\naction\n\n\nThe HTTP method associated with the endpoint. Note that URLs that support\nmore than one HTTP method, should correspond to a single \nLink\n for each.\n\n\nfields\n\n\nA list of \nField\n instances, describing the available parameters on the input.\n\n\ndescription\n\n\nA short description of the meaning and intended usage of the endpoint.\n\n\nField\n\n\nRepresents a single input parameter on a given API endpoint.\n\n\nname\n\n\nA descriptive name for the input.\n\n\nrequired\n\n\nA boolean, indicated if the client is required to included a value, or if\nthe parameter can be omitted.\n\n\nlocation\n\n\nDetermines how the information is encoded into the request. Should be one of\nthe following strings:\n\n\n\"path\"\n\n\nIncluded in a templated URI. For example a \nurl\n value of \n/products/{product_code}/\n could be used together with a \n\"path\"\n field, to handle API inputs in a URL path such as \n/products/slim-fit-jeans/\n.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with \nnamed arguments in the project URL conf\n.\n\n\n\"query\"\n\n\nIncluded as a URL query parameter. For example \n?search=sale\n. Typically for \nGET\n requests.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with pagination and filtering controls on a view.\n\n\n\"form\"\n\n\nIncluded in the request body, as a single item of a JSON object or HTML form. For example \n{\"colour\": \"blue\", ...}\n. Typically for \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests. Multiple \n\"form\"\n fields may be included on a single link.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with serializer fields on a view.\n\n\n\"body\"\n\n\nIncluded as the complete request body. Typically for \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n and \nPATCH\n requests. No more than one \n\"body\"\n field may exist on a link. May not be used together with \n\"form\"\n fields.\n\n\nThese fields will normally correspond with views that use \nListSerializer\n to validate the request input, or with file upload views.\n\n\nencoding\n\n\n\"application/json\"\n\n\nJSON encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nJSONParser\n.\nValid only if either one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields, or a single\n\nlocation=\"body\"\n field is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"multipart/form-data\"\n\n\nMultipart encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nMultiPartParser\n.\nValid only if one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\"\n\n\nURL encoded request content. Corresponds to views using \nFormParser\n. Valid\nonly if one or more \nlocation=\"form\"\n fields is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\n\"application/octet-stream\"\n\n\nBinary upload request content. Corresponds to views using \nFileUploadParser\n.\nValid only if a \nlocation=\"body\"\n field is included on the \nLink\n.\n\n\ndescription\n\n\nA short description of the meaning and intended usage of the input field.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\ndrf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator\n\n\ndrf-yasg\n generates \nOpenAPI\n documents suitable for code generation - nested schemas,\nnamed models, response bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc.\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n renders the schema generated by Django Rest Framework\nin \nOpenAPI\n format.",
             "title": "Schemas"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas", 
-            "text": "A machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.   Heroku,  JSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API   API schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including\ngenerating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that\ncan interact with your API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas",
+            "text": "A machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.  \u2014 Heroku,  JSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API   API schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including\ngenerating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that\ncan interact with your API.",
             "title": "Schemas"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#install-core-api-pyyaml", 
-            "text": "You'll need to install the  coreapi  package in order to add schema support\nfor REST framework. You probably also want to install  pyyaml , so that you\ncan render the schema into the commonly used YAML-based OpenAPI format.  pip install coreapi pyyaml", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#install-core-api-pyyaml",
+            "text": "You'll need to install the  coreapi  package in order to add schema support\nfor REST framework. You probably also want to install  pyyaml , so that you\ncan render the schema into the commonly used YAML-based OpenAPI format.  pip install coreapi pyyaml",
             "title": "Install Core API & PyYAML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#quickstart", 
-            "text": "There are two different ways you can serve a schema description for you API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#quickstart",
+            "text": "There are two different ways you can serve a schema description for you API.",
             "title": "Quickstart"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#generating-a-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command", 
-            "text": "To generate a static API schema, use the  generateschema  management command.  $ python manage.py generateschema   schema.yml  Once you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any\nadditional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema\ngenerator.  You might want to check your API schema into version control and update it\nwith each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#generating-a-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command",
+            "text": "To generate a static API schema, use the  generateschema  management command.  $ python manage.py generateschema > schema.yml  Once you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any\nadditional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema\ngenerator.  You might want to check your API schema into version control and update it\nwith each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.",
             "title": "Generating a schema with the generateschema management command"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#adding-a-view-with-get_schema_view", 
-            "text": "To add a dynamically generated schema view to your API, use  get_schema_view .  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title= Example API )\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  See below  for more details  on customizing a\ndynamically generated schema view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#adding-a-view-with-get_schema_view",
+            "text": "To add a dynamically generated schema view to your API, use  get_schema_view .  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Example API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  See below  for more details  on customizing a\ndynamically generated schema view.",
             "title": "Adding a view with get_schema_view"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#internal-schema-representation", 
-            "text": "REST framework uses  Core API  in order to model schema information in\na format-independent representation. This information can then be rendered\ninto various different schema formats, or used to generate API documentation.  When using Core API, a schema is represented as a  Document  which is the\ntop-level container object for information about the API. Available API\ninteractions are represented using  Link  objects. Each link includes a URL,\nHTTP method, and may include a list of  Field  instances, which describe any\nparameters that may be accepted by the API endpoint. The  Link  and  Field \ninstances may also include descriptions, that allow an API schema to be\nrendered into user documentation.  Here's an example of an API description that includes a single  search \nendpoint:  coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    url='https://api.example.org/',\n    content={\n        'search': coreapi.Link(\n            url='/search/',\n            action='get',\n            fields=[\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='from',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='to',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='date',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='Flight date in \"YYYY-MM-DD\" format.'\n                )\n            ],\n            description='Return flight availability and prices.'\n        )\n    }\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#internal-schema-representation",
+            "text": "REST framework uses  Core API  in order to model schema information in\na format-independent representation. This information can then be rendered\ninto various different schema formats, or used to generate API documentation.  When using Core API, a schema is represented as a  Document  which is the\ntop-level container object for information about the API. Available API\ninteractions are represented using  Link  objects. Each link includes a URL,\nHTTP method, and may include a list of  Field  instances, which describe any\nparameters that may be accepted by the API endpoint. The  Link  and  Field \ninstances may also include descriptions, that allow an API schema to be\nrendered into user documentation.  Here's an example of an API description that includes a single  search \nendpoint:  coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    url='https://api.example.org/',\n    content={\n        'search': coreapi.Link(\n            url='/search/',\n            action='get',\n            fields=[\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='from',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='to',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='City name or airport code.'\n                ),\n                coreapi.Field(\n                    name='date',\n                    required=True,\n                    location='query',\n                    description='Flight date in \"YYYY-MM-DD\" format.'\n                )\n            ],\n            description='Return flight availability and prices.'\n        )\n    }\n)",
             "title": "Internal schema representation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schema-output-formats", 
-            "text": "In order to be presented in an HTTP response, the internal representation\nhas to be rendered into the actual bytes that are used in the response.  REST framework includes a few different renderers that you can use for\nencoding the API schema.   renderers.OpenAPIRenderer  - Renders into YAML-based [OpenAPI][openapi], the most widely used API schema format.  renderers.JSONOpenAPIRenderer  - Renders into JSON-based [OpenAPI][openapi].  renderers.CoreJSONRenderer  - Renders into  Core JSON , a format designed for\nuse with the  coreapi  client library.   Core JSON  is designed as a canonical format for use with Core API.\nREST framework includes a renderer class for handling this media type, which\nis available as  renderers.CoreJSONRenderer .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schema-output-formats",
+            "text": "In order to be presented in an HTTP response, the internal representation\nhas to be rendered into the actual bytes that are used in the response.  REST framework includes a few different renderers that you can use for\nencoding the API schema.   renderers.OpenAPIRenderer  - Renders into YAML-based [OpenAPI][openapi], the most widely used API schema format.  renderers.JSONOpenAPIRenderer  - Renders into JSON-based [OpenAPI][openapi].  renderers.CoreJSONRenderer  - Renders into  Core JSON , a format designed for\nuse with the  coreapi  client library.   Core JSON  is designed as a canonical format for use with Core API.\nREST framework includes a renderer class for handling this media type, which\nis available as  renderers.CoreJSONRenderer .",
             "title": "Schema output formats"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas-vs-hypermedia", 
-            "text": "It's worth pointing out here that Core API can also be used to model hypermedia\nresponses, which present an alternative interaction style to API schemas.  With an API schema, the entire available interface is presented up-front\nas a single endpoint. Responses to individual API endpoints are then typically\npresented as plain data, without any further interactions contained in each\nresponse.  With Hypermedia, the client is instead presented with a document containing\nboth data and available interactions. Each interaction results in a new\ndocument, detailing both the current state and the available interactions.  Further information and support on building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\nis planned for a future version.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas-vs-hypermedia",
+            "text": "It's worth pointing out here that Core API can also be used to model hypermedia\nresponses, which present an alternative interaction style to API schemas.  With an API schema, the entire available interface is presented up-front\nas a single endpoint. Responses to individual API endpoints are then typically\npresented as plain data, without any further interactions contained in each\nresponse.  With Hypermedia, the client is instead presented with a document containing\nboth data and available interactions. Each interaction results in a new\ndocument, detailing both the current state and the available interactions.  Further information and support on building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\nis planned for a future version.",
             "title": "Schemas vs Hypermedia"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#creating-a-schema", 
-            "text": "REST framework includes functionality for auto-generating a schema,\nor allows you to specify one explicitly.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#creating-a-schema",
+            "text": "REST framework includes functionality for auto-generating a schema,\nor allows you to specify one explicitly.",
             "title": "Creating a schema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#manual-schema-specification", 
-            "text": "To manually specify a schema you create a Core API  Document , similar to the\nexample above.  schema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#manual-schema-specification",
+            "text": "To manually specify a schema you create a Core API  Document , similar to the\nexample above.  schema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Flight Search API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)",
             "title": "Manual Schema Specification"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#automatic-schema-generation", 
-            "text": "Automatic schema generation is provided by the  SchemaGenerator  class.  SchemaGenerator  processes a list of routed URL patterns and compiles the\nappropriately structured Core API Document.  Basic usage is just to provide the title for your schema and call get_schema() :  generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Flight Search API')\nschema = generator.get_schema()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#automatic-schema-generation",
+            "text": "Automatic schema generation is provided by the  SchemaGenerator  class.  SchemaGenerator  processes a list of routed URL patterns and compiles the\nappropriately structured Core API Document.  Basic usage is just to provide the title for your schema and call get_schema() :  generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Flight Search API')\nschema = generator.get_schema()",
             "title": "Automatic Schema Generation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#per-view-schema-customisation", 
-            "text": "By default, view introspection is performed by an  AutoSchema  instance\naccessible via the  schema  attribute on  APIView . This provides the\nappropriate Core API  Link  object for the view, request method and path:  auto_schema = view.schema\ncoreapi_link = auto_schema.get_link(...)  (In compiling the schema,  SchemaGenerator  calls  view.schema.get_link()  for\neach view, allowed method and path.)   Note : For basic  APIView  subclasses, default introspection is essentially\nlimited to the URL kwarg path parameters. For  GenericAPIView \nsubclasses, which includes all the provided class based views,  AutoSchema  will\nattempt to introspect serialiser, pagination and filter fields, as well as\nprovide richer path field descriptions. (The key hooks here are the relevant GenericAPIView  attributes and methods:  get_serializer ,  pagination_class , filter_backends  and so on.)   To customise the  Link  generation you may:    Instantiate  AutoSchema  on your view with the  manual_fields  kwarg:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = AutoSchema(\n        manual_fields=[\n            coreapi.Field(\"extra_field\", ...),\n        ]\n    )  This allows extension for the most common case without subclassing.    Provide an  AutoSchema  subclass with more complex customisation:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(...):\n        # Implement custom introspection here (or in other sub-methods)\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = CustomSchema()  This provides complete control over view introspection.    Instantiate  ManualSchema  on your view, providing the Core API  Fields  for\n  the view explicitly:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import ManualSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])  This allows manually specifying the schema for some views whilst maintaining\nautomatic generation elsewhere.    You may disable schema generation for a view by setting  schema  to  None :      class CustomView(APIView):\n        ...\n        schema = None  # Will not appear in schema  This also applies to extra actions for  ViewSet s:      class CustomViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n\n        @action(detail=True, schema=None)\n        def extra_action(self, request, pk=None):\n            ...   Note : For full details on  SchemaGenerator  plus the  AutoSchema  and ManualSchema  descriptors see the  API Reference below .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#per-view-schema-customisation",
+            "text": "By default, view introspection is performed by an  AutoSchema  instance\naccessible via the  schema  attribute on  APIView . This provides the\nappropriate Core API  Link  object for the view, request method and path:  auto_schema = view.schema\ncoreapi_link = auto_schema.get_link(...)  (In compiling the schema,  SchemaGenerator  calls  view.schema.get_link()  for\neach view, allowed method and path.)   Note : For basic  APIView  subclasses, default introspection is essentially\nlimited to the URL kwarg path parameters. For  GenericAPIView \nsubclasses, which includes all the provided class based views,  AutoSchema  will\nattempt to introspect serialiser, pagination and filter fields, as well as\nprovide richer path field descriptions. (The key hooks here are the relevant GenericAPIView  attributes and methods:  get_serializer ,  pagination_class , filter_backends  and so on.)   To customise the  Link  generation you may:    Instantiate  AutoSchema  on your view with the  manual_fields  kwarg:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = AutoSchema(\n        manual_fields=[\n            coreapi.Field(\"extra_field\", ...),\n        ]\n    )  This allows extension for the most common case without subclassing.    Provide an  AutoSchema  subclass with more complex customisation:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomSchema(AutoSchema):\n    def get_link(...):\n        # Implement custom introspection here (or in other sub-methods)\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = CustomSchema()  This provides complete control over view introspection.    Instantiate  ManualSchema  on your view, providing the Core API  Fields  for\n  the view explicitly:  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import ManualSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    ...\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])  This allows manually specifying the schema for some views whilst maintaining\nautomatic generation elsewhere.    You may disable schema generation for a view by setting  schema  to  None :      class CustomView(APIView):\n        ...\n        schema = None  # Will not appear in schema  This also applies to extra actions for  ViewSet s:      class CustomViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n\n        @action(detail=True, schema=None)\n        def extra_action(self, request, pk=None):\n            ...   Note : For full details on  SchemaGenerator  plus the  AutoSchema  and ManualSchema  descriptors see the  API Reference below .",
             "title": "Per-View Schema Customisation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#adding-a-schema-view", 
-            "text": "There are a few different ways to add a schema view to your API, depending on\nexactly what you need.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#adding-a-schema-view",
+            "text": "There are a few different ways to add a schema view to your API, depending on\nexactly what you need.",
             "title": "Adding a schema view"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#the-get_schema_view-shortcut", 
-            "text": "The simplest way to include a schema in your project is to use the get_schema_view()  function.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Server Monitoring API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  Once the view has been added, you'll be able to make API requests to retrieve\nthe auto-generated schema definition.  $ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/vnd.coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Server Monitoring API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n}  The arguments to  get_schema_view()  are:", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#the-get_schema_view-shortcut",
+            "text": "The simplest way to include a schema in your project is to use the get_schema_view()  function.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title=\"Server Monitoring API\")\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  Once the view has been added, you'll be able to make API requests to retrieve\nthe auto-generated schema definition.  $ http http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Accept:application/coreapi+json\nHTTP/1.0 200 OK\nAllow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\nContent-Type: application/vnd.coreapi+json\n\n{\n    \"_meta\": {\n        \"title\": \"Server Monitoring API\"\n    },\n    \"_type\": \"document\",\n    ...\n}  The arguments to  get_schema_view()  are:",
             "title": "The get_schema_view shortcut"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#title", 
-            "text": "May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#title",
+            "text": "May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.",
             "title": "title"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url", 
-            "text": "May be used to pass a canonical URL for the schema.  schema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/'\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url",
+            "text": "May be used to pass a canonical URL for the schema.  schema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/'\n)",
             "title": "url"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#urlconf", 
-            "text": "A string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want\nto generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's\nROOT_URLCONF setting.  schema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    urlconf='myproject.urls'\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#urlconf",
+            "text": "A string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want\nto generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's\nROOT_URLCONF setting.  schema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    urlconf='myproject.urls'\n)",
             "title": "urlconf"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#renderer_classes", 
-            "text": "May be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can be used to render the API root endpoint.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#renderer_classes",
+            "text": "May be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can be used to render the API root endpoint.  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)",
             "title": "renderer_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#patterns", 
-            "text": "List of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you only want the  myproject.api  urls\nto be exposed in the schema:  schema_url_patterns = [\n    url(r'^api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),\n]\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    patterns=schema_url_patterns,\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#patterns",
+            "text": "List of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you only want the  myproject.api  urls\nto be exposed in the schema:  schema_url_patterns = [\n    url(r'^api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),\n]\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    patterns=schema_url_patterns,\n)",
             "title": "patterns"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#generator_class", 
-            "text": "May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the SchemaView .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#generator_class",
+            "text": "May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the SchemaView .",
             "title": "generator_class"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#authentication_classes", 
-            "text": "May be used to specify the list of authentication classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to  settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#authentication_classes",
+            "text": "May be used to specify the list of authentication classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to  settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES",
             "title": "authentication_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#permission_classes", 
-            "text": "May be used to specify the list of permission classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to  settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#permission_classes",
+            "text": "May be used to specify the list of permission classes that will apply to the schema endpoint.\nDefaults to  settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES",
             "title": "permission_classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#using-an-explicit-schema-view", 
-            "text": "If you need a little more control than the  get_schema_view()  shortcut gives you,\nthen you can use the  SchemaGenerator  class directly to auto-generate the Document  instance, and to return that from a view.  This option gives you the flexibility of setting up the schema endpoint\nwith whatever behaviour you want. For example, you can apply different\npermission, throttling, or authentication policies to the schema endpoint.  Here's an example of using  SchemaGenerator  together with a view to\nreturn the schema.  views.py:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response, schemas\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    schema = generator.get_schema(request)\n    return response.Response(schema)  urls.py:  urlpatterns = [\n    url('/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  You can also serve different schemas to different users, depending on the\npermissions they have available. This approach can be used to ensure that\nunauthenticated requests are presented with a different schema to\nauthenticated requests, or to ensure that different parts of the API are\nmade visible to different users depending on their role.  In order to present a schema with endpoints filtered by user permissions,\nyou need to pass the  request  argument to the  get_schema()  method, like so:  @api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return response.Response(generator.get_schema(request=request))", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#using-an-explicit-schema-view",
+            "text": "If you need a little more control than the  get_schema_view()  shortcut gives you,\nthen you can use the  SchemaGenerator  class directly to auto-generate the Document  instance, and to return that from a view.  This option gives you the flexibility of setting up the schema endpoint\nwith whatever behaviour you want. For example, you can apply different\npermission, throttling, or authentication policies to the schema endpoint.  Here's an example of using  SchemaGenerator  together with a view to\nreturn the schema.  views.py:  from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response, schemas\n\ngenerator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    schema = generator.get_schema(request)\n    return response.Response(schema)  urls.py:  urlpatterns = [\n    url('/', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  You can also serve different schemas to different users, depending on the\npermissions they have available. This approach can be used to ensure that\nunauthenticated requests are presented with a different schema to\nauthenticated requests, or to ensure that different parts of the API are\nmade visible to different users depending on their role.  In order to present a schema with endpoints filtered by user permissions,\nyou need to pass the  request  argument to the  get_schema()  method, like so:  @api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return response.Response(generator.get_schema(request=request))",
             "title": "Using an explicit schema view"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#explicit-schema-definition", 
-            "text": "An alternative to the auto-generated approach is to specify the API schema\nexplicitly, by declaring a  Document  object in your codebase. Doing so is a\nlittle more work, but ensures that you have full control over the schema\nrepresentation.  import coreapi\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Bookings API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    return response.Response(schema)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#explicit-schema-definition",
+            "text": "An alternative to the auto-generated approach is to specify the API schema\nexplicitly, by declaring a  Document  object in your codebase. Doing so is a\nlittle more work, but ensures that you have full control over the schema\nrepresentation.  import coreapi\nfrom rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes\nfrom rest_framework import renderers, response\n\nschema = coreapi.Document(\n    title='Bookings API',\n    content={\n        ...\n    }\n)\n\n@api_view()\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    return response.Response(schema)",
             "title": "Explicit schema definition"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas-as-documentation", 
-            "text": "One common usage of API schemas is to use them to build documentation pages.  The schema generation in REST framework uses docstrings to automatically\npopulate descriptions in the schema document.  These descriptions will be based on:   The corresponding method docstring if one exists.  A named section within the class docstring, which can be either single line or multi-line.  The class docstring.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemas-as-documentation",
+            "text": "One common usage of API schemas is to use them to build documentation pages.  The schema generation in REST framework uses docstrings to automatically\npopulate descriptions in the schema document.  These descriptions will be based on:   The corresponding method docstring if one exists.  A named section within the class docstring, which can be either single line or multi-line.  The class docstring.",
             "title": "Schemas as documentation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#examples", 
-            "text": "An  APIView , with an explicit method docstring.  class ListUsernames(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)  A  ViewSet , with an explict action docstring.  class ListUsernames(ViewSet):\n    def list(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)  A generic view with sections in the class docstring, using single-line style.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get: List all the users.\n    post: Create a new user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)  A generic viewset with sections in the class docstring, using multi-line style.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n\n    retrieve:\n    Return a user instance.\n\n    list:\n    Return all users, ordered by most recently joined.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#examples",
+            "text": "An  APIView , with an explicit method docstring.  class ListUsernames(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)  A  ViewSet , with an explict action docstring.  class ListUsernames(ViewSet):\n    def list(self, request):\n        \"\"\"\n        Return a list of all user names in the system.\n        \"\"\"\n        usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]\n        return Response(usernames)  A generic view with sections in the class docstring, using single-line style.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get: List all the users.\n    post: Create a new user.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all()\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer\n    permission_classes = (IsAdminUser,)  A generic viewset with sections in the class docstring, using multi-line style.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.\n\n    retrieve:\n    Return a user instance.\n\n    list:\n    Return all users, ordered by most recently joined.\n    \"\"\"\n    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')\n    serializer_class = UserSerializer",
             "title": "Examples"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemagenerator", 
-            "text": "A class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests the schema for each view,\nand collates the resulting CoreAPI Document.  Typically you'll instantiate  SchemaGenerator  with a single argument, like so:  generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')  Arguments:   title   required  - The name of the API.  url  - The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.  patterns  - A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.  urlconf  - A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to  settings.ROOT_URLCONF .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#schemagenerator",
+            "text": "A class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests the schema for each view,\nand collates the resulting CoreAPI Document.  Typically you'll instantiate  SchemaGenerator  with a single argument, like so:  generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')  Arguments:   title   required  - The name of the API.  url  - The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.  patterns  - A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.  urlconf  - A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to  settings.ROOT_URLCONF .",
             "title": "SchemaGenerator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_schemaself-request", 
-            "text": "Returns a  coreapi.Document  instance that represents the API schema.  @api_view\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return Response(generator.get_schema())  The  request  argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply per-user\npermissions to the resulting schema generation.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_schemaself-request",
+            "text": "Returns a  coreapi.Document  instance that represents the API schema.  @api_view\n@renderer_classes([renderers.OpenAPIRenderer])\ndef schema_view(request):\n    generator = schemas.SchemaGenerator(title='Bookings API')\n    return Response(generator.get_schema())  The  request  argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply per-user\npermissions to the resulting schema generation.",
             "title": "get_schema(self, request)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_linksself-request", 
-            "text": "Return a nested dictionary containing all the links that should be included in the API schema.  This is a good point to override if you want to modify the resulting structure of the generated schema,\nas you can build a new dictionary with a different layout.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_linksself-request",
+            "text": "Return a nested dictionary containing all the links that should be included in the API schema.  This is a good point to override if you want to modify the resulting structure of the generated schema,\nas you can build a new dictionary with a different layout.",
             "title": "get_links(self, request)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#autoschema", 
-            "text": "A class that deals with introspection of individual views for schema generation.  AutoSchema  is attached to  APIView  via the  schema  attribute.  The  AutoSchema  constructor takes a single keyword argument   manual_fields .  manual_fields : a  list  of  coreapi.Field  instances that will be added to\nthe generated fields. Generated fields with a matching  name  will be overwritten.  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"my_extra_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])  For more advanced customisation subclass  AutoSchema  to customise schema generation.  class CustomViewSchema(AutoSchema):\n    \"\"\"\n    Overrides `get_link()` to provide Custom Behavior X\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        link = super().get_link(path, method, base_url)\n        # Do something to customize link here...\n        return link\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = CustomViewSchema()  The following methods are available to override.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#autoschema",
+            "text": "A class that deals with introspection of individual views for schema generation.  AutoSchema  is attached to  APIView  via the  schema  attribute.  The  AutoSchema  constructor takes a single keyword argument   manual_fields .  manual_fields : a  list  of  coreapi.Field  instances that will be added to\nthe generated fields. Generated fields with a matching  name  will be overwritten.  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"my_extra_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ])  For more advanced customisation subclass  AutoSchema  to customise schema generation.  class CustomViewSchema(AutoSchema):\n    \"\"\"\n    Overrides `get_link()` to provide Custom Behavior X\n    \"\"\"\n\n    def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):\n        link = super().get_link(path, method, base_url)\n        # Do something to customize link here...\n        return link\n\nclass MyView(APIView):\n  schema = CustomViewSchema()  The following methods are available to override.",
             "title": "AutoSchema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_linkself-path-method-base_url", 
-            "text": "Returns a  coreapi.Link  instance corresponding to the given view.  This is the main entry point.\nYou can override this if you need to provide custom behaviors for particular views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_linkself-path-method-base_url",
+            "text": "Returns a  coreapi.Link  instance corresponding to the given view.  This is the main entry point.\nYou can override this if you need to provide custom behaviors for particular views.",
             "title": "get_link(self, path, method, base_url)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_descriptionself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Returns a string to use as the link description. By default this is based on the\nview docstring as described in the \"Schemas as Documentation\" section above.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_descriptionself-path-method",
+            "text": "Returns a string to use as the link description. By default this is based on the\nview docstring as described in the \"Schemas as Documentation\" section above.",
             "title": "get_description(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_encodingself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Returns a string to indicate the encoding for any request body, when interacting\nwith the given view. Eg.  'application/json' . May return a blank string for views\nthat do not expect a request body.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_encodingself-path-method",
+            "text": "Returns a string to indicate the encoding for any request body, when interacting\nwith the given view. Eg.  'application/json' . May return a blank string for views\nthat do not expect a request body.",
             "title": "get_encoding(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_path_fieldsself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances. One for each path parameter in the URL.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_path_fieldsself-path-method",
+            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances. One for each path parameter in the URL.",
             "title": "get_path_fields(self, path, method):"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_serializer_fieldsself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances. One for each field in the serializer class used by the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_serializer_fieldsself-path-method",
+            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances. One for each field in the serializer class used by the view.",
             "title": "get_serializer_fields(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_pagination_fieldsself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances, as returned by the  get_schema_fields()  method on any pagination class used by the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_pagination_fieldsself-path-method",
+            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances, as returned by the  get_schema_fields()  method on any pagination class used by the view.",
             "title": "get_pagination_fields(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_filter_fieldsself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances, as returned by the  get_schema_fields()  method of any filter classes used by the view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_filter_fieldsself-path-method",
+            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances, as returned by the  get_schema_fields()  method of any filter classes used by the view.",
             "title": "get_filter_fields(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_manual_fieldsself-path-method", 
-            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances to be added to or replace generated fields. Defaults to (optional)  manual_fields  passed to  AutoSchema  constructor.  May be overridden to customise manual fields by  path  or  method . For example, a per-method adjustment may look like this:  def get_manual_fields(self, path, method):\n     Example adding per-method fields. \n\n    extra_fields = []\n    if method=='GET':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for GET ...\n    if method=='POST':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for POST ...\n\n    manual_fields = super().get_manual_fields(path, method)\n    return manual_fields + extra_fields", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#get_manual_fieldsself-path-method",
+            "text": "Return a list of  coreapi.Field()  instances to be added to or replace generated fields. Defaults to (optional)  manual_fields  passed to  AutoSchema  constructor.  May be overridden to customise manual fields by  path  or  method . For example, a per-method adjustment may look like this:  def get_manual_fields(self, path, method):\n    \"\"\"Example adding per-method fields.\"\"\"\n\n    extra_fields = []\n    if method=='GET':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for GET ...\n    if method=='POST':\n        extra_fields = # ... list of extra fields for POST ...\n\n    manual_fields = super().get_manual_fields(path, method)\n    return manual_fields + extra_fields",
             "title": "get_manual_fields(self, path, method)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#update_fieldsfields-update_with", 
-            "text": "Utility  staticmethod . Encapsulates logic to add or replace fields from a list\nby  Field.name . May be overridden to adjust replacement criteria.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#update_fieldsfields-update_with",
+            "text": "Utility  staticmethod . Encapsulates logic to add or replace fields from a list\nby  Field.name . May be overridden to adjust replacement criteria.",
             "title": "update_fields(fields, update_with)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#manualschema", 
-            "text": "Allows manually providing a list of  coreapi.Field  instances for the schema,\nplus an optional description.  class MyView(APIView):\n  schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ]\n  )  The  ManualSchema  constructor takes two arguments:  fields : A list of  coreapi.Field  instances. Required.  description : A string description. Optional.  encoding : Default  None . A string encoding, e.g  application/json . Optional.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#manualschema",
+            "text": "Allows manually providing a list of  coreapi.Field  instances for the schema,\nplus an optional description.  class MyView(APIView):\n  schema = ManualSchema(fields=[\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"first_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n        coreapi.Field(\n            \"second_field\",\n            required=True,\n            location=\"path\",\n            schema=coreschema.String()\n        ),\n    ]\n  )  The  ManualSchema  constructor takes two arguments:  fields : A list of  coreapi.Field  instances. Required.  description : A string description. Optional.  encoding : Default  None . A string encoding, e.g  application/json . Optional.",
             "title": "ManualSchema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#core-api", 
-            "text": "This documentation gives a brief overview of the components within the  coreapi \npackage that are used to represent an API schema.  Note that these classes are imported from the  coreapi  package, rather than\nfrom the  rest_framework  package.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#core-api",
+            "text": "This documentation gives a brief overview of the components within the  coreapi \npackage that are used to represent an API schema.  Note that these classes are imported from the  coreapi  package, rather than\nfrom the  rest_framework  package.",
             "title": "Core API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#document", 
-            "text": "Represents a container for the API schema.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#document",
+            "text": "Represents a container for the API schema.",
             "title": "Document"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#title_1", 
-            "text": "A name for the API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#title_1",
+            "text": "A name for the API.",
             "title": "title"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url_1", 
-            "text": "A canonical URL for the API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url_1",
+            "text": "A canonical URL for the API.",
             "title": "url"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#content", 
-            "text": "A dictionary, containing the  Link  objects that the schema contains.  In order to provide more structure to the schema, the  content  dictionary\nmay be nested, typically to a second level. For example:  content={\n    \"bookings\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        \"create\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    \"venues\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    ...\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#content",
+            "text": "A dictionary, containing the  Link  objects that the schema contains.  In order to provide more structure to the schema, the  content  dictionary\nmay be nested, typically to a second level. For example:  content={\n    \"bookings\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        \"create\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    \"venues\": {\n        \"list\": Link(...),\n        ...\n    },\n    ...\n}",
             "title": "content"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#link", 
-            "text": "Represents an individual API endpoint.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#link",
+            "text": "Represents an individual API endpoint.",
             "title": "Link"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url_2", 
-            "text": "The URL of the endpoint. May be a URI template, such as  /users/{username}/ .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#url_2",
+            "text": "The URL of the endpoint. May be a URI template, such as  /users/{username}/ .",
             "title": "url"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#action", 
-            "text": "The HTTP method associated with the endpoint. Note that URLs that support\nmore than one HTTP method, should correspond to a single  Link  for each.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#action",
+            "text": "The HTTP method associated with the endpoint. Note that URLs that support\nmore than one HTTP method, should correspond to a single  Link  for each.",
             "title": "action"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#fields", 
-            "text": "A list of  Field  instances, describing the available parameters on the input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#fields",
+            "text": "A list of  Field  instances, describing the available parameters on the input.",
             "title": "fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#description", 
-            "text": "A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the endpoint.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#description",
+            "text": "A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the endpoint.",
             "title": "description"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#field", 
-            "text": "Represents a single input parameter on a given API endpoint.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#field",
+            "text": "Represents a single input parameter on a given API endpoint.",
             "title": "Field"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#name", 
-            "text": "A descriptive name for the input.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#name",
+            "text": "A descriptive name for the input.",
             "title": "name"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#required", 
-            "text": "A boolean, indicated if the client is required to included a value, or if\nthe parameter can be omitted.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#required",
+            "text": "A boolean, indicated if the client is required to included a value, or if\nthe parameter can be omitted.",
             "title": "required"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#location", 
-            "text": "Determines how the information is encoded into the request. Should be one of\nthe following strings:  \"path\"  Included in a templated URI. For example a  url  value of  /products/{product_code}/  could be used together with a  \"path\"  field, to handle API inputs in a URL path such as  /products/slim-fit-jeans/ .  These fields will normally correspond with  named arguments in the project URL conf .  \"query\"  Included as a URL query parameter. For example  ?search=sale . Typically for  GET  requests.  These fields will normally correspond with pagination and filtering controls on a view.  \"form\"  Included in the request body, as a single item of a JSON object or HTML form. For example  {\"colour\": \"blue\", ...} . Typically for  POST ,  PUT  and  PATCH  requests. Multiple  \"form\"  fields may be included on a single link.  These fields will normally correspond with serializer fields on a view.  \"body\"  Included as the complete request body. Typically for  POST ,  PUT  and  PATCH  requests. No more than one  \"body\"  field may exist on a link. May not be used together with  \"form\"  fields.  These fields will normally correspond with views that use  ListSerializer  to validate the request input, or with file upload views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#location",
+            "text": "Determines how the information is encoded into the request. Should be one of\nthe following strings:  \"path\"  Included in a templated URI. For example a  url  value of  /products/{product_code}/  could be used together with a  \"path\"  field, to handle API inputs in a URL path such as  /products/slim-fit-jeans/ .  These fields will normally correspond with  named arguments in the project URL conf .  \"query\"  Included as a URL query parameter. For example  ?search=sale . Typically for  GET  requests.  These fields will normally correspond with pagination and filtering controls on a view.  \"form\"  Included in the request body, as a single item of a JSON object or HTML form. For example  {\"colour\": \"blue\", ...} . Typically for  POST ,  PUT  and  PATCH  requests. Multiple  \"form\"  fields may be included on a single link.  These fields will normally correspond with serializer fields on a view.  \"body\"  Included as the complete request body. Typically for  POST ,  PUT  and  PATCH  requests. No more than one  \"body\"  field may exist on a link. May not be used together with  \"form\"  fields.  These fields will normally correspond with views that use  ListSerializer  to validate the request input, or with file upload views.",
             "title": "location"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#encoding", 
-            "text": "\"application/json\"  JSON encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  JSONParser .\nValid only if either one or more  location=\"form\"  fields, or a single location=\"body\"  field is included on the  Link .  \"multipart/form-data\"  Multipart encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  MultiPartParser .\nValid only if one or more  location=\"form\"  fields is included on the  Link .  \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\"  URL encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  FormParser . Valid\nonly if one or more  location=\"form\"  fields is included on the  Link .  \"application/octet-stream\"  Binary upload request content. Corresponds to views using  FileUploadParser .\nValid only if a  location=\"body\"  field is included on the  Link .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#encoding",
+            "text": "\"application/json\"  JSON encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  JSONParser .\nValid only if either one or more  location=\"form\"  fields, or a single location=\"body\"  field is included on the  Link .  \"multipart/form-data\"  Multipart encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  MultiPartParser .\nValid only if one or more  location=\"form\"  fields is included on the  Link .  \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\"  URL encoded request content. Corresponds to views using  FormParser . Valid\nonly if one or more  location=\"form\"  fields is included on the  Link .  \"application/octet-stream\"  Binary upload request content. Corresponds to views using  FileUploadParser .\nValid only if a  location=\"body\"  field is included on the  Link .",
             "title": "encoding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#description_1", 
-            "text": "A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the input field.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#description_1",
+            "text": "A short description of the meaning and intended usage of the input field.",
             "title": "description"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#drf-yasg-yet-another-swagger-generator", 
-            "text": "drf-yasg  generates  OpenAPI  documents suitable for code generation - nested schemas,\nnamed models, response bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#drf-yasg-yet-another-swagger-generator",
+            "text": "drf-yasg  generates  OpenAPI  documents suitable for code generation - nested schemas,\nnamed models, response bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc.",
             "title": "drf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#drf-openapi", 
-            "text": "DRF OpenAPI  renders the schema generated by Django Rest Framework\nin  OpenAPI  format.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/schemas/#drf-openapi",
+            "text": "DRF OpenAPI  renders the schema generated by Django Rest Framework\nin  OpenAPI  format.",
             "title": "DRF OpenAPI"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/", 
-            "text": "Format suffixes\n\n\n\n\nSection 6.2.1 does not say that content negotiation should be\nused all the time.\n\n\n Roy Fielding, \nREST discuss mailing list\n\n\n\n\nA common pattern for Web APIs is to use filename extensions on URLs to provide an endpoint for a given media type.  For example, 'http://example.com/api/users.json' to serve a JSON representation.\n\n\nAdding format-suffix patterns to each individual entry in the URLconf for your API is error-prone and non-DRY, so REST framework provides a shortcut to adding these patterns to your URLConf.\n\n\nformat_suffix_patterns\n\n\nSignature\n: format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, suffix_required=False, allowed=None)\n\n\nReturns a URL pattern list which includes format suffix patterns appended to each of the URL patterns provided.\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\nurlpatterns\n: Required.  A URL pattern list.\n\n\nsuffix_required\n:  Optional.  A boolean indicating if suffixes in the URLs should be optional or mandatory.  Defaults to \nFalse\n, meaning that suffixes are optional by default.\n\n\nallowed\n:  Optional.  A list or tuple of valid format suffixes.  If not provided, a wildcard format suffix pattern will be used.\n\n\n\n\nExample:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom blog import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^/$', views.apt_root),\n    url(r'^comments/$', views.comment_list),\n    url(r'^comments/(?P\npk\n[0-9]+)/$', views.comment_detail)\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n\n\n\nWhen using \nformat_suffix_patterns\n, you must make sure to add the \n'format'\n keyword argument to the corresponding views.  For example:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET', 'POST'))\ndef comment_list(request, format=None):\n    # do stuff...\n\n\n\nOr with class-based views:\n\n\nclass CommentList(APIView):\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n\n\nThe name of the kwarg used may be modified by using the \nFORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG\n setting.\n\n\nAlso note that \nformat_suffix_patterns\n does not support descending into \ninclude\n URL patterns.\n\n\nUsing with \ni18n_patterns\n\n\nIf using the \ni18n_patterns\n function provided by Django, as well as \nformat_suffix_patterns\n you should make sure that the \ni18n_patterns\n function is applied as the final, or outermost function. For example:\n\n\nurl patterns = [\n    \u2026\n]\n\nurlpatterns = i18n_patterns(\n    format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nQuery parameter formats\n\n\nAn alternative to the format suffixes is to include the requested format in a query parameter. REST framework provides this option by default, and it is used in the browsable API to switch between differing available representations.\n\n\nTo select a representation using its short format, use the \nformat\n query parameter. For example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations/?format=csv\n.\n\n\nThe name of this query parameter can be modified using the \nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n setting. Set the value to \nNone\n to disable this behavior.\n\n\n\n\nAccept headers vs. format suffixes\n\n\nThere seems to be a view among some of the Web community that filename extensions are not a RESTful pattern, and that \nHTTP Accept\n headers should always be used instead.\n\n\nIt is actually a misconception.  For example, take the following quote from Roy Fielding discussing the relative merits of query parameter media-type indicators vs. file extension media-type indicators:\n\n\nThat's why I always prefer extensions.  Neither choice has anything to do with REST.\n \n Roy Fielding, \nREST discuss mailing list\n\n\nThe quote does not mention Accept headers, but it does make it clear that format suffixes should be considered an acceptable pattern.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/",
+            "text": "Format suffixes\n\n\n\n\nSection 6.2.1 does not say that content negotiation should be\nused all the time.\n\n\n\u2014 Roy Fielding, \nREST discuss mailing list\n\n\n\n\nA common pattern for Web APIs is to use filename extensions on URLs to provide an endpoint for a given media type.  For example, 'http://example.com/api/users.json' to serve a JSON representation.\n\n\nAdding format-suffix patterns to each individual entry in the URLconf for your API is error-prone and non-DRY, so REST framework provides a shortcut to adding these patterns to your URLConf.\n\n\nformat_suffix_patterns\n\n\nSignature\n: format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, suffix_required=False, allowed=None)\n\n\nReturns a URL pattern list which includes format suffix patterns appended to each of the URL patterns provided.\n\n\nArguments:\n\n\n\n\nurlpatterns\n: Required.  A URL pattern list.\n\n\nsuffix_required\n:  Optional.  A boolean indicating if suffixes in the URLs should be optional or mandatory.  Defaults to \nFalse\n, meaning that suffixes are optional by default.\n\n\nallowed\n:  Optional.  A list or tuple of valid format suffixes.  If not provided, a wildcard format suffix pattern will be used.\n\n\n\n\nExample:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom blog import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^/$', views.apt_root),\n    url(r'^comments/$', views.comment_list),\n    url(r'^comments/(?P[0-9]+)/$', views.comment_detail)\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n\n\n\nWhen using \nformat_suffix_patterns\n, you must make sure to add the \n'format'\n keyword argument to the corresponding views.  For example:\n\n\n@api_view(('GET', 'POST'))\ndef comment_list(request, format=None):\n    # do stuff...\n\n\n\nOr with class-based views:\n\n\nclass CommentList(APIView):\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n\n\nThe name of the kwarg used may be modified by using the \nFORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG\n setting.\n\n\nAlso note that \nformat_suffix_patterns\n does not support descending into \ninclude\n URL patterns.\n\n\nUsing with \ni18n_patterns\n\n\nIf using the \ni18n_patterns\n function provided by Django, as well as \nformat_suffix_patterns\n you should make sure that the \ni18n_patterns\n function is applied as the final, or outermost function. For example:\n\n\nurl patterns = [\n    \u2026\n]\n\nurlpatterns = i18n_patterns(\n    format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nQuery parameter formats\n\n\nAn alternative to the format suffixes is to include the requested format in a query parameter. REST framework provides this option by default, and it is used in the browsable API to switch between differing available representations.\n\n\nTo select a representation using its short format, use the \nformat\n query parameter. For example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations/?format=csv\n.\n\n\nThe name of this query parameter can be modified using the \nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n setting. Set the value to \nNone\n to disable this behavior.\n\n\n\n\nAccept headers vs. format suffixes\n\n\nThere seems to be a view among some of the Web community that filename extensions are not a RESTful pattern, and that \nHTTP Accept\n headers should always be used instead.\n\n\nIt is actually a misconception.  For example, take the following quote from Roy Fielding discussing the relative merits of query parameter media-type indicators vs. file extension media-type indicators:\n\n\n\u201cThat's why I always prefer extensions.  Neither choice has anything to do with REST.\u201d \u2014 Roy Fielding, \nREST discuss mailing list\n\n\nThe quote does not mention Accept headers, but it does make it clear that format suffixes should be considered an acceptable pattern.",
             "title": "Format suffixes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#format-suffixes", 
-            "text": "Section 6.2.1 does not say that content negotiation should be\nused all the time.   Roy Fielding,  REST discuss mailing list   A common pattern for Web APIs is to use filename extensions on URLs to provide an endpoint for a given media type.  For example, 'http://example.com/api/users.json' to serve a JSON representation.  Adding format-suffix patterns to each individual entry in the URLconf for your API is error-prone and non-DRY, so REST framework provides a shortcut to adding these patterns to your URLConf.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#format-suffixes",
+            "text": "Section 6.2.1 does not say that content negotiation should be\nused all the time.  \u2014 Roy Fielding,  REST discuss mailing list   A common pattern for Web APIs is to use filename extensions on URLs to provide an endpoint for a given media type.  For example, 'http://example.com/api/users.json' to serve a JSON representation.  Adding format-suffix patterns to each individual entry in the URLconf for your API is error-prone and non-DRY, so REST framework provides a shortcut to adding these patterns to your URLConf.",
             "title": "Format suffixes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#format_suffix_patterns", 
-            "text": "Signature : format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, suffix_required=False, allowed=None)  Returns a URL pattern list which includes format suffix patterns appended to each of the URL patterns provided.  Arguments:   urlpatterns : Required.  A URL pattern list.  suffix_required :  Optional.  A boolean indicating if suffixes in the URLs should be optional or mandatory.  Defaults to  False , meaning that suffixes are optional by default.  allowed :  Optional.  A list or tuple of valid format suffixes.  If not provided, a wildcard format suffix pattern will be used.   Example:  from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom blog import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^/$', views.apt_root),\n    url(r'^comments/$', views.comment_list),\n    url(r'^comments/(?P pk [0-9]+)/$', views.comment_detail)\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])  When using  format_suffix_patterns , you must make sure to add the  'format'  keyword argument to the corresponding views.  For example:  @api_view(('GET', 'POST'))\ndef comment_list(request, format=None):\n    # do stuff...  Or with class-based views:  class CommentList(APIView):\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...  The name of the kwarg used may be modified by using the  FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG  setting.  Also note that  format_suffix_patterns  does not support descending into  include  URL patterns.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#format_suffix_patterns",
+            "text": "Signature : format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, suffix_required=False, allowed=None)  Returns a URL pattern list which includes format suffix patterns appended to each of the URL patterns provided.  Arguments:   urlpatterns : Required.  A URL pattern list.  suffix_required :  Optional.  A boolean indicating if suffixes in the URLs should be optional or mandatory.  Defaults to  False , meaning that suffixes are optional by default.  allowed :  Optional.  A list or tuple of valid format suffixes.  If not provided, a wildcard format suffix pattern will be used.   Example:  from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns\nfrom blog import views\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^/$', views.apt_root),\n    url(r'^comments/$', views.comment_list),\n    url(r'^comments/(?P[0-9]+)/$', views.comment_detail)\n]\n\nurlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])  When using  format_suffix_patterns , you must make sure to add the  'format'  keyword argument to the corresponding views.  For example:  @api_view(('GET', 'POST'))\ndef comment_list(request, format=None):\n    # do stuff...  Or with class-based views:  class CommentList(APIView):\n    def get(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...\n\n    def post(self, request, format=None):\n        # do stuff...  The name of the kwarg used may be modified by using the  FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG  setting.  Also note that  format_suffix_patterns  does not support descending into  include  URL patterns.",
             "title": "format_suffix_patterns"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#using-with-i18n_patterns", 
-            "text": "If using the  i18n_patterns  function provided by Django, as well as  format_suffix_patterns  you should make sure that the  i18n_patterns  function is applied as the final, or outermost function. For example:  url patterns = [\n    \u2026\n]\n\nurlpatterns = i18n_patterns(\n    format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#using-with-i18n_patterns",
+            "text": "If using the  i18n_patterns  function provided by Django, as well as  format_suffix_patterns  you should make sure that the  i18n_patterns  function is applied as the final, or outermost function. For example:  url patterns = [\n    \u2026\n]\n\nurlpatterns = i18n_patterns(\n    format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, allowed=['json', 'html'])\n)",
             "title": "Using with i18n_patterns"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#query-parameter-formats", 
-            "text": "An alternative to the format suffixes is to include the requested format in a query parameter. REST framework provides this option by default, and it is used in the browsable API to switch between differing available representations.  To select a representation using its short format, use the  format  query parameter. For example:  http://example.com/organizations/?format=csv .  The name of this query parameter can be modified using the  URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE  setting. Set the value to  None  to disable this behavior.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#query-parameter-formats",
+            "text": "An alternative to the format suffixes is to include the requested format in a query parameter. REST framework provides this option by default, and it is used in the browsable API to switch between differing available representations.  To select a representation using its short format, use the  format  query parameter. For example:  http://example.com/organizations/?format=csv .  The name of this query parameter can be modified using the  URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE  setting. Set the value to  None  to disable this behavior.",
             "title": "Query parameter formats"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#accept-headers-vs-format-suffixes", 
-            "text": "There seems to be a view among some of the Web community that filename extensions are not a RESTful pattern, and that  HTTP Accept  headers should always be used instead.  It is actually a misconception.  For example, take the following quote from Roy Fielding discussing the relative merits of query parameter media-type indicators vs. file extension media-type indicators:  That's why I always prefer extensions.  Neither choice has anything to do with REST.    Roy Fielding,  REST discuss mailing list  The quote does not mention Accept headers, but it does make it clear that format suffixes should be considered an acceptable pattern.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/format-suffixes/#accept-headers-vs-format-suffixes",
+            "text": "There seems to be a view among some of the Web community that filename extensions are not a RESTful pattern, and that  HTTP Accept  headers should always be used instead.  It is actually a misconception.  For example, take the following quote from Roy Fielding discussing the relative merits of query parameter media-type indicators vs. file extension media-type indicators:  \u201cThat's why I always prefer extensions.  Neither choice has anything to do with REST.\u201d \u2014 Roy Fielding,  REST discuss mailing list  The quote does not mention Accept headers, but it does make it clear that format suffixes should be considered an acceptable pattern.",
             "title": "Accept headers vs. format suffixes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/", 
-            "text": "Returning URLs\n\n\n\n\nThe central feature that distinguishes the REST architectural style from other network-based styles is its emphasis on a uniform interface between components.\n\n\n Roy Fielding, \nArchitectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures\n\n\n\n\nAs a rule, it's probably better practice to return absolute URIs from your Web APIs, such as \nhttp://example.com/foobar\n, rather than returning relative URIs, such as \n/foobar\n.\n\n\nThe advantages of doing so are:\n\n\n\n\nIt's more explicit.\n\n\nIt leaves less work for your API clients.\n\n\nThere's no ambiguity about the meaning of the string when it's found in representations such as JSON that do not have a native URI type.\n\n\nIt makes it easy to do things like markup HTML representations with hyperlinks.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides two utility functions to make it more simple to return absolute URIs from your Web API.\n\n\nThere's no requirement for you to use them, but if you do then the self-describing API will be able to automatically hyperlink its output for you, which makes browsing the API much easier.\n\n\nreverse\n\n\nSignature:\n \nreverse(viewname, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nHas the same behavior as \ndjango.urls.reverse\n, except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.\n\n\nYou should \ninclude the request as a keyword argument\n to the function, for example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\n\nclass APIRootView(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        year = now().year\n        data = {\n            ...\n            'year-summary-url': reverse('year-summary', args=[year], request=request)\n        }\n        return Response(data)\n\n\n\nreverse_lazy\n\n\nSignature:\n \nreverse_lazy(viewname, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nHas the same behavior as \ndjango.urls.reverse_lazy\n, except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.\n\n\nAs with the \nreverse\n function, you should \ninclude the request as a keyword argument\n to the function, for example:\n\n\napi_root = reverse_lazy('api-root', request=request)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/",
+            "text": "Returning URLs\n\n\n\n\nThe central feature that distinguishes the REST architectural style from other network-based styles is its emphasis on a uniform interface between components.\n\n\n\u2014 Roy Fielding, \nArchitectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures\n\n\n\n\nAs a rule, it's probably better practice to return absolute URIs from your Web APIs, such as \nhttp://example.com/foobar\n, rather than returning relative URIs, such as \n/foobar\n.\n\n\nThe advantages of doing so are:\n\n\n\n\nIt's more explicit.\n\n\nIt leaves less work for your API clients.\n\n\nThere's no ambiguity about the meaning of the string when it's found in representations such as JSON that do not have a native URI type.\n\n\nIt makes it easy to do things like markup HTML representations with hyperlinks.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides two utility functions to make it more simple to return absolute URIs from your Web API.\n\n\nThere's no requirement for you to use them, but if you do then the self-describing API will be able to automatically hyperlink its output for you, which makes browsing the API much easier.\n\n\nreverse\n\n\nSignature:\n \nreverse(viewname, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nHas the same behavior as \ndjango.urls.reverse\n, except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.\n\n\nYou should \ninclude the request as a keyword argument\n to the function, for example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.reverse import reverse\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\n\nclass APIRootView(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        year = now().year\n        data = {\n            ...\n            'year-summary-url': reverse('year-summary', args=[year], request=request)\n        }\n        return Response(data)\n\n\n\nreverse_lazy\n\n\nSignature:\n \nreverse_lazy(viewname, *args, **kwargs)\n\n\nHas the same behavior as \ndjango.urls.reverse_lazy\n, except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.\n\n\nAs with the \nreverse\n function, you should \ninclude the request as a keyword argument\n to the function, for example:\n\n\napi_root = reverse_lazy('api-root', request=request)",
             "title": "Returning URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#returning-urls", 
-            "text": "The central feature that distinguishes the REST architectural style from other network-based styles is its emphasis on a uniform interface between components.   Roy Fielding,  Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures   As a rule, it's probably better practice to return absolute URIs from your Web APIs, such as  http://example.com/foobar , rather than returning relative URIs, such as  /foobar .  The advantages of doing so are:   It's more explicit.  It leaves less work for your API clients.  There's no ambiguity about the meaning of the string when it's found in representations such as JSON that do not have a native URI type.  It makes it easy to do things like markup HTML representations with hyperlinks.   REST framework provides two utility functions to make it more simple to return absolute URIs from your Web API.  There's no requirement for you to use them, but if you do then the self-describing API will be able to automatically hyperlink its output for you, which makes browsing the API much easier.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#returning-urls",
+            "text": "The central feature that distinguishes the REST architectural style from other network-based styles is its emphasis on a uniform interface between components.  \u2014 Roy Fielding,  Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures   As a rule, it's probably better practice to return absolute URIs from your Web APIs, such as  http://example.com/foobar , rather than returning relative URIs, such as  /foobar .  The advantages of doing so are:   It's more explicit.  It leaves less work for your API clients.  There's no ambiguity about the meaning of the string when it's found in representations such as JSON that do not have a native URI type.  It makes it easy to do things like markup HTML representations with hyperlinks.   REST framework provides two utility functions to make it more simple to return absolute URIs from your Web API.  There's no requirement for you to use them, but if you do then the self-describing API will be able to automatically hyperlink its output for you, which makes browsing the API much easier.",
             "title": "Returning URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#reverse", 
-            "text": "Signature:   reverse(viewname, *args, **kwargs)  Has the same behavior as  django.urls.reverse , except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.  You should  include the request as a keyword argument  to the function, for example:  from rest_framework.reverse import reverse\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\n\nclass APIRootView(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        year = now().year\n        data = {\n            ...\n            'year-summary-url': reverse('year-summary', args=[year], request=request)\n        }\n        return Response(data)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#reverse",
+            "text": "Signature:   reverse(viewname, *args, **kwargs)  Has the same behavior as  django.urls.reverse , except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.  You should  include the request as a keyword argument  to the function, for example:  from rest_framework.reverse import reverse\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom django.utils.timezone import now\n\nclass APIRootView(APIView):\n    def get(self, request):\n        year = now().year\n        data = {\n            ...\n            'year-summary-url': reverse('year-summary', args=[year], request=request)\n        }\n        return Response(data)",
             "title": "reverse"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#reverse_lazy", 
-            "text": "Signature:   reverse_lazy(viewname, *args, **kwargs)  Has the same behavior as  django.urls.reverse_lazy , except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.  As with the  reverse  function, you should  include the request as a keyword argument  to the function, for example:  api_root = reverse_lazy('api-root', request=request)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/reverse/#reverse_lazy",
+            "text": "Signature:   reverse_lazy(viewname, *args, **kwargs)  Has the same behavior as  django.urls.reverse_lazy , except that it returns a fully qualified URL, using the request to determine the host and port.  As with the  reverse  function, you should  include the request as a keyword argument  to the function, for example:  api_root = reverse_lazy('api-root', request=request)",
             "title": "reverse_lazy"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/", 
-            "text": "Exceptions\n\n\n\n\nExceptions\u2026 allow error handling to be organized cleanly in a central or high-level place within the program structure.\n\n\n Doug Hellmann, \nPython Exception Handling Techniques\n\n\n\n\nException handling in REST framework views\n\n\nREST framework's views handle various exceptions, and deal with returning appropriate error responses.\n\n\nThe handled exceptions are:\n\n\n\n\nSubclasses of \nAPIException\n raised inside REST framework.\n\n\nDjango's \nHttp404\n exception.\n\n\nDjango's \nPermissionDenied\n exception.\n\n\n\n\nIn each case, REST framework will return a response with an appropriate status code and content-type.  The body of the response will include any additional details regarding the nature of the error.\n\n\nMost error responses will include a key \ndetail\n in the body of the response.\n\n\nFor example, the following request:\n\n\nDELETE http://api.example.com/foo/bar HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nMight receive an error response indicating that the \nDELETE\n method is not allowed on that resource:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 42\n\n{\"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}\n\n\n\nValidation errors are handled slightly differently, and will include the field names as the keys in the response. If the validation error was not specific to a particular field then it will use the \"non_field_errors\" key, or whatever string value has been set for the \nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n setting.\n\n\nAny example validation error might look like this:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 94\n\n{\"amount\": [\"A valid integer is required.\"], \"description\": [\"This field may not be blank.\"]}\n\n\n\nCustom exception handling\n\n\nYou can implement custom exception handling by creating a handler function that converts exceptions raised in your API views into response objects.  This allows you to control the style of error responses used by your API.\n\n\nThe function must take a pair of arguments, the first is the exception to be handled, and the second is a dictionary containing any extra context such as the view currently being handled. The exception handler function should either return a \nResponse\n object, or return \nNone\n if the exception cannot be handled.  If the handler returns \nNone\n then the exception will be re-raised and Django will return a standard HTTP 500 'server error' response.\n\n\nFor example, you might want to ensure that all error responses include the HTTP status code in the body of the response, like so:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 62\n\n{\"status_code\": 405, \"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}\n\n\n\nIn order to alter the style of the response, you could write the following custom exception handler:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import exception_handler\n\ndef custom_exception_handler(exc, context):\n    # Call REST framework's default exception handler first,\n    # to get the standard error response.\n    response = exception_handler(exc, context)\n\n    #\u00a0Now add the HTTP status code to the response.\n    if response is not None:\n        response.data['status_code'] = response.status_code\n\n    return response\n\n\n\nThe context argument is not used by the default handler, but can be useful if the exception handler needs further information such as the view currently being handled, which can be accessed as \ncontext['view']\n.\n\n\nThe exception handler must also be configured in your settings, using the \nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n setting key. For example:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'my_project.my_app.utils.custom_exception_handler'\n}\n\n\n\nIf not specified, the \n'EXCEPTION_HANDLER'\n setting defaults to the standard exception handler provided by REST framework:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n}\n\n\n\nNote that the exception handler will only be called for responses generated by raised exceptions.  It will not be used for any responses returned directly by the view, such as the \nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\n responses that are returned by the generic views when serializer validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAPIException\n\n\nSignature:\n \nAPIException()\n\n\nThe \nbase class\n for all exceptions raised inside an \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n.\n\n\nTo provide a custom exception, subclass \nAPIException\n and set the \n.status_code\n, \n.default_detail\n, and \ndefault_code\n attributes on the class.\n\n\nFor example, if your API relies on a third party service that may sometimes be unreachable, you might want to implement an exception for the \"503 Service Unavailable\" HTTP response code.  You could do this like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.exceptions import APIException\n\nclass ServiceUnavailable(APIException):\n    status_code = 503\n    default_detail = 'Service temporarily unavailable, try again later.'\n    default_code = 'service_unavailable'\n\n\n\nInspecting API exceptions\n\n\nThere are a number of different properties available for inspecting the status\nof an API exception. You can use these to build custom exception handling\nfor your project.\n\n\nThe available attributes and methods are:\n\n\n\n\n.detail\n - Return the textual description of the error.\n\n\n.get_codes()\n - Return the code identifier of the error.\n\n\n.get_full_details()\n - Return both the textual description and the code identifier.\n\n\n\n\nIn most cases the error detail will be a simple item:\n\n\n print(exc.detail)\nYou do not have permission to perform this action.\n\n print(exc.get_codes())\npermission_denied\n\n print(exc.get_full_details())\n{'message':'You do not have permission to perform this action.','code':'permission_denied'}\n\n\n\nIn the case of validation errors the error detail will be either a list or\ndictionary of items:\n\n\n print(exc.detail)\n{\"name\":\"This field is required.\",\"age\":\"A valid integer is required.\"}\n\n print(exc.get_codes())\n{\"name\":\"required\",\"age\":\"invalid\"}\n\n print(exc.get_full_details())\n{\"name\":{\"message\":\"This field is required.\",\"code\":\"required\"},\"age\":{\"message\":\"A valid integer is required.\",\"code\":\"invalid\"}}\n\n\n\nParseError\n\n\nSignature:\n \nParseError(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised if the request contains malformed data when accessing \nrequest.data\n.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".\n\n\nAuthenticationFailed\n\n\nSignature:\n \nAuthenticationFailed(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request includes incorrect authentication.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the \nauthentication documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nNotAuthenticated\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotAuthenticated(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an unauthenticated request fails the permission checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the \nauthentication documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nPermissionDenied\n\n\nSignature:\n \nPermissionDenied(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an authenticated request fails the permission checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"403 Forbidden\".\n\n\nNotFound\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotFound(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when a resource does not exists at the given URL. This exception is equivalent to the standard \nHttp404\n Django exception.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"404 Not Found\".\n\n\nMethodNotAllowed\n\n\nSignature:\n \nMethodNotAllowed(method, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request occurs that does not map to a handler method on the view.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"405 Method Not Allowed\".\n\n\nNotAcceptable\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotAcceptable(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request occurs with an \nAccept\n header that cannot be satisfied by any of the available renderers.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"406 Not Acceptable\".\n\n\nUnsupportedMediaType\n\n\nSignature:\n \nUnsupportedMediaType(media_type, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised if there are no parsers that can handle the content type of the request data when accessing \nrequest.data\n.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"415 Unsupported Media Type\".\n\n\nThrottled\n\n\nSignature:\n \nThrottled(wait=None, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request fails the throttling checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"429 Too Many Requests\".\n\n\nValidationError\n\n\nSignature:\n \nValidationError(detail, code=None)\n\n\nThe \nValidationError\n exception is slightly different from the other \nAPIException\n classes:\n\n\n\n\nThe \ndetail\n argument is mandatory, not optional.\n\n\nThe \ndetail\n argument may be a list or dictionary of error details, and may also be a nested data structure.\n\n\nBy convention you should import the serializers module and use a fully qualified \nValidationError\n style, in order to differentiate it from Django's built-in validation error. For example. \nraise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an integer value.')\n\n\n\n\nThe \nValidationError\n class should be used for serializer and field validation, and by validator classes. It is also raised when calling \nserializer.is_valid\n with the \nraise_exception\n keyword argument:\n\n\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\n\nThe generic views use the \nraise_exception=True\n flag, which means that you can override the style of validation error responses globally in your API. To do so, use a custom exception handler, as described above.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".\n\n\n\n\nGeneric Error Views\n\n\nDjango REST Framework provides two error views suitable for providing generic JSON \n500\n Server Error and\n\n400\n Bad Request responses. (Django's default error views provide HTML responses, which may not be appropriate for an\nAPI-only application.)\n\n\nUse these as per \nDjango's Customizing error views documentation\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.exceptions.server_error\n\n\nReturns a response with status code \n500\n and \napplication/json\n content type.\n\n\nSet as \nhandler500\n:\n\n\nhandler500 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.server_error'\n\n\n\nrest_framework.exceptions.bad_request\n\n\nReturns a response with status code \n400\n and \napplication/json\n content type.\n\n\nSet as \nhandler400\n:\n\n\nhandler400 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.bad_request'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/",
+            "text": "Exceptions\n\n\n\n\nExceptions\u2026 allow error handling to be organized cleanly in a central or high-level place within the program structure.\n\n\n\u2014 Doug Hellmann, \nPython Exception Handling Techniques\n\n\n\n\nException handling in REST framework views\n\n\nREST framework's views handle various exceptions, and deal with returning appropriate error responses.\n\n\nThe handled exceptions are:\n\n\n\n\nSubclasses of \nAPIException\n raised inside REST framework.\n\n\nDjango's \nHttp404\n exception.\n\n\nDjango's \nPermissionDenied\n exception.\n\n\n\n\nIn each case, REST framework will return a response with an appropriate status code and content-type.  The body of the response will include any additional details regarding the nature of the error.\n\n\nMost error responses will include a key \ndetail\n in the body of the response.\n\n\nFor example, the following request:\n\n\nDELETE http://api.example.com/foo/bar HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/json\n\n\n\nMight receive an error response indicating that the \nDELETE\n method is not allowed on that resource:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 42\n\n{\"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}\n\n\n\nValidation errors are handled slightly differently, and will include the field names as the keys in the response. If the validation error was not specific to a particular field then it will use the \"non_field_errors\" key, or whatever string value has been set for the \nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n setting.\n\n\nAny example validation error might look like this:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 94\n\n{\"amount\": [\"A valid integer is required.\"], \"description\": [\"This field may not be blank.\"]}\n\n\n\nCustom exception handling\n\n\nYou can implement custom exception handling by creating a handler function that converts exceptions raised in your API views into response objects.  This allows you to control the style of error responses used by your API.\n\n\nThe function must take a pair of arguments, the first is the exception to be handled, and the second is a dictionary containing any extra context such as the view currently being handled. The exception handler function should either return a \nResponse\n object, or return \nNone\n if the exception cannot be handled.  If the handler returns \nNone\n then the exception will be re-raised and Django will return a standard HTTP 500 'server error' response.\n\n\nFor example, you might want to ensure that all error responses include the HTTP status code in the body of the response, like so:\n\n\nHTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 62\n\n{\"status_code\": 405, \"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}\n\n\n\nIn order to alter the style of the response, you could write the following custom exception handler:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import exception_handler\n\ndef custom_exception_handler(exc, context):\n    # Call REST framework's default exception handler first,\n    # to get the standard error response.\n    response = exception_handler(exc, context)\n\n    #\u00a0Now add the HTTP status code to the response.\n    if response is not None:\n        response.data['status_code'] = response.status_code\n\n    return response\n\n\n\nThe context argument is not used by the default handler, but can be useful if the exception handler needs further information such as the view currently being handled, which can be accessed as \ncontext['view']\n.\n\n\nThe exception handler must also be configured in your settings, using the \nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n setting key. For example:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'my_project.my_app.utils.custom_exception_handler'\n}\n\n\n\nIf not specified, the \n'EXCEPTION_HANDLER'\n setting defaults to the standard exception handler provided by REST framework:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n}\n\n\n\nNote that the exception handler will only be called for responses generated by raised exceptions.  It will not be used for any responses returned directly by the view, such as the \nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\n responses that are returned by the generic views when serializer validation fails.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAPIException\n\n\nSignature:\n \nAPIException()\n\n\nThe \nbase class\n for all exceptions raised inside an \nAPIView\n class or \n@api_view\n.\n\n\nTo provide a custom exception, subclass \nAPIException\n and set the \n.status_code\n, \n.default_detail\n, and \ndefault_code\n attributes on the class.\n\n\nFor example, if your API relies on a third party service that may sometimes be unreachable, you might want to implement an exception for the \"503 Service Unavailable\" HTTP response code.  You could do this like so:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.exceptions import APIException\n\nclass ServiceUnavailable(APIException):\n    status_code = 503\n    default_detail = 'Service temporarily unavailable, try again later.'\n    default_code = 'service_unavailable'\n\n\n\nInspecting API exceptions\n\n\nThere are a number of different properties available for inspecting the status\nof an API exception. You can use these to build custom exception handling\nfor your project.\n\n\nThe available attributes and methods are:\n\n\n\n\n.detail\n - Return the textual description of the error.\n\n\n.get_codes()\n - Return the code identifier of the error.\n\n\n.get_full_details()\n - Return both the textual description and the code identifier.\n\n\n\n\nIn most cases the error detail will be a simple item:\n\n\n>>> print(exc.detail)\nYou do not have permission to perform this action.\n>>> print(exc.get_codes())\npermission_denied\n>>> print(exc.get_full_details())\n{'message':'You do not have permission to perform this action.','code':'permission_denied'}\n\n\n\nIn the case of validation errors the error detail will be either a list or\ndictionary of items:\n\n\n>>> print(exc.detail)\n{\"name\":\"This field is required.\",\"age\":\"A valid integer is required.\"}\n>>> print(exc.get_codes())\n{\"name\":\"required\",\"age\":\"invalid\"}\n>>> print(exc.get_full_details())\n{\"name\":{\"message\":\"This field is required.\",\"code\":\"required\"},\"age\":{\"message\":\"A valid integer is required.\",\"code\":\"invalid\"}}\n\n\n\nParseError\n\n\nSignature:\n \nParseError(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised if the request contains malformed data when accessing \nrequest.data\n.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".\n\n\nAuthenticationFailed\n\n\nSignature:\n \nAuthenticationFailed(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request includes incorrect authentication.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the \nauthentication documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nNotAuthenticated\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotAuthenticated(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an unauthenticated request fails the permission checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the \nauthentication documentation\n for more details.\n\n\nPermissionDenied\n\n\nSignature:\n \nPermissionDenied(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an authenticated request fails the permission checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"403 Forbidden\".\n\n\nNotFound\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotFound(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when a resource does not exists at the given URL. This exception is equivalent to the standard \nHttp404\n Django exception.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"404 Not Found\".\n\n\nMethodNotAllowed\n\n\nSignature:\n \nMethodNotAllowed(method, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request occurs that does not map to a handler method on the view.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"405 Method Not Allowed\".\n\n\nNotAcceptable\n\n\nSignature:\n \nNotAcceptable(detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request occurs with an \nAccept\n header that cannot be satisfied by any of the available renderers.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"406 Not Acceptable\".\n\n\nUnsupportedMediaType\n\n\nSignature:\n \nUnsupportedMediaType(media_type, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised if there are no parsers that can handle the content type of the request data when accessing \nrequest.data\n.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"415 Unsupported Media Type\".\n\n\nThrottled\n\n\nSignature:\n \nThrottled(wait=None, detail=None, code=None)\n\n\nRaised when an incoming request fails the throttling checks.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"429 Too Many Requests\".\n\n\nValidationError\n\n\nSignature:\n \nValidationError(detail, code=None)\n\n\nThe \nValidationError\n exception is slightly different from the other \nAPIException\n classes:\n\n\n\n\nThe \ndetail\n argument is mandatory, not optional.\n\n\nThe \ndetail\n argument may be a list or dictionary of error details, and may also be a nested data structure.\n\n\nBy convention you should import the serializers module and use a fully qualified \nValidationError\n style, in order to differentiate it from Django's built-in validation error. For example. \nraise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an integer value.')\n\n\n\n\nThe \nValidationError\n class should be used for serializer and field validation, and by validator classes. It is also raised when calling \nserializer.is_valid\n with the \nraise_exception\n keyword argument:\n\n\nserializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\n\nThe generic views use the \nraise_exception=True\n flag, which means that you can override the style of validation error responses globally in your API. To do so, use a custom exception handler, as described above.\n\n\nBy default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".\n\n\n\n\nGeneric Error Views\n\n\nDjango REST Framework provides two error views suitable for providing generic JSON \n500\n Server Error and\n\n400\n Bad Request responses. (Django's default error views provide HTML responses, which may not be appropriate for an\nAPI-only application.)\n\n\nUse these as per \nDjango's Customizing error views documentation\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.exceptions.server_error\n\n\nReturns a response with status code \n500\n and \napplication/json\n content type.\n\n\nSet as \nhandler500\n:\n\n\nhandler500 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.server_error'\n\n\n\nrest_framework.exceptions.bad_request\n\n\nReturns a response with status code \n400\n and \napplication/json\n content type.\n\n\nSet as \nhandler400\n:\n\n\nhandler400 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.bad_request'",
             "title": "Exceptions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#exceptions", 
-            "text": "Exceptions\u2026 allow error handling to be organized cleanly in a central or high-level place within the program structure.   Doug Hellmann,  Python Exception Handling Techniques", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#exceptions",
+            "text": "Exceptions\u2026 allow error handling to be organized cleanly in a central or high-level place within the program structure.  \u2014 Doug Hellmann,  Python Exception Handling Techniques",
             "title": "Exceptions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#exception-handling-in-rest-framework-views", 
-            "text": "REST framework's views handle various exceptions, and deal with returning appropriate error responses.  The handled exceptions are:   Subclasses of  APIException  raised inside REST framework.  Django's  Http404  exception.  Django's  PermissionDenied  exception.   In each case, REST framework will return a response with an appropriate status code and content-type.  The body of the response will include any additional details regarding the nature of the error.  Most error responses will include a key  detail  in the body of the response.  For example, the following request:  DELETE http://api.example.com/foo/bar HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/json  Might receive an error response indicating that the  DELETE  method is not allowed on that resource:  HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 42\n\n{\"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}  Validation errors are handled slightly differently, and will include the field names as the keys in the response. If the validation error was not specific to a particular field then it will use the \"non_field_errors\" key, or whatever string value has been set for the  NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY  setting.  Any example validation error might look like this:  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 94\n\n{\"amount\": [\"A valid integer is required.\"], \"description\": [\"This field may not be blank.\"]}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#exception-handling-in-rest-framework-views",
+            "text": "REST framework's views handle various exceptions, and deal with returning appropriate error responses.  The handled exceptions are:   Subclasses of  APIException  raised inside REST framework.  Django's  Http404  exception.  Django's  PermissionDenied  exception.   In each case, REST framework will return a response with an appropriate status code and content-type.  The body of the response will include any additional details regarding the nature of the error.  Most error responses will include a key  detail  in the body of the response.  For example, the following request:  DELETE http://api.example.com/foo/bar HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/json  Might receive an error response indicating that the  DELETE  method is not allowed on that resource:  HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 42\n\n{\"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}  Validation errors are handled slightly differently, and will include the field names as the keys in the response. If the validation error was not specific to a particular field then it will use the \"non_field_errors\" key, or whatever string value has been set for the  NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY  setting.  Any example validation error might look like this:  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 94\n\n{\"amount\": [\"A valid integer is required.\"], \"description\": [\"This field may not be blank.\"]}",
             "title": "Exception handling in REST framework views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#custom-exception-handling", 
-            "text": "You can implement custom exception handling by creating a handler function that converts exceptions raised in your API views into response objects.  This allows you to control the style of error responses used by your API.  The function must take a pair of arguments, the first is the exception to be handled, and the second is a dictionary containing any extra context such as the view currently being handled. The exception handler function should either return a  Response  object, or return  None  if the exception cannot be handled.  If the handler returns  None  then the exception will be re-raised and Django will return a standard HTTP 500 'server error' response.  For example, you might want to ensure that all error responses include the HTTP status code in the body of the response, like so:  HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 62\n\n{\"status_code\": 405, \"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}  In order to alter the style of the response, you could write the following custom exception handler:  from rest_framework.views import exception_handler\n\ndef custom_exception_handler(exc, context):\n    # Call REST framework's default exception handler first,\n    # to get the standard error response.\n    response = exception_handler(exc, context)\n\n    #\u00a0Now add the HTTP status code to the response.\n    if response is not None:\n        response.data['status_code'] = response.status_code\n\n    return response  The context argument is not used by the default handler, but can be useful if the exception handler needs further information such as the view currently being handled, which can be accessed as  context['view'] .  The exception handler must also be configured in your settings, using the  EXCEPTION_HANDLER  setting key. For example:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'my_project.my_app.utils.custom_exception_handler'\n}  If not specified, the  'EXCEPTION_HANDLER'  setting defaults to the standard exception handler provided by REST framework:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n}  Note that the exception handler will only be called for responses generated by raised exceptions.  It will not be used for any responses returned directly by the view, such as the  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST  responses that are returned by the generic views when serializer validation fails.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#custom-exception-handling",
+            "text": "You can implement custom exception handling by creating a handler function that converts exceptions raised in your API views into response objects.  This allows you to control the style of error responses used by your API.  The function must take a pair of arguments, the first is the exception to be handled, and the second is a dictionary containing any extra context such as the view currently being handled. The exception handler function should either return a  Response  object, or return  None  if the exception cannot be handled.  If the handler returns  None  then the exception will be re-raised and Django will return a standard HTTP 500 'server error' response.  For example, you might want to ensure that all error responses include the HTTP status code in the body of the response, like so:  HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\nContent-Type: application/json\nContent-Length: 62\n\n{\"status_code\": 405, \"detail\": \"Method 'DELETE' not allowed.\"}  In order to alter the style of the response, you could write the following custom exception handler:  from rest_framework.views import exception_handler\n\ndef custom_exception_handler(exc, context):\n    # Call REST framework's default exception handler first,\n    # to get the standard error response.\n    response = exception_handler(exc, context)\n\n    #\u00a0Now add the HTTP status code to the response.\n    if response is not None:\n        response.data['status_code'] = response.status_code\n\n    return response  The context argument is not used by the default handler, but can be useful if the exception handler needs further information such as the view currently being handled, which can be accessed as  context['view'] .  The exception handler must also be configured in your settings, using the  EXCEPTION_HANDLER  setting key. For example:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'my_project.my_app.utils.custom_exception_handler'\n}  If not specified, the  'EXCEPTION_HANDLER'  setting defaults to the standard exception handler provided by REST framework:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n}  Note that the exception handler will only be called for responses generated by raised exceptions.  It will not be used for any responses returned directly by the view, such as the  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST  responses that are returned by the generic views when serializer validation fails.",
             "title": "Custom exception handling"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#apiexception", 
-            "text": "Signature:   APIException()  The  base class  for all exceptions raised inside an  APIView  class or  @api_view .  To provide a custom exception, subclass  APIException  and set the  .status_code ,  .default_detail , and  default_code  attributes on the class.  For example, if your API relies on a third party service that may sometimes be unreachable, you might want to implement an exception for the \"503 Service Unavailable\" HTTP response code.  You could do this like so:  from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException\n\nclass ServiceUnavailable(APIException):\n    status_code = 503\n    default_detail = 'Service temporarily unavailable, try again later.'\n    default_code = 'service_unavailable'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#apiexception",
+            "text": "Signature:   APIException()  The  base class  for all exceptions raised inside an  APIView  class or  @api_view .  To provide a custom exception, subclass  APIException  and set the  .status_code ,  .default_detail , and  default_code  attributes on the class.  For example, if your API relies on a third party service that may sometimes be unreachable, you might want to implement an exception for the \"503 Service Unavailable\" HTTP response code.  You could do this like so:  from rest_framework.exceptions import APIException\n\nclass ServiceUnavailable(APIException):\n    status_code = 503\n    default_detail = 'Service temporarily unavailable, try again later.'\n    default_code = 'service_unavailable'",
             "title": "APIException"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#inspecting-api-exceptions", 
-            "text": "There are a number of different properties available for inspecting the status\nof an API exception. You can use these to build custom exception handling\nfor your project.  The available attributes and methods are:   .detail  - Return the textual description of the error.  .get_codes()  - Return the code identifier of the error.  .get_full_details()  - Return both the textual description and the code identifier.   In most cases the error detail will be a simple item:   print(exc.detail)\nYou do not have permission to perform this action.  print(exc.get_codes())\npermission_denied  print(exc.get_full_details())\n{'message':'You do not have permission to perform this action.','code':'permission_denied'}  In the case of validation errors the error detail will be either a list or\ndictionary of items:   print(exc.detail)\n{\"name\":\"This field is required.\",\"age\":\"A valid integer is required.\"}  print(exc.get_codes())\n{\"name\":\"required\",\"age\":\"invalid\"}  print(exc.get_full_details())\n{\"name\":{\"message\":\"This field is required.\",\"code\":\"required\"},\"age\":{\"message\":\"A valid integer is required.\",\"code\":\"invalid\"}}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#inspecting-api-exceptions",
+            "text": "There are a number of different properties available for inspecting the status\nof an API exception. You can use these to build custom exception handling\nfor your project.  The available attributes and methods are:   .detail  - Return the textual description of the error.  .get_codes()  - Return the code identifier of the error.  .get_full_details()  - Return both the textual description and the code identifier.   In most cases the error detail will be a simple item:  >>> print(exc.detail)\nYou do not have permission to perform this action.\n>>> print(exc.get_codes())\npermission_denied\n>>> print(exc.get_full_details())\n{'message':'You do not have permission to perform this action.','code':'permission_denied'}  In the case of validation errors the error detail will be either a list or\ndictionary of items:  >>> print(exc.detail)\n{\"name\":\"This field is required.\",\"age\":\"A valid integer is required.\"}\n>>> print(exc.get_codes())\n{\"name\":\"required\",\"age\":\"invalid\"}\n>>> print(exc.get_full_details())\n{\"name\":{\"message\":\"This field is required.\",\"code\":\"required\"},\"age\":{\"message\":\"A valid integer is required.\",\"code\":\"invalid\"}}",
             "title": "Inspecting API exceptions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#parseerror", 
-            "text": "Signature:   ParseError(detail=None, code=None)  Raised if the request contains malformed data when accessing  request.data .  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#parseerror",
+            "text": "Signature:   ParseError(detail=None, code=None)  Raised if the request contains malformed data when accessing  request.data .  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".",
             "title": "ParseError"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#authenticationfailed", 
-            "text": "Signature:   AuthenticationFailed(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request includes incorrect authentication.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the  authentication documentation  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#authenticationfailed",
+            "text": "Signature:   AuthenticationFailed(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request includes incorrect authentication.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the  authentication documentation  for more details.",
             "title": "AuthenticationFailed"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notauthenticated", 
-            "text": "Signature:   NotAuthenticated(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an unauthenticated request fails the permission checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the  authentication documentation  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notauthenticated",
+            "text": "Signature:   NotAuthenticated(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an unauthenticated request fails the permission checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"401 Unauthenticated\", but it may also result in a \"403 Forbidden\" response, depending on the authentication scheme in use.  See the  authentication documentation  for more details.",
             "title": "NotAuthenticated"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#permissiondenied", 
-            "text": "Signature:   PermissionDenied(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an authenticated request fails the permission checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"403 Forbidden\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#permissiondenied",
+            "text": "Signature:   PermissionDenied(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an authenticated request fails the permission checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"403 Forbidden\".",
             "title": "PermissionDenied"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notfound", 
-            "text": "Signature:   NotFound(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when a resource does not exists at the given URL. This exception is equivalent to the standard  Http404  Django exception.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"404 Not Found\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notfound",
+            "text": "Signature:   NotFound(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when a resource does not exists at the given URL. This exception is equivalent to the standard  Http404  Django exception.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"404 Not Found\".",
             "title": "NotFound"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#methodnotallowed", 
-            "text": "Signature:   MethodNotAllowed(method, detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request occurs that does not map to a handler method on the view.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"405 Method Not Allowed\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#methodnotallowed",
+            "text": "Signature:   MethodNotAllowed(method, detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request occurs that does not map to a handler method on the view.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"405 Method Not Allowed\".",
             "title": "MethodNotAllowed"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notacceptable", 
-            "text": "Signature:   NotAcceptable(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request occurs with an  Accept  header that cannot be satisfied by any of the available renderers.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"406 Not Acceptable\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#notacceptable",
+            "text": "Signature:   NotAcceptable(detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request occurs with an  Accept  header that cannot be satisfied by any of the available renderers.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"406 Not Acceptable\".",
             "title": "NotAcceptable"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#unsupportedmediatype", 
-            "text": "Signature:   UnsupportedMediaType(media_type, detail=None, code=None)  Raised if there are no parsers that can handle the content type of the request data when accessing  request.data .  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"415 Unsupported Media Type\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#unsupportedmediatype",
+            "text": "Signature:   UnsupportedMediaType(media_type, detail=None, code=None)  Raised if there are no parsers that can handle the content type of the request data when accessing  request.data .  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"415 Unsupported Media Type\".",
             "title": "UnsupportedMediaType"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#throttled", 
-            "text": "Signature:   Throttled(wait=None, detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request fails the throttling checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"429 Too Many Requests\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#throttled",
+            "text": "Signature:   Throttled(wait=None, detail=None, code=None)  Raised when an incoming request fails the throttling checks.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"429 Too Many Requests\".",
             "title": "Throttled"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#validationerror", 
-            "text": "Signature:   ValidationError(detail, code=None)  The  ValidationError  exception is slightly different from the other  APIException  classes:   The  detail  argument is mandatory, not optional.  The  detail  argument may be a list or dictionary of error details, and may also be a nested data structure.  By convention you should import the serializers module and use a fully qualified  ValidationError  style, in order to differentiate it from Django's built-in validation error. For example.  raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an integer value.')   The  ValidationError  class should be used for serializer and field validation, and by validator classes. It is also raised when calling  serializer.is_valid  with the  raise_exception  keyword argument:  serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)  The generic views use the  raise_exception=True  flag, which means that you can override the style of validation error responses globally in your API. To do so, use a custom exception handler, as described above.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#validationerror",
+            "text": "Signature:   ValidationError(detail, code=None)  The  ValidationError  exception is slightly different from the other  APIException  classes:   The  detail  argument is mandatory, not optional.  The  detail  argument may be a list or dictionary of error details, and may also be a nested data structure.  By convention you should import the serializers module and use a fully qualified  ValidationError  style, in order to differentiate it from Django's built-in validation error. For example.  raise serializers.ValidationError('This field must be an integer value.')   The  ValidationError  class should be used for serializer and field validation, and by validator classes. It is also raised when calling  serializer.is_valid  with the  raise_exception  keyword argument:  serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)  The generic views use the  raise_exception=True  flag, which means that you can override the style of validation error responses globally in your API. To do so, use a custom exception handler, as described above.  By default this exception results in a response with the HTTP status code \"400 Bad Request\".",
             "title": "ValidationError"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#generic-error-views", 
-            "text": "Django REST Framework provides two error views suitable for providing generic JSON  500  Server Error and 400  Bad Request responses. (Django's default error views provide HTML responses, which may not be appropriate for an\nAPI-only application.)  Use these as per  Django's Customizing error views documentation .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#generic-error-views",
+            "text": "Django REST Framework provides two error views suitable for providing generic JSON  500  Server Error and 400  Bad Request responses. (Django's default error views provide HTML responses, which may not be appropriate for an\nAPI-only application.)  Use these as per  Django's Customizing error views documentation .",
             "title": "Generic Error Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#rest_frameworkexceptionsserver_error", 
-            "text": "Returns a response with status code  500  and  application/json  content type.  Set as  handler500 :  handler500 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.server_error'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#rest_frameworkexceptionsserver_error",
+            "text": "Returns a response with status code  500  and  application/json  content type.  Set as  handler500 :  handler500 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.server_error'",
             "title": "rest_framework.exceptions.server_error"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#rest_frameworkexceptionsbad_request", 
-            "text": "Returns a response with status code  400  and  application/json  content type.  Set as  handler400 :  handler400 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.bad_request'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/exceptions/#rest_frameworkexceptionsbad_request",
+            "text": "Returns a response with status code  400  and  application/json  content type.  Set as  handler400 :  handler400 = 'rest_framework.exceptions.bad_request'",
             "title": "rest_framework.exceptions.bad_request"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/", 
-            "text": "Status Codes\n\n\n\n\n418 I'm a teapot - Any attempt to brew coffee with a teapot should result in the error code \"418 I'm a teapot\".  The resulting entity body MAY be short and stout.\n\n\n \nRFC 2324\n, Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol\n\n\n\n\nUsing bare status codes in your responses isn't recommended.  REST framework includes a set of named constants that you can use to make your code more obvious and readable.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\ndef empty_view(self):\n    content = {'please move along': 'nothing to see here'}\n    return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n\n\nThe full set of HTTP status codes included in the \nstatus\n module is listed below.\n\n\nThe module also includes a set of helper functions for testing if a status code is in a given range.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\n\nclass ExampleTestCase(APITestCase):\n    def test_url_root(self):\n        url = reverse('index')\n        response = self.client.get(url)\n        self.assertTrue(status.is_success(response.status_code))\n\n\n\nFor more information on proper usage of HTTP status codes see \nRFC 2616\n\nand \nRFC 6585\n.\n\n\nInformational - 1xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates a provisional response.  There are no 1xx status codes used in REST framework by default.\n\n\nHTTP_100_CONTINUE\nHTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS\n\n\n\nSuccessful - 2xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.\n\n\nHTTP_200_OK\nHTTP_201_CREATED\nHTTP_202_ACCEPTED\nHTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION\nHTTP_204_NO_CONTENT\nHTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT\nHTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT\nHTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS\n\n\n\nRedirection - 3xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request.\n\n\nHTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES\nHTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY\nHTTP_302_FOUND\nHTTP_303_SEE_OTHER\nHTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED\nHTTP_305_USE_PROXY\nHTTP_306_RESERVED\nHTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT\n\n\n\nClient Error - 4xx\n\n\nThe 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.\n\n\nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\nHTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED\nHTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED\nHTTP_403_FORBIDDEN\nHTTP_404_NOT_FOUND\nHTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED\nHTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE\nHTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_409_CONFLICT\nHTTP_410_GONE\nHTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED\nHTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED\nHTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG\nHTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE\nHTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE\nHTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED\nHTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY\nHTTP_423_LOCKED\nHTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY\nHTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS\nHTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS\n\n\n\nServer Error - 5xx\n\n\nResponse status codes beginning with the digit \"5\" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.\n\n\nHTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR\nHTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED\nHTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY\nHTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE\nHTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED\nHTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE\nHTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\n\n\n\nHelper functions\n\n\nThe following helper functions are available for identifying the category of the response code.\n\n\nis_informational()  # 1xx\nis_success()        #\u00a02xx\nis_redirect()       # 3xx\nis_client_error()   # 4xx\nis_server_error()   # 5xx", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/",
+            "text": "Status Codes\n\n\n\n\n418 I'm a teapot - Any attempt to brew coffee with a teapot should result in the error code \"418 I'm a teapot\".  The resulting entity body MAY be short and stout.\n\n\n\u2014 \nRFC 2324\n, Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol\n\n\n\n\nUsing bare status codes in your responses isn't recommended.  REST framework includes a set of named constants that you can use to make your code more obvious and readable.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\ndef empty_view(self):\n    content = {'please move along': 'nothing to see here'}\n    return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)\n\n\n\nThe full set of HTTP status codes included in the \nstatus\n module is listed below.\n\n\nThe module also includes a set of helper functions for testing if a status code is in a given range.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\n\nclass ExampleTestCase(APITestCase):\n    def test_url_root(self):\n        url = reverse('index')\n        response = self.client.get(url)\n        self.assertTrue(status.is_success(response.status_code))\n\n\n\nFor more information on proper usage of HTTP status codes see \nRFC 2616\n\nand \nRFC 6585\n.\n\n\nInformational - 1xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates a provisional response.  There are no 1xx status codes used in REST framework by default.\n\n\nHTTP_100_CONTINUE\nHTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS\n\n\n\nSuccessful - 2xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.\n\n\nHTTP_200_OK\nHTTP_201_CREATED\nHTTP_202_ACCEPTED\nHTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION\nHTTP_204_NO_CONTENT\nHTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT\nHTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT\nHTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS\n\n\n\nRedirection - 3xx\n\n\nThis class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request.\n\n\nHTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES\nHTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY\nHTTP_302_FOUND\nHTTP_303_SEE_OTHER\nHTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED\nHTTP_305_USE_PROXY\nHTTP_306_RESERVED\nHTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT\n\n\n\nClient Error - 4xx\n\n\nThe 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.\n\n\nHTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\nHTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED\nHTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED\nHTTP_403_FORBIDDEN\nHTTP_404_NOT_FOUND\nHTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED\nHTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE\nHTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_409_CONFLICT\nHTTP_410_GONE\nHTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED\nHTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED\nHTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG\nHTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE\nHTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE\nHTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED\nHTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY\nHTTP_423_LOCKED\nHTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY\nHTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS\nHTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS\n\n\n\nServer Error - 5xx\n\n\nResponse status codes beginning with the digit \"5\" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.\n\n\nHTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR\nHTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED\nHTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY\nHTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE\nHTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED\nHTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE\nHTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\n\n\n\nHelper functions\n\n\nThe following helper functions are available for identifying the category of the response code.\n\n\nis_informational()  # 1xx\nis_success()        #\u00a02xx\nis_redirect()       # 3xx\nis_client_error()   # 4xx\nis_server_error()   # 5xx",
             "title": "Status codes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#status-codes", 
-            "text": "418 I'm a teapot - Any attempt to brew coffee with a teapot should result in the error code \"418 I'm a teapot\".  The resulting entity body MAY be short and stout.    RFC 2324 , Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol   Using bare status codes in your responses isn't recommended.  REST framework includes a set of named constants that you can use to make your code more obvious and readable.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\ndef empty_view(self):\n    content = {'please move along': 'nothing to see here'}\n    return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)  The full set of HTTP status codes included in the  status  module is listed below.  The module also includes a set of helper functions for testing if a status code is in a given range.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\n\nclass ExampleTestCase(APITestCase):\n    def test_url_root(self):\n        url = reverse('index')\n        response = self.client.get(url)\n        self.assertTrue(status.is_success(response.status_code))  For more information on proper usage of HTTP status codes see  RFC 2616 \nand  RFC 6585 .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#status-codes",
+            "text": "418 I'm a teapot - Any attempt to brew coffee with a teapot should result in the error code \"418 I'm a teapot\".  The resulting entity body MAY be short and stout.  \u2014  RFC 2324 , Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol   Using bare status codes in your responses isn't recommended.  REST framework includes a set of named constants that you can use to make your code more obvious and readable.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\n\ndef empty_view(self):\n    content = {'please move along': 'nothing to see here'}\n    return Response(content, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)  The full set of HTTP status codes included in the  status  module is listed below.  The module also includes a set of helper functions for testing if a status code is in a given range.  from rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\n\nclass ExampleTestCase(APITestCase):\n    def test_url_root(self):\n        url = reverse('index')\n        response = self.client.get(url)\n        self.assertTrue(status.is_success(response.status_code))  For more information on proper usage of HTTP status codes see  RFC 2616 \nand  RFC 6585 .",
             "title": "Status Codes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#informational-1xx", 
-            "text": "This class of status code indicates a provisional response.  There are no 1xx status codes used in REST framework by default.  HTTP_100_CONTINUE\nHTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#informational-1xx",
+            "text": "This class of status code indicates a provisional response.  There are no 1xx status codes used in REST framework by default.  HTTP_100_CONTINUE\nHTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS",
             "title": "Informational - 1xx"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#successful-2xx", 
-            "text": "This class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.  HTTP_200_OK\nHTTP_201_CREATED\nHTTP_202_ACCEPTED\nHTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION\nHTTP_204_NO_CONTENT\nHTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT\nHTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT\nHTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#successful-2xx",
+            "text": "This class of status code indicates that the client's request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.  HTTP_200_OK\nHTTP_201_CREATED\nHTTP_202_ACCEPTED\nHTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION\nHTTP_204_NO_CONTENT\nHTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT\nHTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT\nHTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS",
             "title": "Successful - 2xx"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#redirection-3xx", 
-            "text": "This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request.  HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES\nHTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY\nHTTP_302_FOUND\nHTTP_303_SEE_OTHER\nHTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED\nHTTP_305_USE_PROXY\nHTTP_306_RESERVED\nHTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#redirection-3xx",
+            "text": "This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent in order to fulfill the request.  HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES\nHTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY\nHTTP_302_FOUND\nHTTP_303_SEE_OTHER\nHTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED\nHTTP_305_USE_PROXY\nHTTP_306_RESERVED\nHTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT",
             "title": "Redirection - 3xx"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#client-error-4xx", 
-            "text": "The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\nHTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED\nHTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED\nHTTP_403_FORBIDDEN\nHTTP_404_NOT_FOUND\nHTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED\nHTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE\nHTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_409_CONFLICT\nHTTP_410_GONE\nHTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED\nHTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED\nHTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG\nHTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE\nHTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE\nHTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED\nHTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY\nHTTP_423_LOCKED\nHTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY\nHTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS\nHTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#client-error-4xx",
+            "text": "The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.  HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST\nHTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED\nHTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED\nHTTP_403_FORBIDDEN\nHTTP_404_NOT_FOUND\nHTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED\nHTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE\nHTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_409_CONFLICT\nHTTP_410_GONE\nHTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED\nHTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED\nHTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG\nHTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE\nHTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE\nHTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED\nHTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY\nHTTP_423_LOCKED\nHTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY\nHTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED\nHTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS\nHTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE\nHTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS",
             "title": "Client Error - 4xx"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#server-error-5xx", 
-            "text": "Response status codes beginning with the digit \"5\" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.  HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR\nHTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED\nHTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY\nHTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE\nHTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED\nHTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE\nHTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#server-error-5xx",
+            "text": "Response status codes beginning with the digit \"5\" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is incapable of performing the request.  Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.  HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR\nHTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED\nHTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY\nHTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE\nHTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT\nHTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED\nHTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE\nHTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED",
             "title": "Server Error - 5xx"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#helper-functions", 
-            "text": "The following helper functions are available for identifying the category of the response code.  is_informational()  # 1xx\nis_success()        #\u00a02xx\nis_redirect()       # 3xx\nis_client_error()   # 4xx\nis_server_error()   # 5xx", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/status-codes/#helper-functions",
+            "text": "The following helper functions are available for identifying the category of the response code.  is_informational()  # 1xx\nis_success()        #\u00a02xx\nis_redirect()       # 3xx\nis_client_error()   # 4xx\nis_server_error()   # 5xx",
             "title": "Helper functions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/", 
-            "text": "Testing\n\n\n\n\nCode without tests is broken as designed.\n\n\n \nJacob Kaplan-Moss\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a few helper classes that extend Django's existing test framework, and improve support for making API requests.\n\n\nAPIRequestFactory\n\n\nExtends \nDjango's existing \nRequestFactory\n class\n.\n\n\nCreating test requests\n\n\nThe \nAPIRequestFactory\n class supports an almost identical API to Django's standard \nRequestFactory\n class.  This means that the standard \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \n.put()\n, \n.patch()\n, \n.delete()\n, \n.head()\n and \n.options()\n methods are all available.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIRequestFactory\n\n# Using the standard RequestFactory API to create a form POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'})\n\n\n\nUsing the \nformat\n argument\n\n\nMethods which create a request body, such as \npost\n, \nput\n and \npatch\n, include a \nformat\n argument, which make it easy to generate requests using a content type other than multipart form data.  For example:\n\n\n# Create a JSON POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')\n\n\n\nBy default the available formats are \n'multipart'\n and \n'json'\n.  For compatibility with Django's existing \nRequestFactory\n the default format is \n'multipart'\n.\n\n\nTo support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, \nsee the configuration section\n.\n\n\nExplicitly encoding the request body\n\n\nIf you need to explicitly encode the request body, you can do so by setting the \ncontent_type\n flag.  For example:\n\n\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', json.dumps({'title': 'new idea'}), content_type='application/json')\n\n\n\nPUT and PATCH with form data\n\n\nOne difference worth noting between Django's \nRequestFactory\n and REST framework's \nAPIRequestFactory\n is that multipart form data will be encoded for methods other than just \n.post()\n.\n\n\nFor example, using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, you can make a form PUT request like so:\n\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', {'title': 'remember to email dave'})\n\n\n\nUsing Django's \nRequestFactory\n, you'd need to explicitly encode the data yourself:\n\n\nfrom django.test.client import encode_multipart, RequestFactory\n\nfactory = RequestFactory()\ndata = {'title': 'remember to email dave'}\ncontent = encode_multipart('BoUnDaRyStRiNg', data)\ncontent_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg'\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', content, content_type=content_type)\n\n\n\nForcing authentication\n\n\nWhen testing views directly using a request factory, it's often convenient to be able to directly authenticate the request, rather than having to construct the correct authentication credentials.\n\n\nTo forcibly authenticate a request, use the \nforce_authenticate()\n method.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import force_authenticate\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nview = AccountDetail.as_view()\n\n# Make an authenticated request to the view...\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user)\nresponse = view(request)\n\n\n\nThe signature for the method is \nforce_authenticate(request, user=None, token=None)\n.  When making the call, either or both of the user and token may be set.\n\n\nFor example, when forcibly authenticating using a token, you might do something like the following:\n\n\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user, token=user.auth_token)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: \nforce_authenticate\n directly sets \nrequest.user\n to the in-memory \nuser\n instance. If you are re-using the same \nuser\n instance across multiple tests that update the saved \nuser\n state, you may need to call \nrefresh_from_db()\n between tests.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: When using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, the object that is returned is Django's standard \nHttpRequest\n, and not REST framework's \nRequest\n object, which is only generated once the view is called.\n\n\nThis means that setting attributes directly on the request object may not always have the effect you expect.  For example, setting \n.token\n directly will have no effect, and setting \n.user\n directly will only work if session authentication is being used.\n\n\n# Request will only authenticate if `SessionAuthentication` is in use.\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nrequest.user = user\nresponse = view(request)\n\n\n\n\n\nForcing CSRF validation\n\n\nBy default, requests created with \nAPIRequestFactory\n will not have CSRF validation applied when passed to a REST framework view.  If you need to explicitly turn CSRF validation on, you can do so by setting the \nenforce_csrf_checks\n flag when instantiating the factory.\n\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory(enforce_csrf_checks=True)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: It's worth noting that Django's standard \nRequestFactory\n doesn't need to include this option, because when using regular Django the CSRF validation takes place in middleware, which is not run when testing views directly.  When using REST framework, CSRF validation takes place inside the view, so the request factory needs to disable view-level CSRF checks.\n\n\n\n\nAPIClient\n\n\nExtends \nDjango's existing \nClient\n class\n.\n\n\nMaking requests\n\n\nThe \nAPIClient\n class supports the same request interface as Django's standard \nClient\n class.  This means the that standard \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \n.put()\n, \n.patch()\n, \n.delete()\n, \n.head()\n and \n.options()\n methods are all available.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')\n\n\n\nTo support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, \nsee the configuration section\n.\n\n\nAuthenticating\n\n\n.login(**kwargs)\n\n\nThe \nlogin\n method functions exactly as it does with Django's regular \nClient\n class.  This allows you to authenticate requests against any views which include \nSessionAuthentication\n.\n\n\n# Make all requests in the context of a logged in session.\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.login(username='lauren', password='secret')\n\n\n\nTo logout, call the \nlogout\n method as usual.\n\n\n# Log out\nclient.logout()\n\n\n\nThe \nlogin\n method is appropriate for testing APIs that use session authentication, for example web sites which include AJAX interaction with the API.\n\n\n.credentials(**kwargs)\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n method can be used to set headers that will then be included on all subsequent requests by the test client.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\n# Include an appropriate `Authorization:` header on all requests.\ntoken = Token.objects.get(user__username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION='Token ' + token.key)\n\n\n\nNote that calling \ncredentials\n a second time overwrites any existing credentials.  You can unset any existing credentials by calling the method with no arguments.\n\n\n# Stop including any credentials\nclient.credentials()\n\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n method is appropriate for testing APIs that require authentication headers, such as basic authentication, OAuth1a and OAuth2 authentication, and simple token authentication schemes.\n\n\n.force_authenticate(user=None, token=None)\n\n\nSometimes you may want to bypass authentication entirely and force all requests by the test client to be automatically treated as authenticated.\n\n\nThis can be a useful shortcut if you're testing the API but don't want to have to construct valid authentication credentials in order to make test requests.\n\n\nuser = User.objects.get(username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.force_authenticate(user=user)\n\n\n\nTo unauthenticate subsequent requests, call \nforce_authenticate\n setting the user and/or token to \nNone\n.\n\n\nclient.force_authenticate(user=None)\n\n\n\nCSRF validation\n\n\nBy default CSRF validation is not applied when using \nAPIClient\n.  If you need to explicitly enable CSRF validation, you can do so by setting the \nenforce_csrf_checks\n flag when instantiating the client.\n\n\nclient = APIClient(enforce_csrf_checks=True)\n\n\n\nAs usual CSRF validation will only apply to any session authenticated views.  This means CSRF validation will only occur if the client has been logged in by calling \nlogin()\n.\n\n\n\n\nRequestsClient\n\n\nREST framework also includes a client for interacting with your application\nusing the popular Python library, \nrequests\n. This may be useful if:\n\n\n\n\nYou are expecting to interface with the API primarily from another Python service,\nand want to test the service at the same level as the client will see.\n\n\nYou want to write tests in such a way that they can also be run against a staging or\nlive environment. (See \"Live tests\" below.)\n\n\n\n\nThis exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a requests session\ndirectly.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import RequestsClient\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nNote that the requests client requires you to pass fully qualified URLs.\n\n\nRequestsClient\n and working with the database\n\n\nThe \nRequestsClient\n class is useful if you want to write tests that solely interact with the service interface. This is a little stricter than using the standard Django test client, as it means that all interactions should be via the API.\n\n\nIf you're using \nRequestsClient\n you'll want to ensure that test setup, and results assertions are performed as regular API calls, rather than interacting with the database models directly. For example, rather than checking that \nCustomer.objects.count() == 3\n you would list the customers endpoint, and ensure that it contains three records.\n\n\nHeaders \n Authentication\n\n\nCustom headers and authentication credentials can be provided in the same way\nas \nwhen using a standard \nrequests.Session\n instance\n.\n\n\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})\n\n\n\nCSRF\n\n\nIf you're using \nSessionAuthentication\n then you'll need to include a CSRF token\nfor any \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n or \nDELETE\n requests.\n\n\nYou can do so by following the same flow that a JavaScript based client would use.\nFirst make a \nGET\n request in order to obtain a CRSF token, then present that\ntoken in the following request.\n\n\nFor example...\n\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\n\n# Obtain a CSRF token.\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/homepage/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\ncsrftoken = response.cookies['csrftoken']\n\n# Interact with the API.\nresponse = client.post('http://testserver/organisations/', json={\n    'name': 'MegaCorp',\n    'status': 'active'\n}, headers={'X-CSRFToken': csrftoken})\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nLive tests\n\n\nWith careful usage both the \nRequestsClient\n and the \nCoreAPIClient\n provide\nthe ability to write test cases that can run either in development, or be run\ndirectly against your staging server or production environment.\n\n\nUsing this style to create basic tests of a few core piece of functionality is\na powerful way to validate your live service. Doing so may require some careful\nattention to setup and teardown to ensure that the tests run in a way that they\ndo not directly affect customer data.\n\n\n\n\nCoreAPIClient\n\n\nThe CoreAPIClient allows you to interact with your API using the Python\n\ncoreapi\n client library.\n\n\n# Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])\n\n\n\nHeaders \n Authentication\n\n\nCustom headers and authentication may be used with \nCoreAPIClient\n in a\nsimilar way as with \nRequestsClient\n.\n\n\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nclient.session.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.session.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Test cases\n\n\nREST framework includes the following test case classes, that mirror the existing Django test case classes, but use \nAPIClient\n instead of Django's default \nClient\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPISimpleTestCase\n\n\nAPITransactionTestCase\n\n\nAPITestCase\n\n\nAPILiveServerTestCase\n\n\n\n\nExample\n\n\nYou can use any of REST framework's test case classes as you would for the regular Django test case classes.  The \nself.client\n attribute will be an \nAPIClient\n instance.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import reverse\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\nfrom myproject.apps.core.models import Account\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase):\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        data = {'name': 'DabApps'}\n        response = self.client.post(url, data, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.count(), 1)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.get().name, 'DabApps')\n\n\n\n\n\nURLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nREST framework also provides a test case class for isolating \nurlpatterns\n on a per-class basis. Note that this inherits from Django's \nSimpleTestCase\n, and will most likely need to be mixed with another test case class.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nfrom django.urls import include, path, reverse\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase):\n    urlpatterns = [\n        path('api/', include('api.urls')),\n    ]\n\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        response = self.client.get(url, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)\n        self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)\n\n\n\n\n\nTesting responses\n\n\nChecking the response data\n\n\nWhen checking the validity of test responses it's often more convenient to inspect the data that the response was created with, rather than inspecting the fully rendered response.\n\n\nFor example, it's easier to inspect \nresponse.data\n:\n\n\nresponse = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(response.data, {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})\n\n\n\nInstead of inspecting the result of parsing \nresponse.content\n:\n\n\nresponse = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content), {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})\n\n\n\nRendering responses\n\n\nIf you're testing views directly using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, the responses that are returned will not yet be rendered, as rendering of template responses is performed by Django's internal request-response cycle.  In order to access \nresponse.content\n, you'll first need to render the response.\n\n\nview = UserDetail.as_view()\nrequest = factory.get('/users/4')\nresponse = view(request, pk='4')\nresponse.render()  # Cannot access `response.content` without this.\nself.assertEqual(response.content, '{\"username\": \"lauren\", \"id\": 4}')\n\n\n\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nSetting the default format\n\n\nThe default format used to make test requests may be set using the \nTEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT\n setting key.  For example, to always use JSON for test requests by default instead of standard multipart form requests, set the following in your \nsettings.py\n file:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'json'\n}\n\n\n\nSetting the available formats\n\n\nIf you need to test requests using something other than multipart or json requests, you can do so by setting the \nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nFor example, to add support for using \nformat='html'\n in test requests, you might have something like this in your \nsettings.py\n file.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer'\n    )\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/",
+            "text": "Testing\n\n\n\n\nCode without tests is broken as designed.\n\n\n\u2014 \nJacob Kaplan-Moss\n\n\n\n\nREST framework includes a few helper classes that extend Django's existing test framework, and improve support for making API requests.\n\n\nAPIRequestFactory\n\n\nExtends \nDjango's existing \nRequestFactory\n class\n.\n\n\nCreating test requests\n\n\nThe \nAPIRequestFactory\n class supports an almost identical API to Django's standard \nRequestFactory\n class.  This means that the standard \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \n.put()\n, \n.patch()\n, \n.delete()\n, \n.head()\n and \n.options()\n methods are all available.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIRequestFactory\n\n# Using the standard RequestFactory API to create a form POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'})\n\n\n\nUsing the \nformat\n argument\n\n\nMethods which create a request body, such as \npost\n, \nput\n and \npatch\n, include a \nformat\n argument, which make it easy to generate requests using a content type other than multipart form data.  For example:\n\n\n# Create a JSON POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')\n\n\n\nBy default the available formats are \n'multipart'\n and \n'json'\n.  For compatibility with Django's existing \nRequestFactory\n the default format is \n'multipart'\n.\n\n\nTo support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, \nsee the configuration section\n.\n\n\nExplicitly encoding the request body\n\n\nIf you need to explicitly encode the request body, you can do so by setting the \ncontent_type\n flag.  For example:\n\n\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', json.dumps({'title': 'new idea'}), content_type='application/json')\n\n\n\nPUT and PATCH with form data\n\n\nOne difference worth noting between Django's \nRequestFactory\n and REST framework's \nAPIRequestFactory\n is that multipart form data will be encoded for methods other than just \n.post()\n.\n\n\nFor example, using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, you can make a form PUT request like so:\n\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', {'title': 'remember to email dave'})\n\n\n\nUsing Django's \nRequestFactory\n, you'd need to explicitly encode the data yourself:\n\n\nfrom django.test.client import encode_multipart, RequestFactory\n\nfactory = RequestFactory()\ndata = {'title': 'remember to email dave'}\ncontent = encode_multipart('BoUnDaRyStRiNg', data)\ncontent_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg'\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', content, content_type=content_type)\n\n\n\nForcing authentication\n\n\nWhen testing views directly using a request factory, it's often convenient to be able to directly authenticate the request, rather than having to construct the correct authentication credentials.\n\n\nTo forcibly authenticate a request, use the \nforce_authenticate()\n method.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import force_authenticate\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nview = AccountDetail.as_view()\n\n# Make an authenticated request to the view...\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user)\nresponse = view(request)\n\n\n\nThe signature for the method is \nforce_authenticate(request, user=None, token=None)\n.  When making the call, either or both of the user and token may be set.\n\n\nFor example, when forcibly authenticating using a token, you might do something like the following:\n\n\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user, token=user.auth_token)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: \nforce_authenticate\n directly sets \nrequest.user\n to the in-memory \nuser\n instance. If you are re-using the same \nuser\n instance across multiple tests that update the saved \nuser\n state, you may need to call \nrefresh_from_db()\n between tests.\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: When using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, the object that is returned is Django's standard \nHttpRequest\n, and not REST framework's \nRequest\n object, which is only generated once the view is called.\n\n\nThis means that setting attributes directly on the request object may not always have the effect you expect.  For example, setting \n.token\n directly will have no effect, and setting \n.user\n directly will only work if session authentication is being used.\n\n\n# Request will only authenticate if `SessionAuthentication` is in use.\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nrequest.user = user\nresponse = view(request)\n\n\n\n\n\nForcing CSRF validation\n\n\nBy default, requests created with \nAPIRequestFactory\n will not have CSRF validation applied when passed to a REST framework view.  If you need to explicitly turn CSRF validation on, you can do so by setting the \nenforce_csrf_checks\n flag when instantiating the factory.\n\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory(enforce_csrf_checks=True)\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: It's worth noting that Django's standard \nRequestFactory\n doesn't need to include this option, because when using regular Django the CSRF validation takes place in middleware, which is not run when testing views directly.  When using REST framework, CSRF validation takes place inside the view, so the request factory needs to disable view-level CSRF checks.\n\n\n\n\nAPIClient\n\n\nExtends \nDjango's existing \nClient\n class\n.\n\n\nMaking requests\n\n\nThe \nAPIClient\n class supports the same request interface as Django's standard \nClient\n class.  This means that the standard \n.get()\n, \n.post()\n, \n.put()\n, \n.patch()\n, \n.delete()\n, \n.head()\n and \n.options()\n methods are all available.  For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')\n\n\n\nTo support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, \nsee the configuration section\n.\n\n\nAuthenticating\n\n\n.login(**kwargs)\n\n\nThe \nlogin\n method functions exactly as it does with Django's regular \nClient\n class.  This allows you to authenticate requests against any views which include \nSessionAuthentication\n.\n\n\n# Make all requests in the context of a logged in session.\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.login(username='lauren', password='secret')\n\n\n\nTo logout, call the \nlogout\n method as usual.\n\n\n# Log out\nclient.logout()\n\n\n\nThe \nlogin\n method is appropriate for testing APIs that use session authentication, for example web sites which include AJAX interaction with the API.\n\n\n.credentials(**kwargs)\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n method can be used to set headers that will then be included on all subsequent requests by the test client.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\n# Include an appropriate `Authorization:` header on all requests.\ntoken = Token.objects.get(user__username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION='Token ' + token.key)\n\n\n\nNote that calling \ncredentials\n a second time overwrites any existing credentials.  You can unset any existing credentials by calling the method with no arguments.\n\n\n# Stop including any credentials\nclient.credentials()\n\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n method is appropriate for testing APIs that require authentication headers, such as basic authentication, OAuth1a and OAuth2 authentication, and simple token authentication schemes.\n\n\n.force_authenticate(user=None, token=None)\n\n\nSometimes you may want to bypass authentication entirely and force all requests by the test client to be automatically treated as authenticated.\n\n\nThis can be a useful shortcut if you're testing the API but don't want to have to construct valid authentication credentials in order to make test requests.\n\n\nuser = User.objects.get(username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.force_authenticate(user=user)\n\n\n\nTo unauthenticate subsequent requests, call \nforce_authenticate\n setting the user and/or token to \nNone\n.\n\n\nclient.force_authenticate(user=None)\n\n\n\nCSRF validation\n\n\nBy default CSRF validation is not applied when using \nAPIClient\n.  If you need to explicitly enable CSRF validation, you can do so by setting the \nenforce_csrf_checks\n flag when instantiating the client.\n\n\nclient = APIClient(enforce_csrf_checks=True)\n\n\n\nAs usual CSRF validation will only apply to any session authenticated views.  This means CSRF validation will only occur if the client has been logged in by calling \nlogin()\n.\n\n\n\n\nRequestsClient\n\n\nREST framework also includes a client for interacting with your application\nusing the popular Python library, \nrequests\n. This may be useful if:\n\n\n\n\nYou are expecting to interface with the API primarily from another Python service,\nand want to test the service at the same level as the client will see.\n\n\nYou want to write tests in such a way that they can also be run against a staging or\nlive environment. (See \"Live tests\" below.)\n\n\n\n\nThis exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a requests session\ndirectly.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.test import RequestsClient\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nNote that the requests client requires you to pass fully qualified URLs.\n\n\nRequestsClient\n and working with the database\n\n\nThe \nRequestsClient\n class is useful if you want to write tests that solely interact with the service interface. This is a little stricter than using the standard Django test client, as it means that all interactions should be via the API.\n\n\nIf you're using \nRequestsClient\n you'll want to ensure that test setup, and results assertions are performed as regular API calls, rather than interacting with the database models directly. For example, rather than checking that \nCustomer.objects.count() == 3\n you would list the customers endpoint, and ensure that it contains three records.\n\n\nHeaders & Authentication\n\n\nCustom headers and authentication credentials can be provided in the same way\nas \nwhen using a standard \nrequests.Session\n instance\n.\n\n\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})\n\n\n\nCSRF\n\n\nIf you're using \nSessionAuthentication\n then you'll need to include a CSRF token\nfor any \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n or \nDELETE\n requests.\n\n\nYou can do so by following the same flow that a JavaScript based client would use.\nFirst make a \nGET\n request in order to obtain a CRSF token, then present that\ntoken in the following request.\n\n\nFor example...\n\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\n\n# Obtain a CSRF token.\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/homepage/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\ncsrftoken = response.cookies['csrftoken']\n\n# Interact with the API.\nresponse = client.post('http://testserver/organisations/', json={\n    'name': 'MegaCorp',\n    'status': 'active'\n}, headers={'X-CSRFToken': csrftoken})\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nLive tests\n\n\nWith careful usage both the \nRequestsClient\n and the \nCoreAPIClient\n provide\nthe ability to write test cases that can run either in development, or be run\ndirectly against your staging server or production environment.\n\n\nUsing this style to create basic tests of a few core piece of functionality is\na powerful way to validate your live service. Doing so may require some careful\nattention to setup and teardown to ensure that the tests run in a way that they\ndo not directly affect customer data.\n\n\n\n\nCoreAPIClient\n\n\nThe CoreAPIClient allows you to interact with your API using the Python\n\ncoreapi\n client library.\n\n\n# Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])\n\n\n\nHeaders & Authentication\n\n\nCustom headers and authentication may be used with \nCoreAPIClient\n in a\nsimilar way as with \nRequestsClient\n.\n\n\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nclient.session.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.session.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Test cases\n\n\nREST framework includes the following test case classes, that mirror the existing Django test case classes, but use \nAPIClient\n instead of Django's default \nClient\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPISimpleTestCase\n\n\nAPITransactionTestCase\n\n\nAPITestCase\n\n\nAPILiveServerTestCase\n\n\n\n\nExample\n\n\nYou can use any of REST framework's test case classes as you would for the regular Django test case classes.  The \nself.client\n attribute will be an \nAPIClient\n instance.\n\n\nfrom django.urls import reverse\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\nfrom myproject.apps.core.models import Account\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase):\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        data = {'name': 'DabApps'}\n        response = self.client.post(url, data, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.count(), 1)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.get().name, 'DabApps')\n\n\n\n\n\nURLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nREST framework also provides a test case class for isolating \nurlpatterns\n on a per-class basis. Note that this inherits from Django's \nSimpleTestCase\n, and will most likely need to be mixed with another test case class.\n\n\nExample\n\n\nfrom django.urls import include, path, reverse\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase):\n    urlpatterns = [\n        path('api/', include('api.urls')),\n    ]\n\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        response = self.client.get(url, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)\n        self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)\n\n\n\n\n\nTesting responses\n\n\nChecking the response data\n\n\nWhen checking the validity of test responses it's often more convenient to inspect the data that the response was created with, rather than inspecting the fully rendered response.\n\n\nFor example, it's easier to inspect \nresponse.data\n:\n\n\nresponse = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(response.data, {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})\n\n\n\nInstead of inspecting the result of parsing \nresponse.content\n:\n\n\nresponse = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content), {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})\n\n\n\nRendering responses\n\n\nIf you're testing views directly using \nAPIRequestFactory\n, the responses that are returned will not yet be rendered, as rendering of template responses is performed by Django's internal request-response cycle.  In order to access \nresponse.content\n, you'll first need to render the response.\n\n\nview = UserDetail.as_view()\nrequest = factory.get('/users/4')\nresponse = view(request, pk='4')\nresponse.render()  # Cannot access `response.content` without this.\nself.assertEqual(response.content, '{\"username\": \"lauren\", \"id\": 4}')\n\n\n\n\n\nConfiguration\n\n\nSetting the default format\n\n\nThe default format used to make test requests may be set using the \nTEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT\n setting key.  For example, to always use JSON for test requests by default instead of standard multipart form requests, set the following in your \nsettings.py\n file:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'json'\n}\n\n\n\nSetting the available formats\n\n\nIf you need to test requests using something other than multipart or json requests, you can do so by setting the \nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nFor example, to add support for using \nformat='html'\n in test requests, you might have something like this in your \nsettings.py\n file.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer'\n    )\n}",
             "title": "Testing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#testing", 
-            "text": "Code without tests is broken as designed.    Jacob Kaplan-Moss   REST framework includes a few helper classes that extend Django's existing test framework, and improve support for making API requests.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#testing",
+            "text": "Code without tests is broken as designed.  \u2014  Jacob Kaplan-Moss   REST framework includes a few helper classes that extend Django's existing test framework, and improve support for making API requests.",
             "title": "Testing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#apirequestfactory", 
-            "text": "Extends  Django's existing  RequestFactory  class .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#apirequestfactory",
+            "text": "Extends  Django's existing  RequestFactory  class .",
             "title": "APIRequestFactory"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#creating-test-requests", 
-            "text": "The  APIRequestFactory  class supports an almost identical API to Django's standard  RequestFactory  class.  This means that the standard  .get() ,  .post() ,  .put() ,  .patch() ,  .delete() ,  .head()  and  .options()  methods are all available.  from rest_framework.test import APIRequestFactory\n\n# Using the standard RequestFactory API to create a form POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#creating-test-requests",
+            "text": "The  APIRequestFactory  class supports an almost identical API to Django's standard  RequestFactory  class.  This means that the standard  .get() ,  .post() ,  .put() ,  .patch() ,  .delete() ,  .head()  and  .options()  methods are all available.  from rest_framework.test import APIRequestFactory\n\n# Using the standard RequestFactory API to create a form POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'})",
             "title": "Creating test requests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#using-the-format-argument", 
-            "text": "Methods which create a request body, such as  post ,  put  and  patch , include a  format  argument, which make it easy to generate requests using a content type other than multipart form data.  For example:  # Create a JSON POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')  By default the available formats are  'multipart'  and  'json' .  For compatibility with Django's existing  RequestFactory  the default format is  'multipart' .  To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format,  see the configuration section .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#using-the-format-argument",
+            "text": "Methods which create a request body, such as  post ,  put  and  patch , include a  format  argument, which make it easy to generate requests using a content type other than multipart form data.  For example:  # Create a JSON POST request\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')  By default the available formats are  'multipart'  and  'json' .  For compatibility with Django's existing  RequestFactory  the default format is  'multipart' .  To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format,  see the configuration section .",
             "title": "Using the format argument"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#explicitly-encoding-the-request-body", 
-            "text": "If you need to explicitly encode the request body, you can do so by setting the  content_type  flag.  For example:  request = factory.post('/notes/', json.dumps({'title': 'new idea'}), content_type='application/json')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#explicitly-encoding-the-request-body",
+            "text": "If you need to explicitly encode the request body, you can do so by setting the  content_type  flag.  For example:  request = factory.post('/notes/', json.dumps({'title': 'new idea'}), content_type='application/json')",
             "title": "Explicitly encoding the request body"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#put-and-patch-with-form-data", 
-            "text": "One difference worth noting between Django's  RequestFactory  and REST framework's  APIRequestFactory  is that multipart form data will be encoded for methods other than just  .post() .  For example, using  APIRequestFactory , you can make a form PUT request like so:  factory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', {'title': 'remember to email dave'})  Using Django's  RequestFactory , you'd need to explicitly encode the data yourself:  from django.test.client import encode_multipart, RequestFactory\n\nfactory = RequestFactory()\ndata = {'title': 'remember to email dave'}\ncontent = encode_multipart('BoUnDaRyStRiNg', data)\ncontent_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg'\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', content, content_type=content_type)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#put-and-patch-with-form-data",
+            "text": "One difference worth noting between Django's  RequestFactory  and REST framework's  APIRequestFactory  is that multipart form data will be encoded for methods other than just  .post() .  For example, using  APIRequestFactory , you can make a form PUT request like so:  factory = APIRequestFactory()\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', {'title': 'remember to email dave'})  Using Django's  RequestFactory , you'd need to explicitly encode the data yourself:  from django.test.client import encode_multipart, RequestFactory\n\nfactory = RequestFactory()\ndata = {'title': 'remember to email dave'}\ncontent = encode_multipart('BoUnDaRyStRiNg', data)\ncontent_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg'\nrequest = factory.put('/notes/547/', content, content_type=content_type)",
             "title": "PUT and PATCH with form data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#forcing-authentication", 
-            "text": "When testing views directly using a request factory, it's often convenient to be able to directly authenticate the request, rather than having to construct the correct authentication credentials.  To forcibly authenticate a request, use the  force_authenticate()  method.  from rest_framework.test import force_authenticate\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nview = AccountDetail.as_view()\n\n# Make an authenticated request to the view...\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user)\nresponse = view(request)  The signature for the method is  force_authenticate(request, user=None, token=None) .  When making the call, either or both of the user and token may be set.  For example, when forcibly authenticating using a token, you might do something like the following:  user = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user, token=user.auth_token)   Note :  force_authenticate  directly sets  request.user  to the in-memory  user  instance. If you are re-using the same  user  instance across multiple tests that update the saved  user  state, you may need to call  refresh_from_db()  between tests.   Note : When using  APIRequestFactory , the object that is returned is Django's standard  HttpRequest , and not REST framework's  Request  object, which is only generated once the view is called.  This means that setting attributes directly on the request object may not always have the effect you expect.  For example, setting  .token  directly will have no effect, and setting  .user  directly will only work if session authentication is being used.  # Request will only authenticate if `SessionAuthentication` is in use.\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nrequest.user = user\nresponse = view(request)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#forcing-authentication",
+            "text": "When testing views directly using a request factory, it's often convenient to be able to directly authenticate the request, rather than having to construct the correct authentication credentials.  To forcibly authenticate a request, use the  force_authenticate()  method.  from rest_framework.test import force_authenticate\n\nfactory = APIRequestFactory()\nuser = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nview = AccountDetail.as_view()\n\n# Make an authenticated request to the view...\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user)\nresponse = view(request)  The signature for the method is  force_authenticate(request, user=None, token=None) .  When making the call, either or both of the user and token may be set.  For example, when forcibly authenticating using a token, you might do something like the following:  user = User.objects.get(username='olivia')\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nforce_authenticate(request, user=user, token=user.auth_token)   Note :  force_authenticate  directly sets  request.user  to the in-memory  user  instance. If you are re-using the same  user  instance across multiple tests that update the saved  user  state, you may need to call  refresh_from_db()  between tests.   Note : When using  APIRequestFactory , the object that is returned is Django's standard  HttpRequest , and not REST framework's  Request  object, which is only generated once the view is called.  This means that setting attributes directly on the request object may not always have the effect you expect.  For example, setting  .token  directly will have no effect, and setting  .user  directly will only work if session authentication is being used.  # Request will only authenticate if `SessionAuthentication` is in use.\nrequest = factory.get('/accounts/django-superstars/')\nrequest.user = user\nresponse = view(request)",
             "title": "Forcing authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#forcing-csrf-validation", 
-            "text": "By default, requests created with  APIRequestFactory  will not have CSRF validation applied when passed to a REST framework view.  If you need to explicitly turn CSRF validation on, you can do so by setting the  enforce_csrf_checks  flag when instantiating the factory.  factory = APIRequestFactory(enforce_csrf_checks=True)   Note : It's worth noting that Django's standard  RequestFactory  doesn't need to include this option, because when using regular Django the CSRF validation takes place in middleware, which is not run when testing views directly.  When using REST framework, CSRF validation takes place inside the view, so the request factory needs to disable view-level CSRF checks.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#forcing-csrf-validation",
+            "text": "By default, requests created with  APIRequestFactory  will not have CSRF validation applied when passed to a REST framework view.  If you need to explicitly turn CSRF validation on, you can do so by setting the  enforce_csrf_checks  flag when instantiating the factory.  factory = APIRequestFactory(enforce_csrf_checks=True)   Note : It's worth noting that Django's standard  RequestFactory  doesn't need to include this option, because when using regular Django the CSRF validation takes place in middleware, which is not run when testing views directly.  When using REST framework, CSRF validation takes place inside the view, so the request factory needs to disable view-level CSRF checks.",
             "title": "Forcing CSRF validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#apiclient", 
-            "text": "Extends  Django's existing  Client  class .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#apiclient",
+            "text": "Extends  Django's existing  Client  class .",
             "title": "APIClient"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#making-requests", 
-            "text": "The  APIClient  class supports the same request interface as Django's standard  Client  class.  This means the that standard  .get() ,  .post() ,  .put() ,  .patch() ,  .delete() ,  .head()  and  .options()  methods are all available.  For example:  from rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')  To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format,  see the configuration section .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#making-requests",
+            "text": "The  APIClient  class supports the same request interface as Django's standard  Client  class.  This means that the standard  .get() ,  .post() ,  .put() ,  .patch() ,  .delete() ,  .head()  and  .options()  methods are all available.  For example:  from rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.post('/notes/', {'title': 'new idea'}, format='json')  To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format,  see the configuration section .",
             "title": "Making requests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#authenticating", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#authenticating",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Authenticating"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#loginkwargs", 
-            "text": "The  login  method functions exactly as it does with Django's regular  Client  class.  This allows you to authenticate requests against any views which include  SessionAuthentication .  # Make all requests in the context of a logged in session.\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.login(username='lauren', password='secret')  To logout, call the  logout  method as usual.  # Log out\nclient.logout()  The  login  method is appropriate for testing APIs that use session authentication, for example web sites which include AJAX interaction with the API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#loginkwargs",
+            "text": "The  login  method functions exactly as it does with Django's regular  Client  class.  This allows you to authenticate requests against any views which include  SessionAuthentication .  # Make all requests in the context of a logged in session.\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.login(username='lauren', password='secret')  To logout, call the  logout  method as usual.  # Log out\nclient.logout()  The  login  method is appropriate for testing APIs that use session authentication, for example web sites which include AJAX interaction with the API.",
             "title": ".login(**kwargs)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#credentialskwargs", 
-            "text": "The  credentials  method can be used to set headers that will then be included on all subsequent requests by the test client.  from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\n# Include an appropriate `Authorization:` header on all requests.\ntoken = Token.objects.get(user__username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION='Token ' + token.key)  Note that calling  credentials  a second time overwrites any existing credentials.  You can unset any existing credentials by calling the method with no arguments.  # Stop including any credentials\nclient.credentials()  The  credentials  method is appropriate for testing APIs that require authentication headers, such as basic authentication, OAuth1a and OAuth2 authentication, and simple token authentication schemes.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#credentialskwargs",
+            "text": "The  credentials  method can be used to set headers that will then be included on all subsequent requests by the test client.  from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token\nfrom rest_framework.test import APIClient\n\n# Include an appropriate `Authorization:` header on all requests.\ntoken = Token.objects.get(user__username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION='Token ' + token.key)  Note that calling  credentials  a second time overwrites any existing credentials.  You can unset any existing credentials by calling the method with no arguments.  # Stop including any credentials\nclient.credentials()  The  credentials  method is appropriate for testing APIs that require authentication headers, such as basic authentication, OAuth1a and OAuth2 authentication, and simple token authentication schemes.",
             "title": ".credentials(**kwargs)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#force_authenticateusernone-tokennone", 
-            "text": "Sometimes you may want to bypass authentication entirely and force all requests by the test client to be automatically treated as authenticated.  This can be a useful shortcut if you're testing the API but don't want to have to construct valid authentication credentials in order to make test requests.  user = User.objects.get(username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.force_authenticate(user=user)  To unauthenticate subsequent requests, call  force_authenticate  setting the user and/or token to  None .  client.force_authenticate(user=None)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#force_authenticateusernone-tokennone",
+            "text": "Sometimes you may want to bypass authentication entirely and force all requests by the test client to be automatically treated as authenticated.  This can be a useful shortcut if you're testing the API but don't want to have to construct valid authentication credentials in order to make test requests.  user = User.objects.get(username='lauren')\nclient = APIClient()\nclient.force_authenticate(user=user)  To unauthenticate subsequent requests, call  force_authenticate  setting the user and/or token to  None .  client.force_authenticate(user=None)",
             "title": ".force_authenticate(user=None, token=None)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#csrf-validation", 
-            "text": "By default CSRF validation is not applied when using  APIClient .  If you need to explicitly enable CSRF validation, you can do so by setting the  enforce_csrf_checks  flag when instantiating the client.  client = APIClient(enforce_csrf_checks=True)  As usual CSRF validation will only apply to any session authenticated views.  This means CSRF validation will only occur if the client has been logged in by calling  login() .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#csrf-validation",
+            "text": "By default CSRF validation is not applied when using  APIClient .  If you need to explicitly enable CSRF validation, you can do so by setting the  enforce_csrf_checks  flag when instantiating the client.  client = APIClient(enforce_csrf_checks=True)  As usual CSRF validation will only apply to any session authenticated views.  This means CSRF validation will only occur if the client has been logged in by calling  login() .",
             "title": "CSRF validation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#requestsclient", 
-            "text": "REST framework also includes a client for interacting with your application\nusing the popular Python library,  requests . This may be useful if:   You are expecting to interface with the API primarily from another Python service,\nand want to test the service at the same level as the client will see.  You want to write tests in such a way that they can also be run against a staging or\nlive environment. (See \"Live tests\" below.)   This exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a requests session\ndirectly.  from rest_framework.test import RequestsClient\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200  Note that the requests client requires you to pass fully qualified URLs.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#requestsclient",
+            "text": "REST framework also includes a client for interacting with your application\nusing the popular Python library,  requests . This may be useful if:   You are expecting to interface with the API primarily from another Python service,\nand want to test the service at the same level as the client will see.  You want to write tests in such a way that they can also be run against a staging or\nlive environment. (See \"Live tests\" below.)   This exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a requests session\ndirectly.  from rest_framework.test import RequestsClient\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200  Note that the requests client requires you to pass fully qualified URLs.",
             "title": "RequestsClient"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#requestsclient-and-working-with-the-database", 
-            "text": "The  RequestsClient  class is useful if you want to write tests that solely interact with the service interface. This is a little stricter than using the standard Django test client, as it means that all interactions should be via the API.  If you're using  RequestsClient  you'll want to ensure that test setup, and results assertions are performed as regular API calls, rather than interacting with the database models directly. For example, rather than checking that  Customer.objects.count() == 3  you would list the customers endpoint, and ensure that it contains three records.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#requestsclient-and-working-with-the-database",
+            "text": "The  RequestsClient  class is useful if you want to write tests that solely interact with the service interface. This is a little stricter than using the standard Django test client, as it means that all interactions should be via the API.  If you're using  RequestsClient  you'll want to ensure that test setup, and results assertions are performed as regular API calls, rather than interacting with the database models directly. For example, rather than checking that  Customer.objects.count() == 3  you would list the customers endpoint, and ensure that it contains three records.",
             "title": "RequestsClient and working with the database"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#headers-authentication", 
-            "text": "Custom headers and authentication credentials can be provided in the same way\nas  when using a standard  requests.Session  instance .  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#headers-authentication",
+            "text": "Custom headers and authentication credentials can be provided in the same way\nas  when using a standard  requests.Session  instance .  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})",
             "title": "Headers & Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#csrf", 
-            "text": "If you're using  SessionAuthentication  then you'll need to include a CSRF token\nfor any  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  or  DELETE  requests.  You can do so by following the same flow that a JavaScript based client would use.\nFirst make a  GET  request in order to obtain a CRSF token, then present that\ntoken in the following request.  For example...  client = RequestsClient()\n\n# Obtain a CSRF token.\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/homepage/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\ncsrftoken = response.cookies['csrftoken']\n\n# Interact with the API.\nresponse = client.post('http://testserver/organisations/', json={\n    'name': 'MegaCorp',\n    'status': 'active'\n}, headers={'X-CSRFToken': csrftoken})\nassert response.status_code == 200", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#csrf",
+            "text": "If you're using  SessionAuthentication  then you'll need to include a CSRF token\nfor any  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  or  DELETE  requests.  You can do so by following the same flow that a JavaScript based client would use.\nFirst make a  GET  request in order to obtain a CRSF token, then present that\ntoken in the following request.  For example...  client = RequestsClient()\n\n# Obtain a CSRF token.\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/homepage/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\ncsrftoken = response.cookies['csrftoken']\n\n# Interact with the API.\nresponse = client.post('http://testserver/organisations/', json={\n    'name': 'MegaCorp',\n    'status': 'active'\n}, headers={'X-CSRFToken': csrftoken})\nassert response.status_code == 200",
             "title": "CSRF"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#live-tests", 
-            "text": "With careful usage both the  RequestsClient  and the  CoreAPIClient  provide\nthe ability to write test cases that can run either in development, or be run\ndirectly against your staging server or production environment.  Using this style to create basic tests of a few core piece of functionality is\na powerful way to validate your live service. Doing so may require some careful\nattention to setup and teardown to ensure that the tests run in a way that they\ndo not directly affect customer data.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#live-tests",
+            "text": "With careful usage both the  RequestsClient  and the  CoreAPIClient  provide\nthe ability to write test cases that can run either in development, or be run\ndirectly against your staging server or production environment.  Using this style to create basic tests of a few core piece of functionality is\na powerful way to validate your live service. Doing so may require some careful\nattention to setup and teardown to ensure that the tests run in a way that they\ndo not directly affect customer data.",
             "title": "Live tests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#coreapiclient", 
-            "text": "The CoreAPIClient allows you to interact with your API using the Python coreapi  client library.  # Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#coreapiclient",
+            "text": "The CoreAPIClient allows you to interact with your API using the Python coreapi  client library.  # Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])",
             "title": "CoreAPIClient"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#headers-authentication_1", 
-            "text": "Custom headers and authentication may be used with  CoreAPIClient  in a\nsimilar way as with  RequestsClient .  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nclient.session.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.session.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#headers-authentication_1",
+            "text": "Custom headers and authentication may be used with  CoreAPIClient  in a\nsimilar way as with  RequestsClient .  from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth\n\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nclient.session.auth = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')\nclient.session.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})",
             "title": "Headers & Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#api-test-cases", 
-            "text": "REST framework includes the following test case classes, that mirror the existing Django test case classes, but use  APIClient  instead of Django's default  Client .   APISimpleTestCase  APITransactionTestCase  APITestCase  APILiveServerTestCase", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#api-test-cases",
+            "text": "REST framework includes the following test case classes, that mirror the existing Django test case classes, but use  APIClient  instead of Django's default  Client .   APISimpleTestCase  APITransactionTestCase  APITestCase  APILiveServerTestCase",
             "title": "API Test cases"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#example", 
-            "text": "You can use any of REST framework's test case classes as you would for the regular Django test case classes.  The  self.client  attribute will be an  APIClient  instance.  from django.urls import reverse\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\nfrom myproject.apps.core.models import Account\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase):\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        data = {'name': 'DabApps'}\n        response = self.client.post(url, data, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.count(), 1)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.get().name, 'DabApps')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#example",
+            "text": "You can use any of REST framework's test case classes as you would for the regular Django test case classes.  The  self.client  attribute will be an  APIClient  instance.  from django.urls import reverse\nfrom rest_framework import status\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase\nfrom myproject.apps.core.models import Account\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase):\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        data = {'name': 'DabApps'}\n        response = self.client.post(url, data, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.count(), 1)\n        self.assertEqual(Account.objects.get().name, 'DabApps')",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#urlpatternstestcase", 
-            "text": "REST framework also provides a test case class for isolating  urlpatterns  on a per-class basis. Note that this inherits from Django's  SimpleTestCase , and will most likely need to be mixed with another test case class.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#urlpatternstestcase",
+            "text": "REST framework also provides a test case class for isolating  urlpatterns  on a per-class basis. Note that this inherits from Django's  SimpleTestCase , and will most likely need to be mixed with another test case class.",
             "title": "URLPatternsTestCase"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#example_1", 
-            "text": "from django.urls import include, path, reverse\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase):\n    urlpatterns = [\n        path('api/', include('api.urls')),\n    ]\n\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        response = self.client.get(url, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)\n        self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#example_1",
+            "text": "from django.urls import include, path, reverse\nfrom rest_framework.test import APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase\n\n\nclass AccountTests(APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase):\n    urlpatterns = [\n        path('api/', include('api.urls')),\n    ]\n\n    def test_create_account(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Ensure we can create a new account object.\n        \"\"\"\n        url = reverse('account-list')\n        response = self.client.get(url, format='json')\n        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)\n        self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)",
             "title": "Example"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#testing-responses", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#testing-responses",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Testing responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#checking-the-response-data", 
-            "text": "When checking the validity of test responses it's often more convenient to inspect the data that the response was created with, rather than inspecting the fully rendered response.  For example, it's easier to inspect  response.data :  response = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(response.data, {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})  Instead of inspecting the result of parsing  response.content :  response = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content), {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#checking-the-response-data",
+            "text": "When checking the validity of test responses it's often more convenient to inspect the data that the response was created with, rather than inspecting the fully rendered response.  For example, it's easier to inspect  response.data :  response = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(response.data, {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})  Instead of inspecting the result of parsing  response.content :  response = self.client.get('/users/4/')\nself.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content), {'id': 4, 'username': 'lauren'})",
             "title": "Checking the response data"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#rendering-responses", 
-            "text": "If you're testing views directly using  APIRequestFactory , the responses that are returned will not yet be rendered, as rendering of template responses is performed by Django's internal request-response cycle.  In order to access  response.content , you'll first need to render the response.  view = UserDetail.as_view()\nrequest = factory.get('/users/4')\nresponse = view(request, pk='4')\nresponse.render()  # Cannot access `response.content` without this.\nself.assertEqual(response.content, '{\"username\": \"lauren\", \"id\": 4}')", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#rendering-responses",
+            "text": "If you're testing views directly using  APIRequestFactory , the responses that are returned will not yet be rendered, as rendering of template responses is performed by Django's internal request-response cycle.  In order to access  response.content , you'll first need to render the response.  view = UserDetail.as_view()\nrequest = factory.get('/users/4')\nresponse = view(request, pk='4')\nresponse.render()  # Cannot access `response.content` without this.\nself.assertEqual(response.content, '{\"username\": \"lauren\", \"id\": 4}')",
             "title": "Rendering responses"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#configuration", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#configuration",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Configuration"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#setting-the-default-format", 
-            "text": "The default format used to make test requests may be set using the  TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT  setting key.  For example, to always use JSON for test requests by default instead of standard multipart form requests, set the following in your  settings.py  file:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'json'\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#setting-the-default-format",
+            "text": "The default format used to make test requests may be set using the  TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT  setting key.  For example, to always use JSON for test requests by default instead of standard multipart form requests, set the following in your  settings.py  file:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'json'\n}",
             "title": "Setting the default format"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#setting-the-available-formats", 
-            "text": "If you need to test requests using something other than multipart or json requests, you can do so by setting the  TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For example, to add support for using  format='html'  in test requests, you might have something like this in your  settings.py  file.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer'\n    )\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/testing/#setting-the-available-formats",
+            "text": "If you need to test requests using something other than multipart or json requests, you can do so by setting the  TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  For example, to add support for using  format='html'  in test requests, you might have something like this in your  settings.py  file.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    ...\n    'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer'\n    )\n}",
             "title": "Setting the available formats"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/", 
-            "text": "Settings\n\n\n\n\nNamespaces are one honking great idea - let's do more of those!\n\n\n \nThe Zen of Python\n\n\n\n\nConfiguration for REST framework is all namespaced inside a single Django setting, named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n.\n\n\nFor example your project's \nsettings.py\n file might include something like this:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nAccessing settings\n\n\nIf you need to access the values of REST framework's API settings in your project,\nyou should use the \napi_settings\n object.  For example.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.settings import api_settings\n\nprint(api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES)\n\n\n\nThe \napi_settings\n object will check for any user-defined settings, and otherwise fall back to the default values.  Any setting that uses string import paths to refer to a class will automatically import and return the referenced class, instead of the string literal.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAPI policy settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the basic API policies, and are applied to every \nAPIView\n class-based view, or \n@api_view\n function based view.\n\n\nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of renderer classes, that determines the default set of renderers that may be used when returning a \nResponse\n object.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of parser classes, that determines the default set of parsers used when accessing the \nrequest.data\n property.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of authentication classes, that determines the default set of authenticators used when accessing the \nrequest.user\n or \nrequest.auth\n properties.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of permission classes, that determines the default set of permissions checked at the start of a view. Permission must be granted by every class in the list.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of throttle classes, that determines the default set of throttles checked at the start of a view.\n\n\nDefault: \n()\n\n\nDEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS\n\n\nA content negotiation class, that determines how a renderer is selected for the response, given an incoming request.\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation'\n\n\nDEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS\n\n\nA view inspector class that will be used for schema generation.\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema'\n\n\n\n\nGeneric view settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of the generic class-based views.\n\n\nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nThe pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and\nyou'll need to instead override the `get_paginated_response method on a\npagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.\n\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n\n\nA list of filter backend classes that should be used for generic filtering.\nIf set to \nNone\n then generic filtering is disabled.\n\n\nPAGINATE_BY\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nPAGE_SIZE\n\n\nThe default page size to use for pagination.  If set to \nNone\n, pagination is disabled by default.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nPAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nMAX_PAGINATE_BY\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nSEARCH_PARAM\n\n\nThe name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the search term used by \nSearchFilter\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nsearch\n\n\nORDERING_PARAM\n\n\nThe name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the ordering of results returned by \nOrderingFilter\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nordering\n\n\n\n\nVersioning settings\n\n\nDEFAULT_VERSION\n\n\nThe value that should be used for \nrequest.version\n when no versioning information is present.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n\n\nIf set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version if not in this set.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nVERSION_PARAM\n\n\nThe string that should used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters.\n\n\nDefault: \n'version'\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of unauthenticated requests.\n\n\nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n\n\nThe class that should be used to initialize \nrequest.user\n for unauthenticated requests.\n(If removing authentication entirely, e.g. by removing \ndjango.contrib.auth\n from\n\nINSTALLED_APPS\n, set \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n to \nNone\n.)\n\n\nDefault: \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n\n\nUNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN\n\n\nThe class that should be used to initialize \nrequest.auth\n for unauthenticated requests.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\n\n\nTest settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of APIRequestFactory and APIClient\n\n\nTEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT\n\n\nThe default format that should be used when making test requests.\n\n\nThis should match up with the format of one of the renderer classes in the \nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nDefault: \n'multipart'\n\n\nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n\n\nThe renderer classes that are supported when building test requests.\n\n\nThe format of any of these renderer classes may be used when constructing a test request, for example: \nclient.post('/users', {'username': 'jamie'}, format='json')\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nSchema generation controls\n\n\nSCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK\n\n\nIf set, this maps the \n'pk'\n identifier in the URL conf onto the actual field\nname when generating a schema path parameter. Typically this will be \n'id'\n.\nThis gives a more suitable representation as \"primary key\" is an implementation\ndetail, whereas \"identifier\" is a more general concept.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nSCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES\n\n\nIf set, this is used to map internal viewset method names onto external action\nnames used in the schema generation. This allows us to generate names that\nare more suitable for an external representation than those that are used\ninternally in the codebase.\n\n\nDefault: \n{'retrieve': 'read', 'destroy': 'delete'}\n\n\n\n\nContent type controls\n\n\nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n\n\nThe name of a URL parameter that may be used to override the default content negotiation \nAccept\n header behavior, by using a \nformat=\u2026\n query parameter in the request URL.\n\n\nFor example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations/?format=csv\n\n\nIf the value of this setting is \nNone\n then URL format overrides will be disabled.\n\n\nDefault: \n'format'\n\n\nFORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG\n\n\nThe name of a parameter in the URL conf that may be used to provide a format suffix. This setting is applied when using \nformat_suffix_patterns\n to include suffixed URL patterns.\n\n\nFor example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations.csv/\n\n\nDefault: \n'format'\n\n\n\n\nDate and time formatting\n\n\nThe following settings are used to control how date and time representations may be parsed and rendered.\n\n\nDATETIME_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields will return Python \ndatetime\n objects, and the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nDATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\nDATE_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nDateField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nDateField\n serializer fields will return Python \ndate\n objects, and the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nDATE_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nDateField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\nTIME_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nTimeField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nTimeField\n serializer fields will return Python \ntime\n objects, and the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nTIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nTimeField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\n\n\nEncodings\n\n\nUNICODE_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON responses will allow unicode characters in responses. For example:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\"}\n\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON responses will escape non-ascii characters, like so:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\\u2605\"}\n\n\n\nBoth styles conform to \nRFC 4627\n, and are syntactically valid JSON. The unicode style is preferred as being more user-friendly when inspecting API responses.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nCOMPACT_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON responses will return compact representations, with no spacing after \n':'\n and \n','\n characters. For example:\n\n\n{\"is_admin\":false,\"email\":\"jane@example\"}\n\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON responses will return slightly more verbose representations, like so:\n\n\n{\"is_admin\": false, \"email\": \"jane@example\"}\n\n\n\nThe default style is to return minified responses, in line with \nHeroku's API design guidelines\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nSTRICT_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON rendering and parsing will only observe syntactically valid JSON, raising an exception for the extended float values (\nnan\n, \ninf\n, \n-inf\n) accepted by Python's \njson\n module. This is the recommended setting, as these values are not generally supported. e.g., neither Javascript's \nJSON.Parse\n nor PostgreSQL's JSON data type accept these values.\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON rendering and parsing will be permissive. However, these values are still invalid and will need to be specially handled in your code.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n\n\nWhen returning decimal objects in API representations that do not support a native decimal type, it is normally best to return the value as a string. This avoids the loss of precision that occurs with binary floating point implementations.\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, the serializer \nDecimalField\n class will return strings instead of \nDecimal\n objects. When set to \nFalse\n, serializers will return \nDecimal\n objects, which the default JSON encoder will return as floats.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\n\n\nView names and descriptions\n\n\nThe following settings are used to generate the view names and descriptions, as used in responses to \nOPTIONS\n requests, and as used in the browsable API.\n\n\nVIEW_NAME_FUNCTION\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when generating view names.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nview_name(self)\n\n\n\n\n\nself\n: The view instance.  Typically the name function would inspect the name of the class when generating a descriptive name, by accessing \nself.__class__.__name__\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf the view instance inherits \nViewSet\n, it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:\n\n\n\n\nname\n: A name expliticly provided to a view in the viewset. Typically, this value should be used as-is when provided.\n\n\nsuffix\n: Text used when differentiating individual views in a viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to \nname\n.\n\n\ndetail\n: Boolean that differentiates an individual view in a viewset as either being a 'list' or 'detail' view.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.get_view_name'\n\n\nVIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when generating view descriptions.\n\n\nThis setting can be changed to support markup styles other than the default markdown.  For example, you can use it to support \nrst\n markup in your view docstrings being output in the browsable API.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nview_description(self, html=False)\n\n\n\n\n\nself\n: The view instance.  Typically the description function would inspect the docstring of the class when generating a description, by accessing \nself.__class__.__doc__\n\n\nhtml\n: A boolean indicating if HTML output is required.  \nTrue\n when used in the browsable API, and \nFalse\n when used in generating \nOPTIONS\n responses.\n\n\n\n\nIf the view instance inherits \nViewSet\n, it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:\n\n\n\n\ndescription\n: A description explicitly provided to the view in the viewset. Typically, this is set by extra viewset \naction\ns, and should be used as-is.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.get_view_description'\n\n\nHTML Select Field cutoffs\n\n\nGlobal settings for \nselect field cutoffs for rendering relational fields\n in the browsable API.\n\n\nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF\n\n\nGlobal setting for the \nhtml_cutoff\n value.  Must be an integer.\n\n\nDefault: 1000\n\n\nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT\n\n\nA string representing a global setting for \nhtml_cutoff_text\n.\n\n\nDefault: \n\"More than {count} items...\"\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous settings\n\n\nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when returning a response for any given exception.  If the function returns \nNone\n, a 500 error will be raised.\n\n\nThis setting can be changed to support error responses other than the default \n{\"detail\": \"Failure...\"}\n responses.  For example, you can use it to provide API responses like \n{\"errors\": [{\"message\": \"Failure...\", \"code\": \"\"} ...]}\n.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nexception_handler(exc, context)\n\n\n\n\n\nexc\n: The exception.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n\n\nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n\n\nA string representing the key that should be used for serializer errors that do not refer to a specific field, but are instead general errors.\n\n\nDefault: \n'non_field_errors'\n\n\nURL_FIELD_NAME\n\n\nA string representing the key that should be used for the URL fields generated by \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nDefault: \n'url'\n\n\nNUM_PROXIES\n\n\nAn integer of 0 or more, that may be used to specify the number of application proxies that the API runs behind.  This allows throttling to more accurately identify client IP addresses.  If set to \nNone\n then less strict IP matching will be used by the throttle classes.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/",
+            "text": "Settings\n\n\n\n\nNamespaces are one honking great idea - let's do more of those!\n\n\n\u2014 \nThe Zen of Python\n\n\n\n\nConfiguration for REST framework is all namespaced inside a single Django setting, named \nREST_FRAMEWORK\n.\n\n\nFor example your project's \nsettings.py\n file might include something like this:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}\n\n\n\nAccessing settings\n\n\nIf you need to access the values of REST framework's API settings in your project,\nyou should use the \napi_settings\n object.  For example.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.settings import api_settings\n\nprint(api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES)\n\n\n\nThe \napi_settings\n object will check for any user-defined settings, and otherwise fall back to the default values.  Any setting that uses string import paths to refer to a class will automatically import and return the referenced class, instead of the string literal.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Reference\n\n\nAPI policy settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the basic API policies, and are applied to every \nAPIView\n class-based view, or \n@api_view\n function based view.\n\n\nDEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of renderer classes, that determines the default set of renderers that may be used when returning a \nResponse\n object.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of parser classes, that determines the default set of parsers used when accessing the \nrequest.data\n property.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of authentication classes, that determines the default set of authenticators used when accessing the \nrequest.user\n or \nrequest.auth\n properties.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of permission classes, that determines the default set of permissions checked at the start of a view. Permission must be granted by every class in the list.\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES\n\n\nA list or tuple of throttle classes, that determines the default set of throttles checked at the start of a view.\n\n\nDefault: \n()\n\n\nDEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS\n\n\nA content negotiation class, that determines how a renderer is selected for the response, given an incoming request.\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation'\n\n\nDEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS\n\n\nA view inspector class that will be used for schema generation.\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema'\n\n\n\n\nGeneric view settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of the generic class-based views.\n\n\nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nThe pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and\nyou'll need to instead override the `get_paginated_response method on a\npagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.\n\n\n\n\nDEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS\n\n\nA list of filter backend classes that should be used for generic filtering.\nIf set to \nNone\n then generic filtering is disabled.\n\n\nPAGINATE_BY\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nPAGE_SIZE\n\n\nThe default page size to use for pagination.  If set to \nNone\n, pagination is disabled by default.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nPAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nMAX_PAGINATE_BY\n\n\n\n\nThis setting has been removed.\n\n\nSee the pagination documentation for further guidance on \nsetting the pagination style\n.\n\n\n\n\nSEARCH_PARAM\n\n\nThe name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the search term used by \nSearchFilter\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nsearch\n\n\nORDERING_PARAM\n\n\nThe name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the ordering of results returned by \nOrderingFilter\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nordering\n\n\n\n\nVersioning settings\n\n\nDEFAULT_VERSION\n\n\nThe value that should be used for \nrequest.version\n when no versioning information is present.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nALLOWED_VERSIONS\n\n\nIf set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version if not in this set.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\nVERSION_PARAM\n\n\nThe string that should used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters.\n\n\nDefault: \n'version'\n\n\n\n\nAuthentication settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of unauthenticated requests.\n\n\nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n\n\nThe class that should be used to initialize \nrequest.user\n for unauthenticated requests.\n(If removing authentication entirely, e.g. by removing \ndjango.contrib.auth\n from\n\nINSTALLED_APPS\n, set \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER\n to \nNone\n.)\n\n\nDefault: \ndjango.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser\n\n\nUNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN\n\n\nThe class that should be used to initialize \nrequest.auth\n for unauthenticated requests.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone\n\n\n\n\nTest settings\n\n\nThe following settings control the behavior of APIRequestFactory and APIClient\n\n\nTEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT\n\n\nThe default format that should be used when making test requests.\n\n\nThis should match up with the format of one of the renderer classes in the \nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nDefault: \n'multipart'\n\n\nTEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES\n\n\nThe renderer classes that are supported when building test requests.\n\n\nThe format of any of these renderer classes may be used when constructing a test request, for example: \nclient.post('/users', {'username': 'jamie'}, format='json')\n\n\nDefault:\n\n\n(\n    'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'\n)\n\n\n\n\n\nSchema generation controls\n\n\nSCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK\n\n\nIf set, this maps the \n'pk'\n identifier in the URL conf onto the actual field\nname when generating a schema path parameter. Typically this will be \n'id'\n.\nThis gives a more suitable representation as \"primary key\" is an implementation\ndetail, whereas \"identifier\" is a more general concept.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nSCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES\n\n\nIf set, this is used to map internal viewset method names onto external action\nnames used in the schema generation. This allows us to generate names that\nare more suitable for an external representation than those that are used\ninternally in the codebase.\n\n\nDefault: \n{'retrieve': 'read', 'destroy': 'delete'}\n\n\n\n\nContent type controls\n\n\nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n\n\nThe name of a URL parameter that may be used to override the default content negotiation \nAccept\n header behavior, by using a \nformat=\u2026\n query parameter in the request URL.\n\n\nFor example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations/?format=csv\n\n\nIf the value of this setting is \nNone\n then URL format overrides will be disabled.\n\n\nDefault: \n'format'\n\n\nFORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG\n\n\nThe name of a parameter in the URL conf that may be used to provide a format suffix. This setting is applied when using \nformat_suffix_patterns\n to include suffixed URL patterns.\n\n\nFor example: \nhttp://example.com/organizations.csv/\n\n\nDefault: \n'format'\n\n\n\n\nDate and time formatting\n\n\nThe following settings are used to control how date and time representations may be parsed and rendered.\n\n\nDATETIME_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields will return Python \ndatetime\n objects, and the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nDATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nDateTimeField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\nDATE_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nDateField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nDateField\n serializer fields will return Python \ndate\n objects, and the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nDATE_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nDateField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\nTIME_FORMAT\n\n\nA format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of \nTimeField\n serializer fields.  If \nNone\n, then \nTimeField\n serializer fields will return Python \ntime\n objects, and the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.\n\n\nMay be any of \nNone\n, \n'iso-8601'\n or a Python \nstrftime format\n string.\n\n\nDefault: \n'iso-8601'\n\n\nTIME_INPUT_FORMATS\n\n\nA list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to \nTimeField\n serializer fields.\n\n\nMay be a list including the string \n'iso-8601'\n or Python \nstrftime format\n strings.\n\n\nDefault: \n['iso-8601']\n\n\n\n\nEncodings\n\n\nUNICODE_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON responses will allow unicode characters in responses. For example:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\"}\n\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON responses will escape non-ascii characters, like so:\n\n\n{\"unicode black star\":\"\\u2605\"}\n\n\n\nBoth styles conform to \nRFC 4627\n, and are syntactically valid JSON. The unicode style is preferred as being more user-friendly when inspecting API responses.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nCOMPACT_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON responses will return compact representations, with no spacing after \n':'\n and \n','\n characters. For example:\n\n\n{\"is_admin\":false,\"email\":\"jane@example\"}\n\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON responses will return slightly more verbose representations, like so:\n\n\n{\"is_admin\": false, \"email\": \"jane@example\"}\n\n\n\nThe default style is to return minified responses, in line with \nHeroku's API design guidelines\n.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nSTRICT_JSON\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, JSON rendering and parsing will only observe syntactically valid JSON, raising an exception for the extended float values (\nnan\n, \ninf\n, \n-inf\n) accepted by Python's \njson\n module. This is the recommended setting, as these values are not generally supported. e.g., neither Javascript's \nJSON.Parse\n nor PostgreSQL's JSON data type accept these values.\n\n\nWhen set to \nFalse\n, JSON rendering and parsing will be permissive. However, these values are still invalid and will need to be specially handled in your code.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n\n\nWhen returning decimal objects in API representations that do not support a native decimal type, it is normally best to return the value as a string. This avoids the loss of precision that occurs with binary floating point implementations.\n\n\nWhen set to \nTrue\n, the serializer \nDecimalField\n class will return strings instead of \nDecimal\n objects. When set to \nFalse\n, serializers will return \nDecimal\n objects, which the default JSON encoder will return as floats.\n\n\nDefault: \nTrue\n\n\n\n\nView names and descriptions\n\n\nThe following settings are used to generate the view names and descriptions, as used in responses to \nOPTIONS\n requests, and as used in the browsable API.\n\n\nVIEW_NAME_FUNCTION\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when generating view names.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nview_name(self)\n\n\n\n\n\nself\n: The view instance.  Typically the name function would inspect the name of the class when generating a descriptive name, by accessing \nself.__class__.__name__\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf the view instance inherits \nViewSet\n, it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:\n\n\n\n\nname\n: A name expliticly provided to a view in the viewset. Typically, this value should be used as-is when provided.\n\n\nsuffix\n: Text used when differentiating individual views in a viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to \nname\n.\n\n\ndetail\n: Boolean that differentiates an individual view in a viewset as either being a 'list' or 'detail' view.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.get_view_name'\n\n\nVIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when generating view descriptions.\n\n\nThis setting can be changed to support markup styles other than the default markdown.  For example, you can use it to support \nrst\n markup in your view docstrings being output in the browsable API.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nview_description(self, html=False)\n\n\n\n\n\nself\n: The view instance.  Typically the description function would inspect the docstring of the class when generating a description, by accessing \nself.__class__.__doc__\n\n\nhtml\n: A boolean indicating if HTML output is required.  \nTrue\n when used in the browsable API, and \nFalse\n when used in generating \nOPTIONS\n responses.\n\n\n\n\nIf the view instance inherits \nViewSet\n, it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:\n\n\n\n\ndescription\n: A description explicitly provided to the view in the viewset. Typically, this is set by extra viewset \naction\ns, and should be used as-is.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.get_view_description'\n\n\nHTML Select Field cutoffs\n\n\nGlobal settings for \nselect field cutoffs for rendering relational fields\n in the browsable API.\n\n\nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF\n\n\nGlobal setting for the \nhtml_cutoff\n value.  Must be an integer.\n\n\nDefault: 1000\n\n\nHTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT\n\n\nA string representing a global setting for \nhtml_cutoff_text\n.\n\n\nDefault: \n\"More than {count} items...\"\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous settings\n\n\nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n\n\nA string representing the function that should be used when returning a response for any given exception.  If the function returns \nNone\n, a 500 error will be raised.\n\n\nThis setting can be changed to support error responses other than the default \n{\"detail\": \"Failure...\"}\n responses.  For example, you can use it to provide API responses like \n{\"errors\": [{\"message\": \"Failure...\", \"code\": \"\"} ...]}\n.\n\n\nThis should be a function with the following signature:\n\n\nexception_handler(exc, context)\n\n\n\n\n\nexc\n: The exception.\n\n\n\n\nDefault: \n'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'\n\n\nNON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY\n\n\nA string representing the key that should be used for serializer errors that do not refer to a specific field, but are instead general errors.\n\n\nDefault: \n'non_field_errors'\n\n\nURL_FIELD_NAME\n\n\nA string representing the key that should be used for the URL fields generated by \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nDefault: \n'url'\n\n\nNUM_PROXIES\n\n\nAn integer of 0 or more, that may be used to specify the number of application proxies that the API runs behind.  This allows throttling to more accurately identify client IP addresses.  If set to \nNone\n then less strict IP matching will be used by the throttle classes.\n\n\nDefault: \nNone",
             "title": "Settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#settings", 
-            "text": "Namespaces are one honking great idea - let's do more of those!    The Zen of Python   Configuration for REST framework is all namespaced inside a single Django setting, named  REST_FRAMEWORK .  For example your project's  settings.py  file might include something like this:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#settings",
+            "text": "Namespaces are one honking great idea - let's do more of those!  \u2014  The Zen of Python   Configuration for REST framework is all namespaced inside a single Django setting, named  REST_FRAMEWORK .  For example your project's  settings.py  file might include something like this:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    ),\n    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (\n        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    )\n}",
             "title": "Settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#accessing-settings", 
-            "text": "If you need to access the values of REST framework's API settings in your project,\nyou should use the  api_settings  object.  For example.  from rest_framework.settings import api_settings\n\nprint(api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES)  The  api_settings  object will check for any user-defined settings, and otherwise fall back to the default values.  Any setting that uses string import paths to refer to a class will automatically import and return the referenced class, instead of the string literal.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#accessing-settings",
+            "text": "If you need to access the values of REST framework's API settings in your project,\nyou should use the  api_settings  object.  For example.  from rest_framework.settings import api_settings\n\nprint(api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES)  The  api_settings  object will check for any user-defined settings, and otherwise fall back to the default values.  Any setting that uses string import paths to refer to a class will automatically import and return the referenced class, instead of the string literal.",
             "title": "Accessing settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#api-reference", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#api-reference",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#api-policy-settings", 
-            "text": "The following settings control the basic API policies, and are applied to every  APIView  class-based view, or  @api_view  function based view.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#api-policy-settings",
+            "text": "The following settings control the basic API policies, and are applied to every  APIView  class-based view, or  @api_view  function based view.",
             "title": "API policy settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_renderer_classes", 
-            "text": "A list or tuple of renderer classes, that determines the default set of renderers that may be used when returning a  Response  object.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_renderer_classes",
+            "text": "A list or tuple of renderer classes, that determines the default set of renderers that may be used when returning a  Response  object.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n)",
             "title": "DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_parser_classes", 
-            "text": "A list or tuple of parser classes, that determines the default set of parsers used when accessing the  request.data  property.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_parser_classes",
+            "text": "A list or tuple of parser classes, that determines the default set of parsers used when accessing the  request.data  property.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',\n    'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'\n)",
             "title": "DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_authentication_classes", 
-            "text": "A list or tuple of authentication classes, that determines the default set of authenticators used when accessing the  request.user  or  request.auth  properties.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_authentication_classes",
+            "text": "A list or tuple of authentication classes, that determines the default set of authenticators used when accessing the  request.user  or  request.auth  properties.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',\n    'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'\n)",
             "title": "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_permission_classes", 
-            "text": "A list or tuple of permission classes, that determines the default set of permissions checked at the start of a view. Permission must be granted by every class in the list.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_permission_classes",
+            "text": "A list or tuple of permission classes, that determines the default set of permissions checked at the start of a view. Permission must be granted by every class in the list.  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',\n)",
             "title": "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_throttle_classes", 
-            "text": "A list or tuple of throttle classes, that determines the default set of throttles checked at the start of a view.  Default:  ()", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_throttle_classes",
+            "text": "A list or tuple of throttle classes, that determines the default set of throttles checked at the start of a view.  Default:  ()",
             "title": "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_content_negotiation_class", 
-            "text": "A content negotiation class, that determines how a renderer is selected for the response, given an incoming request.  Default:  'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_content_negotiation_class",
+            "text": "A content negotiation class, that determines how a renderer is selected for the response, given an incoming request.  Default:  'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation'",
             "title": "DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_schema_class", 
-            "text": "A view inspector class that will be used for schema generation.  Default:  'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_schema_class",
+            "text": "A view inspector class that will be used for schema generation.  Default:  'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema'",
             "title": "DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#generic-view-settings", 
-            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of the generic class-based views.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#generic-view-settings",
+            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of the generic class-based views.",
             "title": "Generic view settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_pagination_serializer_class", 
-            "text": "This setting has been removed.  The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and\nyou'll need to instead override the `get_paginated_response method on a\npagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_pagination_serializer_class",
+            "text": "This setting has been removed.  The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and\nyou'll need to instead override the `get_paginated_response method on a\npagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.",
             "title": "DEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_filter_backends", 
-            "text": "A list of filter backend classes that should be used for generic filtering.\nIf set to  None  then generic filtering is disabled.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_filter_backends",
+            "text": "A list of filter backend classes that should be used for generic filtering.\nIf set to  None  then generic filtering is disabled.",
             "title": "DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#paginate_by", 
-            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#paginate_by",
+            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .",
             "title": "PAGINATE_BY"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#page_size", 
-            "text": "The default page size to use for pagination.  If set to  None , pagination is disabled by default.  Default:  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#page_size",
+            "text": "The default page size to use for pagination.  If set to  None , pagination is disabled by default.  Default:  None",
             "title": "PAGE_SIZE"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#paginate_by_param", 
-            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#paginate_by_param",
+            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .",
             "title": "PAGINATE_BY_PARAM"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#max_paginate_by", 
-            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#max_paginate_by",
+            "text": "This setting has been removed.  See the pagination documentation for further guidance on  setting the pagination style .",
             "title": "MAX_PAGINATE_BY"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#search_param", 
-            "text": "The name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the search term used by  SearchFilter .  Default:  search", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#search_param",
+            "text": "The name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the search term used by  SearchFilter .  Default:  search",
             "title": "SEARCH_PARAM"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#ordering_param", 
-            "text": "The name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the ordering of results returned by  OrderingFilter .  Default:  ordering", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#ordering_param",
+            "text": "The name of a query parameter, which can be used to specify the ordering of results returned by  OrderingFilter .  Default:  ordering",
             "title": "ORDERING_PARAM"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#versioning-settings", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#versioning-settings",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Versioning settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_version", 
-            "text": "The value that should be used for  request.version  when no versioning information is present.  Default:  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#default_version",
+            "text": "The value that should be used for  request.version  when no versioning information is present.  Default:  None",
             "title": "DEFAULT_VERSION"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#allowed_versions", 
-            "text": "If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version if not in this set.  Default:  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#allowed_versions",
+            "text": "If set, this value will restrict the set of versions that may be returned by the versioning scheme, and will raise an error if the provided version if not in this set.  Default:  None",
             "title": "ALLOWED_VERSIONS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#version_param", 
-            "text": "The string that should used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters.  Default:  'version'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#version_param",
+            "text": "The string that should used for any versioning parameters, such as in the media type or URL query parameters.  Default:  'version'",
             "title": "VERSION_PARAM"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#authentication-settings", 
-            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of unauthenticated requests.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#authentication-settings",
+            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of unauthenticated requests.",
             "title": "Authentication settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unauthenticated_user", 
-            "text": "The class that should be used to initialize  request.user  for unauthenticated requests.\n(If removing authentication entirely, e.g. by removing  django.contrib.auth  from INSTALLED_APPS , set  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER  to  None .)  Default:  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unauthenticated_user",
+            "text": "The class that should be used to initialize  request.user  for unauthenticated requests.\n(If removing authentication entirely, e.g. by removing  django.contrib.auth  from INSTALLED_APPS , set  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER  to  None .)  Default:  django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser",
             "title": "UNAUTHENTICATED_USER"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unauthenticated_token", 
-            "text": "The class that should be used to initialize  request.auth  for unauthenticated requests.  Default:  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unauthenticated_token",
+            "text": "The class that should be used to initialize  request.auth  for unauthenticated requests.  Default:  None",
             "title": "UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test-settings", 
-            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of APIRequestFactory and APIClient", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test-settings",
+            "text": "The following settings control the behavior of APIRequestFactory and APIClient",
             "title": "Test settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test_request_default_format", 
-            "text": "The default format that should be used when making test requests.  This should match up with the format of one of the renderer classes in the  TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  Default:  'multipart'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test_request_default_format",
+            "text": "The default format that should be used when making test requests.  This should match up with the format of one of the renderer classes in the  TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES  setting.  Default:  'multipart'",
             "title": "TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test_request_renderer_classes", 
-            "text": "The renderer classes that are supported when building test requests.  The format of any of these renderer classes may be used when constructing a test request, for example:  client.post('/users', {'username': 'jamie'}, format='json')  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'\n)", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#test_request_renderer_classes",
+            "text": "The renderer classes that are supported when building test requests.  The format of any of these renderer classes may be used when constructing a test request, for example:  client.post('/users', {'username': 'jamie'}, format='json')  Default:  (\n    'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',\n    'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'\n)",
             "title": "TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema-generation-controls", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema-generation-controls",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Schema generation controls"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema_coerce_path_pk", 
-            "text": "If set, this maps the  'pk'  identifier in the URL conf onto the actual field\nname when generating a schema path parameter. Typically this will be  'id' .\nThis gives a more suitable representation as \"primary key\" is an implementation\ndetail, whereas \"identifier\" is a more general concept.  Default:  True", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema_coerce_path_pk",
+            "text": "If set, this maps the  'pk'  identifier in the URL conf onto the actual field\nname when generating a schema path parameter. Typically this will be  'id' .\nThis gives a more suitable representation as \"primary key\" is an implementation\ndetail, whereas \"identifier\" is a more general concept.  Default:  True",
             "title": "SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema_coerce_method_names", 
-            "text": "If set, this is used to map internal viewset method names onto external action\nnames used in the schema generation. This allows us to generate names that\nare more suitable for an external representation than those that are used\ninternally in the codebase.  Default:  {'retrieve': 'read', 'destroy': 'delete'}", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#schema_coerce_method_names",
+            "text": "If set, this is used to map internal viewset method names onto external action\nnames used in the schema generation. This allows us to generate names that\nare more suitable for an external representation than those that are used\ninternally in the codebase.  Default:  {'retrieve': 'read', 'destroy': 'delete'}",
             "title": "SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#content-type-controls", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#content-type-controls",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Content type controls"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#url_format_override", 
-            "text": "The name of a URL parameter that may be used to override the default content negotiation  Accept  header behavior, by using a  format=\u2026  query parameter in the request URL.  For example:  http://example.com/organizations/?format=csv  If the value of this setting is  None  then URL format overrides will be disabled.  Default:  'format'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#url_format_override",
+            "text": "The name of a URL parameter that may be used to override the default content negotiation  Accept  header behavior, by using a  format=\u2026  query parameter in the request URL.  For example:  http://example.com/organizations/?format=csv  If the value of this setting is  None  then URL format overrides will be disabled.  Default:  'format'",
             "title": "URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#format_suffix_kwarg", 
-            "text": "The name of a parameter in the URL conf that may be used to provide a format suffix. This setting is applied when using  format_suffix_patterns  to include suffixed URL patterns.  For example:  http://example.com/organizations.csv/  Default:  'format'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#format_suffix_kwarg",
+            "text": "The name of a parameter in the URL conf that may be used to provide a format suffix. This setting is applied when using  format_suffix_patterns  to include suffixed URL patterns.  For example:  http://example.com/organizations.csv/  Default:  'format'",
             "title": "FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date-and-time-formatting", 
-            "text": "The following settings are used to control how date and time representations may be parsed and rendered.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date-and-time-formatting",
+            "text": "The following settings are used to control how date and time representations may be parsed and rendered.",
             "title": "Date and time formatting"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#datetime_format", 
-            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  DateTimeField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  DateTimeField  serializer fields will return Python  datetime  objects, and the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#datetime_format",
+            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  DateTimeField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  DateTimeField  serializer fields will return Python  datetime  objects, and the datetime encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'",
             "title": "DATETIME_FORMAT"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#datetime_input_formats", 
-            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  DateTimeField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#datetime_input_formats",
+            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  DateTimeField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']",
             "title": "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date_format", 
-            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  DateField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  DateField  serializer fields will return Python  date  objects, and the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date_format",
+            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  DateField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  DateField  serializer fields will return Python  date  objects, and the date encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'",
             "title": "DATE_FORMAT"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date_input_formats", 
-            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  DateField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#date_input_formats",
+            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  DateField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']",
             "title": "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#time_format", 
-            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  TimeField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  TimeField  serializer fields will return Python  time  objects, and the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#time_format",
+            "text": "A format string that should be used by default for rendering the output of  TimeField  serializer fields.  If  None , then  TimeField  serializer fields will return Python  time  objects, and the time encoding will be determined by the renderer.  May be any of  None ,  'iso-8601'  or a Python  strftime format  string.  Default:  'iso-8601'",
             "title": "TIME_FORMAT"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#time_input_formats", 
-            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  TimeField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#time_input_formats",
+            "text": "A list of format strings that should be used by default for parsing inputs to  TimeField  serializer fields.  May be a list including the string  'iso-8601'  or Python  strftime format  strings.  Default:  ['iso-8601']",
             "title": "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#encodings", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#encodings",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Encodings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unicode_json", 
-            "text": "When set to  True , JSON responses will allow unicode characters in responses. For example:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\"}  When set to  False , JSON responses will escape non-ascii characters, like so:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\\u2605\"}  Both styles conform to  RFC 4627 , and are syntactically valid JSON. The unicode style is preferred as being more user-friendly when inspecting API responses.  Default:  True", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#unicode_json",
+            "text": "When set to  True , JSON responses will allow unicode characters in responses. For example:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\u2605\"}  When set to  False , JSON responses will escape non-ascii characters, like so:  {\"unicode black star\":\"\\u2605\"}  Both styles conform to  RFC 4627 , and are syntactically valid JSON. The unicode style is preferred as being more user-friendly when inspecting API responses.  Default:  True",
             "title": "UNICODE_JSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#compact_json", 
-            "text": "When set to  True , JSON responses will return compact representations, with no spacing after  ':'  and  ','  characters. For example:  {\"is_admin\":false,\"email\":\"jane@example\"}  When set to  False , JSON responses will return slightly more verbose representations, like so:  {\"is_admin\": false, \"email\": \"jane@example\"}  The default style is to return minified responses, in line with  Heroku's API design guidelines .  Default:  True", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#compact_json",
+            "text": "When set to  True , JSON responses will return compact representations, with no spacing after  ':'  and  ','  characters. For example:  {\"is_admin\":false,\"email\":\"jane@example\"}  When set to  False , JSON responses will return slightly more verbose representations, like so:  {\"is_admin\": false, \"email\": \"jane@example\"}  The default style is to return minified responses, in line with  Heroku's API design guidelines .  Default:  True",
             "title": "COMPACT_JSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#strict_json", 
-            "text": "When set to  True , JSON rendering and parsing will only observe syntactically valid JSON, raising an exception for the extended float values ( nan ,  inf ,  -inf ) accepted by Python's  json  module. This is the recommended setting, as these values are not generally supported. e.g., neither Javascript's  JSON.Parse  nor PostgreSQL's JSON data type accept these values.  When set to  False , JSON rendering and parsing will be permissive. However, these values are still invalid and will need to be specially handled in your code.  Default:  True", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#strict_json",
+            "text": "When set to  True , JSON rendering and parsing will only observe syntactically valid JSON, raising an exception for the extended float values ( nan ,  inf ,  -inf ) accepted by Python's  json  module. This is the recommended setting, as these values are not generally supported. e.g., neither Javascript's  JSON.Parse  nor PostgreSQL's JSON data type accept these values.  When set to  False , JSON rendering and parsing will be permissive. However, these values are still invalid and will need to be specially handled in your code.  Default:  True",
             "title": "STRICT_JSON"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#coerce_decimal_to_string", 
-            "text": "When returning decimal objects in API representations that do not support a native decimal type, it is normally best to return the value as a string. This avoids the loss of precision that occurs with binary floating point implementations.  When set to  True , the serializer  DecimalField  class will return strings instead of  Decimal  objects. When set to  False , serializers will return  Decimal  objects, which the default JSON encoder will return as floats.  Default:  True", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#coerce_decimal_to_string",
+            "text": "When returning decimal objects in API representations that do not support a native decimal type, it is normally best to return the value as a string. This avoids the loss of precision that occurs with binary floating point implementations.  When set to  True , the serializer  DecimalField  class will return strings instead of  Decimal  objects. When set to  False , serializers will return  Decimal  objects, which the default JSON encoder will return as floats.  Default:  True",
             "title": "COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view-names-and-descriptions", 
-            "text": "The following settings are used to generate the view names and descriptions, as used in responses to  OPTIONS  requests, and as used in the browsable API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view-names-and-descriptions",
+            "text": "The following settings are used to generate the view names and descriptions, as used in responses to  OPTIONS  requests, and as used in the browsable API.",
             "title": "View names and descriptions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view_name_function", 
-            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when generating view names.  This should be a function with the following signature:  view_name(self)   self : The view instance.  Typically the name function would inspect the name of the class when generating a descriptive name, by accessing  self.__class__.__name__ .   If the view instance inherits  ViewSet , it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:   name : A name expliticly provided to a view in the viewset. Typically, this value should be used as-is when provided.  suffix : Text used when differentiating individual views in a viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to  name .  detail : Boolean that differentiates an individual view in a viewset as either being a 'list' or 'detail' view.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.get_view_name'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view_name_function",
+            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when generating view names.  This should be a function with the following signature:  view_name(self)   self : The view instance.  Typically the name function would inspect the name of the class when generating a descriptive name, by accessing  self.__class__.__name__ .   If the view instance inherits  ViewSet , it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:   name : A name expliticly provided to a view in the viewset. Typically, this value should be used as-is when provided.  suffix : Text used when differentiating individual views in a viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to  name .  detail : Boolean that differentiates an individual view in a viewset as either being a 'list' or 'detail' view.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.get_view_name'",
             "title": "VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view_description_function", 
-            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when generating view descriptions.  This setting can be changed to support markup styles other than the default markdown.  For example, you can use it to support  rst  markup in your view docstrings being output in the browsable API.  This should be a function with the following signature:  view_description(self, html=False)   self : The view instance.  Typically the description function would inspect the docstring of the class when generating a description, by accessing  self.__class__.__doc__  html : A boolean indicating if HTML output is required.   True  when used in the browsable API, and  False  when used in generating  OPTIONS  responses.   If the view instance inherits  ViewSet , it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:   description : A description explicitly provided to the view in the viewset. Typically, this is set by extra viewset  action s, and should be used as-is.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.get_view_description'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#view_description_function",
+            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when generating view descriptions.  This setting can be changed to support markup styles other than the default markdown.  For example, you can use it to support  rst  markup in your view docstrings being output in the browsable API.  This should be a function with the following signature:  view_description(self, html=False)   self : The view instance.  Typically the description function would inspect the docstring of the class when generating a description, by accessing  self.__class__.__doc__  html : A boolean indicating if HTML output is required.   True  when used in the browsable API, and  False  when used in generating  OPTIONS  responses.   If the view instance inherits  ViewSet , it may have been initialized with several optional arguments:   description : A description explicitly provided to the view in the viewset. Typically, this is set by extra viewset  action s, and should be used as-is.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.get_view_description'",
             "title": "VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html-select-field-cutoffs", 
-            "text": "Global settings for  select field cutoffs for rendering relational fields  in the browsable API.", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html-select-field-cutoffs",
+            "text": "Global settings for  select field cutoffs for rendering relational fields  in the browsable API.",
             "title": "HTML Select Field cutoffs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html_select_cutoff", 
-            "text": "Global setting for the  html_cutoff  value.  Must be an integer.  Default: 1000", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html_select_cutoff",
+            "text": "Global setting for the  html_cutoff  value.  Must be an integer.  Default: 1000",
             "title": "HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html_select_cutoff_text", 
-            "text": "A string representing a global setting for  html_cutoff_text .  Default:  \"More than {count} items...\"", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#html_select_cutoff_text",
+            "text": "A string representing a global setting for  html_cutoff_text .  Default:  \"More than {count} items...\"",
             "title": "HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#miscellaneous-settings", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#miscellaneous-settings",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Miscellaneous settings"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#exception_handler", 
-            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when returning a response for any given exception.  If the function returns  None , a 500 error will be raised.  This setting can be changed to support error responses other than the default  {\"detail\": \"Failure...\"}  responses.  For example, you can use it to provide API responses like  {\"errors\": [{\"message\": \"Failure...\", \"code\": \"\"} ...]} .  This should be a function with the following signature:  exception_handler(exc, context)   exc : The exception.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#exception_handler",
+            "text": "A string representing the function that should be used when returning a response for any given exception.  If the function returns  None , a 500 error will be raised.  This setting can be changed to support error responses other than the default  {\"detail\": \"Failure...\"}  responses.  For example, you can use it to provide API responses like  {\"errors\": [{\"message\": \"Failure...\", \"code\": \"\"} ...]} .  This should be a function with the following signature:  exception_handler(exc, context)   exc : The exception.   Default:  'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'",
             "title": "EXCEPTION_HANDLER"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#non_field_errors_key", 
-            "text": "A string representing the key that should be used for serializer errors that do not refer to a specific field, but are instead general errors.  Default:  'non_field_errors'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#non_field_errors_key",
+            "text": "A string representing the key that should be used for serializer errors that do not refer to a specific field, but are instead general errors.  Default:  'non_field_errors'",
             "title": "NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#url_field_name", 
-            "text": "A string representing the key that should be used for the URL fields generated by  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  Default:  'url'", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#url_field_name",
+            "text": "A string representing the key that should be used for the URL fields generated by  HyperlinkedModelSerializer .  Default:  'url'",
             "title": "URL_FIELD_NAME"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#num_proxies", 
-            "text": "An integer of 0 or more, that may be used to specify the number of application proxies that the API runs behind.  This allows throttling to more accurately identify client IP addresses.  If set to  None  then less strict IP matching will be used by the throttle classes.  Default:  None", 
+            "location": "/api-guide/settings/#num_proxies",
+            "text": "An integer of 0 or more, that may be used to specify the number of application proxies that the API runs behind.  This allows throttling to more accurately identify client IP addresses.  If set to  None  then less strict IP matching will be used by the throttle classes.  Default:  None",
             "title": "NUM_PROXIES"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/", 
-            "text": "Documenting your API\n\n\n\n\nA REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state.\n\n\n Roy Fielding, \nREST APIs must be hypertext driven\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides built-in support for API documentation. There are also a number of great third-party documentation tools available.\n\n\nBuilt-in API documentation\n\n\nThe built-in API documentation includes:\n\n\n\n\nDocumentation of API endpoints.\n\n\nAutomatically generated code samples for each of the available API client libraries.\n\n\nSupport for API interaction.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library is required as a dependency for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version. The \npygments\n and \nmarkdown\n libraries\nare optional but recommended.\n\n\nTo install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your project's URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title'))\n]\n\n\n\nThis will include two different views:\n\n\n\n\n/docs/\n - The documentation page itself.\n\n\n/docs/schema.js\n - A JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: By default \ninclude_docs_urls\n configures the underlying \nSchemaView\n to generate \npublic\n schemas.\nThis means that views will not be instantiated with a \nrequest\n instance. i.e. Inside the view \nself.request\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\nTo be compatible with this behaviour, methods (such as \nget_serializer\n or \nget_serializer_class\n etc.) which inspect \nself.request\n or, particularly, \nself.request.user\n may need to be adjusted to handle this case.\n\n\nYou may ensure views are given a \nrequest\n instance by calling \ninclude_docs_urls\n with \npublic=False\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    # Generate schema with valid `request` instance:\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title', public=False))\n]\n\n\n\n\n\nDocumenting your views\n\n\nYou can document your views by including docstrings that describe each of the available actions.\nFor example:\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nIf a view supports multiple methods, you should split your documentation using \nmethod:\n style delimiters.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    post:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nWhen using viewsets, you should use the relevant action names as delimiters.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    retrieve:\n    Return the given user.\n\n    list:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    create:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nCustom actions on viewsets can also be documented in a similar way using the method names\nas delimiters or by attaching the documentation to action mapping methods.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewset):\n    ...\n\n    @action(detail=False, methods=['get', 'post'])\n    def some_action(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        \"\"\"\n        get:\n        A description of the get method on the custom action.\n\n        post:\n        A description of the post method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n    @some_action.mapping.put\n    def put_some_action():\n        \"\"\"\n        A description of the put method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n\n\ndocumentation\n API Reference\n\n\nThe \nrest_framework.documentation\n module provides three helper functions to help configure the interactive API documentation, \ninclude_docs_urls\n (usage shown above), \nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n.\n\n\ninclude_docs_urls\n employs \nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n to generate the url patterns for the documentation page and JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema respectively. They expose the following options for customisation. (\nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n ultimately call \nrest_frameworks.schemas.get_schema_view()\n, see the Schemas docs for more options there.)\n\n\ninclude_docs_urls\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. Should the schema be considered \npublic\n? If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_docs_view\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the \nSchemaView\n. If \nNone\n the \nSchemaView\n will be configured with \nDocumentationRenderer\n and \nCoreJSONRenderer\n renderers, corresponding to the (default) \nhtml\n and \ncorejson\n formats.\n\n\n\n\nget_schemajs_view\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustomising code samples\n\n\nThe built-in API documentation includes automatically generated code samples for\neach of the available API client libraries.\n\n\nYou may customise these samples by subclassing \nDocumentationRenderer\n, setting\n\nlanguages\n to the list of languages you wish to support:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import DocumentationRenderer\n\n\nclass CustomRenderer(DocumentationRenderer):\n    languages = ['ruby', 'go']\n\n\n\nFor each language you need to provide an \nintro\n template, detailing installation instructions and such,\nplus a generic template for making API requests, that can be filled with individual request details.\nSee the \ntemplates for the bundled languages\n for examples.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThere are a number of mature third-party packages for providing API documentation.\n\n\ndrf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator\n\n\ndrf-yasg\n is a \nSwagger\n generation tool implemented without using the schema generation provided\nby Django Rest Framework.\n\n\nIt aims to implement as much of the \nOpenAPI\n specification as possible - nested schemas, named models,\nresponse bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc. - and to generate documents usable with code\ngeneration tools like \nswagger-codegen\n.\n\n\nThis also translates into a very useful interactive documentation viewer in the form of \nswagger-ui\n:\n\n\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n\n\nDRF OpenAPI\n bridges the gap between OpenAPI specification and tool chain with the schema exposed\nout-of-the-box by Django Rest Framework. Its goals are:\n\n\n\n\nTo be dropped into any existing DRF project without any code change necessary.\n\n\nProvide clear disctinction between request schema and response schema.\n\n\nProvide a versioning mechanism for each schema. Support defining schema by version range syntax, e.g. \n1.0, \n=2.0\n\n\nSupport multiple response codes, not just 200\n\n\nAll this information should be bound to view methods, not view classes.\n\n\n\n\nIt also tries to stay current with the maturing schema generation mechanism provided by DRF.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDRF Docs\n\n\nDRF Docs\n allows you to document Web APIs made with Django REST Framework and it is authored by Emmanouil Konstantinidis. It's made to work out of the box and its setup should not take more than a couple of minutes. Complete documentation can be found on the \nwebsite\n while there is also a \ndemo\n available for people to see what it looks like. \nLive API Endpoints\n allow you to utilize the endpoints from within the documentation in a neat way.\n\n\nFeatures include customizing the template with your branding, settings for hiding the docs depending on the environment and more.\n\n\nBoth this package and Django REST Swagger are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Swagger\n\n\nMarc Gibbons' \nDjango REST Swagger\n integrates REST framework with the \nSwagger\n API documentation tool.  The package produces well presented API documentation, and includes interactive tools for testing API endpoints.\n\n\nDjango REST Swagger supports REST framework versions 2.3 and above.\n\n\nMark is also the author of the \nREST Framework Docs\n package which offers clean, simple autogenerated documentation for your API but is deprecated and has moved to Django REST Swagger.\n\n\nBoth this package and DRF docs are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDRF AutoDocs\n\n\nOleksander Mashianovs' \nDRF Auto Docs\n automated api renderer.\n\n\nCollects almost all the code you written into documentation effortlessly.\n\n\nSupports:\n\n\n\n\nfunctional view docs\n\n\ntree-like structure\n\n\nDocstrings:\n\n\nmarkdown\n\n\npreserve space \n newlines\n\n\nformatting with nice syntax\n\n\nFields:\n\n\nchoices rendering\n\n\nhelp_text (to specify SerializerMethodField output, etc)\n\n\nsmart read_only/required rendering\n\n\nEndpoint properties:\n\n\nfilter_backends\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n\n\npermission_classes\n\n\nextra url params(GET params)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nApiary\n\n\nThere are various other online tools and services for providing API documentation.  One notable service is \nApiary\n.  With Apiary, you describe your API using a simple markdown-like syntax.  The generated documentation includes API interaction, a mock server for testing \n prototyping, and various other tools.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSelf describing APIs\n\n\nThe browsable API that REST framework provides makes it possible for your API to be entirely self describing.  The documentation for each API endpoint can be provided simply by visiting the URL in your browser.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSetting the title\n\n\nThe title that is used in the browsable API is generated from the view class name or function name.  Any trailing \nView\n or \nViewSet\n suffix is stripped, and the string is whitespace separated on uppercase/lowercase boundaries or underscores.\n\n\nFor example, the view \nUserListView\n, will be named \nUser List\n when presented in the browsable API.\n\n\nWhen working with viewsets, an appropriate suffix is appended to each generated view.  For example, the view set \nUserViewSet\n will generate views named \nUser List\n and \nUser Instance\n.\n\n\nSetting the description\n\n\nThe description in the browsable API is generated from the docstring of the view or viewset.\n\n\nIf the python \nmarkdown\n library is installed, then \nmarkdown syntax\n may be used in the docstring, and will be converted to HTML in the browsable API.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountListView(views.APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Returns a list of all **active** accounts in the system.\n\n    For more details on how accounts are activated please [see here][ref].\n\n    [ref]: http://example.com/activating-accounts\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nNote that when using viewsets the basic docstring is used for all generated views.  To provide descriptions for each view, such as for the the list and retrieve views, use docstring sections as described in \nSchemas as documentation: Examples\n.\n\n\nThe \nOPTIONS\n method\n\n\nREST framework APIs also support programmatically accessible descriptions, using the \nOPTIONS\n HTTP method.  A view will respond to an \nOPTIONS\n request with metadata including the name, description, and the various media types it accepts and responds with.\n\n\nWhen using the generic views, any \nOPTIONS\n requests will additionally respond with metadata regarding any \nPOST\n or \nPUT\n actions available, describing which fields are on the serializer.\n\n\nYou can modify the response behavior to \nOPTIONS\n requests by overriding the \noptions\n view method and/or by providing a custom Metadata class.  For example:\n\n\ndef options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include the view description in OPTIONS responses.\n    \"\"\"\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    data.pop('description')\n    return data\n\n\n\nSee \nthe Metadata docs\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nThe hypermedia approach\n\n\nTo be fully RESTful an API should present its available actions as hypermedia controls in the responses that it sends.\n\n\nIn this approach, rather than documenting the available API endpoints up front, the description instead concentrates on the \nmedia types\n that are used.  The available actions that may be taken on any given URL are not strictly fixed, but are instead made available by the presence of link and form controls in the returned document.\n\n\nTo implement a hypermedia API you'll need to decide on an appropriate media type for the API, and implement a custom renderer and parser for that media type.  The \nREST, Hypermedia \n HATEOAS\n section of the documentation includes pointers to background reading, as well as links to various hypermedia formats.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/",
+            "text": "Documenting your API\n\n\n\n\nA REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state.\n\n\n\u2014 Roy Fielding, \nREST APIs must be hypertext driven\n\n\n\n\nREST framework provides built-in support for API documentation. There are also a number of great third-party documentation tools available.\n\n\nBuilt-in API documentation\n\n\nThe built-in API documentation includes:\n\n\n\n\nDocumentation of API endpoints.\n\n\nAutomatically generated code samples for each of the available API client libraries.\n\n\nSupport for API interaction.\n\n\n\n\nInstallation\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library is required as a dependency for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version. The \npygments\n and \nmarkdown\n libraries\nare optional but recommended.\n\n\nTo install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your project's URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title'))\n]\n\n\n\nThis will include two different views:\n\n\n\n\n/docs/\n - The documentation page itself.\n\n\n/docs/schema.js\n - A JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote\n: By default \ninclude_docs_urls\n configures the underlying \nSchemaView\n to generate \npublic\n schemas.\nThis means that views will not be instantiated with a \nrequest\n instance. i.e. Inside the view \nself.request\n will be \nNone\n.\n\n\nTo be compatible with this behaviour, methods (such as \nget_serializer\n or \nget_serializer_class\n etc.) which inspect \nself.request\n or, particularly, \nself.request.user\n may need to be adjusted to handle this case.\n\n\nYou may ensure views are given a \nrequest\n instance by calling \ninclude_docs_urls\n with \npublic=False\n:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    # Generate schema with valid `request` instance:\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title', public=False))\n]\n\n\n\n\n\nDocumenting your views\n\n\nYou can document your views by including docstrings that describe each of the available actions.\nFor example:\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nIf a view supports multiple methods, you should split your documentation using \nmethod:\n style delimiters.\n\n\nclass UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    post:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nWhen using viewsets, you should use the relevant action names as delimiters.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    retrieve:\n    Return the given user.\n\n    list:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    create:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nCustom actions on viewsets can also be documented in a similar way using the method names\nas delimiters or by attaching the documentation to action mapping methods.\n\n\nclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewset):\n    ...\n\n    @action(detail=False, methods=['get', 'post'])\n    def some_action(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        \"\"\"\n        get:\n        A description of the get method on the custom action.\n\n        post:\n        A description of the post method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n    @some_action.mapping.put\n    def put_some_action():\n        \"\"\"\n        A description of the put method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n\n\ndocumentation\n API Reference\n\n\nThe \nrest_framework.documentation\n module provides three helper functions to help configure the interactive API documentation, \ninclude_docs_urls\n (usage shown above), \nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n.\n\n\ninclude_docs_urls\n employs \nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n to generate the url patterns for the documentation page and JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema respectively. They expose the following options for customisation. (\nget_docs_view\n and \nget_schemajs_view\n ultimately call \nrest_frameworks.schemas.get_schema_view()\n, see the Schemas docs for more options there.)\n\n\ninclude_docs_urls\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. Should the schema be considered \npublic\n? If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\n\n\nget_docs_view\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nrenderer_classes\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the \nSchemaView\n. If \nNone\n the \nSchemaView\n will be configured with \nDocumentationRenderer\n and \nCoreJSONRenderer\n renderers, corresponding to the (default) \nhtml\n and \ncorejson\n formats.\n\n\n\n\nget_schemajs_view\n\n\n\n\ntitle\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.\n\n\ndescription\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.\n\n\nschema_url\n: Default \nNone\n. May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.\n\n\npublic\n: Default \nTrue\n. If \nTrue\n schema is generated without a \nrequest\n instance being passed to views.\n\n\npatterns\n: Default \nNone\n. A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If \nNone\n project's URL conf will be used.\n\n\ngenerator_class\n: Default \nrest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator\n. May be used to specify a \nSchemaGenerator\n subclass to be passed to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES\n. May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\npermission_classes\n: Default \napi_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES\n May be used to pass custom permission classes to the \nSchemaView\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustomising code samples\n\n\nThe built-in API documentation includes automatically generated code samples for\neach of the available API client libraries.\n\n\nYou may customise these samples by subclassing \nDocumentationRenderer\n, setting\n\nlanguages\n to the list of languages you wish to support:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import DocumentationRenderer\n\n\nclass CustomRenderer(DocumentationRenderer):\n    languages = ['ruby', 'go']\n\n\n\nFor each language you need to provide an \nintro\n template, detailing installation instructions and such,\nplus a generic template for making API requests, that can be filled with individual request details.\nSee the \ntemplates for the bundled languages\n for examples.\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages\n\n\nThere are a number of mature third-party packages for providing API documentation.\n\n\ndrf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator\n\n\ndrf-yasg\n is a \nSwagger\n generation tool implemented without using the schema generation provided\nby Django Rest Framework.\n\n\nIt aims to implement as much of the \nOpenAPI\n specification as possible - nested schemas, named models,\nresponse bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc. - and to generate documents usable with code\ngeneration tools like \nswagger-codegen\n.\n\n\nThis also translates into a very useful interactive documentation viewer in the form of \nswagger-ui\n:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDRF Docs\n\n\nDRF Docs\n allows you to document Web APIs made with Django REST Framework and it is authored by Emmanouil Konstantinidis. It's made to work out of the box and its setup should not take more than a couple of minutes. Complete documentation can be found on the \nwebsite\n while there is also a \ndemo\n available for people to see what it looks like. \nLive API Endpoints\n allow you to utilize the endpoints from within the documentation in a neat way.\n\n\nFeatures include customizing the template with your branding, settings for hiding the docs depending on the environment and more.\n\n\nBoth this package and Django REST Swagger are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Swagger\n\n\nMarc Gibbons' \nDjango REST Swagger\n integrates REST framework with the \nSwagger\n API documentation tool.  The package produces well presented API documentation, and includes interactive tools for testing API endpoints.\n\n\nDjango REST Swagger supports REST framework versions 2.3 and above.\n\n\nMark is also the author of the \nREST Framework Docs\n package which offers clean, simple autogenerated documentation for your API but is deprecated and has moved to Django REST Swagger.\n\n\nBoth this package and DRF docs are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDRF AutoDocs\n\n\nOleksander Mashianovs' \nDRF Auto Docs\n automated api renderer.\n\n\nCollects almost all the code you written into documentation effortlessly.\n\n\nSupports:\n\n\n\n\nfunctional view docs\n\n\ntree-like structure\n\n\nDocstrings:\n\n\nmarkdown\n\n\npreserve space & newlines\n\n\nformatting with nice syntax\n\n\nFields:\n\n\nchoices rendering\n\n\nhelp_text (to specify SerializerMethodField output, etc)\n\n\nsmart read_only/required rendering\n\n\nEndpoint properties:\n\n\nfilter_backends\n\n\nauthentication_classes\n\n\npermission_classes\n\n\nextra url params(GET params)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nApiary\n\n\nThere are various other online tools and services for providing API documentation.  One notable service is \nApiary\n.  With Apiary, you describe your API using a simple markdown-like syntax.  The generated documentation includes API interaction, a mock server for testing & prototyping, and various other tools.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSelf describing APIs\n\n\nThe browsable API that REST framework provides makes it possible for your API to be entirely self describing.  The documentation for each API endpoint can be provided simply by visiting the URL in your browser.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSetting the title\n\n\nThe title that is used in the browsable API is generated from the view class name or function name.  Any trailing \nView\n or \nViewSet\n suffix is stripped, and the string is whitespace separated on uppercase/lowercase boundaries or underscores.\n\n\nFor example, the view \nUserListView\n, will be named \nUser List\n when presented in the browsable API.\n\n\nWhen working with viewsets, an appropriate suffix is appended to each generated view.  For example, the view set \nUserViewSet\n will generate views named \nUser List\n and \nUser Instance\n.\n\n\nSetting the description\n\n\nThe description in the browsable API is generated from the docstring of the view or viewset.\n\n\nIf the python \nmarkdown\n library is installed, then \nmarkdown syntax\n may be used in the docstring, and will be converted to HTML in the browsable API.  For example:\n\n\nclass AccountListView(views.APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Returns a list of all **active** accounts in the system.\n\n    For more details on how accounts are activated please [see here][ref].\n\n    [ref]: http://example.com/activating-accounts\n    \"\"\"\n\n\n\nNote that when using viewsets the basic docstring is used for all generated views.  To provide descriptions for each view, such as for the the list and retrieve views, use docstring sections as described in \nSchemas as documentation: Examples\n.\n\n\nThe \nOPTIONS\n method\n\n\nREST framework APIs also support programmatically accessible descriptions, using the \nOPTIONS\n HTTP method.  A view will respond to an \nOPTIONS\n request with metadata including the name, description, and the various media types it accepts and responds with.\n\n\nWhen using the generic views, any \nOPTIONS\n requests will additionally respond with metadata regarding any \nPOST\n or \nPUT\n actions available, describing which fields are on the serializer.\n\n\nYou can modify the response behavior to \nOPTIONS\n requests by overriding the \noptions\n view method and/or by providing a custom Metadata class.  For example:\n\n\ndef options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include the view description in OPTIONS responses.\n    \"\"\"\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    data.pop('description')\n    return data\n\n\n\nSee \nthe Metadata docs\n for more details.\n\n\n\n\nThe hypermedia approach\n\n\nTo be fully RESTful an API should present its available actions as hypermedia controls in the responses that it sends.\n\n\nIn this approach, rather than documenting the available API endpoints up front, the description instead concentrates on the \nmedia types\n that are used.  The available actions that may be taken on any given URL are not strictly fixed, but are instead made available by the presence of link and form controls in the returned document.\n\n\nTo implement a hypermedia API you'll need to decide on an appropriate media type for the API, and implement a custom renderer and parser for that media type.  The \nREST, Hypermedia & HATEOAS\n section of the documentation includes pointers to background reading, as well as links to various hypermedia formats.",
             "title": "Documenting your API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documenting-your-api", 
-            "text": "A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state.   Roy Fielding,  REST APIs must be hypertext driven   REST framework provides built-in support for API documentation. There are also a number of great third-party documentation tools available.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documenting-your-api",
+            "text": "A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state.  \u2014 Roy Fielding,  REST APIs must be hypertext driven   REST framework provides built-in support for API documentation. There are also a number of great third-party documentation tools available.",
             "title": "Documenting your API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#built-in-api-documentation", 
-            "text": "The built-in API documentation includes:   Documentation of API endpoints.  Automatically generated code samples for each of the available API client libraries.  Support for API interaction.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#built-in-api-documentation",
+            "text": "The built-in API documentation includes:   Documentation of API endpoints.  Automatically generated code samples for each of the available API client libraries.  Support for API interaction.",
             "title": "Built-in API documentation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#installation", 
-            "text": "The  coreapi  library is required as a dependency for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version. The  pygments  and  markdown  libraries\nare optional but recommended.  To install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your project's URLconf:  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title'))\n]  This will include two different views:   /docs/  - The documentation page itself.  /docs/schema.js  - A JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema.    Note : By default  include_docs_urls  configures the underlying  SchemaView  to generate  public  schemas.\nThis means that views will not be instantiated with a  request  instance. i.e. Inside the view  self.request  will be  None .  To be compatible with this behaviour, methods (such as  get_serializer  or  get_serializer_class  etc.) which inspect  self.request  or, particularly,  self.request.user  may need to be adjusted to handle this case.  You may ensure views are given a  request  instance by calling  include_docs_urls  with  public=False :  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    # Generate schema with valid `request` instance:\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title', public=False))\n]", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#installation",
+            "text": "The  coreapi  library is required as a dependency for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version. The  pygments  and  markdown  libraries\nare optional but recommended.  To install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your project's URLconf:  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title'))\n]  This will include two different views:   /docs/  - The documentation page itself.  /docs/schema.js  - A JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema.    Note : By default  include_docs_urls  configures the underlying  SchemaView  to generate  public  schemas.\nThis means that views will not be instantiated with a  request  instance. i.e. Inside the view  self.request  will be  None .  To be compatible with this behaviour, methods (such as  get_serializer  or  get_serializer_class  etc.) which inspect  self.request  or, particularly,  self.request.user  may need to be adjusted to handle this case.  You may ensure views are given a  request  instance by calling  include_docs_urls  with  public=False :  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    # Generate schema with valid `request` instance:\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API title', public=False))\n]",
             "title": "Installation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documenting-your-views", 
-            "text": "You can document your views by including docstrings that describe each of the available actions.\nFor example:  class UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n    \"\"\"  If a view supports multiple methods, you should split your documentation using  method:  style delimiters.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    post:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"  When using viewsets, you should use the relevant action names as delimiters.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    retrieve:\n    Return the given user.\n\n    list:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    create:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"  Custom actions on viewsets can also be documented in a similar way using the method names\nas delimiters or by attaching the documentation to action mapping methods.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewset):\n    ...\n\n    @action(detail=False, methods=['get', 'post'])\n    def some_action(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        \"\"\"\n        get:\n        A description of the get method on the custom action.\n\n        post:\n        A description of the post method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n    @some_action.mapping.put\n    def put_some_action():\n        \"\"\"\n        A description of the put method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documenting-your-views",
+            "text": "You can document your views by including docstrings that describe each of the available actions.\nFor example:  class UserList(generics.ListAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n    \"\"\"  If a view supports multiple methods, you should split your documentation using  method:  style delimiters.  class UserList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    get:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    post:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"  When using viewsets, you should use the relevant action names as delimiters.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):\n    \"\"\"\n    retrieve:\n    Return the given user.\n\n    list:\n    Return a list of all the existing users.\n\n    create:\n    Create a new user instance.\n    \"\"\"  Custom actions on viewsets can also be documented in a similar way using the method names\nas delimiters or by attaching the documentation to action mapping methods.  class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewset):\n    ...\n\n    @action(detail=False, methods=['get', 'post'])\n    def some_action(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n        \"\"\"\n        get:\n        A description of the get method on the custom action.\n\n        post:\n        A description of the post method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"\n\n    @some_action.mapping.put\n    def put_some_action():\n        \"\"\"\n        A description of the put method on the custom action.\n        \"\"\"",
             "title": "Documenting your views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documentation-api-reference", 
-            "text": "The  rest_framework.documentation  module provides three helper functions to help configure the interactive API documentation,  include_docs_urls  (usage shown above),  get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view .  include_docs_urls  employs  get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view  to generate the url patterns for the documentation page and JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema respectively. They expose the following options for customisation. ( get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view  ultimately call  rest_frameworks.schemas.get_schema_view() , see the Schemas docs for more options there.)", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#documentation-api-reference",
+            "text": "The  rest_framework.documentation  module provides three helper functions to help configure the interactive API documentation,  include_docs_urls  (usage shown above),  get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view .  include_docs_urls  employs  get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view  to generate the url patterns for the documentation page and JavaScript resource that exposes the API schema respectively. They expose the following options for customisation. ( get_docs_view  and  get_schemajs_view  ultimately call  rest_frameworks.schemas.get_schema_view() , see the Schemas docs for more options there.)",
             "title": "documentation API Reference"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#include_docs_urls", 
-            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . Should the schema be considered  public ? If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .  renderer_classes : Default  None . May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the  SchemaView .", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#include_docs_urls",
+            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . Should the schema be considered  public ? If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .  renderer_classes : Default  None . May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the  SchemaView .",
             "title": "include_docs_urls"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#get_docs_view", 
-            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .  renderer_classes : Default  None . May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the  SchemaView . If  None  the  SchemaView  will be configured with  DocumentationRenderer  and  CoreJSONRenderer  renderers, corresponding to the (default)  html  and  corejson  formats.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#get_docs_view",
+            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .  renderer_classes : Default  None . May be used to pass custom renderer classes to the  SchemaView . If  None  the  SchemaView  will be configured with  DocumentationRenderer  and  CoreJSONRenderer  renderers, corresponding to the (default)  html  and  corejson  formats.",
             "title": "get_docs_view"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#get_schemajs_view", 
-            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#get_schemajs_view",
+            "text": "title : Default  None . May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.  description : Default  None . May be used to provide a description for the schema definition.  schema_url : Default  None . May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.  public : Default  True . If  True  schema is generated without a  request  instance being passed to views.  patterns : Default  None . A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. If  None  project's URL conf will be used.  generator_class : Default  rest_framework.schemas.SchemaGenerator . May be used to specify a  SchemaGenerator  subclass to be passed to the  SchemaView .  authentication_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES . May be used to pass custom authentication classes to the  SchemaView .  permission_classes : Default  api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES  May be used to pass custom permission classes to the  SchemaView .",
             "title": "get_schemajs_view"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#customising-code-samples", 
-            "text": "The built-in API documentation includes automatically generated code samples for\neach of the available API client libraries.  You may customise these samples by subclassing  DocumentationRenderer , setting languages  to the list of languages you wish to support:  from rest_framework.renderers import DocumentationRenderer\n\n\nclass CustomRenderer(DocumentationRenderer):\n    languages = ['ruby', 'go']  For each language you need to provide an  intro  template, detailing installation instructions and such,\nplus a generic template for making API requests, that can be filled with individual request details.\nSee the  templates for the bundled languages  for examples.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#customising-code-samples",
+            "text": "The built-in API documentation includes automatically generated code samples for\neach of the available API client libraries.  You may customise these samples by subclassing  DocumentationRenderer , setting languages  to the list of languages you wish to support:  from rest_framework.renderers import DocumentationRenderer\n\n\nclass CustomRenderer(DocumentationRenderer):\n    languages = ['ruby', 'go']  For each language you need to provide an  intro  template, detailing installation instructions and such,\nplus a generic template for making API requests, that can be filled with individual request details.\nSee the  templates for the bundled languages  for examples.",
             "title": "Customising code samples"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "There are a number of mature third-party packages for providing API documentation.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "There are a number of mature third-party packages for providing API documentation.",
             "title": "Third party packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-yasg-yet-another-swagger-generator", 
-            "text": "drf-yasg  is a  Swagger  generation tool implemented without using the schema generation provided\nby Django Rest Framework.  It aims to implement as much of the  OpenAPI  specification as possible - nested schemas, named models,\nresponse bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc. - and to generate documents usable with code\ngeneration tools like  swagger-codegen .  This also translates into a very useful interactive documentation viewer in the form of  swagger-ui :", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-yasg-yet-another-swagger-generator",
+            "text": "drf-yasg  is a  Swagger  generation tool implemented without using the schema generation provided\nby Django Rest Framework.  It aims to implement as much of the  OpenAPI  specification as possible - nested schemas, named models,\nresponse bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc. - and to generate documents usable with code\ngeneration tools like  swagger-codegen .  This also translates into a very useful interactive documentation viewer in the form of  swagger-ui :",
             "title": "drf-yasg - Yet Another Swagger Generator"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-openapi", 
-            "text": "DRF OpenAPI  bridges the gap between OpenAPI specification and tool chain with the schema exposed\nout-of-the-box by Django Rest Framework. Its goals are:   To be dropped into any existing DRF project without any code change necessary.  Provide clear disctinction between request schema and response schema.  Provide a versioning mechanism for each schema. Support defining schema by version range syntax, e.g.  1.0,  =2.0  Support multiple response codes, not just 200  All this information should be bound to view methods, not view classes.   It also tries to stay current with the maturing schema generation mechanism provided by DRF.", 
-            "title": "DRF OpenAPI"
-        }, 
-        {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-docs", 
-            "text": "DRF Docs  allows you to document Web APIs made with Django REST Framework and it is authored by Emmanouil Konstantinidis. It's made to work out of the box and its setup should not take more than a couple of minutes. Complete documentation can be found on the  website  while there is also a  demo  available for people to see what it looks like.  Live API Endpoints  allow you to utilize the endpoints from within the documentation in a neat way.  Features include customizing the template with your branding, settings for hiding the docs depending on the environment and more.  Both this package and Django REST Swagger are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-docs",
+            "text": "DRF Docs  allows you to document Web APIs made with Django REST Framework and it is authored by Emmanouil Konstantinidis. It's made to work out of the box and its setup should not take more than a couple of minutes. Complete documentation can be found on the  website  while there is also a  demo  available for people to see what it looks like.  Live API Endpoints  allow you to utilize the endpoints from within the documentation in a neat way.  Features include customizing the template with your branding, settings for hiding the docs depending on the environment and more.  Both this package and Django REST Swagger are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.",
             "title": "DRF Docs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#django-rest-swagger", 
-            "text": "Marc Gibbons'  Django REST Swagger  integrates REST framework with the  Swagger  API documentation tool.  The package produces well presented API documentation, and includes interactive tools for testing API endpoints.  Django REST Swagger supports REST framework versions 2.3 and above.  Mark is also the author of the  REST Framework Docs  package which offers clean, simple autogenerated documentation for your API but is deprecated and has moved to Django REST Swagger.  Both this package and DRF docs are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#django-rest-swagger",
+            "text": "Marc Gibbons'  Django REST Swagger  integrates REST framework with the  Swagger  API documentation tool.  The package produces well presented API documentation, and includes interactive tools for testing API endpoints.  Django REST Swagger supports REST framework versions 2.3 and above.  Mark is also the author of the  REST Framework Docs  package which offers clean, simple autogenerated documentation for your API but is deprecated and has moved to Django REST Swagger.  Both this package and DRF docs are fully documented, well supported, and come highly recommended.",
             "title": "Django REST Swagger"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-autodocs", 
-            "text": "Oleksander Mashianovs'  DRF Auto Docs  automated api renderer.  Collects almost all the code you written into documentation effortlessly.  Supports:   functional view docs  tree-like structure  Docstrings:  markdown  preserve space   newlines  formatting with nice syntax  Fields:  choices rendering  help_text (to specify SerializerMethodField output, etc)  smart read_only/required rendering  Endpoint properties:  filter_backends  authentication_classes  permission_classes  extra url params(GET params)", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-autodocs",
+            "text": "Oleksander Mashianovs'  DRF Auto Docs  automated api renderer.  Collects almost all the code you written into documentation effortlessly.  Supports:   functional view docs  tree-like structure  Docstrings:  markdown  preserve space & newlines  formatting with nice syntax  Fields:  choices rendering  help_text (to specify SerializerMethodField output, etc)  smart read_only/required rendering  Endpoint properties:  filter_backends  authentication_classes  permission_classes  extra url params(GET params)",
             "title": "DRF AutoDocs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#apiary", 
-            "text": "There are various other online tools and services for providing API documentation.  One notable service is  Apiary .  With Apiary, you describe your API using a simple markdown-like syntax.  The generated documentation includes API interaction, a mock server for testing   prototyping, and various other tools.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#apiary",
+            "text": "There are various other online tools and services for providing API documentation.  One notable service is  Apiary .  With Apiary, you describe your API using a simple markdown-like syntax.  The generated documentation includes API interaction, a mock server for testing & prototyping, and various other tools.",
             "title": "Apiary"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#self-describing-apis", 
-            "text": "The browsable API that REST framework provides makes it possible for your API to be entirely self describing.  The documentation for each API endpoint can be provided simply by visiting the URL in your browser.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#self-describing-apis",
+            "text": "The browsable API that REST framework provides makes it possible for your API to be entirely self describing.  The documentation for each API endpoint can be provided simply by visiting the URL in your browser.",
             "title": "Self describing APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#setting-the-title", 
-            "text": "The title that is used in the browsable API is generated from the view class name or function name.  Any trailing  View  or  ViewSet  suffix is stripped, and the string is whitespace separated on uppercase/lowercase boundaries or underscores.  For example, the view  UserListView , will be named  User List  when presented in the browsable API.  When working with viewsets, an appropriate suffix is appended to each generated view.  For example, the view set  UserViewSet  will generate views named  User List  and  User Instance .", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#setting-the-title",
+            "text": "The title that is used in the browsable API is generated from the view class name or function name.  Any trailing  View  or  ViewSet  suffix is stripped, and the string is whitespace separated on uppercase/lowercase boundaries or underscores.  For example, the view  UserListView , will be named  User List  when presented in the browsable API.  When working with viewsets, an appropriate suffix is appended to each generated view.  For example, the view set  UserViewSet  will generate views named  User List  and  User Instance .",
             "title": "Setting the title"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#setting-the-description", 
-            "text": "The description in the browsable API is generated from the docstring of the view or viewset.  If the python  markdown  library is installed, then  markdown syntax  may be used in the docstring, and will be converted to HTML in the browsable API.  For example:  class AccountListView(views.APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Returns a list of all **active** accounts in the system.\n\n    For more details on how accounts are activated please [see here][ref].\n\n    [ref]: http://example.com/activating-accounts\n    \"\"\"  Note that when using viewsets the basic docstring is used for all generated views.  To provide descriptions for each view, such as for the the list and retrieve views, use docstring sections as described in  Schemas as documentation: Examples .", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#setting-the-description",
+            "text": "The description in the browsable API is generated from the docstring of the view or viewset.  If the python  markdown  library is installed, then  markdown syntax  may be used in the docstring, and will be converted to HTML in the browsable API.  For example:  class AccountListView(views.APIView):\n    \"\"\"\n    Returns a list of all **active** accounts in the system.\n\n    For more details on how accounts are activated please [see here][ref].\n\n    [ref]: http://example.com/activating-accounts\n    \"\"\"  Note that when using viewsets the basic docstring is used for all generated views.  To provide descriptions for each view, such as for the the list and retrieve views, use docstring sections as described in  Schemas as documentation: Examples .",
             "title": "Setting the description"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#the-options-method", 
-            "text": "REST framework APIs also support programmatically accessible descriptions, using the  OPTIONS  HTTP method.  A view will respond to an  OPTIONS  request with metadata including the name, description, and the various media types it accepts and responds with.  When using the generic views, any  OPTIONS  requests will additionally respond with metadata regarding any  POST  or  PUT  actions available, describing which fields are on the serializer.  You can modify the response behavior to  OPTIONS  requests by overriding the  options  view method and/or by providing a custom Metadata class.  For example:  def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include the view description in OPTIONS responses.\n    \"\"\"\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    data.pop('description')\n    return data  See  the Metadata docs  for more details.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#the-options-method",
+            "text": "REST framework APIs also support programmatically accessible descriptions, using the  OPTIONS  HTTP method.  A view will respond to an  OPTIONS  request with metadata including the name, description, and the various media types it accepts and responds with.  When using the generic views, any  OPTIONS  requests will additionally respond with metadata regarding any  POST  or  PUT  actions available, describing which fields are on the serializer.  You can modify the response behavior to  OPTIONS  requests by overriding the  options  view method and/or by providing a custom Metadata class.  For example:  def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):\n    \"\"\"\n    Don't include the view description in OPTIONS responses.\n    \"\"\"\n    meta = self.metadata_class()\n    data = meta.determine_metadata(request, self)\n    data.pop('description')\n    return data  See  the Metadata docs  for more details.",
             "title": "The OPTIONS method"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#the-hypermedia-approach", 
-            "text": "To be fully RESTful an API should present its available actions as hypermedia controls in the responses that it sends.  In this approach, rather than documenting the available API endpoints up front, the description instead concentrates on the  media types  that are used.  The available actions that may be taken on any given URL are not strictly fixed, but are instead made available by the presence of link and form controls in the returned document.  To implement a hypermedia API you'll need to decide on an appropriate media type for the API, and implement a custom renderer and parser for that media type.  The  REST, Hypermedia   HATEOAS  section of the documentation includes pointers to background reading, as well as links to various hypermedia formats.", 
+            "location": "/topics/documenting-your-api/#the-hypermedia-approach",
+            "text": "To be fully RESTful an API should present its available actions as hypermedia controls in the responses that it sends.  In this approach, rather than documenting the available API endpoints up front, the description instead concentrates on the  media types  that are used.  The available actions that may be taken on any given URL are not strictly fixed, but are instead made available by the presence of link and form controls in the returned document.  To implement a hypermedia API you'll need to decide on an appropriate media type for the API, and implement a custom renderer and parser for that media type.  The  REST, Hypermedia & HATEOAS  section of the documentation includes pointers to background reading, as well as links to various hypermedia formats.",
             "title": "The hypermedia approach"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/", 
-            "text": "API Clients\n\n\nAn API client handles the underlying details of how network requests are made\nand how responses are decoded. They present the developer with an application\ninterface to work against, rather than working directly with the network interface.\n\n\nThe API clients documented here are not restricted to APIs built with Django REST framework.\n They can be used with any API that exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nFor example, \nthe Heroku platform API\n exposes a schema in the JSON\nHyperschema format. As a result, the Core API command line client and Python\nclient library can be \nused to interact with the Heroku API\n.\n\n\nClient-side Core API\n\n\nCore API\n is a document specification that can be used to describe APIs. It can\nbe used either server-side, as is done with REST framework's \nschema generation\n,\nor used client-side, as described here.\n\n\nWhen used client-side, Core API allows for \ndynamically driven client libraries\n\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.\n\n\nUsing a dynamically driven client has a number of advantages over interacting\nwith an API by building HTTP requests directly.\n\n\nMore meaningful interaction\n\n\nAPI interactions are presented in a more meaningful way. You're working at\nthe application interface layer, rather than the network interface layer.\n\n\nResilience \n evolvability\n\n\nThe client determines what endpoints are available, what parameters exist\nagainst each particular endpoint, and how HTTP requests are formed.\n\n\nThis also allows for a degree of API evolvability. URLs can be modified\nwithout breaking existing clients, or more efficient encodings can be used\non-the-wire, with clients transparently upgrading.\n\n\nSelf-descriptive APIs\n\n\nA dynamically driven client is able to present documentation on the API to the\nend user. This documentation allows the user to discover the available endpoints\nand parameters, and better understand the API they are working with.\n\n\nBecause this documentation is driven by the API schema it will always be fully\nup to date with the most recently deployed version of the service.\n\n\n\n\nCommand line client\n\n\nThe command line client allows you to inspect and interact with any API that\nexposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nTo install the Core API command line client, use \npip\n.\n\n\nNote that the command-line client is a separate package to the\npython client library. Make sure to install \ncoreapi-cli\n.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi-cli\n\n\n\nTo start inspecting and interacting with an API the schema must first be loaded\nfrom the network.\n\n\n$ coreapi get http://api.example.org/\n\nPastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/\"\n\nsnippets: {\n    create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    destroy(pk)\n    highlight(pk)\n    list([page])\n    partial_update(pk, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    retrieve(pk)\n    update(pk, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n}\nusers: {\n    list([page])\n    retrieve(pk)\n}\n\n\n\nThis will then load the schema, displaying the resulting \nDocument\n. This\n\nDocument\n includes all the available interactions that may be made against the API.\n\n\nTo interact with the API, use the \naction\n command. This command requires a list\nof keys that are used to index into the link.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n        \"id\": 2,\n        \"username\": \"aziz\",\n        \"snippets\": []\n    },\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nTo inspect the underlying HTTP request and response, use the \n--debug\n flag.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users list --debug\n\n GET /users/ HTTP/1.1\n\n Accept: application/vnd.coreapi+json, */*\n\n Authorization: Basic bWF4Om1heA==\n\n Host: 127.0.0.1\n\n User-Agent: coreapi\n\n 200 OK\n\n Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\n\n Content-Type: application/json\n\n Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2016 10:51:46 GMT\n\n Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.7.10\n\n Vary: Accept, Cookie\n\n\n\n [{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/2/\",\"id\":2,\"username\":\"aziz\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/3/\",\"id\":3,\"username\":\"amy\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/3/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/4/\",\"id\":4,\"username\":\"max\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/4/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/5/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/6/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/7/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/5/\",\"id\":5,\"username\":\"jose\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/6/\",\"id\":6,\"username\":\"admin\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/1/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/2/\"]}]\n\n[\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nSome actions may include optional or required parameters.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users create --param username=example\n\n\n\nWhen using \n--param\n, the type of the input will be determined automatically.\n\n\nIf you want to be more explicit about the parameter type then use \n--data\n for\nany null, numeric, boolean, list, or object inputs, and use \n--string\n for string inputs.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users edit --string username=tomchristie --data is_admin=true\n\n\n\nAuthentication \n headers\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n command is used to manage the request \nAuthentication:\n header.\nAny credentials added are always linked to a particular domain, so as to ensure\nthat credentials are not leaked across differing APIs.\n\n\nThe format for adding a new credential is:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add \ndomain\n \ncredentials string\n\n\n\n\nFor instance:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add api.example.org \"Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\"\n\n\n\nThe optional \n--auth\n flag also allows you to add specific types of authentication,\nhandling the encoding for you. Currently only \n\"basic\"\n is supported as an option here.\nFor example:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add api.example.org tomchristie:foobar --auth basic\n\n\n\nYou can also add specific request headers, using the \nheaders\n command:\n\n\n$ coreapi headers add api.example.org x-api-version 2\n\n\n\nFor more information and a listing of the available subcommands use \ncoreapi\ncredentials --help\n or \ncoreapi headers --help\n.\n\n\nCodecs\n\n\nBy default the command line client only includes support for reading Core JSON\nschemas, however it includes a plugin system for installing additional codecs.\n\n\n$ pip install openapi-codec jsonhyperschema-codec hal-codec\n$ coreapi codecs show\nCodecs\ncorejson        application/vnd.coreapi+json encoding, decoding\nhal             application/hal+json         encoding, decoding\nopenapi         application/openapi+json     encoding, decoding\njsonhyperschema application/schema+json      decoding\njson            application/json             data\ntext            text/*                       data\n\n\n\nUtilities\n\n\nThe command line client includes functionality for bookmarking API URLs\nunder a memorable name. For example, you can add a bookmark for the\nexisting API, like so...\n\n\n$ coreapi bookmarks add accountmanagement\n\n\n\nThere is also functionality for navigating forward or backward through the\nhistory of which API URLs have been accessed.\n\n\n$ coreapi history show\n$ coreapi history back\n\n\n\nFor more information and a listing of the available subcommands use\n\ncoreapi bookmarks --help\n or \ncoreapi history --help\n.\n\n\nOther commands\n\n\nTo display the current \nDocument\n:\n\n\n$ coreapi show\n\n\n\nTo reload the current \nDocument\n from the network:\n\n\n$ coreapi reload\n\n\n\nTo load a schema file from disk:\n\n\n$ coreapi load my-api-schema.json --format corejson\n\n\n\nTo dump the current document to console in a given format:\n\n\n$ coreapi dump --format openapi\n\n\n\nTo remove the current document, along with all currently saved history,\ncredentials, headers and bookmarks:\n\n\n$ coreapi clear\n\n\n\n\n\nPython client library\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n Python package allows you to programmatically interact with any\nAPI that exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n package using \npip\n before you can get\nstarted.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi\n\n\n\nIn order to start working with an API, we first need a \nClient\n instance. The\nclient holds any configuration around which codecs and transports are supported\nwhen interacting with an API, which allows you to provide for more advanced\nkinds of behaviour.\n\n\nimport coreapi\nclient = coreapi.Client()\n\n\n\nOnce we have a \nClient\n instance, we can fetch an API schema from the network.\n\n\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\n\n\nThe object returned from this call will be a \nDocument\n instance, which is\na representation of the API schema.\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\nTypically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.\n\n\nToken authentication\n\n\nThe \nTokenAuthentication\n class can be used to support REST framework's built-in\n\nTokenAuthentication\n, as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token='\ntoken\n'\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nWhen using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.\n\n\nA suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint\n\n\nFor example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package\n\n\nclient = coreapi.Client()\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\naction = ['api-token-auth', 'create']\nparams = {\"username\": \"example\", \"password\": \"secret\"}\nresult = client.action(schema, action, params)\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=result['token']\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nBasic authentication\n\n\nThe \nBasicAuthentication\n class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication(\n    username='\nusername\n',\n    password='\npassword\n'\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nInteracting with the API\n\n\nNow that we have a client and have fetched our schema \nDocument\n, we can now\nstart to interact with the API:\n\n\nusers = client.action(schema, ['users', 'list'])\n\n\n\nSome endpoints may include named parameters, which might be either optional or required:\n\n\nnew_user = client.action(schema, ['users', 'create'], params={\"username\": \"max\"})\n\n\n\nCodecs\n\n\nCodecs are responsible for encoding or decoding Documents.\n\n\nThe decoding process is used by a client to take a bytestring of an API schema\ndefinition, and returning the Core API \nDocument\n that represents that interface.\n\n\nA codec should be associated with a particular media type, such as \n'application/coreapi+json'\n.\n\n\nThis media type is used by the server in the response \nContent-Type\n header,\nin order to indicate what kind of data is being returned in the response.\n\n\nConfiguring codecs\n\n\nThe codecs that are available can be configured when instantiating a client.\nThe keyword argument used here is \ndecoders\n, because in the context of a\nclient the codecs are only for \ndecoding\n responses.\n\n\nIn the following example we'll configure a client to only accept \nCore JSON\n\nand \nJSON\n responses. This will allow us to receive and decode a Core JSON schema,\nand subsequently to receive JSON responses made against the API.\n\n\nfrom coreapi import codecs, Client\n\ndecoders = [codecs.CoreJSONCodec(), codecs.JSONCodec()]\nclient = Client(decoders=decoders)\n\n\n\nLoading and saving schemas\n\n\nYou can use a codec directly, in order to load an existing schema definition,\nand return the resulting \nDocument\n.\n\n\ninput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\nschema_definition = input_file.read()\ncodec = codecs.CoreJSONCodec()\nschema = codec.load(schema_definition)\n\n\n\nYou can also use a codec directly to generate a schema definition given a \nDocument\n instance:\n\n\nschema_definition = codec.dump(schema)\noutput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\noutput_file.write(schema_definition)\n\n\n\nTransports\n\n\nTransports are responsible for making network requests. The set of transports\nthat a client has installed determines which network protocols it is able to\nsupport.\n\n\nCurrently the \ncoreapi\n library only includes an HTTP/HTTPS transport, but\nother protocols can also be supported.\n\n\nConfiguring transports\n\n\nThe behavior of the network layer can be customized by configuring the\ntransports that the client is instantiated with.\n\n\nimport requests\nfrom coreapi import transports, Client\n\ncredentials = {'api.example.org': 'Token 3bd44a009d16ff'}\ntransports = transports.HTTPTransport(credentials=credentials)\nclient = Client(transports=transports)\n\n\n\nMore complex customizations can also be achieved, for example modifying the\nunderlying \nrequests.Session\n instance to \nattach transport adaptors\n\nthat modify the outgoing requests.\n\n\n\n\nJavaScript Client Library\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library allows you to interact with your API either from a browser, or using node.\n\n\nInstalling the JavaScript client\n\n\nThere are two separate JavaScript resources that you need to include in your HTML pages in order to use the JavaScript client library. These are a static \ncoreapi.js\n file, which contains the code for the dynamic client library, and a templated \nschema.js\n resource, which exposes your API schema.\n\n\nFirst, install the API documentation views. These will include the schema resource that'll allow you to load the schema directly from an HTML page, without having to make an asynchronous AJAX call.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API service'))\n]\n\n\n\nOnce the API documentation URLs are installed, you'll be able to include both the required JavaScript resources. Note that the ordering of these two lines is important, as the schema loading requires CoreAPI to already be installed.\n\n\n!--\n    Load the CoreAPI library and the API schema.\n\n    /static/rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.1.js\n    /docs/schema.js\n--\n\n{% load static %}\n\nscript src=\"{% static 'rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.1.js' %}\"\n/script\n\n\nscript src=\"{% url 'api-docs:schema-js' %}\"\n/script\n\n\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library, and the \nschema\n object will now both be available on the \nwindow\n instance.\n\n\nconst coreapi = window.coreapi\nconst schema = window.schema\n\n\n\nInstantiating a client\n\n\nIn order to interact with the API you'll need a client instance.\n\n\nvar client = new coreapi.Client()\n\n\n\nTypically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.\n\n\nSession authentication\n\n\nThe \nSessionAuthentication\n class allows session cookies to provide the user\nauthentication. You'll want to provide a standard HTML login flow, to allow\nthe user to login, and then instantiate a client using session authentication:\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.SessionAuthentication({\n    csrfCookieName: 'csrftoken',\n    csrfHeaderName: 'X-CSRFToken'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nThe authentication scheme will handle including a CSRF header in any outgoing\nrequests for unsafe HTTP methods.\n\n\nToken authentication\n\n\nThe \nTokenAuthentication\n class can be used to support REST framework's built-in\n\nTokenAuthentication\n, as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n    scheme: 'JWT'\n    token: '\ntoken\n'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nWhen using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.\n\n\nA suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint\n\n\nFor example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package\n\n\n// Setup some globally accessible state\nwindow.client = new coreapi.Client()\nwindow.loggedIn = false\n\nfunction loginUser(username, password) {\n    let action = [\"api-token-auth\", \"obtain-token\"]\n    let params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\n    client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n        // On success, instantiate an authenticated client.\n        let auth = window.coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n            scheme: 'JWT',\n            token: result['token']\n        })\n        window.client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n        window.loggedIn = true\n    }).catch(function (error) {\n        // Handle error case where eg. user provides incorrect credentials.\n    })\n}\n\n\n\nBasic authentication\n\n\nThe \nBasicAuthentication\n class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication({\n    username: '\nusername\n',\n    password: '\npassword\n'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nUsing the client\n\n\nMaking requests:\n\n\nlet action = [\"users\", \"list\"]\nclient.action(schema, action).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})\n\n\n\nIncluding parameters:\n\n\nlet action = [\"users\", \"create\"]\nlet params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})\n\n\n\nHandling errors:\n\n\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n}).catch(function (error) {\n    // Error value is in 'error'\n})\n\n\n\nInstallation with node\n\n\nThe coreapi package is available on NPM.\n\n\n$ npm install coreapi\n$ node\nconst coreapi = require('coreapi')\n\n\n\nYou'll either want to include the API schema in your codebase directly, by copying it from the \nschema.js\n resource, or else load the schema asynchronously. For example:\n\n\nlet client = new coreapi.Client()\nlet schema = null\nclient.get(\"https://api.example.org/\").then(function(data) {\n    // Load a CoreJSON API schema.\n    schema = data\n    console.log('schema loaded')\n})", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/",
+            "text": "API Clients\n\n\nAn API client handles the underlying details of how network requests are made\nand how responses are decoded. They present the developer with an application\ninterface to work against, rather than working directly with the network interface.\n\n\nThe API clients documented here are not restricted to APIs built with Django REST framework.\n They can be used with any API that exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nFor example, \nthe Heroku platform API\n exposes a schema in the JSON\nHyperschema format. As a result, the Core API command line client and Python\nclient library can be \nused to interact with the Heroku API\n.\n\n\nClient-side Core API\n\n\nCore API\n is a document specification that can be used to describe APIs. It can\nbe used either server-side, as is done with REST framework's \nschema generation\n,\nor used client-side, as described here.\n\n\nWhen used client-side, Core API allows for \ndynamically driven client libraries\n\nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.\n\n\nUsing a dynamically driven client has a number of advantages over interacting\nwith an API by building HTTP requests directly.\n\n\nMore meaningful interaction\n\n\nAPI interactions are presented in a more meaningful way. You're working at\nthe application interface layer, rather than the network interface layer.\n\n\nResilience & evolvability\n\n\nThe client determines what endpoints are available, what parameters exist\nagainst each particular endpoint, and how HTTP requests are formed.\n\n\nThis also allows for a degree of API evolvability. URLs can be modified\nwithout breaking existing clients, or more efficient encodings can be used\non-the-wire, with clients transparently upgrading.\n\n\nSelf-descriptive APIs\n\n\nA dynamically driven client is able to present documentation on the API to the\nend user. This documentation allows the user to discover the available endpoints\nand parameters, and better understand the API they are working with.\n\n\nBecause this documentation is driven by the API schema it will always be fully\nup to date with the most recently deployed version of the service.\n\n\n\n\nCommand line client\n\n\nThe command line client allows you to inspect and interact with any API that\nexposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nTo install the Core API command line client, use \npip\n.\n\n\nNote that the command-line client is a separate package to the\npython client library. Make sure to install \ncoreapi-cli\n.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi-cli\n\n\n\nTo start inspecting and interacting with an API the schema must first be loaded\nfrom the network.\n\n\n$ coreapi get http://api.example.org/\n\nsnippets: {\n    create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    destroy(pk)\n    highlight(pk)\n    list([page])\n    partial_update(pk, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    retrieve(pk)\n    update(pk, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n}\nusers: {\n    list([page])\n    retrieve(pk)\n}\n\n\n\nThis will then load the schema, displaying the resulting \nDocument\n. This\n\nDocument\n includes all the available interactions that may be made against the API.\n\n\nTo interact with the API, use the \naction\n command. This command requires a list\nof keys that are used to index into the link.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n        \"id\": 2,\n        \"username\": \"aziz\",\n        \"snippets\": []\n    },\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nTo inspect the underlying HTTP request and response, use the \n--debug\n flag.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users list --debug\n> GET /users/ HTTP/1.1\n> Accept: application/vnd.coreapi+json, */*\n> Authorization: Basic bWF4Om1heA==\n> Host: 127.0.0.1\n> User-Agent: coreapi\n< 200 OK\n< Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\n< Content-Type: application/json\n< Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2016 10:51:46 GMT\n< Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.7.10\n< Vary: Accept, Cookie\n<\n< [{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/2/\",\"id\":2,\"username\":\"aziz\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/3/\",\"id\":3,\"username\":\"amy\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/3/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/4/\",\"id\":4,\"username\":\"max\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/4/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/5/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/6/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/7/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/5/\",\"id\":5,\"username\":\"jose\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/6/\",\"id\":6,\"username\":\"admin\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/1/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/2/\"]}]\n\n[\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\nSome actions may include optional or required parameters.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users create --param username=example\n\n\n\nWhen using \n--param\n, the type of the input will be determined automatically.\n\n\nIf you want to be more explicit about the parameter type then use \n--data\n for\nany null, numeric, boolean, list, or object inputs, and use \n--string\n for string inputs.\n\n\n$ coreapi action users edit --string username=tomchristie --data is_admin=true\n\n\n\nAuthentication & headers\n\n\nThe \ncredentials\n command is used to manage the request \nAuthentication:\n header.\nAny credentials added are always linked to a particular domain, so as to ensure\nthat credentials are not leaked across differing APIs.\n\n\nThe format for adding a new credential is:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add  \n\n\n\nFor instance:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add api.example.org \"Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\"\n\n\n\nThe optional \n--auth\n flag also allows you to add specific types of authentication,\nhandling the encoding for you. Currently only \n\"basic\"\n is supported as an option here.\nFor example:\n\n\n$ coreapi credentials add api.example.org tomchristie:foobar --auth basic\n\n\n\nYou can also add specific request headers, using the \nheaders\n command:\n\n\n$ coreapi headers add api.example.org x-api-version 2\n\n\n\nFor more information and a listing of the available subcommands use \ncoreapi\ncredentials --help\n or \ncoreapi headers --help\n.\n\n\nCodecs\n\n\nBy default the command line client only includes support for reading Core JSON\nschemas, however it includes a plugin system for installing additional codecs.\n\n\n$ pip install openapi-codec jsonhyperschema-codec hal-codec\n$ coreapi codecs show\nCodecs\ncorejson        application/vnd.coreapi+json encoding, decoding\nhal             application/hal+json         encoding, decoding\nopenapi         application/openapi+json     encoding, decoding\njsonhyperschema application/schema+json      decoding\njson            application/json             data\ntext            text/*                       data\n\n\n\nUtilities\n\n\nThe command line client includes functionality for bookmarking API URLs\nunder a memorable name. For example, you can add a bookmark for the\nexisting API, like so...\n\n\n$ coreapi bookmarks add accountmanagement\n\n\n\nThere is also functionality for navigating forward or backward through the\nhistory of which API URLs have been accessed.\n\n\n$ coreapi history show\n$ coreapi history back\n\n\n\nFor more information and a listing of the available subcommands use\n\ncoreapi bookmarks --help\n or \ncoreapi history --help\n.\n\n\nOther commands\n\n\nTo display the current \nDocument\n:\n\n\n$ coreapi show\n\n\n\nTo reload the current \nDocument\n from the network:\n\n\n$ coreapi reload\n\n\n\nTo load a schema file from disk:\n\n\n$ coreapi load my-api-schema.json --format corejson\n\n\n\nTo dump the current document to console in a given format:\n\n\n$ coreapi dump --format openapi\n\n\n\nTo remove the current document, along with all currently saved history,\ncredentials, headers and bookmarks:\n\n\n$ coreapi clear\n\n\n\n\n\nPython client library\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n Python package allows you to programmatically interact with any\nAPI that exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nGetting started\n\n\nYou'll need to install the \ncoreapi\n package using \npip\n before you can get\nstarted.\n\n\n$ pip install coreapi\n\n\n\nIn order to start working with an API, we first need a \nClient\n instance. The\nclient holds any configuration around which codecs and transports are supported\nwhen interacting with an API, which allows you to provide for more advanced\nkinds of behaviour.\n\n\nimport coreapi\nclient = coreapi.Client()\n\n\n\nOnce we have a \nClient\n instance, we can fetch an API schema from the network.\n\n\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\n\n\nThe object returned from this call will be a \nDocument\n instance, which is\na representation of the API schema.\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\nTypically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.\n\n\nToken authentication\n\n\nThe \nTokenAuthentication\n class can be used to support REST framework's built-in\n\nTokenAuthentication\n, as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=''\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nWhen using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.\n\n\nA suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint\n\n\nFor example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package\n\n\nclient = coreapi.Client()\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\naction = ['api-token-auth', 'create']\nparams = {\"username\": \"example\", \"password\": \"secret\"}\nresult = client.action(schema, action, params)\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=result['token']\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nBasic authentication\n\n\nThe \nBasicAuthentication\n class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication(\n    username='',\n    password=''\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nInteracting with the API\n\n\nNow that we have a client and have fetched our schema \nDocument\n, we can now\nstart to interact with the API:\n\n\nusers = client.action(schema, ['users', 'list'])\n\n\n\nSome endpoints may include named parameters, which might be either optional or required:\n\n\nnew_user = client.action(schema, ['users', 'create'], params={\"username\": \"max\"})\n\n\n\nCodecs\n\n\nCodecs are responsible for encoding or decoding Documents.\n\n\nThe decoding process is used by a client to take a bytestring of an API schema\ndefinition, and returning the Core API \nDocument\n that represents that interface.\n\n\nA codec should be associated with a particular media type, such as \n'application/coreapi+json'\n.\n\n\nThis media type is used by the server in the response \nContent-Type\n header,\nin order to indicate what kind of data is being returned in the response.\n\n\nConfiguring codecs\n\n\nThe codecs that are available can be configured when instantiating a client.\nThe keyword argument used here is \ndecoders\n, because in the context of a\nclient the codecs are only for \ndecoding\n responses.\n\n\nIn the following example we'll configure a client to only accept \nCore JSON\n\nand \nJSON\n responses. This will allow us to receive and decode a Core JSON schema,\nand subsequently to receive JSON responses made against the API.\n\n\nfrom coreapi import codecs, Client\n\ndecoders = [codecs.CoreJSONCodec(), codecs.JSONCodec()]\nclient = Client(decoders=decoders)\n\n\n\nLoading and saving schemas\n\n\nYou can use a codec directly, in order to load an existing schema definition,\nand return the resulting \nDocument\n.\n\n\ninput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\nschema_definition = input_file.read()\ncodec = codecs.CoreJSONCodec()\nschema = codec.load(schema_definition)\n\n\n\nYou can also use a codec directly to generate a schema definition given a \nDocument\n instance:\n\n\nschema_definition = codec.dump(schema)\noutput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\noutput_file.write(schema_definition)\n\n\n\nTransports\n\n\nTransports are responsible for making network requests. The set of transports\nthat a client has installed determines which network protocols it is able to\nsupport.\n\n\nCurrently the \ncoreapi\n library only includes an HTTP/HTTPS transport, but\nother protocols can also be supported.\n\n\nConfiguring transports\n\n\nThe behavior of the network layer can be customized by configuring the\ntransports that the client is instantiated with.\n\n\nimport requests\nfrom coreapi import transports, Client\n\ncredentials = {'api.example.org': 'Token 3bd44a009d16ff'}\ntransports = transports.HTTPTransport(credentials=credentials)\nclient = Client(transports=transports)\n\n\n\nMore complex customizations can also be achieved, for example modifying the\nunderlying \nrequests.Session\n instance to \nattach transport adaptors\n\nthat modify the outgoing requests.\n\n\n\n\nJavaScript Client Library\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library allows you to interact with your API either from a browser, or using node.\n\n\nInstalling the JavaScript client\n\n\nThere are two separate JavaScript resources that you need to include in your HTML pages in order to use the JavaScript client library. These are a static \ncoreapi.js\n file, which contains the code for the dynamic client library, and a templated \nschema.js\n resource, which exposes your API schema.\n\n\nFirst, install the API documentation views. These will include the schema resource that'll allow you to load the schema directly from an HTML page, without having to make an asynchronous AJAX call.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API service'))\n]\n\n\n\nOnce the API documentation URLs are installed, you'll be able to include both the required JavaScript resources. Note that the ordering of these two lines is important, as the schema loading requires CoreAPI to already be installed.\n\n\n\n{% load static %}\n\n\n\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library, and the \nschema\n object will now both be available on the \nwindow\n instance.\n\n\nconst coreapi = window.coreapi\nconst schema = window.schema\n\n\n\nInstantiating a client\n\n\nIn order to interact with the API you'll need a client instance.\n\n\nvar client = new coreapi.Client()\n\n\n\nTypically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.\n\n\nSession authentication\n\n\nThe \nSessionAuthentication\n class allows session cookies to provide the user\nauthentication. You'll want to provide a standard HTML login flow, to allow\nthe user to login, and then instantiate a client using session authentication:\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.SessionAuthentication({\n    csrfCookieName: 'csrftoken',\n    csrfHeaderName: 'X-CSRFToken'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nThe authentication scheme will handle including a CSRF header in any outgoing\nrequests for unsafe HTTP methods.\n\n\nToken authentication\n\n\nThe \nTokenAuthentication\n class can be used to support REST framework's built-in\n\nTokenAuthentication\n, as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n    scheme: 'JWT'\n    token: ''\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nWhen using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.\n\n\nA suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint\n\n\nFor example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package\n\n\n// Setup some globally accessible state\nwindow.client = new coreapi.Client()\nwindow.loggedIn = false\n\nfunction loginUser(username, password) {\n    let action = [\"api-token-auth\", \"obtain-token\"]\n    let params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\n    client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n        // On success, instantiate an authenticated client.\n        let auth = window.coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n            scheme: 'JWT',\n            token: result['token']\n        })\n        window.client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n        window.loggedIn = true\n    }).catch(function (error) {\n        // Handle error case where eg. user provides incorrect credentials.\n    })\n}\n\n\n\nBasic authentication\n\n\nThe \nBasicAuthentication\n class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.\n\n\nlet auth = new coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication({\n    username: '',\n    password: ''\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n\n\nUsing the client\n\n\nMaking requests:\n\n\nlet action = [\"users\", \"list\"]\nclient.action(schema, action).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})\n\n\n\nIncluding parameters:\n\n\nlet action = [\"users\", \"create\"]\nlet params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})\n\n\n\nHandling errors:\n\n\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n}).catch(function (error) {\n    // Error value is in 'error'\n})\n\n\n\nInstallation with node\n\n\nThe coreapi package is available on NPM.\n\n\n$ npm install coreapi\n$ node\nconst coreapi = require('coreapi')\n\n\n\nYou'll either want to include the API schema in your codebase directly, by copying it from the \nschema.js\n resource, or else load the schema asynchronously. For example:\n\n\nlet client = new coreapi.Client()\nlet schema = null\nclient.get(\"https://api.example.org/\").then(function(data) {\n    // Load a CoreJSON API schema.\n    schema = data\n    console.log('schema loaded')\n})",
             "title": "API Clients"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#api-clients", 
-            "text": "An API client handles the underlying details of how network requests are made\nand how responses are decoded. They present the developer with an application\ninterface to work against, rather than working directly with the network interface.  The API clients documented here are not restricted to APIs built with Django REST framework.\n They can be used with any API that exposes a supported schema format.  For example,  the Heroku platform API  exposes a schema in the JSON\nHyperschema format. As a result, the Core API command line client and Python\nclient library can be  used to interact with the Heroku API .", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#api-clients",
+            "text": "An API client handles the underlying details of how network requests are made\nand how responses are decoded. They present the developer with an application\ninterface to work against, rather than working directly with the network interface.  The API clients documented here are not restricted to APIs built with Django REST framework.\n They can be used with any API that exposes a supported schema format.  For example,  the Heroku platform API  exposes a schema in the JSON\nHyperschema format. As a result, the Core API command line client and Python\nclient library can be  used to interact with the Heroku API .",
             "title": "API Clients"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#client-side-core-api", 
-            "text": "Core API  is a document specification that can be used to describe APIs. It can\nbe used either server-side, as is done with REST framework's  schema generation ,\nor used client-side, as described here.  When used client-side, Core API allows for  dynamically driven client libraries \nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.  Using a dynamically driven client has a number of advantages over interacting\nwith an API by building HTTP requests directly.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#client-side-core-api",
+            "text": "Core API  is a document specification that can be used to describe APIs. It can\nbe used either server-side, as is done with REST framework's  schema generation ,\nor used client-side, as described here.  When used client-side, Core API allows for  dynamically driven client libraries \nthat can interact with any API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia\nformat.  Using a dynamically driven client has a number of advantages over interacting\nwith an API by building HTTP requests directly.",
             "title": "Client-side Core API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#more-meaningful-interaction", 
-            "text": "API interactions are presented in a more meaningful way. You're working at\nthe application interface layer, rather than the network interface layer.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#more-meaningful-interaction",
+            "text": "API interactions are presented in a more meaningful way. You're working at\nthe application interface layer, rather than the network interface layer.",
             "title": "More meaningful interaction"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#resilience-evolvability", 
-            "text": "The client determines what endpoints are available, what parameters exist\nagainst each particular endpoint, and how HTTP requests are formed.  This also allows for a degree of API evolvability. URLs can be modified\nwithout breaking existing clients, or more efficient encodings can be used\non-the-wire, with clients transparently upgrading.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#resilience-evolvability",
+            "text": "The client determines what endpoints are available, what parameters exist\nagainst each particular endpoint, and how HTTP requests are formed.  This also allows for a degree of API evolvability. URLs can be modified\nwithout breaking existing clients, or more efficient encodings can be used\non-the-wire, with clients transparently upgrading.",
             "title": "Resilience & evolvability"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#self-descriptive-apis", 
-            "text": "A dynamically driven client is able to present documentation on the API to the\nend user. This documentation allows the user to discover the available endpoints\nand parameters, and better understand the API they are working with.  Because this documentation is driven by the API schema it will always be fully\nup to date with the most recently deployed version of the service.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#self-descriptive-apis",
+            "text": "A dynamically driven client is able to present documentation on the API to the\nend user. This documentation allows the user to discover the available endpoints\nand parameters, and better understand the API they are working with.  Because this documentation is driven by the API schema it will always be fully\nup to date with the most recently deployed version of the service.",
             "title": "Self-descriptive APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#command-line-client", 
-            "text": "The command line client allows you to inspect and interact with any API that\nexposes a supported schema format.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#command-line-client",
+            "text": "The command line client allows you to inspect and interact with any API that\nexposes a supported schema format.",
             "title": "Command line client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#getting-started", 
-            "text": "To install the Core API command line client, use  pip .  Note that the command-line client is a separate package to the\npython client library. Make sure to install  coreapi-cli .  $ pip install coreapi-cli  To start inspecting and interacting with an API the schema must first be loaded\nfrom the network.  $ coreapi get http://api.example.org/ Pastebin API \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/\" \nsnippets: {\n    create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    destroy(pk)\n    highlight(pk)\n    list([page])\n    partial_update(pk, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    retrieve(pk)\n    update(pk, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n}\nusers: {\n    list([page])\n    retrieve(pk)\n}  This will then load the schema, displaying the resulting  Document . This Document  includes all the available interactions that may be made against the API.  To interact with the API, use the  action  command. This command requires a list\nof keys that are used to index into the link.  $ coreapi action users list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n        \"id\": 2,\n        \"username\": \"aziz\",\n        \"snippets\": []\n    },\n    ...\n]  To inspect the underlying HTTP request and response, use the  --debug  flag.  $ coreapi action users list --debug  GET /users/ HTTP/1.1  Accept: application/vnd.coreapi+json, */*  Authorization: Basic bWF4Om1heA==  Host: 127.0.0.1  User-Agent: coreapi  200 OK  Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS  Content-Type: application/json  Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2016 10:51:46 GMT  Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.7.10  Vary: Accept, Cookie   [{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/2/\",\"id\":2,\"username\":\"aziz\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/3/\",\"id\":3,\"username\":\"amy\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/3/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/4/\",\"id\":4,\"username\":\"max\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/4/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/5/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/6/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/7/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/5/\",\"id\":5,\"username\":\"jose\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/6/\",\"id\":6,\"username\":\"admin\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/1/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/2/\"]}]\n\n[\n    ...\n]  Some actions may include optional or required parameters.  $ coreapi action users create --param username=example  When using  --param , the type of the input will be determined automatically.  If you want to be more explicit about the parameter type then use  --data  for\nany null, numeric, boolean, list, or object inputs, and use  --string  for string inputs.  $ coreapi action users edit --string username=tomchristie --data is_admin=true", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#getting-started",
+            "text": "To install the Core API command line client, use  pip .  Note that the command-line client is a separate package to the\npython client library. Make sure to install  coreapi-cli .  $ pip install coreapi-cli  To start inspecting and interacting with an API the schema must first be loaded\nfrom the network.  $ coreapi get http://api.example.org/\n\nsnippets: {\n    create(code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    destroy(pk)\n    highlight(pk)\n    list([page])\n    partial_update(pk, [title], [code], [linenos], [language], [style])\n    retrieve(pk)\n    update(pk, code, [title], [linenos], [language], [style])\n}\nusers: {\n    list([page])\n    retrieve(pk)\n}  This will then load the schema, displaying the resulting  Document . This Document  includes all the available interactions that may be made against the API.  To interact with the API, use the  action  command. This command requires a list\nof keys that are used to index into the link.  $ coreapi action users list\n[\n    {\n        \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/\",\n        \"id\": 2,\n        \"username\": \"aziz\",\n        \"snippets\": []\n    },\n    ...\n]  To inspect the underlying HTTP request and response, use the  --debug  flag.  $ coreapi action users list --debug\n> GET /users/ HTTP/1.1\n> Accept: application/vnd.coreapi+json, */*\n> Authorization: Basic bWF4Om1heA==\n> Host: 127.0.0.1\n> User-Agent: coreapi\n< 200 OK\n< Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS\n< Content-Type: application/json\n< Date: Thu, 30 Jun 2016 10:51:46 GMT\n< Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.7.10\n< Vary: Accept, Cookie\n<\n< [{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/2/\",\"id\":2,\"username\":\"aziz\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/3/\",\"id\":3,\"username\":\"amy\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/3/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/4/\",\"id\":4,\"username\":\"max\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/4/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/5/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/6/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/7/\"]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/5/\",\"id\":5,\"username\":\"jose\",\"snippets\":[]},{\"url\":\"http://127.0.0.1/users/6/\",\"id\":6,\"username\":\"admin\",\"snippets\":[\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/1/\",\"http://127.0.0.1/snippets/2/\"]}]\n\n[\n    ...\n]  Some actions may include optional or required parameters.  $ coreapi action users create --param username=example  When using  --param , the type of the input will be determined automatically.  If you want to be more explicit about the parameter type then use  --data  for\nany null, numeric, boolean, list, or object inputs, and use  --string  for string inputs.  $ coreapi action users edit --string username=tomchristie --data is_admin=true",
             "title": "Getting started"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#authentication-headers", 
-            "text": "The  credentials  command is used to manage the request  Authentication:  header.\nAny credentials added are always linked to a particular domain, so as to ensure\nthat credentials are not leaked across differing APIs.  The format for adding a new credential is:  $ coreapi credentials add  domain   credentials string   For instance:  $ coreapi credentials add api.example.org \"Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\"  The optional  --auth  flag also allows you to add specific types of authentication,\nhandling the encoding for you. Currently only  \"basic\"  is supported as an option here.\nFor example:  $ coreapi credentials add api.example.org tomchristie:foobar --auth basic  You can also add specific request headers, using the  headers  command:  $ coreapi headers add api.example.org x-api-version 2  For more information and a listing of the available subcommands use  coreapi\ncredentials --help  or  coreapi headers --help .", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#authentication-headers",
+            "text": "The  credentials  command is used to manage the request  Authentication:  header.\nAny credentials added are always linked to a particular domain, so as to ensure\nthat credentials are not leaked across differing APIs.  The format for adding a new credential is:  $ coreapi credentials add    For instance:  $ coreapi credentials add api.example.org \"Token 9944b09199c62bcf9418ad846dd0e4bbdfc6ee4b\"  The optional  --auth  flag also allows you to add specific types of authentication,\nhandling the encoding for you. Currently only  \"basic\"  is supported as an option here.\nFor example:  $ coreapi credentials add api.example.org tomchristie:foobar --auth basic  You can also add specific request headers, using the  headers  command:  $ coreapi headers add api.example.org x-api-version 2  For more information and a listing of the available subcommands use  coreapi\ncredentials --help  or  coreapi headers --help .",
             "title": "Authentication & headers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#codecs", 
-            "text": "By default the command line client only includes support for reading Core JSON\nschemas, however it includes a plugin system for installing additional codecs.  $ pip install openapi-codec jsonhyperschema-codec hal-codec\n$ coreapi codecs show\nCodecs\ncorejson        application/vnd.coreapi+json encoding, decoding\nhal             application/hal+json         encoding, decoding\nopenapi         application/openapi+json     encoding, decoding\njsonhyperschema application/schema+json      decoding\njson            application/json             data\ntext            text/*                       data", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#codecs",
+            "text": "By default the command line client only includes support for reading Core JSON\nschemas, however it includes a plugin system for installing additional codecs.  $ pip install openapi-codec jsonhyperschema-codec hal-codec\n$ coreapi codecs show\nCodecs\ncorejson        application/vnd.coreapi+json encoding, decoding\nhal             application/hal+json         encoding, decoding\nopenapi         application/openapi+json     encoding, decoding\njsonhyperschema application/schema+json      decoding\njson            application/json             data\ntext            text/*                       data",
             "title": "Codecs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#utilities", 
-            "text": "The command line client includes functionality for bookmarking API URLs\nunder a memorable name. For example, you can add a bookmark for the\nexisting API, like so...  $ coreapi bookmarks add accountmanagement  There is also functionality for navigating forward or backward through the\nhistory of which API URLs have been accessed.  $ coreapi history show\n$ coreapi history back  For more information and a listing of the available subcommands use coreapi bookmarks --help  or  coreapi history --help .", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#utilities",
+            "text": "The command line client includes functionality for bookmarking API URLs\nunder a memorable name. For example, you can add a bookmark for the\nexisting API, like so...  $ coreapi bookmarks add accountmanagement  There is also functionality for navigating forward or backward through the\nhistory of which API URLs have been accessed.  $ coreapi history show\n$ coreapi history back  For more information and a listing of the available subcommands use coreapi bookmarks --help  or  coreapi history --help .",
             "title": "Utilities"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#other-commands", 
-            "text": "To display the current  Document :  $ coreapi show  To reload the current  Document  from the network:  $ coreapi reload  To load a schema file from disk:  $ coreapi load my-api-schema.json --format corejson  To dump the current document to console in a given format:  $ coreapi dump --format openapi  To remove the current document, along with all currently saved history,\ncredentials, headers and bookmarks:  $ coreapi clear", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#other-commands",
+            "text": "To display the current  Document :  $ coreapi show  To reload the current  Document  from the network:  $ coreapi reload  To load a schema file from disk:  $ coreapi load my-api-schema.json --format corejson  To dump the current document to console in a given format:  $ coreapi dump --format openapi  To remove the current document, along with all currently saved history,\ncredentials, headers and bookmarks:  $ coreapi clear",
             "title": "Other commands"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#python-client-library", 
-            "text": "The  coreapi  Python package allows you to programmatically interact with any\nAPI that exposes a supported schema format.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#python-client-library",
+            "text": "The  coreapi  Python package allows you to programmatically interact with any\nAPI that exposes a supported schema format.",
             "title": "Python client library"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#getting-started_1", 
-            "text": "You'll need to install the  coreapi  package using  pip  before you can get\nstarted.  $ pip install coreapi  In order to start working with an API, we first need a  Client  instance. The\nclient holds any configuration around which codecs and transports are supported\nwhen interacting with an API, which allows you to provide for more advanced\nkinds of behaviour.  import coreapi\nclient = coreapi.Client()  Once we have a  Client  instance, we can fetch an API schema from the network.  schema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')  The object returned from this call will be a  Document  instance, which is\na representation of the API schema.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#getting-started_1",
+            "text": "You'll need to install the  coreapi  package using  pip  before you can get\nstarted.  $ pip install coreapi  In order to start working with an API, we first need a  Client  instance. The\nclient holds any configuration around which codecs and transports are supported\nwhen interacting with an API, which allows you to provide for more advanced\nkinds of behaviour.  import coreapi\nclient = coreapi.Client()  Once we have a  Client  instance, we can fetch an API schema from the network.  schema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')  The object returned from this call will be a  Document  instance, which is\na representation of the API schema.",
             "title": "Getting started"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#authentication", 
-            "text": "Typically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#authentication",
+            "text": "Typically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.",
             "title": "Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#token-authentication", 
-            "text": "The  TokenAuthentication  class can be used to support REST framework's built-in TokenAuthentication , as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.  auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=' token '\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)  When using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.  A suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint  For example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package  client = coreapi.Client()\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\naction = ['api-token-auth', 'create']\nparams = {\"username\": \"example\", \"password\": \"secret\"}\nresult = client.action(schema, action, params)\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=result['token']\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#token-authentication",
+            "text": "The  TokenAuthentication  class can be used to support REST framework's built-in TokenAuthentication , as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.  auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=''\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)  When using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.  A suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint  For example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package  client = coreapi.Client()\nschema = client.get('https://api.example.org/')\n\naction = ['api-token-auth', 'create']\nparams = {\"username\": \"example\", \"password\": \"secret\"}\nresult = client.action(schema, action, params)\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(\n    scheme='JWT',\n    token=result['token']\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)",
             "title": "Token authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#basic-authentication", 
-            "text": "The  BasicAuthentication  class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.  auth = coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication(\n    username=' username ',\n    password=' password '\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#basic-authentication",
+            "text": "The  BasicAuthentication  class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.  auth = coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication(\n    username='',\n    password=''\n)\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)",
             "title": "Basic authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#interacting-with-the-api", 
-            "text": "Now that we have a client and have fetched our schema  Document , we can now\nstart to interact with the API:  users = client.action(schema, ['users', 'list'])  Some endpoints may include named parameters, which might be either optional or required:  new_user = client.action(schema, ['users', 'create'], params={\"username\": \"max\"})", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#interacting-with-the-api",
+            "text": "Now that we have a client and have fetched our schema  Document , we can now\nstart to interact with the API:  users = client.action(schema, ['users', 'list'])  Some endpoints may include named parameters, which might be either optional or required:  new_user = client.action(schema, ['users', 'create'], params={\"username\": \"max\"})",
             "title": "Interacting with the API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#codecs_1", 
-            "text": "Codecs are responsible for encoding or decoding Documents.  The decoding process is used by a client to take a bytestring of an API schema\ndefinition, and returning the Core API  Document  that represents that interface.  A codec should be associated with a particular media type, such as  'application/coreapi+json' .  This media type is used by the server in the response  Content-Type  header,\nin order to indicate what kind of data is being returned in the response.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#codecs_1",
+            "text": "Codecs are responsible for encoding or decoding Documents.  The decoding process is used by a client to take a bytestring of an API schema\ndefinition, and returning the Core API  Document  that represents that interface.  A codec should be associated with a particular media type, such as  'application/coreapi+json' .  This media type is used by the server in the response  Content-Type  header,\nin order to indicate what kind of data is being returned in the response.",
             "title": "Codecs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#configuring-codecs", 
-            "text": "The codecs that are available can be configured when instantiating a client.\nThe keyword argument used here is  decoders , because in the context of a\nclient the codecs are only for  decoding  responses.  In the following example we'll configure a client to only accept  Core JSON \nand  JSON  responses. This will allow us to receive and decode a Core JSON schema,\nand subsequently to receive JSON responses made against the API.  from coreapi import codecs, Client\n\ndecoders = [codecs.CoreJSONCodec(), codecs.JSONCodec()]\nclient = Client(decoders=decoders)", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#configuring-codecs",
+            "text": "The codecs that are available can be configured when instantiating a client.\nThe keyword argument used here is  decoders , because in the context of a\nclient the codecs are only for  decoding  responses.  In the following example we'll configure a client to only accept  Core JSON \nand  JSON  responses. This will allow us to receive and decode a Core JSON schema,\nand subsequently to receive JSON responses made against the API.  from coreapi import codecs, Client\n\ndecoders = [codecs.CoreJSONCodec(), codecs.JSONCodec()]\nclient = Client(decoders=decoders)",
             "title": "Configuring codecs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#loading-and-saving-schemas", 
-            "text": "You can use a codec directly, in order to load an existing schema definition,\nand return the resulting  Document .  input_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\nschema_definition = input_file.read()\ncodec = codecs.CoreJSONCodec()\nschema = codec.load(schema_definition)  You can also use a codec directly to generate a schema definition given a  Document  instance:  schema_definition = codec.dump(schema)\noutput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\noutput_file.write(schema_definition)", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#loading-and-saving-schemas",
+            "text": "You can use a codec directly, in order to load an existing schema definition,\nand return the resulting  Document .  input_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\nschema_definition = input_file.read()\ncodec = codecs.CoreJSONCodec()\nschema = codec.load(schema_definition)  You can also use a codec directly to generate a schema definition given a  Document  instance:  schema_definition = codec.dump(schema)\noutput_file = open('my-api-schema.json', 'rb')\noutput_file.write(schema_definition)",
             "title": "Loading and saving schemas"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#transports", 
-            "text": "Transports are responsible for making network requests. The set of transports\nthat a client has installed determines which network protocols it is able to\nsupport.  Currently the  coreapi  library only includes an HTTP/HTTPS transport, but\nother protocols can also be supported.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#transports",
+            "text": "Transports are responsible for making network requests. The set of transports\nthat a client has installed determines which network protocols it is able to\nsupport.  Currently the  coreapi  library only includes an HTTP/HTTPS transport, but\nother protocols can also be supported.",
             "title": "Transports"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#configuring-transports", 
-            "text": "The behavior of the network layer can be customized by configuring the\ntransports that the client is instantiated with.  import requests\nfrom coreapi import transports, Client\n\ncredentials = {'api.example.org': 'Token 3bd44a009d16ff'}\ntransports = transports.HTTPTransport(credentials=credentials)\nclient = Client(transports=transports)  More complex customizations can also be achieved, for example modifying the\nunderlying  requests.Session  instance to  attach transport adaptors \nthat modify the outgoing requests.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#configuring-transports",
+            "text": "The behavior of the network layer can be customized by configuring the\ntransports that the client is instantiated with.  import requests\nfrom coreapi import transports, Client\n\ncredentials = {'api.example.org': 'Token 3bd44a009d16ff'}\ntransports = transports.HTTPTransport(credentials=credentials)\nclient = Client(transports=transports)  More complex customizations can also be achieved, for example modifying the\nunderlying  requests.Session  instance to  attach transport adaptors \nthat modify the outgoing requests.",
             "title": "Configuring transports"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#javascript-client-library", 
-            "text": "The JavaScript client library allows you to interact with your API either from a browser, or using node.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#javascript-client-library",
+            "text": "The JavaScript client library allows you to interact with your API either from a browser, or using node.",
             "title": "JavaScript Client Library"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#installing-the-javascript-client", 
-            "text": "There are two separate JavaScript resources that you need to include in your HTML pages in order to use the JavaScript client library. These are a static  coreapi.js  file, which contains the code for the dynamic client library, and a templated  schema.js  resource, which exposes your API schema.  First, install the API documentation views. These will include the schema resource that'll allow you to load the schema directly from an HTML page, without having to make an asynchronous AJAX call.  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API service'))\n]  Once the API documentation URLs are installed, you'll be able to include both the required JavaScript resources. Note that the ordering of these two lines is important, as the schema loading requires CoreAPI to already be installed.  !--\n    Load the CoreAPI library and the API schema.\n\n    /static/rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.1.js\n    /docs/schema.js\n-- \n{% load static %} script src=\"{% static 'rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.1.js' %}\" /script  script src=\"{% url 'api-docs:schema-js' %}\" /script   The  coreapi  library, and the  schema  object will now both be available on the  window  instance.  const coreapi = window.coreapi\nconst schema = window.schema", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#installing-the-javascript-client",
+            "text": "There are two separate JavaScript resources that you need to include in your HTML pages in order to use the JavaScript client library. These are a static  coreapi.js  file, which contains the code for the dynamic client library, and a templated  schema.js  resource, which exposes your API schema.  First, install the API documentation views. These will include the schema resource that'll allow you to load the schema directly from an HTML page, without having to make an asynchronous AJAX call.  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title='My API service'))\n]  Once the API documentation URLs are installed, you'll be able to include both the required JavaScript resources. Note that the ordering of these two lines is important, as the schema loading requires CoreAPI to already be installed.  \n{% load static %}\n\n  The  coreapi  library, and the  schema  object will now both be available on the  window  instance.  const coreapi = window.coreapi\nconst schema = window.schema",
             "title": "Installing the JavaScript client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#instantiating-a-client", 
-            "text": "In order to interact with the API you'll need a client instance.  var client = new coreapi.Client()  Typically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#instantiating-a-client",
+            "text": "In order to interact with the API you'll need a client instance.  var client = new coreapi.Client()  Typically you'll also want to provide some authentication credentials when\ninstantiating the client.",
             "title": "Instantiating a client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#session-authentication", 
-            "text": "The  SessionAuthentication  class allows session cookies to provide the user\nauthentication. You'll want to provide a standard HTML login flow, to allow\nthe user to login, and then instantiate a client using session authentication:  let auth = new coreapi.auth.SessionAuthentication({\n    csrfCookieName: 'csrftoken',\n    csrfHeaderName: 'X-CSRFToken'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})  The authentication scheme will handle including a CSRF header in any outgoing\nrequests for unsafe HTTP methods.", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#session-authentication",
+            "text": "The  SessionAuthentication  class allows session cookies to provide the user\nauthentication. You'll want to provide a standard HTML login flow, to allow\nthe user to login, and then instantiate a client using session authentication:  let auth = new coreapi.auth.SessionAuthentication({\n    csrfCookieName: 'csrftoken',\n    csrfHeaderName: 'X-CSRFToken'\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})  The authentication scheme will handle including a CSRF header in any outgoing\nrequests for unsafe HTTP methods.",
             "title": "Session authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#token-authentication_1", 
-            "text": "The  TokenAuthentication  class can be used to support REST framework's built-in TokenAuthentication , as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.  let auth = new coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n    scheme: 'JWT'\n    token: ' token '\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})  When using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.  A suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint  For example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package  // Setup some globally accessible state\nwindow.client = new coreapi.Client()\nwindow.loggedIn = false\n\nfunction loginUser(username, password) {\n    let action = [\"api-token-auth\", \"obtain-token\"]\n    let params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\n    client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n        // On success, instantiate an authenticated client.\n        let auth = window.coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n            scheme: 'JWT',\n            token: result['token']\n        })\n        window.client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n        window.loggedIn = true\n    }).catch(function (error) {\n        // Handle error case where eg. user provides incorrect credentials.\n    })\n}", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#token-authentication_1",
+            "text": "The  TokenAuthentication  class can be used to support REST framework's built-in TokenAuthentication , as well as OAuth and JWT schemes.  let auth = new coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n    scheme: 'JWT'\n    token: ''\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})  When using TokenAuthentication you'll probably need to implement a login flow\nusing the CoreAPI client.  A suggested pattern for this would be to initially make an unauthenticated client\nrequest to an \"obtain token\" endpoint  For example, using the \"Django REST framework JWT\" package  // Setup some globally accessible state\nwindow.client = new coreapi.Client()\nwindow.loggedIn = false\n\nfunction loginUser(username, password) {\n    let action = [\"api-token-auth\", \"obtain-token\"]\n    let params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\n    client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n        // On success, instantiate an authenticated client.\n        let auth = window.coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({\n            scheme: 'JWT',\n            token: result['token']\n        })\n        window.client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n        window.loggedIn = true\n    }).catch(function (error) {\n        // Handle error case where eg. user provides incorrect credentials.\n    })\n}",
             "title": "Token authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#basic-authentication_1", 
-            "text": "The  BasicAuthentication  class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.  let auth = new coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication({\n    username: ' username ',\n    password: ' password '\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#basic-authentication_1",
+            "text": "The  BasicAuthentication  class can be used to support HTTP Basic Authentication.  let auth = new coreapi.auth.BasicAuthentication({\n    username: '',\n    password: ''\n})\nlet client = new coreapi.Client({auth: auth})",
             "title": "Basic authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#using-the-client", 
-            "text": "Making requests:  let action = [\"users\", \"list\"]\nclient.action(schema, action).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})  Including parameters:  let action = [\"users\", \"create\"]\nlet params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})  Handling errors:  client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n}).catch(function (error) {\n    // Error value is in 'error'\n})", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#using-the-client",
+            "text": "Making requests:  let action = [\"users\", \"list\"]\nclient.action(schema, action).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})  Including parameters:  let action = [\"users\", \"create\"]\nlet params = {username: \"example\", email: \"example@example.com\"}\nclient.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n})  Handling errors:  client.action(schema, action, params).then(function(result) {\n    // Return value is in 'result'\n}).catch(function (error) {\n    // Error value is in 'error'\n})",
             "title": "Using the client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#installation-with-node", 
-            "text": "The coreapi package is available on NPM.  $ npm install coreapi\n$ node\nconst coreapi = require('coreapi')  You'll either want to include the API schema in your codebase directly, by copying it from the  schema.js  resource, or else load the schema asynchronously. For example:  let client = new coreapi.Client()\nlet schema = null\nclient.get(\"https://api.example.org/\").then(function(data) {\n    // Load a CoreJSON API schema.\n    schema = data\n    console.log('schema loaded')\n})", 
+            "location": "/topics/api-clients/#installation-with-node",
+            "text": "The coreapi package is available on NPM.  $ npm install coreapi\n$ node\nconst coreapi = require('coreapi')  You'll either want to include the API schema in your codebase directly, by copying it from the  schema.js  resource, or else load the schema asynchronously. For example:  let client = new coreapi.Client()\nlet schema = null\nclient.get(\"https://api.example.org/\").then(function(data) {\n    // Load a CoreJSON API schema.\n    schema = data\n    console.log('schema loaded')\n})",
             "title": "Installation with node"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/", 
-            "text": "Internationalization\n\n\n\n\nSupporting internationalization is not optional. It must be a core feature.\n\n\n \nJannis Leidel, speaking at Django Under the Hood, 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework ships with translatable error messages. You can make these appear in your language enabling \nDjango's standard translation mechanisms\n.\n\n\nDoing so will allow you to:\n\n\n\n\nSelect a language other than English as the default, using the standard \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n Django setting.\n\n\nAllow clients to choose a language themselves, using the \nLocaleMiddleware\n included with Django. A typical usage for API clients would be to include an \nAccept-Language\n request header.\n\n\n\n\nEnabling internationalized APIs\n\n\nYou can change the default language by using the standard Django \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"\n\n\n\nYou can turn on per-request language requests by adding \nLocalMiddleware\n to your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting:\n\n\nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]\n\n\n\nWhen per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the \nAccept-Language\n header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:\n\n\nRequest\n\n\nGET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org\n\n\n\nResponse\n\n\nHTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"}\n\n\n\nREST framework includes these built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.\n\n\nNote that the translations only apply to the error strings themselves. The format of error messages, and the keys of field names will remain the same. An example \n400 Bad Request\n response body might look like this:\n\n\n{\"detail\": {\"username\": [\"Esse campo deve ser \u00fanico.\"]}}\n\n\n\nIf you want to use different string for parts of the response such as \ndetail\n and \nnon_field_errors\n then you can modify this behavior by using a \ncustom exception handler\n.\n\n\nSpecifying the set of supported languages.\n\n\nBy default all available languages will be supported.\n\n\nIf you only wish to support a subset of the available languages, use Django's standard \nLANGUAGES\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]\n\n\n\nAdding new translations\n\n\nREST framework translations are managed online using \nTransifex\n. You can use the Transifex service to add new translation languages. The maintenance team will then ensure that these translation strings are included in the REST framework package.\n\n\nSometimes you may need to add translation strings to your project locally. You may need to do this if:\n\n\n\n\nYou want to use REST Framework in a language which has not been translated yet on Transifex.\n\n\nYour project includes custom error messages, which are not part of REST framework's default translation strings.\n\n\n\n\nTranslating a new language locally\n\n\nThis guide assumes you are already familiar with how to translate a Django app.  If you're not, start by reading \nDjango's translation docs\n.\n\n\nIf you're translating a new language you'll need to translate the existing REST framework error messages:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMake a new folder where you want to store the internationalization resources. Add this path to your \nLOCALE_PATHS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNow create a subfolder for the language you want to translate. The folder should be named using \nlocale name\n notation. For example: \nde\n, \npt_BR\n, \nes_AR\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNow copy the \nbase translations file\n from the REST framework source code into your translations folder.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEdit the \ndjango.po\n file you've just copied, translating all the error messages.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRun \nmanage.py compilemessages -l pt_BR\n to make the translations\navailable for Django to use. You should see a message like \nprocessing file django.po in \n...\n/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRestart your development server to see the changes take effect.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIf you're only translating custom error messages that exist inside your project codebase you don't need to copy the REST framework source \ndjango.po\n file into a \nLOCALE_PATHS\n folder, and can instead simply run Django's standard \nmakemessages\n process.\n\n\nHow the language is determined\n\n\nIf you want to allow per-request language preferences you'll need to include \ndjango.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware\n in your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nYou can find more information on how the language preference is determined in the \nDjango documentation\n. For reference, the method is:\n\n\n\n\nFirst, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks for the \nLANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY\n key in the current user\u2019s session.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks for a cookie.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks at the \nAccept-Language\n HTTP header.\n\n\nFailing that, it uses the global \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nFor API clients the most appropriate of these will typically be to use the \nAccept-Language\n header; Sessions and cookies will not be available unless using session authentication, and generally better practice to prefer an \nAccept-Language\n header for API clients rather than using language URL prefixes.", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/",
+            "text": "Internationalization\n\n\n\n\nSupporting internationalization is not optional. It must be a core feature.\n\n\n\u2014 \nJannis Leidel, speaking at Django Under the Hood, 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework ships with translatable error messages. You can make these appear in your language enabling \nDjango's standard translation mechanisms\n.\n\n\nDoing so will allow you to:\n\n\n\n\nSelect a language other than English as the default, using the standard \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n Django setting.\n\n\nAllow clients to choose a language themselves, using the \nLocaleMiddleware\n included with Django. A typical usage for API clients would be to include an \nAccept-Language\n request header.\n\n\n\n\nEnabling internationalized APIs\n\n\nYou can change the default language by using the standard Django \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"\n\n\n\nYou can turn on per-request language requests by adding \nLocalMiddleware\n to your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting:\n\n\nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]\n\n\n\nWhen per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the \nAccept-Language\n header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:\n\n\nRequest\n\n\nGET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org\n\n\n\nResponse\n\n\nHTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"}\n\n\n\nREST framework includes these built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.\n\n\nNote that the translations only apply to the error strings themselves. The format of error messages, and the keys of field names will remain the same. An example \n400 Bad Request\n response body might look like this:\n\n\n{\"detail\": {\"username\": [\"Esse campo deve ser \u00fanico.\"]}}\n\n\n\nIf you want to use different string for parts of the response such as \ndetail\n and \nnon_field_errors\n then you can modify this behavior by using a \ncustom exception handler\n.\n\n\nSpecifying the set of supported languages.\n\n\nBy default all available languages will be supported.\n\n\nIf you only wish to support a subset of the available languages, use Django's standard \nLANGUAGES\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]\n\n\n\nAdding new translations\n\n\nREST framework translations are managed online using \nTransifex\n. You can use the Transifex service to add new translation languages. The maintenance team will then ensure that these translation strings are included in the REST framework package.\n\n\nSometimes you may need to add translation strings to your project locally. You may need to do this if:\n\n\n\n\nYou want to use REST Framework in a language which has not been translated yet on Transifex.\n\n\nYour project includes custom error messages, which are not part of REST framework's default translation strings.\n\n\n\n\nTranslating a new language locally\n\n\nThis guide assumes you are already familiar with how to translate a Django app.  If you're not, start by reading \nDjango's translation docs\n.\n\n\nIf you're translating a new language you'll need to translate the existing REST framework error messages:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMake a new folder where you want to store the internationalization resources. Add this path to your \nLOCALE_PATHS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNow create a subfolder for the language you want to translate. The folder should be named using \nlocale name\n notation. For example: \nde\n, \npt_BR\n, \nes_AR\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNow copy the \nbase translations file\n from the REST framework source code into your translations folder.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEdit the \ndjango.po\n file you've just copied, translating all the error messages.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRun \nmanage.py compilemessages -l pt_BR\n to make the translations\navailable for Django to use. You should see a message like \nprocessing file django.po in <...>/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRestart your development server to see the changes take effect.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIf you're only translating custom error messages that exist inside your project codebase you don't need to copy the REST framework source \ndjango.po\n file into a \nLOCALE_PATHS\n folder, and can instead simply run Django's standard \nmakemessages\n process.\n\n\nHow the language is determined\n\n\nIf you want to allow per-request language preferences you'll need to include \ndjango.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware\n in your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting.\n\n\nYou can find more information on how the language preference is determined in the \nDjango documentation\n. For reference, the method is:\n\n\n\n\nFirst, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks for the \nLANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY\n key in the current user\u2019s session.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks for a cookie.\n\n\nFailing that, it looks at the \nAccept-Language\n HTTP header.\n\n\nFailing that, it uses the global \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting.\n\n\n\n\nFor API clients the most appropriate of these will typically be to use the \nAccept-Language\n header; Sessions and cookies will not be available unless using session authentication, and generally better practice to prefer an \nAccept-Language\n header for API clients rather than using language URL prefixes.",
             "title": "Internationalization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#internationalization", 
-            "text": "Supporting internationalization is not optional. It must be a core feature.    Jannis Leidel, speaking at Django Under the Hood, 2015 .   REST framework ships with translatable error messages. You can make these appear in your language enabling  Django's standard translation mechanisms .  Doing so will allow you to:   Select a language other than English as the default, using the standard  LANGUAGE_CODE  Django setting.  Allow clients to choose a language themselves, using the  LocaleMiddleware  included with Django. A typical usage for API clients would be to include an  Accept-Language  request header.", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#internationalization",
+            "text": "Supporting internationalization is not optional. It must be a core feature.  \u2014  Jannis Leidel, speaking at Django Under the Hood, 2015 .   REST framework ships with translatable error messages. You can make these appear in your language enabling  Django's standard translation mechanisms .  Doing so will allow you to:   Select a language other than English as the default, using the standard  LANGUAGE_CODE  Django setting.  Allow clients to choose a language themselves, using the  LocaleMiddleware  included with Django. A typical usage for API clients would be to include an  Accept-Language  request header.",
             "title": "Internationalization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#enabling-internationalized-apis", 
-            "text": "You can change the default language by using the standard Django  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting:  LANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"  You can turn on per-request language requests by adding  LocalMiddleware  to your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting:  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]  When per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the  Accept-Language  header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:  Request  GET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org  Response  HTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"}  REST framework includes these built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.  Note that the translations only apply to the error strings themselves. The format of error messages, and the keys of field names will remain the same. An example  400 Bad Request  response body might look like this:  {\"detail\": {\"username\": [\"Esse campo deve ser \u00fanico.\"]}}  If you want to use different string for parts of the response such as  detail  and  non_field_errors  then you can modify this behavior by using a  custom exception handler .", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#enabling-internationalized-apis",
+            "text": "You can change the default language by using the standard Django  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting:  LANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"  You can turn on per-request language requests by adding  LocalMiddleware  to your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting:  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]  When per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the  Accept-Language  header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:  Request  GET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org  Response  HTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"}  REST framework includes these built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.  Note that the translations only apply to the error strings themselves. The format of error messages, and the keys of field names will remain the same. An example  400 Bad Request  response body might look like this:  {\"detail\": {\"username\": [\"Esse campo deve ser \u00fanico.\"]}}  If you want to use different string for parts of the response such as  detail  and  non_field_errors  then you can modify this behavior by using a  custom exception handler .",
             "title": "Enabling internationalized APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#specifying-the-set-of-supported-languages", 
-            "text": "By default all available languages will be supported.  If you only wish to support a subset of the available languages, use Django's standard  LANGUAGES  setting:  LANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#specifying-the-set-of-supported-languages",
+            "text": "By default all available languages will be supported.  If you only wish to support a subset of the available languages, use Django's standard  LANGUAGES  setting:  LANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]",
             "title": "Specifying the set of supported languages."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#adding-new-translations", 
-            "text": "REST framework translations are managed online using  Transifex . You can use the Transifex service to add new translation languages. The maintenance team will then ensure that these translation strings are included in the REST framework package.  Sometimes you may need to add translation strings to your project locally. You may need to do this if:   You want to use REST Framework in a language which has not been translated yet on Transifex.  Your project includes custom error messages, which are not part of REST framework's default translation strings.", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#adding-new-translations",
+            "text": "REST framework translations are managed online using  Transifex . You can use the Transifex service to add new translation languages. The maintenance team will then ensure that these translation strings are included in the REST framework package.  Sometimes you may need to add translation strings to your project locally. You may need to do this if:   You want to use REST Framework in a language which has not been translated yet on Transifex.  Your project includes custom error messages, which are not part of REST framework's default translation strings.",
             "title": "Adding new translations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#translating-a-new-language-locally", 
-            "text": "This guide assumes you are already familiar with how to translate a Django app.  If you're not, start by reading  Django's translation docs .  If you're translating a new language you'll need to translate the existing REST framework error messages:    Make a new folder where you want to store the internationalization resources. Add this path to your  LOCALE_PATHS  setting.    Now create a subfolder for the language you want to translate. The folder should be named using  locale name  notation. For example:  de ,  pt_BR ,  es_AR .    Now copy the  base translations file  from the REST framework source code into your translations folder.    Edit the  django.po  file you've just copied, translating all the error messages.    Run  manage.py compilemessages -l pt_BR  to make the translations\navailable for Django to use. You should see a message like  processing file django.po in  ... /locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES .    Restart your development server to see the changes take effect.    If you're only translating custom error messages that exist inside your project codebase you don't need to copy the REST framework source  django.po  file into a  LOCALE_PATHS  folder, and can instead simply run Django's standard  makemessages  process.", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#translating-a-new-language-locally",
+            "text": "This guide assumes you are already familiar with how to translate a Django app.  If you're not, start by reading  Django's translation docs .  If you're translating a new language you'll need to translate the existing REST framework error messages:    Make a new folder where you want to store the internationalization resources. Add this path to your  LOCALE_PATHS  setting.    Now create a subfolder for the language you want to translate. The folder should be named using  locale name  notation. For example:  de ,  pt_BR ,  es_AR .    Now copy the  base translations file  from the REST framework source code into your translations folder.    Edit the  django.po  file you've just copied, translating all the error messages.    Run  manage.py compilemessages -l pt_BR  to make the translations\navailable for Django to use. You should see a message like  processing file django.po in <...>/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES .    Restart your development server to see the changes take effect.    If you're only translating custom error messages that exist inside your project codebase you don't need to copy the REST framework source  django.po  file into a  LOCALE_PATHS  folder, and can instead simply run Django's standard  makemessages  process.",
             "title": "Translating a new language locally"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#how-the-language-is-determined", 
-            "text": "If you want to allow per-request language preferences you'll need to include  django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware  in your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting.  You can find more information on how the language preference is determined in the  Django documentation . For reference, the method is:   First, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.  Failing that, it looks for the  LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY  key in the current user\u2019s session.  Failing that, it looks for a cookie.  Failing that, it looks at the  Accept-Language  HTTP header.  Failing that, it uses the global  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting.   For API clients the most appropriate of these will typically be to use the  Accept-Language  header; Sessions and cookies will not be available unless using session authentication, and generally better practice to prefer an  Accept-Language  header for API clients rather than using language URL prefixes.", 
+            "location": "/topics/internationalization/#how-the-language-is-determined",
+            "text": "If you want to allow per-request language preferences you'll need to include  django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware  in your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting.  You can find more information on how the language preference is determined in the  Django documentation . For reference, the method is:   First, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.  Failing that, it looks for the  LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY  key in the current user\u2019s session.  Failing that, it looks for a cookie.  Failing that, it looks at the  Accept-Language  HTTP header.  Failing that, it uses the global  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting.   For API clients the most appropriate of these will typically be to use the  Accept-Language  header; Sessions and cookies will not be available unless using session authentication, and generally better practice to prefer an  Accept-Language  header for API clients rather than using language URL prefixes.",
             "title": "How the language is determined"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/", 
-            "text": "Working with AJAX, CSRF \n CORS\n\n\n\n\n\"Take a close look at possible CSRF / XSRF vulnerabilities on your own websites.  They're the worst kind of vulnerability \n very easy to exploit by attackers, yet not so intuitively easy to understand for software developers, at least until you've been bitten by one.\"\n\n\n \nJeff Atwood\n\n\n\n\nJavascript clients\n\n\nIf you\u2019re building a JavaScript client to interface with your Web API, you'll need to consider if the client can use the same authentication policy that is used by the rest of the website, and also determine if you need to use CSRF tokens or CORS headers.\n\n\nAJAX requests that are made within the same context as the API they are interacting with will typically use \nSessionAuthentication\n.  This ensures that once a user has logged in, any AJAX requests made can be authenticated using the same session-based authentication that is used for the rest of the website.\n\n\nAJAX requests that are made on a different site from the API they are communicating with will typically need to use a non-session-based authentication scheme, such as \nTokenAuthentication\n.\n\n\nCSRF protection\n\n\nCross Site Request Forgery\n protection is a mechanism of guarding against a particular type of attack, which can occur when a user has not logged out of a web site, and continues to have a valid session.   In this circumstance a malicious site may be able to perform actions against the target site, within the context of the logged-in session.\n\n\nTo guard against these type of attacks, you need to do two things:\n\n\n\n\nEnsure that the 'safe' HTTP operations, such as \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n and \nOPTIONS\n cannot be used to alter any server-side state.\n\n\nEnsure that any 'unsafe' HTTP operations, such as \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n, always require a valid CSRF token.\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using \nSessionAuthentication\n you'll need to include valid CSRF tokens for any \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n or \nDELETE\n operations.\n\n\nIn order to make AJAX requests, you need to include CSRF token in the HTTP header, as \ndescribed in the Django documentation\n.\n\n\nCORS\n\n\nCross-Origin Resource Sharing\n is a mechanism for allowing clients to interact with APIs that are hosted on a different domain.  CORS works by requiring the server to include a specific set of headers that allow a browser to determine if and when cross-domain requests should be allowed.\n\n\nThe best way to deal with CORS in REST framework is to add the required response headers in middleware.  This ensures that CORS is supported transparently, without having to change any behavior in your views.\n\n\nOtto Yiu\n maintains the \ndjango-cors-headers\n package, which is known to work correctly with REST framework APIs.", 
+            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/",
+            "text": "Working with AJAX, CSRF & CORS\n\n\n\n\n\"Take a close look at possible CSRF / XSRF vulnerabilities on your own websites.  They're the worst kind of vulnerability \u2014 very easy to exploit by attackers, yet not so intuitively easy to understand for software developers, at least until you've been bitten by one.\"\n\n\n\u2014 \nJeff Atwood\n\n\n\n\nJavascript clients\n\n\nIf you\u2019re building a JavaScript client to interface with your Web API, you'll need to consider if the client can use the same authentication policy that is used by the rest of the website, and also determine if you need to use CSRF tokens or CORS headers.\n\n\nAJAX requests that are made within the same context as the API they are interacting with will typically use \nSessionAuthentication\n.  This ensures that once a user has logged in, any AJAX requests made can be authenticated using the same session-based authentication that is used for the rest of the website.\n\n\nAJAX requests that are made on a different site from the API they are communicating with will typically need to use a non-session-based authentication scheme, such as \nTokenAuthentication\n.\n\n\nCSRF protection\n\n\nCross Site Request Forgery\n protection is a mechanism of guarding against a particular type of attack, which can occur when a user has not logged out of a web site, and continues to have a valid session.   In this circumstance a malicious site may be able to perform actions against the target site, within the context of the logged-in session.\n\n\nTo guard against these type of attacks, you need to do two things:\n\n\n\n\nEnsure that the 'safe' HTTP operations, such as \nGET\n, \nHEAD\n and \nOPTIONS\n cannot be used to alter any server-side state.\n\n\nEnsure that any 'unsafe' HTTP operations, such as \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n and \nDELETE\n, always require a valid CSRF token.\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using \nSessionAuthentication\n you'll need to include valid CSRF tokens for any \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, \nPATCH\n or \nDELETE\n operations.\n\n\nIn order to make AJAX requests, you need to include CSRF token in the HTTP header, as \ndescribed in the Django documentation\n.\n\n\nCORS\n\n\nCross-Origin Resource Sharing\n is a mechanism for allowing clients to interact with APIs that are hosted on a different domain.  CORS works by requiring the server to include a specific set of headers that allow a browser to determine if and when cross-domain requests should be allowed.\n\n\nThe best way to deal with CORS in REST framework is to add the required response headers in middleware.  This ensures that CORS is supported transparently, without having to change any behavior in your views.\n\n\nOtto Yiu\n maintains the \ndjango-cors-headers\n package, which is known to work correctly with REST framework APIs.",
             "title": "AJAX, CSRF & CORS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#working-with-ajax-csrf-cors", 
-            "text": "\"Take a close look at possible CSRF / XSRF vulnerabilities on your own websites.  They're the worst kind of vulnerability   very easy to exploit by attackers, yet not so intuitively easy to understand for software developers, at least until you've been bitten by one.\"    Jeff Atwood", 
+            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#working-with-ajax-csrf-cors",
+            "text": "\"Take a close look at possible CSRF / XSRF vulnerabilities on your own websites.  They're the worst kind of vulnerability \u2014 very easy to exploit by attackers, yet not so intuitively easy to understand for software developers, at least until you've been bitten by one.\"  \u2014  Jeff Atwood",
             "title": "Working with AJAX, CSRF & CORS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#javascript-clients", 
-            "text": "If you\u2019re building a JavaScript client to interface with your Web API, you'll need to consider if the client can use the same authentication policy that is used by the rest of the website, and also determine if you need to use CSRF tokens or CORS headers.  AJAX requests that are made within the same context as the API they are interacting with will typically use  SessionAuthentication .  This ensures that once a user has logged in, any AJAX requests made can be authenticated using the same session-based authentication that is used for the rest of the website.  AJAX requests that are made on a different site from the API they are communicating with will typically need to use a non-session-based authentication scheme, such as  TokenAuthentication .", 
+            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#javascript-clients",
+            "text": "If you\u2019re building a JavaScript client to interface with your Web API, you'll need to consider if the client can use the same authentication policy that is used by the rest of the website, and also determine if you need to use CSRF tokens or CORS headers.  AJAX requests that are made within the same context as the API they are interacting with will typically use  SessionAuthentication .  This ensures that once a user has logged in, any AJAX requests made can be authenticated using the same session-based authentication that is used for the rest of the website.  AJAX requests that are made on a different site from the API they are communicating with will typically need to use a non-session-based authentication scheme, such as  TokenAuthentication .",
             "title": "Javascript clients"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#csrf-protection", 
-            "text": "Cross Site Request Forgery  protection is a mechanism of guarding against a particular type of attack, which can occur when a user has not logged out of a web site, and continues to have a valid session.   In this circumstance a malicious site may be able to perform actions against the target site, within the context of the logged-in session.  To guard against these type of attacks, you need to do two things:   Ensure that the 'safe' HTTP operations, such as  GET ,  HEAD  and  OPTIONS  cannot be used to alter any server-side state.  Ensure that any 'unsafe' HTTP operations, such as  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE , always require a valid CSRF token.   If you're using  SessionAuthentication  you'll need to include valid CSRF tokens for any  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  or  DELETE  operations.  In order to make AJAX requests, you need to include CSRF token in the HTTP header, as  described in the Django documentation .", 
+            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#csrf-protection",
+            "text": "Cross Site Request Forgery  protection is a mechanism of guarding against a particular type of attack, which can occur when a user has not logged out of a web site, and continues to have a valid session.   In this circumstance a malicious site may be able to perform actions against the target site, within the context of the logged-in session.  To guard against these type of attacks, you need to do two things:   Ensure that the 'safe' HTTP operations, such as  GET ,  HEAD  and  OPTIONS  cannot be used to alter any server-side state.  Ensure that any 'unsafe' HTTP operations, such as  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  and  DELETE , always require a valid CSRF token.   If you're using  SessionAuthentication  you'll need to include valid CSRF tokens for any  POST ,  PUT ,  PATCH  or  DELETE  operations.  In order to make AJAX requests, you need to include CSRF token in the HTTP header, as  described in the Django documentation .",
             "title": "CSRF protection"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#cors", 
-            "text": "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing  is a mechanism for allowing clients to interact with APIs that are hosted on a different domain.  CORS works by requiring the server to include a specific set of headers that allow a browser to determine if and when cross-domain requests should be allowed.  The best way to deal with CORS in REST framework is to add the required response headers in middleware.  This ensures that CORS is supported transparently, without having to change any behavior in your views.  Otto Yiu  maintains the  django-cors-headers  package, which is known to work correctly with REST framework APIs.", 
+            "location": "/topics/ajax-csrf-cors/#cors",
+            "text": "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing  is a mechanism for allowing clients to interact with APIs that are hosted on a different domain.  CORS works by requiring the server to include a specific set of headers that allow a browser to determine if and when cross-domain requests should be allowed.  The best way to deal with CORS in REST framework is to add the required response headers in middleware.  This ensures that CORS is supported transparently, without having to change any behavior in your views.  Otto Yiu  maintains the  django-cors-headers  package, which is known to work correctly with REST framework APIs.",
             "title": "CORS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/", 
-            "text": "HTML \n Forms\n\n\nREST framework is suitable for returning both API style responses, and regular HTML pages. Additionally, serializers can be used as HTML forms and rendered in templates.\n\n\nRendering HTML\n\n\nIn order to return HTML responses you'll need to use either \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n, or \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n.\n\n\nThe \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n class expects the response to contain a dictionary of context data, and renders an HTML page based on a template that must be specified either in the view or on the response.\n\n\nThe \nStaticHTMLRender\n class expects the response to contain a string of the pre-rendered HTML content.\n\n\nBecause static HTML pages typically have different behavior from API responses you'll probably need to write any HTML views explicitly, rather than relying on the built-in generic views.\n\n\nHere's an example of a view that returns a list of \"Profile\" instances, rendered in an HTML template:\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_list.html'\n\n    def get(self, request):\n        queryset = Profile.objects.all()\n        return Response({'profiles': queryset})\n\n\n\nprofile_list.html\n:\n\n\nhtml\nbody\n\n\nh1\nProfiles\n/h1\n\n\nul\n\n    {% for profile in profiles %}\n    \nli\n{{ profile.name }}\n/li\n\n    {% endfor %}\n\n/ul\n\n\n/body\n/html\n\n\n\n\nRendering Forms\n\n\nSerializers may be rendered as forms by using the \nrender_form\n template tag, and including the serializer instance as context to the template.\n\n\nThe following view demonstrates an example of using a serializer in a template for viewing and updating a model instance:\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileDetail(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_detail.html'\n\n    def get(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile)\n        return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n\n    def post(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile, data=request.data)\n        if not serializer.is_valid():\n            return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n        serializer.save()\n        return redirect('profile-list')\n\n\n\nprofile_detail.html\n:\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n\nhtml\nbody\n\n\n\nh1\nProfile - {{ profile.name }}\n/h1\n\n\n\nform action=\"{% url 'profile-detail' pk=profile.pk %}\" method=\"POST\"\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \ninput type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\"\n\n\n/form\n\n\n\n/body\n/html\n\n\n\n\nUsing template packs\n\n\nThe \nrender_form\n tag takes an optional \ntemplate_pack\n argument, that specifies which template directory should be used for rendering the form and form fields.\n\n\nREST framework includes three built-in template packs, all based on Bootstrap 3. The built-in styles are \nhorizontal\n, \nvertical\n, and \ninline\n. The default style is \nhorizontal\n. To use any of these template packs you'll want to also include the Bootstrap 3 CSS.\n\n\nThe following HTML will link to a CDN hosted version of the Bootstrap 3 CSS:\n\n\nhead\n\n    \u2026\n    \nlink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css\"\n\n\n/head\n\n\n\n\nThird party packages may include alternate template packs, by bundling a template directory containing the necessary form and field templates.\n\n\nLet's take a look at how to render each of the three available template packs. For these examples we'll use a single serializer class to present a \"Login\" form.\n\n\nclass LoginSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'placeholder': 'Email', 'autofocus': True}\n    )\n    password = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'input_type': 'password', 'placeholder': 'Password'}\n    )\n    remember_me = serializers.BooleanField()\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/vertical\n\n\nPresents form labels above their corresponding control inputs, using the standard Bootstrap layout.\n\n\nThis is the default template pack.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n\nform action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/vertical' %}\n    \nbutton type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\"\nSign in\n/button\n\n\n/form\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/horizontal\n\n\nPresents labels and controls alongside each other, using a 2/10 column split.\n\n\nThis is the form style used in the browsable API and admin renderers.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n\nform class=\"form-horizontal\" action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \ndiv class=\"form-group\"\n\n        \ndiv class=\"col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10\"\n\n            \nbutton type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\"\nSign in\n/button\n\n        \n/div\n\n    \n/div\n\n\n/form\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/inline\n\n\nA compact form style that presents all the controls inline.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n\nform class=\"form-inline\" action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/inline' %}\n    \nbutton type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\"\nSign in\n/button\n\n\n/form\n\n\n\n\n\n\nField styles\n\n\nSerializer fields can have their rendering style customized by using the \nstyle\n keyword argument. This argument is a dictionary of options that control the template and layout used.\n\n\nThe most common way to customize the field style is to use the \nbase_template\n style keyword argument to select which template in the template pack should be use.\n\n\nFor example, to render a \nCharField\n as an HTML textarea rather than the default HTML input, you would use something like this:\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nIf you instead want a field to be rendered using a custom template that is \nnot part of an included template pack\n, you can instead use the \ntemplate\n style option, to fully specify a template name:\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'template': 'my-field-templates/custom-input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nField templates can also use additional style properties, depending on their type. For example, the \ntextarea.html\n template also accepts a \nrows\n property that can be used to affect the sizing of the control.\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html', 'rows': 10}\n)\n\n\n\nThe complete list of \nbase_template\n options and their associated style options is listed below.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nbase_template\n\n\nValid field types\n\n\nAdditional style options\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ninput.html\n\n\nAny string, numeric or date/time field\n\n\ninput_type, placeholder, hide_label, autofocus\n\n\n\n\n\n\ntextarea.html\n\n\nCharField\n\n\nrows, placeholder, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nselect.html\n\n\nChoiceField\n or relational field types\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nradio.html\n\n\nChoiceField\n or relational field types\n\n\ninline, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nselect_multiple.html\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n or relational fields with \nmany=True\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\ncheckbox_multiple.html\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n or relational fields with \nmany=True\n\n\ninline, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\ncheckbox.html\n\n\nBooleanField\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfieldset.html\n\n\nNested serializer\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nlist_fieldset.html\n\n\nListField\n or nested serializer with \nmany=True\n\n\nhide_label", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/",
+            "text": "HTML & Forms\n\n\nREST framework is suitable for returning both API style responses, and regular HTML pages. Additionally, serializers can be used as HTML forms and rendered in templates.\n\n\nRendering HTML\n\n\nIn order to return HTML responses you'll need to use either \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n, or \nStaticHTMLRenderer\n.\n\n\nThe \nTemplateHTMLRenderer\n class expects the response to contain a dictionary of context data, and renders an HTML page based on a template that must be specified either in the view or on the response.\n\n\nThe \nStaticHTMLRender\n class expects the response to contain a string of the pre-rendered HTML content.\n\n\nBecause static HTML pages typically have different behavior from API responses you'll probably need to write any HTML views explicitly, rather than relying on the built-in generic views.\n\n\nHere's an example of a view that returns a list of \"Profile\" instances, rendered in an HTML template:\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_list.html'\n\n    def get(self, request):\n        queryset = Profile.objects.all()\n        return Response({'profiles': queryset})\n\n\n\nprofile_list.html\n:\n\n\n\n
    Profiles
    \n
      \n    {% for profile in profiles %}\n    
    • {{ profile.name }}
      • \n    {% endfor %}\n
    \n\n\n\n\nRendering Forms\n\n\nSerializers may be rendered as forms by using the \nrender_form\n template tag, and including the serializer instance as context to the template.\n\n\nThe following view demonstrates an example of using a serializer in a template for viewing and updating a model instance:\n\n\nviews.py\n:\n\n\nfrom django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileDetail(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_detail.html'\n\n    def get(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile)\n        return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n\n    def post(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile, data=request.data)\n        if not serializer.is_valid():\n            return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n        serializer.save()\n        return redirect('profile-list')\n\n\n\nprofile_detail.html\n:\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n\n\n
    Profile - {{ profile.name }}
    \n\n\n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\nUsing template packs\n\n\nThe \nrender_form\n tag takes an optional \ntemplate_pack\n argument, that specifies which template directory should be used for rendering the form and form fields.\n\n\nREST framework includes three built-in template packs, all based on Bootstrap 3. The built-in styles are \nhorizontal\n, \nvertical\n, and \ninline\n. The default style is \nhorizontal\n. To use any of these template packs you'll want to also include the Bootstrap 3 CSS.\n\n\nThe following HTML will link to a CDN hosted version of the Bootstrap 3 CSS:\n\n\n\n    \u2026\n    \n\n\n\n\nThird party packages may include alternate template packs, by bundling a template directory containing the necessary form and field templates.\n\n\nLet's take a look at how to render each of the three available template packs. For these examples we'll use a single serializer class to present a \"Login\" form.\n\n\nclass LoginSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'placeholder': 'Email', 'autofocus': True}\n    )\n    password = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'input_type': 'password', 'placeholder': 'Password'}\n    )\n    remember_me = serializers.BooleanField()\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/vertical\n\n\nPresents form labels above their corresponding control inputs, using the standard Bootstrap layout.\n\n\nThis is the default template pack.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/vertical' %}\n    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/horizontal\n\n\nPresents labels and controls alongside each other, using a 2/10 column split.\n\n\nThis is the form style used in the browsable API and admin renderers.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    
    \n        
    \n            \n        
    \n    
    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework/inline\n\n\nA compact form style that presents all the controls inline.\n\n\n{% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/inline' %}\n    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\nField styles\n\n\nSerializer fields can have their rendering style customized by using the \nstyle\n keyword argument. This argument is a dictionary of options that control the template and layout used.\n\n\nThe most common way to customize the field style is to use the \nbase_template\n style keyword argument to select which template in the template pack should be use.\n\n\nFor example, to render a \nCharField\n as an HTML textarea rather than the default HTML input, you would use something like this:\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nIf you instead want a field to be rendered using a custom template that is \nnot part of an included template pack\n, you can instead use the \ntemplate\n style option, to fully specify a template name:\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'template': 'my-field-templates/custom-input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nField templates can also use additional style properties, depending on their type. For example, the \ntextarea.html\n template also accepts a \nrows\n property that can be used to affect the sizing of the control.\n\n\ndetails = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html', 'rows': 10}\n)\n\n\n\nThe complete list of \nbase_template\n options and their associated style options is listed below.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nbase_template\n\n\nValid field types\n\n\nAdditional style options\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ninput.html\n\n\nAny string, numeric or date/time field\n\n\ninput_type, placeholder, hide_label, autofocus\n\n\n\n\n\n\ntextarea.html\n\n\nCharField\n\n\nrows, placeholder, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nselect.html\n\n\nChoiceField\n or relational field types\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nradio.html\n\n\nChoiceField\n or relational field types\n\n\ninline, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nselect_multiple.html\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n or relational fields with \nmany=True\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\ncheckbox_multiple.html\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n or relational fields with \nmany=True\n\n\ninline, hide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\ncheckbox.html\n\n\nBooleanField\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfieldset.html\n\n\nNested serializer\n\n\nhide_label\n\n\n\n\n\n\nlist_fieldset.html\n\n\nListField\n or nested serializer with \nmany=True\n\n\nhide_label",
             "title": "HTML & Forms"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#html-forms", 
-            "text": "REST framework is suitable for returning both API style responses, and regular HTML pages. Additionally, serializers can be used as HTML forms and rendered in templates.", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#html-forms",
+            "text": "REST framework is suitable for returning both API style responses, and regular HTML pages. Additionally, serializers can be used as HTML forms and rendered in templates.",
             "title": "HTML & Forms"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rendering-html", 
-            "text": "In order to return HTML responses you'll need to use either  TemplateHTMLRenderer , or  StaticHTMLRenderer .  The  TemplateHTMLRenderer  class expects the response to contain a dictionary of context data, and renders an HTML page based on a template that must be specified either in the view or on the response.  The  StaticHTMLRender  class expects the response to contain a string of the pre-rendered HTML content.  Because static HTML pages typically have different behavior from API responses you'll probably need to write any HTML views explicitly, rather than relying on the built-in generic views.  Here's an example of a view that returns a list of \"Profile\" instances, rendered in an HTML template:  views.py :  from my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_list.html'\n\n    def get(self, request):\n        queryset = Profile.objects.all()\n        return Response({'profiles': queryset})  profile_list.html :  html body  h1 Profiles /h1  ul \n    {% for profile in profiles %}\n     li {{ profile.name }} /li \n    {% endfor %} /ul  /body /html", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rendering-html",
+            "text": "In order to return HTML responses you'll need to use either  TemplateHTMLRenderer , or  StaticHTMLRenderer .  The  TemplateHTMLRenderer  class expects the response to contain a dictionary of context data, and renders an HTML page based on a template that must be specified either in the view or on the response.  The  StaticHTMLRender  class expects the response to contain a string of the pre-rendered HTML content.  Because static HTML pages typically have different behavior from API responses you'll probably need to write any HTML views explicitly, rather than relying on the built-in generic views.  Here's an example of a view that returns a list of \"Profile\" instances, rendered in an HTML template:  views.py :  from my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.response import Response\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileList(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_list.html'\n\n    def get(self, request):\n        queryset = Profile.objects.all()\n        return Response({'profiles': queryset})  profile_list.html :  \n
    Profiles
    \n
      \n    {% for profile in profiles %}\n    
    • {{ profile.name }}
      • \n    {% endfor %}\n
    \n",
             "title": "Rendering HTML"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rendering-forms", 
-            "text": "Serializers may be rendered as forms by using the  render_form  template tag, and including the serializer instance as context to the template.  The following view demonstrates an example of using a serializer in a template for viewing and updating a model instance:  views.py :  from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileDetail(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_detail.html'\n\n    def get(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile)\n        return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n\n    def post(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile, data=request.data)\n        if not serializer.is_valid():\n            return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n        serializer.save()\n        return redirect('profile-list')  profile_detail.html :  {% load rest_framework %} html body  h1 Profile - {{ profile.name }} /h1  form action=\"{% url 'profile-detail' pk=profile.pk %}\" method=\"POST\" \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n     input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\"  /form  /body /html", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rendering-forms",
+            "text": "Serializers may be rendered as forms by using the  render_form  template tag, and including the serializer instance as context to the template.  The following view demonstrates an example of using a serializer in a template for viewing and updating a model instance:  views.py :  from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404\nfrom my_project.example.models import Profile\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\n\n\nclass ProfileDetail(APIView):\n    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer]\n    template_name = 'profile_detail.html'\n\n    def get(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile)\n        return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n\n    def post(self, request, pk):\n        profile = get_object_or_404(Profile, pk=pk)\n        serializer = ProfileSerializer(profile, data=request.data)\n        if not serializer.is_valid():\n            return Response({'serializer': serializer, 'profile': profile})\n        serializer.save()\n        return redirect('profile-list')  profile_detail.html :  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n\n\n
    Profile - {{ profile.name }}
    \n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    \n
    \n\n",
             "title": "Rendering Forms"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#using-template-packs", 
-            "text": "The  render_form  tag takes an optional  template_pack  argument, that specifies which template directory should be used for rendering the form and form fields.  REST framework includes three built-in template packs, all based on Bootstrap 3. The built-in styles are  horizontal ,  vertical , and  inline . The default style is  horizontal . To use any of these template packs you'll want to also include the Bootstrap 3 CSS.  The following HTML will link to a CDN hosted version of the Bootstrap 3 CSS:  head \n    \u2026\n     link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css\"  /head   Third party packages may include alternate template packs, by bundling a template directory containing the necessary form and field templates.  Let's take a look at how to render each of the three available template packs. For these examples we'll use a single serializer class to present a \"Login\" form.  class LoginSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'placeholder': 'Email', 'autofocus': True}\n    )\n    password = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'input_type': 'password', 'placeholder': 'Password'}\n    )\n    remember_me = serializers.BooleanField()", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#using-template-packs",
+            "text": "The  render_form  tag takes an optional  template_pack  argument, that specifies which template directory should be used for rendering the form and form fields.  REST framework includes three built-in template packs, all based on Bootstrap 3. The built-in styles are  horizontal ,  vertical , and  inline . The default style is  horizontal . To use any of these template packs you'll want to also include the Bootstrap 3 CSS.  The following HTML will link to a CDN hosted version of the Bootstrap 3 CSS:  \n    \u2026\n    \n  Third party packages may include alternate template packs, by bundling a template directory containing the necessary form and field templates.  Let's take a look at how to render each of the three available template packs. For these examples we'll use a single serializer class to present a \"Login\" form.  class LoginSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    email = serializers.EmailField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'placeholder': 'Email', 'autofocus': True}\n    )\n    password = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        style={'input_type': 'password', 'placeholder': 'Password'}\n    )\n    remember_me = serializers.BooleanField()",
             "title": "Using template packs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkvertical", 
-            "text": "Presents form labels above their corresponding control inputs, using the standard Bootstrap layout.  This is the default template pack.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n... form action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/vertical' %}\n     button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\" Sign in /button  /form", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkvertical",
+            "text": "Presents form labels above their corresponding control inputs, using the standard Bootstrap layout.  This is the default template pack.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/vertical' %}\n    \n
    ",
             "title": "rest_framework/vertical"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkhorizontal", 
-            "text": "Presents labels and controls alongside each other, using a 2/10 column split.  This is the form style used in the browsable API and admin renderers.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n... form class=\"form-horizontal\" action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n     div class=\"form-group\" \n         div class=\"col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10\" \n             button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\" Sign in /button \n         /div \n     /div  /form", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkhorizontal",
+            "text": "Presents labels and controls alongside each other, using a 2/10 column split.  This is the form style used in the browsable API and admin renderers.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer %}\n    
    \n        
    \n            \n        
    \n    
    \n
    ",
             "title": "rest_framework/horizontal"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkinline", 
-            "text": "A compact form style that presents all the controls inline.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n... form class=\"form-inline\" action=\"{% url 'login' %}\" method=\"post\" novalidate \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/inline' %}\n     button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-default\" Sign in /button  /form", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#rest_frameworkinline",
+            "text": "A compact form style that presents all the controls inline.  {% load rest_framework %}\n\n...\n\n
    \n    {% csrf_token %}\n    {% render_form serializer template_pack='rest_framework/inline' %}\n    \n
    ",
             "title": "rest_framework/inline"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#field-styles", 
-            "text": "Serializer fields can have their rendering style customized by using the  style  keyword argument. This argument is a dictionary of options that control the template and layout used.  The most common way to customize the field style is to use the  base_template  style keyword argument to select which template in the template pack should be use.  For example, to render a  CharField  as an HTML textarea rather than the default HTML input, you would use something like this:  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)  If you instead want a field to be rendered using a custom template that is  not part of an included template pack , you can instead use the  template  style option, to fully specify a template name:  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'template': 'my-field-templates/custom-input.html'}\n)  Field templates can also use additional style properties, depending on their type. For example, the  textarea.html  template also accepts a  rows  property that can be used to affect the sizing of the control.  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html', 'rows': 10}\n)  The complete list of  base_template  options and their associated style options is listed below.     base_template  Valid field types  Additional style options      input.html  Any string, numeric or date/time field  input_type, placeholder, hide_label, autofocus    textarea.html  CharField  rows, placeholder, hide_label    select.html  ChoiceField  or relational field types  hide_label    radio.html  ChoiceField  or relational field types  inline, hide_label    select_multiple.html  MultipleChoiceField  or relational fields with  many=True  hide_label    checkbox_multiple.html  MultipleChoiceField  or relational fields with  many=True  inline, hide_label    checkbox.html  BooleanField  hide_label    fieldset.html  Nested serializer  hide_label    list_fieldset.html  ListField  or nested serializer with  many=True  hide_label", 
+            "location": "/topics/html-and-forms/#field-styles",
+            "text": "Serializer fields can have their rendering style customized by using the  style  keyword argument. This argument is a dictionary of options that control the template and layout used.  The most common way to customize the field style is to use the  base_template  style keyword argument to select which template in the template pack should be use.  For example, to render a  CharField  as an HTML textarea rather than the default HTML input, you would use something like this:  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)  If you instead want a field to be rendered using a custom template that is  not part of an included template pack , you can instead use the  template  style option, to fully specify a template name:  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'template': 'my-field-templates/custom-input.html'}\n)  Field templates can also use additional style properties, depending on their type. For example, the  textarea.html  template also accepts a  rows  property that can be used to affect the sizing of the control.  details = serializers.CharField(\n    max_length=1000,\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html', 'rows': 10}\n)  The complete list of  base_template  options and their associated style options is listed below.     base_template  Valid field types  Additional style options      input.html  Any string, numeric or date/time field  input_type, placeholder, hide_label, autofocus    textarea.html  CharField  rows, placeholder, hide_label    select.html  ChoiceField  or relational field types  hide_label    radio.html  ChoiceField  or relational field types  inline, hide_label    select_multiple.html  MultipleChoiceField  or relational fields with  many=True  hide_label    checkbox_multiple.html  MultipleChoiceField  or relational fields with  many=True  inline, hide_label    checkbox.html  BooleanField  hide_label    fieldset.html  Nested serializer  hide_label    list_fieldset.html  ListField  or nested serializer with  many=True  hide_label",
             "title": "Field styles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/", 
-            "text": "Browser enhancements\n\n\n\n\n\"There are two noncontroversial uses for overloaded POST.  The first is to \nsimulate\n HTTP's uniform interface for clients like web browsers that don't support PUT or DELETE\"\n\n\n \nRESTful Web Services\n, Leonard Richardson \n Sam Ruby.\n\n\n\n\nIn order to allow the browsable API to function, there are a couple of browser enhancements that REST framework needs to provide.\n\n\nAs of version 3.3.0 onwards these are enabled with javascript, using the \najax-form\n library.\n\n\nBrowser based PUT, DELETE, etc...\n\n\nThe \nAJAX form library\n supports browser-based \nPUT\n, \nDELETE\n and other methods on HTML forms.\n\n\nAfter including the library, use the \ndata-method\n attribute on the form, like so:\n\n\nform action=\"/\" data-method=\"PUT\"\n\n    \ninput name='foo'/\n\n    ...\n\n/form\n\n\n\n\nNote that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based. The method overloading style (as used in \nRuby on Rails\n) is no longer supported due to subtle issues that it introduces in request parsing.\n\n\nBrowser based submission of non-form content\n\n\nBrowser-based submission of content types such as JSON are supported by the \nAJAX form library\n, using form fields with \ndata-override='content-type'\n and \ndata-override='content'\n attributes.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n    \nform action=\"/\"\n\n        \ninput data-override='content-type' value='application/json' type='hidden'/\n\n        \ntextarea data-override='content'\n{}\n/textarea\n\n        \ninput type=\"submit\"/\n\n    \n/form\n\n\n\n\nNote that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based.\n\n\nURL based format suffixes\n\n\nREST framework can take \n?format=json\n style URL parameters, which can be a\nuseful shortcut for determining which content type should be returned from\nthe view.\n\n\nThis behavior is controlled using the \nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n setting.\n\n\nHTTP header based method overriding\n\n\nPrior to version 3.3.0 the semi extension header \nX-HTTP-Method-Override\n was supported for overriding the request method. This behavior is no longer in core, but can be adding if needed using middleware.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nMETHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER = 'HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE'\n\nclass MethodOverrideMiddleware(object):\n    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):\n        if request.method != 'POST':\n            return\n        if METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER not in request.META:\n            return\n        request.method = request.META[METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER]\n\n\n\nURL based accept headers\n\n\nUntil version 3.3.0 REST framework included built-in support for \n?accept=application/json\n style URL parameters, which would allow the \nAccept\n header to be overridden.\n\n\nSince the introduction of the content negotiation API this behavior is no longer included in core, but may be added using a custom content negotiation class, if needed.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AcceptQueryParamOverride()\n    def get_accept_list(self, request):\n       header = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT', '*/*')\n       header = request.query_params.get('_accept', header)\n       return [token.strip() for token in header.split(',')]\n\n\n\nDoesn't HTML5 support PUT and DELETE forms?\n\n\nNope.  It was at one point intended to support \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n forms, but\nwas later \ndropped from the spec\n.  There remains\n\nongoing discussion\n about adding support for \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n,\nas well as how to support content types other than form-encoded data.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/",
+            "text": "Browser enhancements\n\n\n\n\n\"There are two noncontroversial uses for overloaded POST.  The first is to \nsimulate\n HTTP's uniform interface for clients like web browsers that don't support PUT or DELETE\"\n\n\n\u2014 \nRESTful Web Services\n, Leonard Richardson & Sam Ruby.\n\n\n\n\nIn order to allow the browsable API to function, there are a couple of browser enhancements that REST framework needs to provide.\n\n\nAs of version 3.3.0 onwards these are enabled with javascript, using the \najax-form\n library.\n\n\nBrowser based PUT, DELETE, etc...\n\n\nThe \nAJAX form library\n supports browser-based \nPUT\n, \nDELETE\n and other methods on HTML forms.\n\n\nAfter including the library, use the \ndata-method\n attribute on the form, like so:\n\n\n
    \n    \n    ...\n
    \n\n\n\nNote that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based. The method overloading style (as used in \nRuby on Rails\n) is no longer supported due to subtle issues that it introduces in request parsing.\n\n\nBrowser based submission of non-form content\n\n\nBrowser-based submission of content types such as JSON are supported by the \nAJAX form library\n, using form fields with \ndata-override='content-type'\n and \ndata-override='content'\n attributes.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n    
    \n        \n        \n        \n    
    \n\n\n\nNote that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based.\n\n\nURL based format suffixes\n\n\nREST framework can take \n?format=json\n style URL parameters, which can be a\nuseful shortcut for determining which content type should be returned from\nthe view.\n\n\nThis behavior is controlled using the \nURL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE\n setting.\n\n\nHTTP header based method overriding\n\n\nPrior to version 3.3.0 the semi extension header \nX-HTTP-Method-Override\n was supported for overriding the request method. This behavior is no longer in core, but can be adding if needed using middleware.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nMETHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER = 'HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE'\n\nclass MethodOverrideMiddleware(object):\n    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):\n        if request.method != 'POST':\n            return\n        if METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER not in request.META:\n            return\n        request.method = request.META[METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER]\n\n\n\nURL based accept headers\n\n\nUntil version 3.3.0 REST framework included built-in support for \n?accept=application/json\n style URL parameters, which would allow the \nAccept\n header to be overridden.\n\n\nSince the introduction of the content negotiation API this behavior is no longer included in core, but may be added using a custom content negotiation class, if needed.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\nclass AcceptQueryParamOverride()\n    def get_accept_list(self, request):\n       header = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT', '*/*')\n       header = request.query_params.get('_accept', header)\n       return [token.strip() for token in header.split(',')]\n\n\n\nDoesn't HTML5 support PUT and DELETE forms?\n\n\nNope.  It was at one point intended to support \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n forms, but\nwas later \ndropped from the spec\n.  There remains\n\nongoing discussion\n about adding support for \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n,\nas well as how to support content types other than form-encoded data.",
             "title": "Browser Enhancements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-enhancements", 
-            "text": "\"There are two noncontroversial uses for overloaded POST.  The first is to  simulate  HTTP's uniform interface for clients like web browsers that don't support PUT or DELETE\"    RESTful Web Services , Leonard Richardson   Sam Ruby.   In order to allow the browsable API to function, there are a couple of browser enhancements that REST framework needs to provide.  As of version 3.3.0 onwards these are enabled with javascript, using the  ajax-form  library.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-enhancements",
+            "text": "\"There are two noncontroversial uses for overloaded POST.  The first is to  simulate  HTTP's uniform interface for clients like web browsers that don't support PUT or DELETE\"  \u2014  RESTful Web Services , Leonard Richardson & Sam Ruby.   In order to allow the browsable API to function, there are a couple of browser enhancements that REST framework needs to provide.  As of version 3.3.0 onwards these are enabled with javascript, using the  ajax-form  library.",
             "title": "Browser enhancements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-based-put-delete-etc", 
-            "text": "The  AJAX form library  supports browser-based  PUT ,  DELETE  and other methods on HTML forms.  After including the library, use the  data-method  attribute on the form, like so:  form action=\"/\" data-method=\"PUT\" \n     input name='foo'/ \n    ... /form   Note that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based. The method overloading style (as used in  Ruby on Rails ) is no longer supported due to subtle issues that it introduces in request parsing.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-based-put-delete-etc",
+            "text": "The  AJAX form library  supports browser-based  PUT ,  DELETE  and other methods on HTML forms.  After including the library, use the  data-method  attribute on the form, like so:  
    \n    \n    ...\n
      Note that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based. The method overloading style (as used in  Ruby on Rails ) is no longer supported due to subtle issues that it introduces in request parsing.",
             "title": "Browser based PUT, DELETE, etc..."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-based-submission-of-non-form-content", 
-            "text": "Browser-based submission of content types such as JSON are supported by the  AJAX form library , using form fields with  data-override='content-type'  and  data-override='content'  attributes.  For example:       form action=\"/\" \n         input data-override='content-type' value='application/json' type='hidden'/ \n         textarea data-override='content' {} /textarea \n         input type=\"submit\"/ \n     /form   Note that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#browser-based-submission-of-non-form-content",
+            "text": "Browser-based submission of content types such as JSON are supported by the  AJAX form library , using form fields with  data-override='content-type'  and  data-override='content'  attributes.  For example:      
    \n        \n        \n        \n    
      Note that prior to 3.3.0, this support was server-side rather than javascript based.",
             "title": "Browser based submission of non-form content"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#url-based-format-suffixes", 
-            "text": "REST framework can take  ?format=json  style URL parameters, which can be a\nuseful shortcut for determining which content type should be returned from\nthe view.  This behavior is controlled using the  URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE  setting.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#url-based-format-suffixes",
+            "text": "REST framework can take  ?format=json  style URL parameters, which can be a\nuseful shortcut for determining which content type should be returned from\nthe view.  This behavior is controlled using the  URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE  setting.",
             "title": "URL based format suffixes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#http-header-based-method-overriding", 
-            "text": "Prior to version 3.3.0 the semi extension header  X-HTTP-Method-Override  was supported for overriding the request method. This behavior is no longer in core, but can be adding if needed using middleware.  For example:  METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER = 'HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE'\n\nclass MethodOverrideMiddleware(object):\n    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):\n        if request.method != 'POST':\n            return\n        if METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER not in request.META:\n            return\n        request.method = request.META[METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER]", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#http-header-based-method-overriding",
+            "text": "Prior to version 3.3.0 the semi extension header  X-HTTP-Method-Override  was supported for overriding the request method. This behavior is no longer in core, but can be adding if needed using middleware.  For example:  METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER = 'HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE'\n\nclass MethodOverrideMiddleware(object):\n    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):\n        if request.method != 'POST':\n            return\n        if METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER not in request.META:\n            return\n        request.method = request.META[METHOD_OVERRIDE_HEADER]",
             "title": "HTTP header based method overriding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#url-based-accept-headers", 
-            "text": "Until version 3.3.0 REST framework included built-in support for  ?accept=application/json  style URL parameters, which would allow the  Accept  header to be overridden.  Since the introduction of the content negotiation API this behavior is no longer included in core, but may be added using a custom content negotiation class, if needed.  For example:  class AcceptQueryParamOverride()\n    def get_accept_list(self, request):\n       header = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT', '*/*')\n       header = request.query_params.get('_accept', header)\n       return [token.strip() for token in header.split(',')]", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#url-based-accept-headers",
+            "text": "Until version 3.3.0 REST framework included built-in support for  ?accept=application/json  style URL parameters, which would allow the  Accept  header to be overridden.  Since the introduction of the content negotiation API this behavior is no longer included in core, but may be added using a custom content negotiation class, if needed.  For example:  class AcceptQueryParamOverride()\n    def get_accept_list(self, request):\n       header = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT', '*/*')\n       header = request.query_params.get('_accept', header)\n       return [token.strip() for token in header.split(',')]",
             "title": "URL based accept headers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#doesnt-html5-support-put-and-delete-forms", 
-            "text": "Nope.  It was at one point intended to support  PUT  and  DELETE  forms, but\nwas later  dropped from the spec .  There remains ongoing discussion  about adding support for  PUT  and  DELETE ,\nas well as how to support content types other than form-encoded data.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browser-enhancements/#doesnt-html5-support-put-and-delete-forms",
+            "text": "Nope.  It was at one point intended to support  PUT  and  DELETE  forms, but\nwas later  dropped from the spec .  There remains ongoing discussion  about adding support for  PUT  and  DELETE ,\nas well as how to support content types other than form-encoded data.",
             "title": "Doesn't HTML5 support PUT and DELETE forms?"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/", 
-            "text": "The Browsable API\n\n\n\n\nIt is a profoundly erroneous truism... that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing.  The precise opposite is the case.  Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.\n\n\n \nAlfred North Whitehead\n, An Introduction to Mathematics (1911)\n\n\n\n\nAPI may stand for Application \nProgramming\n Interface, but humans have to be able to read the APIs, too; someone has to do the programming.  Django REST Framework supports generating human-friendly HTML output for each resource when the \nHTML\n format is requested.  These pages allow for easy browsing of resources, as well as forms for submitting data to the resources using \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, and \nDELETE\n.\n\n\nURLs\n\n\nIf you include fully-qualified URLs in your resource output, they will be 'urlized' and made clickable for easy browsing by humans.  The \nrest_framework\n package includes a \nreverse\n helper for this purpose.\n\n\nFormats\n\n\nBy default, the API will return the format specified by the headers, which in the case of the browser is HTML.  The format can be specified using \n?format=\n in the request, so you can look at the raw JSON response in a browser by adding \n?format=json\n to the URL.  There are helpful extensions for viewing JSON in \nFirefox\n and \nChrome\n.\n\n\nCustomizing\n\n\nThe browsable API is built with \nTwitter's Bootstrap\n (v 3.3.5), making it easy to customize the look-and-feel.\n\n\nTo customize the default style, create a template called \nrest_framework/api.html\n that extends from \nrest_framework/base.html\n.  For example:\n\n\ntemplates/rest_framework/api.html\n\n\n{% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n...  # Override blocks with required customizations\n\n\n\nOverriding the default theme\n\n\nTo replace the default theme, add a \nbootstrap_theme\n block to your \napi.html\n and insert a \nlink\n to the desired Bootstrap theme css file.  This will completely replace the included theme.\n\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \nlink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/path/to/my/bootstrap.css\" type=\"text/css\"\n\n{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nSuitable pre-made replacement themes are available at \nBootswatch\n.  To use any of the Bootswatch themes, simply download the theme's \nbootstrap.min.css\n file, add it to your project, and replace the default one as described above.\n\n\nYou can also change the navbar variant, which by default is \nnavbar-inverse\n, using the \nbootstrap_navbar_variant\n block.  The empty \n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}\n will use the original Bootstrap navbar style.\n\n\nFull example:\n\n\n{% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \nlink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://bootswatch.com/flatly/bootstrap.min.css\" type=\"text/css\"\n\n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nFor more specific CSS tweaks than simply overriding the default bootstrap theme you can override the \nstyle\n block.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenshot of the bootswatch 'Cerulean' theme\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenshot of the bootswatch 'Slate' theme\n\n\n\n\nBlocks\n\n\nAll of the blocks available in the browsable API base template that can be used in your \napi.html\n.\n\n\n\n\nbody\n                       - The entire html \nbody\n.\n\n\nbodyclass\n                  - Class attribute for the \nbody\n tag, empty by default.\n\n\nbootstrap_theme\n            - CSS for the Bootstrap theme.\n\n\nbootstrap_navbar_variant\n   - CSS class for the navbar.\n\n\nbranding\n                   - Branding section of the navbar, see \nBootstrap components\n.\n\n\nbreadcrumbs\n                - Links showing resource nesting, allowing the user to go back up the resources.  It's recommended to preserve these, but they can be overridden using the breadcrumbs block.\n\n\nscript\n                     - JavaScript files for the page.\n\n\nstyle\n                      - CSS stylesheets for the page.\n\n\ntitle\n                      - Title of the page.\n\n\nuserlinks\n                  - This is a list of links on the right of the header, by default containing login/logout links.  To add links instead of replace, use \n{{ block.super }}\n to preserve the authentication links.\n\n\n\n\nComponents\n\n\nAll of the standard \nBootstrap components\n are available.\n\n\nTooltips\n\n\nThe browsable API makes use of the Bootstrap tooltips component.  Any element with the \njs-tooltip\n class and a \ntitle\n attribute has that title content will display a tooltip on hover events.\n\n\nLogin Template\n\n\nTo add branding and customize the look-and-feel of the login template, create a template called \nlogin.html\n and add it to your project, eg: \ntemplates/rest_framework/login.html\n.  The template should extend from \nrest_framework/login_base.html\n.\n\n\nYou can add your site name or branding by including the branding block:\n\n\n{% block branding %}\n    \nh3 style=\"margin: 0 0 20px;\"\nMy Site Name\n/h3\n\n{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nYou can also customize the style by adding the \nbootstrap_theme\n or \nstyle\n block similar to \napi.html\n.\n\n\nAdvanced Customization\n\n\nContext\n\n\nThe context that's available to the template:\n\n\n\n\nallowed_methods\n     : A list of methods allowed by the resource\n\n\napi_settings\n        : The API settings\n\n\navailable_formats\n   : A list of formats allowed by the resource\n\n\nbreadcrumblist\n      : The list of links following the chain of nested resources\n\n\ncontent\n             : The content of the API response\n\n\ndescription\n         : The description of the resource, generated from its docstring\n\n\nname\n                : The name of the resource\n\n\npost_form\n           : A form instance for use by the POST form (if allowed)\n\n\nput_form\n            : A form instance for use by the PUT form (if allowed)\n\n\ndisplay_edit_forms\n  : A boolean indicating whether or not POST, PUT and PATCH forms will be displayed\n\n\nrequest\n             : The request object\n\n\nresponse\n            : The response object\n\n\nversion\n             : The version of Django REST Framework\n\n\nview\n                : The view handling the request\n\n\nFORMAT_PARAM\n        : The view can accept a format override\n\n\nMETHOD_PARAM\n        : The view can accept a method override\n\n\n\n\nYou can override the \nBrowsableAPIRenderer.get_context()\n method to customise the context that gets passed to the template.\n\n\nNot using base.html\n\n\nFor more advanced customization, such as not having a Bootstrap basis or tighter integration with the rest of your site, you can simply choose not to have \napi.html\n extend \nbase.html\n.  Then the page content and capabilities are entirely up to you.\n\n\nHandling \nChoiceField\n with large numbers of items.\n\n\nWhen a relationship or \nChoiceField\n has too many items, rendering the widget containing all the options can become very slow, and cause the browsable API rendering to perform poorly.\n\n\nThe simplest option in this case is to replace the select input with a standard text input. For example:\n\n\n author = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n    queryset=User.objects.all(),\n    style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nAutocomplete\n\n\nAn alternative, but more complex option would be to replace the input with an autocomplete widget, that only loads and renders a subset of the available options as needed. If you need to do this you'll need to do some work to build a custom autocomplete HTML template yourself.\n\n\nThere are \na variety of packages for autocomplete widgets\n, such as \ndjango-autocomplete-light\n, that you may want to refer to. Note that you will not be able to simply include these components as standard widgets, but will need to write the HTML template explicitly. This is because REST framework 3.0 no longer supports the \nwidget\n keyword argument since it now uses templated HTML generation.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/",
+            "text": "The Browsable API\n\n\n\n\nIt is a profoundly erroneous truism... that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing.  The precise opposite is the case.  Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.\n\n\n\u2014 \nAlfred North Whitehead\n, An Introduction to Mathematics (1911)\n\n\n\n\nAPI may stand for Application \nProgramming\n Interface, but humans have to be able to read the APIs, too; someone has to do the programming.  Django REST Framework supports generating human-friendly HTML output for each resource when the \nHTML\n format is requested.  These pages allow for easy browsing of resources, as well as forms for submitting data to the resources using \nPOST\n, \nPUT\n, and \nDELETE\n.\n\n\nURLs\n\n\nIf you include fully-qualified URLs in your resource output, they will be 'urlized' and made clickable for easy browsing by humans.  The \nrest_framework\n package includes a \nreverse\n helper for this purpose.\n\n\nFormats\n\n\nBy default, the API will return the format specified by the headers, which in the case of the browser is HTML.  The format can be specified using \n?format=\n in the request, so you can look at the raw JSON response in a browser by adding \n?format=json\n to the URL.  There are helpful extensions for viewing JSON in \nFirefox\n and \nChrome\n.\n\n\nCustomizing\n\n\nThe browsable API is built with \nTwitter's Bootstrap\n (v 3.3.5), making it easy to customize the look-and-feel.\n\n\nTo customize the default style, create a template called \nrest_framework/api.html\n that extends from \nrest_framework/base.html\n.  For example:\n\n\ntemplates/rest_framework/api.html\n\n\n{% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n...  # Override blocks with required customizations\n\n\n\nOverriding the default theme\n\n\nTo replace the default theme, add a \nbootstrap_theme\n block to your \napi.html\n and insert a \nlink\n to the desired Bootstrap theme css file.  This will completely replace the included theme.\n\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \n{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nSuitable pre-made replacement themes are available at \nBootswatch\n.  To use any of the Bootswatch themes, simply download the theme's \nbootstrap.min.css\n file, add it to your project, and replace the default one as described above.\n\n\nYou can also change the navbar variant, which by default is \nnavbar-inverse\n, using the \nbootstrap_navbar_variant\n block.  The empty \n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}\n will use the original Bootstrap navbar style.\n\n\nFull example:\n\n\n{% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nFor more specific CSS tweaks than simply overriding the default bootstrap theme you can override the \nstyle\n block.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenshot of the bootswatch 'Cerulean' theme\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenshot of the bootswatch 'Slate' theme\n\n\n\n\nBlocks\n\n\nAll of the blocks available in the browsable API base template that can be used in your \napi.html\n.\n\n\n\n\nbody\n                       - The entire html \n\n.\n\n\nbodyclass\n                  - Class attribute for the \n\n tag, empty by default.\n\n\nbootstrap_theme\n            - CSS for the Bootstrap theme.\n\n\nbootstrap_navbar_variant\n   - CSS class for the navbar.\n\n\nbranding\n                   - Branding section of the navbar, see \nBootstrap components\n.\n\n\nbreadcrumbs\n                - Links showing resource nesting, allowing the user to go back up the resources.  It's recommended to preserve these, but they can be overridden using the breadcrumbs block.\n\n\nscript\n                     - JavaScript files for the page.\n\n\nstyle\n                      - CSS stylesheets for the page.\n\n\ntitle\n                      - Title of the page.\n\n\nuserlinks\n                  - This is a list of links on the right of the header, by default containing login/logout links.  To add links instead of replace, use \n{{ block.super }}\n to preserve the authentication links.\n\n\n\n\nComponents\n\n\nAll of the standard \nBootstrap components\n are available.\n\n\nTooltips\n\n\nThe browsable API makes use of the Bootstrap tooltips component.  Any element with the \njs-tooltip\n class and a \ntitle\n attribute has that title content will display a tooltip on hover events.\n\n\nLogin Template\n\n\nTo add branding and customize the look-and-feel of the login template, create a template called \nlogin.html\n and add it to your project, eg: \ntemplates/rest_framework/login.html\n.  The template should extend from \nrest_framework/login_base.html\n.\n\n\nYou can add your site name or branding by including the branding block:\n\n\n{% block branding %}\n    
    My Site Name
    \n{% endblock %}\n\n\n\nYou can also customize the style by adding the \nbootstrap_theme\n or \nstyle\n block similar to \napi.html\n.\n\n\nAdvanced Customization\n\n\nContext\n\n\nThe context that's available to the template:\n\n\n\n\nallowed_methods\n     : A list of methods allowed by the resource\n\n\napi_settings\n        : The API settings\n\n\navailable_formats\n   : A list of formats allowed by the resource\n\n\nbreadcrumblist\n      : The list of links following the chain of nested resources\n\n\ncontent\n             : The content of the API response\n\n\ndescription\n         : The description of the resource, generated from its docstring\n\n\nname\n                : The name of the resource\n\n\npost_form\n           : A form instance for use by the POST form (if allowed)\n\n\nput_form\n            : A form instance for use by the PUT form (if allowed)\n\n\ndisplay_edit_forms\n  : A boolean indicating whether or not POST, PUT and PATCH forms will be displayed\n\n\nrequest\n             : The request object\n\n\nresponse\n            : The response object\n\n\nversion\n             : The version of Django REST Framework\n\n\nview\n                : The view handling the request\n\n\nFORMAT_PARAM\n        : The view can accept a format override\n\n\nMETHOD_PARAM\n        : The view can accept a method override\n\n\n\n\nYou can override the \nBrowsableAPIRenderer.get_context()\n method to customise the context that gets passed to the template.\n\n\nNot using base.html\n\n\nFor more advanced customization, such as not having a Bootstrap basis or tighter integration with the rest of your site, you can simply choose not to have \napi.html\n extend \nbase.html\n.  Then the page content and capabilities are entirely up to you.\n\n\nHandling \nChoiceField\n with large numbers of items.\n\n\nWhen a relationship or \nChoiceField\n has too many items, rendering the widget containing all the options can become very slow, and cause the browsable API rendering to perform poorly.\n\n\nThe simplest option in this case is to replace the select input with a standard text input. For example:\n\n\n author = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n    queryset=User.objects.all(),\n    style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nAutocomplete\n\n\nAn alternative, but more complex option would be to replace the input with an autocomplete widget, that only loads and renders a subset of the available options as needed. If you need to do this you'll need to do some work to build a custom autocomplete HTML template yourself.\n\n\nThere are \na variety of packages for autocomplete widgets\n, such as \ndjango-autocomplete-light\n, that you may want to refer to. Note that you will not be able to simply include these components as standard widgets, but will need to write the HTML template explicitly. This is because REST framework 3.0 no longer supports the \nwidget\n keyword argument since it now uses templated HTML generation.",
             "title": "The Browsable API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#the-browsable-api", 
-            "text": "It is a profoundly erroneous truism... that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing.  The precise opposite is the case.  Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.    Alfred North Whitehead , An Introduction to Mathematics (1911)   API may stand for Application  Programming  Interface, but humans have to be able to read the APIs, too; someone has to do the programming.  Django REST Framework supports generating human-friendly HTML output for each resource when the  HTML  format is requested.  These pages allow for easy browsing of resources, as well as forms for submitting data to the resources using  POST ,  PUT , and  DELETE .", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#the-browsable-api",
+            "text": "It is a profoundly erroneous truism... that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing.  The precise opposite is the case.  Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.  \u2014  Alfred North Whitehead , An Introduction to Mathematics (1911)   API may stand for Application  Programming  Interface, but humans have to be able to read the APIs, too; someone has to do the programming.  Django REST Framework supports generating human-friendly HTML output for each resource when the  HTML  format is requested.  These pages allow for easy browsing of resources, as well as forms for submitting data to the resources using  POST ,  PUT , and  DELETE .",
             "title": "The Browsable API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#urls", 
-            "text": "If you include fully-qualified URLs in your resource output, they will be 'urlized' and made clickable for easy browsing by humans.  The  rest_framework  package includes a  reverse  helper for this purpose.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#urls",
+            "text": "If you include fully-qualified URLs in your resource output, they will be 'urlized' and made clickable for easy browsing by humans.  The  rest_framework  package includes a  reverse  helper for this purpose.",
             "title": "URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#formats", 
-            "text": "By default, the API will return the format specified by the headers, which in the case of the browser is HTML.  The format can be specified using  ?format=  in the request, so you can look at the raw JSON response in a browser by adding  ?format=json  to the URL.  There are helpful extensions for viewing JSON in  Firefox  and  Chrome .", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#formats",
+            "text": "By default, the API will return the format specified by the headers, which in the case of the browser is HTML.  The format can be specified using  ?format=  in the request, so you can look at the raw JSON response in a browser by adding  ?format=json  to the URL.  There are helpful extensions for viewing JSON in  Firefox  and  Chrome .",
             "title": "Formats"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#customizing", 
-            "text": "The browsable API is built with  Twitter's Bootstrap  (v 3.3.5), making it easy to customize the look-and-feel.  To customize the default style, create a template called  rest_framework/api.html  that extends from  rest_framework/base.html .  For example:  templates/rest_framework/api.html  {% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n...  # Override blocks with required customizations", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#customizing",
+            "text": "The browsable API is built with  Twitter's Bootstrap  (v 3.3.5), making it easy to customize the look-and-feel.  To customize the default style, create a template called  rest_framework/api.html  that extends from  rest_framework/base.html .  For example:  templates/rest_framework/api.html  {% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n...  # Override blocks with required customizations",
             "title": "Customizing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#overriding-the-default-theme", 
-            "text": "To replace the default theme, add a  bootstrap_theme  block to your  api.html  and insert a  link  to the desired Bootstrap theme css file.  This will completely replace the included theme.  {% block bootstrap_theme %}\n     link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/path/to/my/bootstrap.css\" type=\"text/css\" \n{% endblock %}  Suitable pre-made replacement themes are available at  Bootswatch .  To use any of the Bootswatch themes, simply download the theme's  bootstrap.min.css  file, add it to your project, and replace the default one as described above.  You can also change the navbar variant, which by default is  navbar-inverse , using the  bootstrap_navbar_variant  block.  The empty  {% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}  will use the original Bootstrap navbar style.  Full example:  {% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n     link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://bootswatch.com/flatly/bootstrap.min.css\" type=\"text/css\" \n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}  For more specific CSS tweaks than simply overriding the default bootstrap theme you can override the  style  block.    Screenshot of the bootswatch 'Cerulean' theme    Screenshot of the bootswatch 'Slate' theme", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#overriding-the-default-theme",
+            "text": "To replace the default theme, add a  bootstrap_theme  block to your  api.html  and insert a  link  to the desired Bootstrap theme css file.  This will completely replace the included theme.  {% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \n{% endblock %}  Suitable pre-made replacement themes are available at  Bootswatch .  To use any of the Bootswatch themes, simply download the theme's  bootstrap.min.css  file, add it to your project, and replace the default one as described above.  You can also change the navbar variant, which by default is  navbar-inverse , using the  bootstrap_navbar_variant  block.  The empty  {% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}  will use the original Bootstrap navbar style.  Full example:  {% extends \"rest_framework/base.html\" %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_theme %}\n    \n{% endblock %}\n\n{% block bootstrap_navbar_variant %}{% endblock %}  For more specific CSS tweaks than simply overriding the default bootstrap theme you can override the  style  block.    Screenshot of the bootswatch 'Cerulean' theme    Screenshot of the bootswatch 'Slate' theme",
             "title": "Overriding the default theme"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#blocks", 
-            "text": "All of the blocks available in the browsable API base template that can be used in your  api.html .   body                        - The entire html  body .  bodyclass                   - Class attribute for the  body  tag, empty by default.  bootstrap_theme             - CSS for the Bootstrap theme.  bootstrap_navbar_variant    - CSS class for the navbar.  branding                    - Branding section of the navbar, see  Bootstrap components .  breadcrumbs                 - Links showing resource nesting, allowing the user to go back up the resources.  It's recommended to preserve these, but they can be overridden using the breadcrumbs block.  script                      - JavaScript files for the page.  style                       - CSS stylesheets for the page.  title                       - Title of the page.  userlinks                   - This is a list of links on the right of the header, by default containing login/logout links.  To add links instead of replace, use  {{ block.super }}  to preserve the authentication links.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#blocks",
+            "text": "All of the blocks available in the browsable API base template that can be used in your  api.html .   body                        - The entire html   .  bodyclass                   - Class attribute for the    tag, empty by default.  bootstrap_theme             - CSS for the Bootstrap theme.  bootstrap_navbar_variant    - CSS class for the navbar.  branding                    - Branding section of the navbar, see  Bootstrap components .  breadcrumbs                 - Links showing resource nesting, allowing the user to go back up the resources.  It's recommended to preserve these, but they can be overridden using the breadcrumbs block.  script                      - JavaScript files for the page.  style                       - CSS stylesheets for the page.  title                       - Title of the page.  userlinks                   - This is a list of links on the right of the header, by default containing login/logout links.  To add links instead of replace, use  {{ block.super }}  to preserve the authentication links.",
             "title": "Blocks"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#components", 
-            "text": "All of the standard  Bootstrap components  are available.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#components",
+            "text": "All of the standard  Bootstrap components  are available.",
             "title": "Components"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#tooltips", 
-            "text": "The browsable API makes use of the Bootstrap tooltips component.  Any element with the  js-tooltip  class and a  title  attribute has that title content will display a tooltip on hover events.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#tooltips",
+            "text": "The browsable API makes use of the Bootstrap tooltips component.  Any element with the  js-tooltip  class and a  title  attribute has that title content will display a tooltip on hover events.",
             "title": "Tooltips"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#login-template", 
-            "text": "To add branding and customize the look-and-feel of the login template, create a template called  login.html  and add it to your project, eg:  templates/rest_framework/login.html .  The template should extend from  rest_framework/login_base.html .  You can add your site name or branding by including the branding block:  {% block branding %}\n     h3 style=\"margin: 0 0 20px;\" My Site Name /h3 \n{% endblock %}  You can also customize the style by adding the  bootstrap_theme  or  style  block similar to  api.html .", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#login-template",
+            "text": "To add branding and customize the look-and-feel of the login template, create a template called  login.html  and add it to your project, eg:  templates/rest_framework/login.html .  The template should extend from  rest_framework/login_base.html .  You can add your site name or branding by including the branding block:  {% block branding %}\n    
    My Site Name
    \n{% endblock %}  You can also customize the style by adding the  bootstrap_theme  or  style  block similar to  api.html .",
             "title": "Login Template"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#advanced-customization", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#advanced-customization",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Advanced Customization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#context", 
-            "text": "The context that's available to the template:   allowed_methods      : A list of methods allowed by the resource  api_settings         : The API settings  available_formats    : A list of formats allowed by the resource  breadcrumblist       : The list of links following the chain of nested resources  content              : The content of the API response  description          : The description of the resource, generated from its docstring  name                 : The name of the resource  post_form            : A form instance for use by the POST form (if allowed)  put_form             : A form instance for use by the PUT form (if allowed)  display_edit_forms   : A boolean indicating whether or not POST, PUT and PATCH forms will be displayed  request              : The request object  response             : The response object  version              : The version of Django REST Framework  view                 : The view handling the request  FORMAT_PARAM         : The view can accept a format override  METHOD_PARAM         : The view can accept a method override   You can override the  BrowsableAPIRenderer.get_context()  method to customise the context that gets passed to the template.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#context",
+            "text": "The context that's available to the template:   allowed_methods      : A list of methods allowed by the resource  api_settings         : The API settings  available_formats    : A list of formats allowed by the resource  breadcrumblist       : The list of links following the chain of nested resources  content              : The content of the API response  description          : The description of the resource, generated from its docstring  name                 : The name of the resource  post_form            : A form instance for use by the POST form (if allowed)  put_form             : A form instance for use by the PUT form (if allowed)  display_edit_forms   : A boolean indicating whether or not POST, PUT and PATCH forms will be displayed  request              : The request object  response             : The response object  version              : The version of Django REST Framework  view                 : The view handling the request  FORMAT_PARAM         : The view can accept a format override  METHOD_PARAM         : The view can accept a method override   You can override the  BrowsableAPIRenderer.get_context()  method to customise the context that gets passed to the template.",
             "title": "Context"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#not-using-basehtml", 
-            "text": "For more advanced customization, such as not having a Bootstrap basis or tighter integration with the rest of your site, you can simply choose not to have  api.html  extend  base.html .  Then the page content and capabilities are entirely up to you.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#not-using-basehtml",
+            "text": "For more advanced customization, such as not having a Bootstrap basis or tighter integration with the rest of your site, you can simply choose not to have  api.html  extend  base.html .  Then the page content and capabilities are entirely up to you.",
             "title": "Not using base.html"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#handling-choicefield-with-large-numbers-of-items", 
-            "text": "When a relationship or  ChoiceField  has too many items, rendering the widget containing all the options can become very slow, and cause the browsable API rendering to perform poorly.  The simplest option in this case is to replace the select input with a standard text input. For example:   author = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n    queryset=User.objects.all(),\n    style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#handling-choicefield-with-large-numbers-of-items",
+            "text": "When a relationship or  ChoiceField  has too many items, rendering the widget containing all the options can become very slow, and cause the browsable API rendering to perform poorly.  The simplest option in this case is to replace the select input with a standard text input. For example:   author = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(\n    queryset=User.objects.all(),\n    style={'base_template': 'input.html'}\n)",
             "title": "Handling ChoiceField with large numbers of items."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#autocomplete", 
-            "text": "An alternative, but more complex option would be to replace the input with an autocomplete widget, that only loads and renders a subset of the available options as needed. If you need to do this you'll need to do some work to build a custom autocomplete HTML template yourself.  There are  a variety of packages for autocomplete widgets , such as  django-autocomplete-light , that you may want to refer to. Note that you will not be able to simply include these components as standard widgets, but will need to write the HTML template explicitly. This is because REST framework 3.0 no longer supports the  widget  keyword argument since it now uses templated HTML generation.", 
+            "location": "/topics/browsable-api/#autocomplete",
+            "text": "An alternative, but more complex option would be to replace the input with an autocomplete widget, that only loads and renders a subset of the available options as needed. If you need to do this you'll need to do some work to build a custom autocomplete HTML template yourself.  There are  a variety of packages for autocomplete widgets , such as  django-autocomplete-light , that you may want to refer to. Note that you will not be able to simply include these components as standard widgets, but will need to write the HTML template explicitly. This is because REST framework 3.0 no longer supports the  widget  keyword argument since it now uses templated HTML generation.",
             "title": "Autocomplete"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/", 
-            "text": "REST, Hypermedia \n HATEOAS\n\n\n\n\nYou keep using that word \"REST\". I do not think it means what you think it means.\n\n\n Mike Amundsen, \nREST fest 2012 keynote\n.\n\n\n\n\nFirst off, the disclaimer.  The name \"Django REST framework\" was decided back in early 2011 and was chosen simply to sure the project would be easily found by developers. Throughout the documentation we try to use the more simple and technically correct terminology of \"Web APIs\".\n\n\nIf you are serious about designing a Hypermedia API, you should look to resources outside of this documentation to help inform your design choices.\n\n\nThe following fall into the \"required reading\" category.\n\n\n\n\nRoy Fielding's dissertation - \nArchitectural Styles and\nthe Design of Network-based Software Architectures\n.\n\n\nRoy Fielding's \"\nREST APIs must be hypertext-driven\n\" blog post.\n\n\nLeonard Richardson \n Mike Amundsen's \nRESTful Web APIs\n.\n\n\nMike Amundsen's \nBuilding Hypermedia APIs with HTML5 and Node\n.\n\n\nSteve Klabnik's \nDesigning Hypermedia APIs\n.\n\n\nThe \nRichardson Maturity Model\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor a more thorough background, check out Klabnik's \nHypermedia API reading list\n.\n\n\nBuilding Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\n\n\nREST framework is an agnostic Web API toolkit.  It does help guide you towards building well-connected APIs, and makes it easy to design appropriate media types, but it does not strictly enforce any particular design style.\n\n\nWhat REST framework provides.\n\n\nIt is self evident that REST framework makes it possible to build Hypermedia APIs.  The browsable API that it offers is built on HTML - the hypermedia language of the web.\n\n\nREST framework also includes \nserialization\n and \nparser\n/\nrenderer\n components that make it easy to build appropriate media types, \nhyperlinked relations\n for building well-connected systems, and great support for \ncontent negotiation\n.\n\n\nWhat REST framework doesn't provide.\n\n\nWhat REST framework doesn't do is give you machine readable hypermedia formats such as \nHAL\n, \nCollection+JSON\n, \nJSON API\n or HTML \nmicroformats\n by default, or the ability to auto-magically create fully HATEOAS style APIs that include hypermedia-based form descriptions and semantically labelled hyperlinks. Doing so would involve making opinionated choices about API design that should really remain outside of the framework's scope.", 
+            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/",
+            "text": "REST, Hypermedia & HATEOAS\n\n\n\n\nYou keep using that word \"REST\". I do not think it means what you think it means.\n\n\n\u2014 Mike Amundsen, \nREST fest 2012 keynote\n.\n\n\n\n\nFirst off, the disclaimer.  The name \"Django REST framework\" was decided back in early 2011 and was chosen simply to sure the project would be easily found by developers. Throughout the documentation we try to use the more simple and technically correct terminology of \"Web APIs\".\n\n\nIf you are serious about designing a Hypermedia API, you should look to resources outside of this documentation to help inform your design choices.\n\n\nThe following fall into the \"required reading\" category.\n\n\n\n\nRoy Fielding's dissertation - \nArchitectural Styles and\nthe Design of Network-based Software Architectures\n.\n\n\nRoy Fielding's \"\nREST APIs must be hypertext-driven\n\" blog post.\n\n\nLeonard Richardson & Mike Amundsen's \nRESTful Web APIs\n.\n\n\nMike Amundsen's \nBuilding Hypermedia APIs with HTML5 and Node\n.\n\n\nSteve Klabnik's \nDesigning Hypermedia APIs\n.\n\n\nThe \nRichardson Maturity Model\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor a more thorough background, check out Klabnik's \nHypermedia API reading list\n.\n\n\nBuilding Hypermedia APIs with REST framework\n\n\nREST framework is an agnostic Web API toolkit.  It does help guide you towards building well-connected APIs, and makes it easy to design appropriate media types, but it does not strictly enforce any particular design style.\n\n\nWhat REST framework provides.\n\n\nIt is self evident that REST framework makes it possible to build Hypermedia APIs.  The browsable API that it offers is built on HTML - the hypermedia language of the web.\n\n\nREST framework also includes \nserialization\n and \nparser\n/\nrenderer\n components that make it easy to build appropriate media types, \nhyperlinked relations\n for building well-connected systems, and great support for \ncontent negotiation\n.\n\n\nWhat REST framework doesn't provide.\n\n\nWhat REST framework doesn't do is give you machine readable hypermedia formats such as \nHAL\n, \nCollection+JSON\n, \nJSON API\n or HTML \nmicroformats\n by default, or the ability to auto-magically create fully HATEOAS style APIs that include hypermedia-based form descriptions and semantically labelled hyperlinks. Doing so would involve making opinionated choices about API design that should really remain outside of the framework's scope.",
             "title": "REST, Hypermedia & HATEOAS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#rest-hypermedia-hateoas", 
-            "text": "You keep using that word \"REST\". I do not think it means what you think it means.   Mike Amundsen,  REST fest 2012 keynote .   First off, the disclaimer.  The name \"Django REST framework\" was decided back in early 2011 and was chosen simply to sure the project would be easily found by developers. Throughout the documentation we try to use the more simple and technically correct terminology of \"Web APIs\".  If you are serious about designing a Hypermedia API, you should look to resources outside of this documentation to help inform your design choices.  The following fall into the \"required reading\" category.   Roy Fielding's dissertation -  Architectural Styles and\nthe Design of Network-based Software Architectures .  Roy Fielding's \" REST APIs must be hypertext-driven \" blog post.  Leonard Richardson   Mike Amundsen's  RESTful Web APIs .  Mike Amundsen's  Building Hypermedia APIs with HTML5 and Node .  Steve Klabnik's  Designing Hypermedia APIs .  The  Richardson Maturity Model .   For a more thorough background, check out Klabnik's  Hypermedia API reading list .", 
+            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#rest-hypermedia-hateoas",
+            "text": "You keep using that word \"REST\". I do not think it means what you think it means.  \u2014 Mike Amundsen,  REST fest 2012 keynote .   First off, the disclaimer.  The name \"Django REST framework\" was decided back in early 2011 and was chosen simply to sure the project would be easily found by developers. Throughout the documentation we try to use the more simple and technically correct terminology of \"Web APIs\".  If you are serious about designing a Hypermedia API, you should look to resources outside of this documentation to help inform your design choices.  The following fall into the \"required reading\" category.   Roy Fielding's dissertation -  Architectural Styles and\nthe Design of Network-based Software Architectures .  Roy Fielding's \" REST APIs must be hypertext-driven \" blog post.  Leonard Richardson & Mike Amundsen's  RESTful Web APIs .  Mike Amundsen's  Building Hypermedia APIs with HTML5 and Node .  Steve Klabnik's  Designing Hypermedia APIs .  The  Richardson Maturity Model .   For a more thorough background, check out Klabnik's  Hypermedia API reading list .",
             "title": "REST, Hypermedia & HATEOAS"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#building-hypermedia-apis-with-rest-framework", 
-            "text": "REST framework is an agnostic Web API toolkit.  It does help guide you towards building well-connected APIs, and makes it easy to design appropriate media types, but it does not strictly enforce any particular design style.", 
+            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#building-hypermedia-apis-with-rest-framework",
+            "text": "REST framework is an agnostic Web API toolkit.  It does help guide you towards building well-connected APIs, and makes it easy to design appropriate media types, but it does not strictly enforce any particular design style.",
             "title": "Building Hypermedia APIs with REST framework"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#what-rest-framework-provides", 
-            "text": "It is self evident that REST framework makes it possible to build Hypermedia APIs.  The browsable API that it offers is built on HTML - the hypermedia language of the web.  REST framework also includes  serialization  and  parser / renderer  components that make it easy to build appropriate media types,  hyperlinked relations  for building well-connected systems, and great support for  content negotiation .", 
+            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#what-rest-framework-provides",
+            "text": "It is self evident that REST framework makes it possible to build Hypermedia APIs.  The browsable API that it offers is built on HTML - the hypermedia language of the web.  REST framework also includes  serialization  and  parser / renderer  components that make it easy to build appropriate media types,  hyperlinked relations  for building well-connected systems, and great support for  content negotiation .",
             "title": "What REST framework provides."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#what-rest-framework-doesnt-provide", 
-            "text": "What REST framework doesn't do is give you machine readable hypermedia formats such as  HAL ,  Collection+JSON ,  JSON API  or HTML  microformats  by default, or the ability to auto-magically create fully HATEOAS style APIs that include hypermedia-based form descriptions and semantically labelled hyperlinks. Doing so would involve making opinionated choices about API design that should really remain outside of the framework's scope.", 
+            "location": "/topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/#what-rest-framework-doesnt-provide",
+            "text": "What REST framework doesn't do is give you machine readable hypermedia formats such as  HAL ,  Collection+JSON ,  JSON API  or HTML  microformats  by default, or the ability to auto-magically create fully HATEOAS style APIs that include hypermedia-based form descriptions and semantically labelled hyperlinks. Doing so would involve making opinionated choices about API design that should really remain outside of the framework's scope.",
             "title": "What REST framework doesn't provide."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/", 
-            "text": "Tutorials and Resources\n\n\nThere are a wide range of resources available for learning and using Django REST framework. We try to keep a comprehensive list available here.\n\n\nBooks\n\n\n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n\n\n\n\nTutorials\n\n\n\n\nBeginner's Guide to the Django REST Framework\n\n\nDjango REST Framework - An Introduction\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorial\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Course\n\n\nBuilding a RESTful API with Django REST Framework\n\n\nGetting Started with Django REST Framework and AngularJS\n\n\nEnd to End Web App with Django REST Framework \n AngularJS\n\n\nStart Your API - Django REST Framework Part 1\n\n\nPermissions \n Authentication - Django REST Framework Part 2\n\n\nViewSets and Routers - Django REST Framework Part 3\n\n\nDjango REST Framework User Endpoint\n\n\nCheck Credentials Using Django REST Framework\n\n\nCreating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 1\n\n\nCreating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 2\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorial - Build a Blog API\n\n\nDjango REST Framework \n React Tutorial - Build a Todo List API\n\n\nTutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)\n\n\n\n\nVideos\n\n\nTalks\n\n\n\n\nLevel Up! Rethinking the Web API Framework\n\n\nHow to Make a Full Fledged REST API with Django OAuth Toolkit\n\n\nDjango REST API - So Easy You Can Learn It in 25 Minutes\n\n\nTom Christie about Django Rest Framework at Django: Under The Hood\n\n\nDjango REST Framework: Schemas, Hypermedia \n Client Libraries\n\n\n\n\nTutorials\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Part 1\n\n\nDjango REST Framework in Your PJ's!\n\n\nBuilding a REST API Using Django \n Django REST Framework\n\n\nBlog API with Django REST Framework\n\n\nEmber and Django Part 1\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Image Upload Tutorial (with AngularJS)\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorials\n\n\n\n\nArticles\n\n\n\n\nWeb API performance: Profiling Django REST Framework\n\n\nAPI Development with Django and Django REST Framework\n\n\nIntegrating Pandas, Django REST Framework and Bokeh\n\n\nControlling Uncertainty on Web Applications and APIs\n\n\nFull Text Search in Django REST Framework with Database Backends\n\n\nOAuth2 Authentication with Django REST Framework and Custom Third-Party OAuth2 Backends\n\n\nNested Resources with Django REST Framework\n\n\nImage Fields with Django REST Framework\n\n\nChatbot Using Django REST Framework + api.ai + Slack\u200a\u2014\u200aPart 1/3\n\n\nNew Django Admin with DRF and EmberJS... What are the News?\n\n\nBlog posts about Django REST Framework\n\n\n\n\nDocumentations\n\n\n\n\nClassy Django REST Framework\n\n\nDRF-schema-adapter\n\n\n\n\nWant your Django REST Framework talk/tutorial/article to be added to our website? Or know of a resource that's not yet included here? Please \nsubmit a pull request\n or \nemail us\n!", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/",
+            "text": "Tutorials and Resources\n\n\nThere are a wide range of resources available for learning and using Django REST framework. We try to keep a comprehensive list available here.\n\n\nBooks\n\n\n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n  \n\n    \n\n  \n\n\n\n\n\nTutorials\n\n\n\n\nBeginner's Guide to the Django REST Framework\n\n\nDjango REST Framework - An Introduction\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorial\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Course\n\n\nBuilding a RESTful API with Django REST Framework\n\n\nGetting Started with Django REST Framework and AngularJS\n\n\nEnd to End Web App with Django REST Framework & AngularJS\n\n\nStart Your API - Django REST Framework Part 1\n\n\nPermissions & Authentication - Django REST Framework Part 2\n\n\nViewSets and Routers - Django REST Framework Part 3\n\n\nDjango REST Framework User Endpoint\n\n\nCheck Credentials Using Django REST Framework\n\n\nCreating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 1\n\n\nCreating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 2\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorial - Build a Blog API\n\n\nDjango REST Framework & React Tutorial - Build a Todo List API\n\n\nTutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)\n\n\n\n\nVideos\n\n\nTalks\n\n\n\n\nLevel Up! Rethinking the Web API Framework\n\n\nHow to Make a Full Fledged REST API with Django OAuth Toolkit\n\n\nDjango REST API - So Easy You Can Learn It in 25 Minutes\n\n\nTom Christie about Django Rest Framework at Django: Under The Hood\n\n\nDjango REST Framework: Schemas, Hypermedia & Client Libraries\n\n\n\n\nTutorials\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Part 1\n\n\nDjango REST Framework in Your PJ's!\n\n\nBuilding a REST API Using Django & Django REST Framework\n\n\nBlog API with Django REST Framework\n\n\nEmber and Django Part 1\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Image Upload Tutorial (with AngularJS)\n\n\nDjango REST Framework Tutorials\n\n\n\n\nArticles\n\n\n\n\nWeb API performance: Profiling Django REST Framework\n\n\nAPI Development with Django and Django REST Framework\n\n\nIntegrating Pandas, Django REST Framework and Bokeh\n\n\nControlling Uncertainty on Web Applications and APIs\n\n\nFull Text Search in Django REST Framework with Database Backends\n\n\nOAuth2 Authentication with Django REST Framework and Custom Third-Party OAuth2 Backends\n\n\nNested Resources with Django REST Framework\n\n\nImage Fields with Django REST Framework\n\n\nChatbot Using Django REST Framework + api.ai + Slack\u200a\u2014\u200aPart 1/3\n\n\nNew Django Admin with DRF and EmberJS... What are the News?\n\n\nBlog posts about Django REST Framework\n\n\n\n\nDocumentations\n\n\n\n\nClassy Django REST Framework\n\n\nDRF-schema-adapter\n\n\n\n\nWant your Django REST Framework talk/tutorial/article to be added to our website? Or know of a resource that's not yet included here? Please \nsubmit a pull request\n or \nemail us\n!",
             "title": "Tutorials and Resources"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials-and-resources", 
-            "text": "There are a wide range of resources available for learning and using Django REST framework. We try to keep a comprehensive list available here.", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials-and-resources",
+            "text": "There are a wide range of resources available for learning and using Django REST framework. We try to keep a comprehensive list available here.",
             "title": "Tutorials and Resources"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#books", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#books",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Books"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials", 
-            "text": "Beginner's Guide to the Django REST Framework  Django REST Framework - An Introduction  Django REST Framework Tutorial  Django REST Framework Course  Building a RESTful API with Django REST Framework  Getting Started with Django REST Framework and AngularJS  End to End Web App with Django REST Framework   AngularJS  Start Your API - Django REST Framework Part 1  Permissions   Authentication - Django REST Framework Part 2  ViewSets and Routers - Django REST Framework Part 3  Django REST Framework User Endpoint  Check Credentials Using Django REST Framework  Creating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 1  Creating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 2  Django REST Framework Tutorial - Build a Blog API  Django REST Framework   React Tutorial - Build a Todo List API  Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials",
+            "text": "Beginner's Guide to the Django REST Framework  Django REST Framework - An Introduction  Django REST Framework Tutorial  Django REST Framework Course  Building a RESTful API with Django REST Framework  Getting Started with Django REST Framework and AngularJS  End to End Web App with Django REST Framework & AngularJS  Start Your API - Django REST Framework Part 1  Permissions & Authentication - Django REST Framework Part 2  ViewSets and Routers - Django REST Framework Part 3  Django REST Framework User Endpoint  Check Credentials Using Django REST Framework  Creating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 1  Creating a Production Ready API with Python and Django REST Framework \u2013 Part 2  Django REST Framework Tutorial - Build a Blog API  Django REST Framework & React Tutorial - Build a Todo List API  Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)",
             "title": "Tutorials"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#videos", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#videos",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Videos"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#talks", 
-            "text": "Level Up! Rethinking the Web API Framework  How to Make a Full Fledged REST API with Django OAuth Toolkit  Django REST API - So Easy You Can Learn It in 25 Minutes  Tom Christie about Django Rest Framework at Django: Under The Hood  Django REST Framework: Schemas, Hypermedia   Client Libraries", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#talks",
+            "text": "Level Up! Rethinking the Web API Framework  How to Make a Full Fledged REST API with Django OAuth Toolkit  Django REST API - So Easy You Can Learn It in 25 Minutes  Tom Christie about Django Rest Framework at Django: Under The Hood  Django REST Framework: Schemas, Hypermedia & Client Libraries",
             "title": "Talks"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials_1", 
-            "text": "Django REST Framework Part 1  Django REST Framework in Your PJ's!  Building a REST API Using Django   Django REST Framework  Blog API with Django REST Framework  Ember and Django Part 1  Django REST Framework Image Upload Tutorial (with AngularJS)  Django REST Framework Tutorials", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#tutorials_1",
+            "text": "Django REST Framework Part 1  Django REST Framework in Your PJ's!  Building a REST API Using Django & Django REST Framework  Blog API with Django REST Framework  Ember and Django Part 1  Django REST Framework Image Upload Tutorial (with AngularJS)  Django REST Framework Tutorials",
             "title": "Tutorials"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#articles", 
-            "text": "Web API performance: Profiling Django REST Framework  API Development with Django and Django REST Framework  Integrating Pandas, Django REST Framework and Bokeh  Controlling Uncertainty on Web Applications and APIs  Full Text Search in Django REST Framework with Database Backends  OAuth2 Authentication with Django REST Framework and Custom Third-Party OAuth2 Backends  Nested Resources with Django REST Framework  Image Fields with Django REST Framework  Chatbot Using Django REST Framework + api.ai + Slack\u200a\u2014\u200aPart 1/3  New Django Admin with DRF and EmberJS... What are the News?  Blog posts about Django REST Framework", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#articles",
+            "text": "Web API performance: Profiling Django REST Framework  API Development with Django and Django REST Framework  Integrating Pandas, Django REST Framework and Bokeh  Controlling Uncertainty on Web Applications and APIs  Full Text Search in Django REST Framework with Database Backends  OAuth2 Authentication with Django REST Framework and Custom Third-Party OAuth2 Backends  Nested Resources with Django REST Framework  Image Fields with Django REST Framework  Chatbot Using Django REST Framework + api.ai + Slack\u200a\u2014\u200aPart 1/3  New Django Admin with DRF and EmberJS... What are the News?  Blog posts about Django REST Framework",
             "title": "Articles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#documentations", 
-            "text": "Classy Django REST Framework  DRF-schema-adapter   Want your Django REST Framework talk/tutorial/article to be added to our website? Or know of a resource that's not yet included here? Please  submit a pull request  or  email us !", 
+            "location": "/community/tutorials-and-resources/#documentations",
+            "text": "Classy Django REST Framework  DRF-schema-adapter   Want your Django REST Framework talk/tutorial/article to be added to our website? Or know of a resource that's not yet included here? Please  submit a pull request  or  email us !",
             "title": "Documentations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/", 
-            "text": "Third Party Packages\n\n\n\n\nSoftware ecosystems [\u2026] establish a community that further accelerates the sharing of knowledge, content, issues, expertise and skills.\n\n\n \nJan Bosch\n.\n\n\n\n\nAbout Third Party Packages\n\n\nThird Party Packages allow developers to share code that extends the functionality of Django REST framework, in order to support additional use-cases.\n\n\nWe \nsupport\n, \nencourage\n and \nstrongly favor\n the creation of Third Party Packages to encapsulate new behavior rather than adding additional functionality directly to Django REST Framework.\n\n\nWe aim to make creating third party packages as easy as possible, whilst keeping a \nsimple\n and \nwell maintained\n core API. By promoting third party packages we ensure that the responsibility for a package remains with its author. If a package proves suitably popular it can always be considered for inclusion into the core REST framework.\n\n\nIf you have an idea for a new feature please consider how it may be packaged as a Third Party Package. We're always happy to discuss ideas on the \nMailing List\n.\n\n\nHow to create a Third Party Package\n\n\nCreating your package\n\n\nYou can use \nthis cookiecutter template\n for creating reusable Django REST Framework packages quickly. Cookiecutter creates projects from project templates. While optional, this cookiecutter template includes best practices from Django REST framework and other packages, as well as a Travis CI configuration, Tox configuration, and a sane setup.py for easy PyPI registration/distribution.\n\n\nNote: Let us know if you have an alternate cookiecuter package so we can also link to it.\n\n\nRunning the initial cookiecutter command\n\n\nTo run the initial cookiecutter command, you'll first need to install the Python \ncookiecutter\n package.\n\n\n$ pip install cookiecutter\n\n\n\nOnce \ncookiecutter\n is installed just run the following to create a new project.\n\n\n$ cookiecutter gh:jpadilla/cookiecutter-django-rest-framework\n\n\n\nYou'll be prompted for some questions, answer them, then it'll create your Python package in the current working directory based on those values.\n\n\nfull_name (default is \"Your full name here\")? Johnny Appleseed\nemail (default is \"you@example.com\")? jappleseed@example.com\ngithub_username (default is \"yourname\")? jappleseed\npypi_project_name (default is \"dj-package\")? djangorestframework-custom-auth\nrepo_name (default is \"dj-package\")? django-rest-framework-custom-auth\napp_name (default is \"djpackage\")? custom_auth\nproject_short_description (default is \"Your project description goes here\")?\nyear (default is \"2014\")?\nversion (default is \"0.1.0\")?\n\n\n\nGetting it onto GitHub\n\n\nTo put your project up on GitHub, you'll need a repository for it to live in. You can create a new repository \nhere\n. If you need help, check out the \nCreate A Repo\n article on GitHub.\n\n\nAdding to Travis CI\n\n\nWe recommend using \nTravis CI\n, a hosted continuous integration service which integrates well with GitHub and is free for public repositories.\n\n\nTo get started with Travis CI, \nsign in\n with your GitHub account. Once you're signed in, go to your \nprofile page\n and enable the service hook for the repository you want.\n\n\nIf you use the cookiecutter template, your project will already contain a \n.travis.yml\n file which Travis CI will use to build your project and run tests.  By default, builds are triggered everytime you push to your repository or create Pull Request.\n\n\nUploading to PyPI\n\n\nOnce you've got at least a prototype working and tests running, you should publish it on PyPI to allow others to install it via \npip\n.\n\n\nYou must \nregister\n an account before publishing to PyPI.\n\n\nTo register your package on PyPI run the following command.\n\n\n$ python setup.py register\n\n\n\nIf this is the first time publishing to PyPI, you'll be prompted to login.\n\n\nNote: Before publishing you'll need to make sure you have the latest pip that supports \nwheel\n as well as install the \nwheel\n package.\n\n\n$ pip install --upgrade pip\n$ pip install wheel\n\n\n\nAfter this, every time you want to release a new version on PyPI just run the following command.\n\n\n$ python setup.py publish\nYou probably want to also tag the version now:\n    git tag -a {0} -m 'version 0.1.0'\n    git push --tags\n\n\n\nAfter releasing a new version to PyPI, it's always a good idea to tag the version and make available as a GitHub Release.\n\n\nWe recommend to follow \nSemantic Versioning\n for your package's versions.\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nVersion requirements\n\n\nThe cookiecutter template assumes a set of supported versions will be provided for Python and Django. Make sure you correctly update your requirements, docs, \ntox.ini\n, \n.travis.yml\n, and \nsetup.py\n to match the set of versions you wish to support.\n\n\nTests\n\n\nThe cookiecutter template includes a \nruntests.py\n which uses the \npytest\n package as a test runner.\n\n\nBefore running, you'll need to install a couple test requirements.\n\n\n$ pip install -r requirements.txt\n\n\n\nOnce requirements installed, you can run \nruntests.py\n.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py\n\n\n\nRun using a more concise output style.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py -q\n\n\n\nRun the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --fast\n\n\n\nDon't run the flake8 code linting.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --nolint\n\n\n\nOnly run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --lintonly\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test case.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py MyTestCase\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method\n\n\n\nShorter form to run the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py test_this_method\n\n\n\nTo run your tests against multiple versions of Python as different versions of requirements such as Django we recommend using \ntox\n. \nTox\n is a generic virtualenv management and test command line tool.\n\n\nFirst, install \ntox\n globally.\n\n\n$ pip install tox\n\n\n\nTo run \ntox\n, just simply run:\n\n\n$ tox\n\n\n\nTo run a particular \ntox\n environment:\n\n\n$ tox -e envlist\n\n\n\nenvlist\n is a comma-separated value to that specifies the environments to run tests against. To view a list of all possible test environments, run:\n\n\n$ tox -l\n\n\n\nVersion compatibility\n\n\nSometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment. Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into a \ncompat.py\n module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.\n\n\nCheck out Django REST framework's \ncompat.py\n for an example.\n\n\nOnce your package is available\n\n\nOnce your package is decently documented and available on PyPI, you might want share it with others that might find it useful.\n\n\nAdding to the Django REST framework grid\n\n\nWe suggest adding your package to the \nREST Framework\n grid on Django Packages.\n\n\nAdding to the Django REST framework docs\n\n\nCreate a \nPull Request\n or \nIssue\n on GitHub, and we'll add a link to it from the main REST framework documentation. You can add your package under \nThird party packages\n of the API Guide section that best applies, like \nAuthentication\n or \nPermissions\n. You can also link your package under the \nThird Party Packages\n section.\n\n\nAnnounce on the discussion group.\n\n\nYou can also let others know about your package through the \ndiscussion group\n.\n\n\nExisting Third Party Packages\n\n\nDjango REST Framework has a growing community of developers, packages, and resources.\n\n\nCheck out a grid detailing all the packages and ecosystem around Django REST Framework at \nDjango Packages\n.\n\n\nTo submit new content, \nopen an issue\n or \ncreate a pull request\n.\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-digestauth\n - Provides Digest Access Authentication support.\n\n\ndjango-oauth-toolkit\n - Provides OAuth 2.0 support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jwt\n - Provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-simplejwt\n - An alternative package that provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.\n\n\nhawkrest\n - Provides Hawk HTTP Authorization.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n - Provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism.\n\n\ndjoser\n - Provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation.\n\n\ndjango-rest-auth\n - Provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc.\n\n\ndrf-oidc-auth\n - Implements OpenID Connect token authentication for DRF.\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n - Adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless logins and signups via email and mobile numbers.\n\n\n\n\nPermissions\n\n\n\n\ndrf-any-permissions\n - Provides alternative permission handling.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-composed-permissions\n - Provides a simple way to define complex permissions.\n\n\nrest_condition\n - Another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.\n\n\ndry-rest-permissions\n - Provides a simple way to define permissions for individual api actions.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-mongoengine\n - Serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-gis\n - Geographic add-ons\n\n\ndjangorestframework-hstore\n - Serializer class to support django-hstore DictionaryField model field and its schema-mode feature.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\nhtml-json-forms\n - Provides an algorithm and serializer to process HTML JSON Form submissions per the (inactive) spec.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-serializer-extensions\n -\n  Enables black/whitelisting fields, and conditionally expanding child serializers on a per-view/request basis.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-queryfields\n - Serializer mixin allowing clients to control which fields will be sent in the API response.\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields\n\n\n\n\ndrf-compound-fields\n - Provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values.\n\n\ndjango-extra-fields\n - Provides extra serializer fields.\n\n\ndjango-versatileimagefield\n - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock \nImageField\n that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs, \nclick here\n.\n\n\n\n\nViews\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-bulk\n - Implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.\n\n\ndjango-rest-multiple-models\n - Provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.\n\n\n\n\nRouters\n\n\n\n\ndrf-nested-routers\n - Provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nwq.db.rest\n - Provides an admin-style model registration API with reasonable default URLs and viewsets.\n\n\n\n\nParsers\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n - Provides MessagePack renderer and parser support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n - Provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers.\n\n\n\n\nRenderers\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-csv\n - Provides CSV renderer support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\ndrf_ujson\n - Implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.\n\n\nrest-pandas\n - Pandas DataFrame-powered renderers including Excel, CSV, and SVG formats.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-rapidjson\n - Provides rapidjson support with parser and renderer.\n\n\n\n\nFiltering\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-chain\n - Allows arbitrary chaining of both relations and lookup filters.\n\n\ndjango-url-filter\n - Allows a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It is a generic library which is not tied to DRF but it provides easy integration with DRF.\n\n\ndrf-url-filter\n is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf \nModelViewSet\n's \nQueryset\n in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values.\n\n\n\n\nMisc\n\n\n\n\ncookiecutter-django-rest\n - A cookiecutter template that takes care of the setup and configuration so you can focus on making your REST apis awesome.\n\n\ndjangorestrelationalhyperlink\n - A hyperlinked serialiser that can can be used to alter relationships via hyperlinks, but otherwise like a hyperlink model serializer.\n\n\ndjango-rest-swagger\n - An API documentation generator for Swagger UI.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-proxy\n - Proxy to redirect incoming request to another API server.\n\n\ngaiarestframework\n - Utils for django-rest-framework\n\n\ndrf-extensions\n - A collection of custom extensions\n\n\nember-django-adapter\n - An adapter for working with Ember.js\n\n\ndjango-versatileimagefield\n - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock \nImageField\n that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs, \nclick here\n.\n\n\ndrf-tracking\n - Utilities to track requests to DRF API views.\n\n\ndrf_tweaks\n - Serializers with one-step validation (and more), pagination without counts and other tweaks.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-braces\n - Collection of utilities for working with Django Rest Framework. The most notable ones are \nFormSerializer\n and \nSerializerForm\n, which are adapters between DRF serializers and Django forms.\n\n\ndrf-haystack\n - Haystack search for Django Rest Framework\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-version-transforms\n - Enables the use of delta transformations for versioning of DRF resource representations.\n\n\ndjango-rest-messaging\n, \ndjango-rest-messaging-centrifugo\n and \ndjango-rest-messaging-js\n - A real-time pluggable messaging service using DRM.\n\n\ndjangorest-alchemy\n - SQLAlchemy support for REST framework.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-datatables\n - Seamless integration between Django REST framework and \nDatatables\n.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/",
+            "text": "Third Party Packages\n\n\n\n\nSoftware ecosystems [\u2026] establish a community that further accelerates the sharing of knowledge, content, issues, expertise and skills.\n\n\n\u2014 \nJan Bosch\n.\n\n\n\n\nAbout Third Party Packages\n\n\nThird Party Packages allow developers to share code that extends the functionality of Django REST framework, in order to support additional use-cases.\n\n\nWe \nsupport\n, \nencourage\n and \nstrongly favor\n the creation of Third Party Packages to encapsulate new behavior rather than adding additional functionality directly to Django REST Framework.\n\n\nWe aim to make creating third party packages as easy as possible, whilst keeping a \nsimple\n and \nwell maintained\n core API. By promoting third party packages we ensure that the responsibility for a package remains with its author. If a package proves suitably popular it can always be considered for inclusion into the core REST framework.\n\n\nIf you have an idea for a new feature please consider how it may be packaged as a Third Party Package. We're always happy to discuss ideas on the \nMailing List\n.\n\n\nHow to create a Third Party Package\n\n\nCreating your package\n\n\nYou can use \nthis cookiecutter template\n for creating reusable Django REST Framework packages quickly. Cookiecutter creates projects from project templates. While optional, this cookiecutter template includes best practices from Django REST framework and other packages, as well as a Travis CI configuration, Tox configuration, and a sane setup.py for easy PyPI registration/distribution.\n\n\nNote: Let us know if you have an alternate cookiecuter package so we can also link to it.\n\n\nRunning the initial cookiecutter command\n\n\nTo run the initial cookiecutter command, you'll first need to install the Python \ncookiecutter\n package.\n\n\n$ pip install cookiecutter\n\n\n\nOnce \ncookiecutter\n is installed just run the following to create a new project.\n\n\n$ cookiecutter gh:jpadilla/cookiecutter-django-rest-framework\n\n\n\nYou'll be prompted for some questions, answer them, then it'll create your Python package in the current working directory based on those values.\n\n\nfull_name (default is \"Your full name here\")? Johnny Appleseed\nemail (default is \"you@example.com\")? jappleseed@example.com\ngithub_username (default is \"yourname\")? jappleseed\npypi_project_name (default is \"dj-package\")? djangorestframework-custom-auth\nrepo_name (default is \"dj-package\")? django-rest-framework-custom-auth\napp_name (default is \"djpackage\")? custom_auth\nproject_short_description (default is \"Your project description goes here\")?\nyear (default is \"2014\")?\nversion (default is \"0.1.0\")?\n\n\n\nGetting it onto GitHub\n\n\nTo put your project up on GitHub, you'll need a repository for it to live in. You can create a new repository \nhere\n. If you need help, check out the \nCreate A Repo\n article on GitHub.\n\n\nAdding to Travis CI\n\n\nWe recommend using \nTravis CI\n, a hosted continuous integration service which integrates well with GitHub and is free for public repositories.\n\n\nTo get started with Travis CI, \nsign in\n with your GitHub account. Once you're signed in, go to your \nprofile page\n and enable the service hook for the repository you want.\n\n\nIf you use the cookiecutter template, your project will already contain a \n.travis.yml\n file which Travis CI will use to build your project and run tests.  By default, builds are triggered everytime you push to your repository or create Pull Request.\n\n\nUploading to PyPI\n\n\nOnce you've got at least a prototype working and tests running, you should publish it on PyPI to allow others to install it via \npip\n.\n\n\nYou must \nregister\n an account before publishing to PyPI.\n\n\nTo register your package on PyPI run the following command.\n\n\n$ python setup.py register\n\n\n\nIf this is the first time publishing to PyPI, you'll be prompted to login.\n\n\nNote: Before publishing you'll need to make sure you have the latest pip that supports \nwheel\n as well as install the \nwheel\n package.\n\n\n$ pip install --upgrade pip\n$ pip install wheel\n\n\n\nAfter this, every time you want to release a new version on PyPI just run the following command.\n\n\n$ python setup.py publish\nYou probably want to also tag the version now:\n    git tag -a {0} -m 'version 0.1.0'\n    git push --tags\n\n\n\nAfter releasing a new version to PyPI, it's always a good idea to tag the version and make available as a GitHub Release.\n\n\nWe recommend to follow \nSemantic Versioning\n for your package's versions.\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nVersion requirements\n\n\nThe cookiecutter template assumes a set of supported versions will be provided for Python and Django. Make sure you correctly update your requirements, docs, \ntox.ini\n, \n.travis.yml\n, and \nsetup.py\n to match the set of versions you wish to support.\n\n\nTests\n\n\nThe cookiecutter template includes a \nruntests.py\n which uses the \npytest\n package as a test runner.\n\n\nBefore running, you'll need to install a couple test requirements.\n\n\n$ pip install -r requirements.txt\n\n\n\nOnce requirements installed, you can run \nruntests.py\n.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py\n\n\n\nRun using a more concise output style.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py -q\n\n\n\nRun the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --fast\n\n\n\nDon't run the flake8 code linting.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --nolint\n\n\n\nOnly run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py --lintonly\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test case.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py MyTestCase\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method\n\n\n\nShorter form to run the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n$ ./runtests.py test_this_method\n\n\n\nTo run your tests against multiple versions of Python as different versions of requirements such as Django we recommend using \ntox\n. \nTox\n is a generic virtualenv management and test command line tool.\n\n\nFirst, install \ntox\n globally.\n\n\n$ pip install tox\n\n\n\nTo run \ntox\n, just simply run:\n\n\n$ tox\n\n\n\nTo run a particular \ntox\n environment:\n\n\n$ tox -e envlist\n\n\n\nenvlist\n is a comma-separated value to that specifies the environments to run tests against. To view a list of all possible test environments, run:\n\n\n$ tox -l\n\n\n\nVersion compatibility\n\n\nSometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment. Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into a \ncompat.py\n module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.\n\n\nCheck out Django REST framework's \ncompat.py\n for an example.\n\n\nOnce your package is available\n\n\nOnce your package is decently documented and available on PyPI, you might want share it with others that might find it useful.\n\n\nAdding to the Django REST framework grid\n\n\nWe suggest adding your package to the \nREST Framework\n grid on Django Packages.\n\n\nAdding to the Django REST framework docs\n\n\nCreate a \nPull Request\n or \nIssue\n on GitHub, and we'll add a link to it from the main REST framework documentation. You can add your package under \nThird party packages\n of the API Guide section that best applies, like \nAuthentication\n or \nPermissions\n. You can also link your package under the \nThird Party Packages\n section.\n\n\nAnnounce on the discussion group.\n\n\nYou can also let others know about your package through the \ndiscussion group\n.\n\n\nExisting Third Party Packages\n\n\nDjango REST Framework has a growing community of developers, packages, and resources.\n\n\nCheck out a grid detailing all the packages and ecosystem around Django REST Framework at \nDjango Packages\n.\n\n\nTo submit new content, \nopen an issue\n or \ncreate a pull request\n.\n\n\nAuthentication\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-digestauth\n - Provides Digest Access Authentication support.\n\n\ndjango-oauth-toolkit\n - Provides OAuth 2.0 support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jwt\n - Provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-simplejwt\n - An alternative package that provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.\n\n\nhawkrest\n - Provides Hawk HTTP Authorization.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-httpsignature\n - Provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism.\n\n\ndjoser\n - Provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation.\n\n\ndjango-rest-auth\n - Provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc.\n\n\ndrf-oidc-auth\n - Implements OpenID Connect token authentication for DRF.\n\n\ndrfpasswordless\n - Adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless logins and signups via email and mobile numbers.\n\n\n\n\nPermissions\n\n\n\n\ndrf-any-permissions\n - Provides alternative permission handling.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-composed-permissions\n - Provides a simple way to define complex permissions.\n\n\nrest_condition\n - Another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.\n\n\ndry-rest-permissions\n - Provides a simple way to define permissions for individual api actions.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-mongoengine\n - Serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-gis\n - Geographic add-ons\n\n\ndjangorestframework-hstore\n - Serializer class to support django-hstore DictionaryField model field and its schema-mode feature.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\nhtml-json-forms\n - Provides an algorithm and serializer to process HTML JSON Form submissions per the (inactive) spec.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-serializer-extensions\n -\n  Enables black/whitelisting fields, and conditionally expanding child serializers on a per-view/request basis.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-queryfields\n - Serializer mixin allowing clients to control which fields will be sent in the API response.\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields\n\n\n\n\ndrf-compound-fields\n - Provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values.\n\n\ndjango-extra-fields\n - Provides extra serializer fields.\n\n\ndjango-versatileimagefield\n - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock \nImageField\n that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs, \nclick here\n.\n\n\n\n\nViews\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-bulk\n - Implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.\n\n\ndjango-rest-multiple-models\n - Provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.\n\n\n\n\nRouters\n\n\n\n\ndrf-nested-routers\n - Provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.\n\n\nwq.db.rest\n - Provides an admin-style model registration API with reasonable default URLs and viewsets.\n\n\n\n\nParsers\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-msgpack\n - Provides MessagePack renderer and parser support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-camel-case\n - Provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers.\n\n\n\n\nRenderers\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-csv\n - Provides CSV renderer support.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-jsonapi\n - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.\n\n\ndrf_ujson\n - Implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.\n\n\nrest-pandas\n - Pandas DataFrame-powered renderers including Excel, CSV, and SVG formats.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-rapidjson\n - Provides rapidjson support with parser and renderer.\n\n\n\n\nFiltering\n\n\n\n\ndjangorestframework-chain\n - Allows arbitrary chaining of both relations and lookup filters.\n\n\ndjango-url-filter\n - Allows a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It is a generic library which is not tied to DRF but it provides easy integration with DRF.\n\n\ndrf-url-filter\n is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf \nModelViewSet\n's \nQueryset\n in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values.\n\n\n\n\nMisc\n\n\n\n\ncookiecutter-django-rest\n - A cookiecutter template that takes care of the setup and configuration so you can focus on making your REST apis awesome.\n\n\ndjangorestrelationalhyperlink\n - A hyperlinked serialiser that can can be used to alter relationships via hyperlinks, but otherwise like a hyperlink model serializer.\n\n\ndjango-rest-swagger\n - An API documentation generator for Swagger UI.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-proxy\n - Proxy to redirect incoming request to another API server.\n\n\ngaiarestframework\n - Utils for django-rest-framework\n\n\ndrf-extensions\n - A collection of custom extensions\n\n\nember-django-adapter\n - An adapter for working with Ember.js\n\n\ndjango-versatileimagefield\n - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock \nImageField\n that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs, \nclick here\n.\n\n\ndrf-tracking\n - Utilities to track requests to DRF API views.\n\n\ndrf_tweaks\n - Serializers with one-step validation (and more), pagination without counts and other tweaks.\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-braces\n - Collection of utilities for working with Django Rest Framework. The most notable ones are \nFormSerializer\n and \nSerializerForm\n, which are adapters between DRF serializers and Django forms.\n\n\ndrf-haystack\n - Haystack search for Django Rest Framework\n\n\ndjango-rest-framework-version-transforms\n - Enables the use of delta transformations for versioning of DRF resource representations.\n\n\ndjango-rest-messaging\n, \ndjango-rest-messaging-centrifugo\n and \ndjango-rest-messaging-js\n - A real-time pluggable messaging service using DRM.\n\n\ndjangorest-alchemy\n - SQLAlchemy support for REST framework.\n\n\ndjangorestframework-datatables\n - Seamless integration between Django REST framework and \nDatatables\n.",
             "title": "Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "Software ecosystems [\u2026] establish a community that further accelerates the sharing of knowledge, content, issues, expertise and skills.    Jan Bosch .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#third-party-packages",
+            "text": "Software ecosystems [\u2026] establish a community that further accelerates the sharing of knowledge, content, issues, expertise and skills.  \u2014  Jan Bosch .",
             "title": "Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#about-third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "Third Party Packages allow developers to share code that extends the functionality of Django REST framework, in order to support additional use-cases.  We  support ,  encourage  and  strongly favor  the creation of Third Party Packages to encapsulate new behavior rather than adding additional functionality directly to Django REST Framework.  We aim to make creating third party packages as easy as possible, whilst keeping a  simple  and  well maintained  core API. By promoting third party packages we ensure that the responsibility for a package remains with its author. If a package proves suitably popular it can always be considered for inclusion into the core REST framework.  If you have an idea for a new feature please consider how it may be packaged as a Third Party Package. We're always happy to discuss ideas on the  Mailing List .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#about-third-party-packages",
+            "text": "Third Party Packages allow developers to share code that extends the functionality of Django REST framework, in order to support additional use-cases.  We  support ,  encourage  and  strongly favor  the creation of Third Party Packages to encapsulate new behavior rather than adding additional functionality directly to Django REST Framework.  We aim to make creating third party packages as easy as possible, whilst keeping a  simple  and  well maintained  core API. By promoting third party packages we ensure that the responsibility for a package remains with its author. If a package proves suitably popular it can always be considered for inclusion into the core REST framework.  If you have an idea for a new feature please consider how it may be packaged as a Third Party Package. We're always happy to discuss ideas on the  Mailing List .",
             "title": "About Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#how-to-create-a-third-party-package", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#how-to-create-a-third-party-package",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "How to create a Third Party Package"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#creating-your-package", 
-            "text": "You can use  this cookiecutter template  for creating reusable Django REST Framework packages quickly. Cookiecutter creates projects from project templates. While optional, this cookiecutter template includes best practices from Django REST framework and other packages, as well as a Travis CI configuration, Tox configuration, and a sane setup.py for easy PyPI registration/distribution.  Note: Let us know if you have an alternate cookiecuter package so we can also link to it.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#creating-your-package",
+            "text": "You can use  this cookiecutter template  for creating reusable Django REST Framework packages quickly. Cookiecutter creates projects from project templates. While optional, this cookiecutter template includes best practices from Django REST framework and other packages, as well as a Travis CI configuration, Tox configuration, and a sane setup.py for easy PyPI registration/distribution.  Note: Let us know if you have an alternate cookiecuter package so we can also link to it.",
             "title": "Creating your package"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#running-the-initial-cookiecutter-command", 
-            "text": "To run the initial cookiecutter command, you'll first need to install the Python  cookiecutter  package.  $ pip install cookiecutter  Once  cookiecutter  is installed just run the following to create a new project.  $ cookiecutter gh:jpadilla/cookiecutter-django-rest-framework  You'll be prompted for some questions, answer them, then it'll create your Python package in the current working directory based on those values.  full_name (default is \"Your full name here\")? Johnny Appleseed\nemail (default is \"you@example.com\")? jappleseed@example.com\ngithub_username (default is \"yourname\")? jappleseed\npypi_project_name (default is \"dj-package\")? djangorestframework-custom-auth\nrepo_name (default is \"dj-package\")? django-rest-framework-custom-auth\napp_name (default is \"djpackage\")? custom_auth\nproject_short_description (default is \"Your project description goes here\")?\nyear (default is \"2014\")?\nversion (default is \"0.1.0\")?", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#running-the-initial-cookiecutter-command",
+            "text": "To run the initial cookiecutter command, you'll first need to install the Python  cookiecutter  package.  $ pip install cookiecutter  Once  cookiecutter  is installed just run the following to create a new project.  $ cookiecutter gh:jpadilla/cookiecutter-django-rest-framework  You'll be prompted for some questions, answer them, then it'll create your Python package in the current working directory based on those values.  full_name (default is \"Your full name here\")? Johnny Appleseed\nemail (default is \"you@example.com\")? jappleseed@example.com\ngithub_username (default is \"yourname\")? jappleseed\npypi_project_name (default is \"dj-package\")? djangorestframework-custom-auth\nrepo_name (default is \"dj-package\")? django-rest-framework-custom-auth\napp_name (default is \"djpackage\")? custom_auth\nproject_short_description (default is \"Your project description goes here\")?\nyear (default is \"2014\")?\nversion (default is \"0.1.0\")?",
             "title": "Running the initial cookiecutter command"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#getting-it-onto-github", 
-            "text": "To put your project up on GitHub, you'll need a repository for it to live in. You can create a new repository  here . If you need help, check out the  Create A Repo  article on GitHub.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#getting-it-onto-github",
+            "text": "To put your project up on GitHub, you'll need a repository for it to live in. You can create a new repository  here . If you need help, check out the  Create A Repo  article on GitHub.",
             "title": "Getting it onto GitHub"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-travis-ci", 
-            "text": "We recommend using  Travis CI , a hosted continuous integration service which integrates well with GitHub and is free for public repositories.  To get started with Travis CI,  sign in  with your GitHub account. Once you're signed in, go to your  profile page  and enable the service hook for the repository you want.  If you use the cookiecutter template, your project will already contain a  .travis.yml  file which Travis CI will use to build your project and run tests.  By default, builds are triggered everytime you push to your repository or create Pull Request.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-travis-ci",
+            "text": "We recommend using  Travis CI , a hosted continuous integration service which integrates well with GitHub and is free for public repositories.  To get started with Travis CI,  sign in  with your GitHub account. Once you're signed in, go to your  profile page  and enable the service hook for the repository you want.  If you use the cookiecutter template, your project will already contain a  .travis.yml  file which Travis CI will use to build your project and run tests.  By default, builds are triggered everytime you push to your repository or create Pull Request.",
             "title": "Adding to Travis CI"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#uploading-to-pypi", 
-            "text": "Once you've got at least a prototype working and tests running, you should publish it on PyPI to allow others to install it via  pip .  You must  register  an account before publishing to PyPI.  To register your package on PyPI run the following command.  $ python setup.py register  If this is the first time publishing to PyPI, you'll be prompted to login.  Note: Before publishing you'll need to make sure you have the latest pip that supports  wheel  as well as install the  wheel  package.  $ pip install --upgrade pip\n$ pip install wheel  After this, every time you want to release a new version on PyPI just run the following command.  $ python setup.py publish\nYou probably want to also tag the version now:\n    git tag -a {0} -m 'version 0.1.0'\n    git push --tags  After releasing a new version to PyPI, it's always a good idea to tag the version and make available as a GitHub Release.  We recommend to follow  Semantic Versioning  for your package's versions.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#uploading-to-pypi",
+            "text": "Once you've got at least a prototype working and tests running, you should publish it on PyPI to allow others to install it via  pip .  You must  register  an account before publishing to PyPI.  To register your package on PyPI run the following command.  $ python setup.py register  If this is the first time publishing to PyPI, you'll be prompted to login.  Note: Before publishing you'll need to make sure you have the latest pip that supports  wheel  as well as install the  wheel  package.  $ pip install --upgrade pip\n$ pip install wheel  After this, every time you want to release a new version on PyPI just run the following command.  $ python setup.py publish\nYou probably want to also tag the version now:\n    git tag -a {0} -m 'version 0.1.0'\n    git push --tags  After releasing a new version to PyPI, it's always a good idea to tag the version and make available as a GitHub Release.  We recommend to follow  Semantic Versioning  for your package's versions.",
             "title": "Uploading to PyPI"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#development", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#development",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Development"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#version-requirements", 
-            "text": "The cookiecutter template assumes a set of supported versions will be provided for Python and Django. Make sure you correctly update your requirements, docs,  tox.ini ,  .travis.yml , and  setup.py  to match the set of versions you wish to support.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#version-requirements",
+            "text": "The cookiecutter template assumes a set of supported versions will be provided for Python and Django. Make sure you correctly update your requirements, docs,  tox.ini ,  .travis.yml , and  setup.py  to match the set of versions you wish to support.",
             "title": "Version requirements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#tests", 
-            "text": "The cookiecutter template includes a  runtests.py  which uses the  pytest  package as a test runner.  Before running, you'll need to install a couple test requirements.  $ pip install -r requirements.txt  Once requirements installed, you can run  runtests.py .  $ ./runtests.py  Run using a more concise output style.  $ ./runtests.py -q  Run the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.  $ ./runtests.py --fast  Don't run the flake8 code linting.  $ ./runtests.py --nolint  Only run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.  $ ./runtests.py --lintonly  Run the tests for a given test case.  $ ./runtests.py MyTestCase  Run the tests for a given test method.  $ ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method  Shorter form to run the tests for a given test method.  $ ./runtests.py test_this_method  To run your tests against multiple versions of Python as different versions of requirements such as Django we recommend using  tox .  Tox  is a generic virtualenv management and test command line tool.  First, install  tox  globally.  $ pip install tox  To run  tox , just simply run:  $ tox  To run a particular  tox  environment:  $ tox -e envlist  envlist  is a comma-separated value to that specifies the environments to run tests against. To view a list of all possible test environments, run:  $ tox -l", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#tests",
+            "text": "The cookiecutter template includes a  runtests.py  which uses the  pytest  package as a test runner.  Before running, you'll need to install a couple test requirements.  $ pip install -r requirements.txt  Once requirements installed, you can run  runtests.py .  $ ./runtests.py  Run using a more concise output style.  $ ./runtests.py -q  Run the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.  $ ./runtests.py --fast  Don't run the flake8 code linting.  $ ./runtests.py --nolint  Only run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.  $ ./runtests.py --lintonly  Run the tests for a given test case.  $ ./runtests.py MyTestCase  Run the tests for a given test method.  $ ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method  Shorter form to run the tests for a given test method.  $ ./runtests.py test_this_method  To run your tests against multiple versions of Python as different versions of requirements such as Django we recommend using  tox .  Tox  is a generic virtualenv management and test command line tool.  First, install  tox  globally.  $ pip install tox  To run  tox , just simply run:  $ tox  To run a particular  tox  environment:  $ tox -e envlist  envlist  is a comma-separated value to that specifies the environments to run tests against. To view a list of all possible test environments, run:  $ tox -l",
             "title": "Tests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#version-compatibility", 
-            "text": "Sometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment. Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into a  compat.py  module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.  Check out Django REST framework's  compat.py  for an example.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#version-compatibility",
+            "text": "Sometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment. Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into a  compat.py  module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.  Check out Django REST framework's  compat.py  for an example.",
             "title": "Version compatibility"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#once-your-package-is-available", 
-            "text": "Once your package is decently documented and available on PyPI, you might want share it with others that might find it useful.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#once-your-package-is-available",
+            "text": "Once your package is decently documented and available on PyPI, you might want share it with others that might find it useful.",
             "title": "Once your package is available"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-the-django-rest-framework-grid", 
-            "text": "We suggest adding your package to the  REST Framework  grid on Django Packages.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-the-django-rest-framework-grid",
+            "text": "We suggest adding your package to the  REST Framework  grid on Django Packages.",
             "title": "Adding to the Django REST framework grid"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-the-django-rest-framework-docs", 
-            "text": "Create a  Pull Request  or  Issue  on GitHub, and we'll add a link to it from the main REST framework documentation. You can add your package under  Third party packages  of the API Guide section that best applies, like  Authentication  or  Permissions . You can also link your package under the  Third Party Packages  section.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#adding-to-the-django-rest-framework-docs",
+            "text": "Create a  Pull Request  or  Issue  on GitHub, and we'll add a link to it from the main REST framework documentation. You can add your package under  Third party packages  of the API Guide section that best applies, like  Authentication  or  Permissions . You can also link your package under the  Third Party Packages  section.",
             "title": "Adding to the Django REST framework docs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#announce-on-the-discussion-group", 
-            "text": "You can also let others know about your package through the  discussion group .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#announce-on-the-discussion-group",
+            "text": "You can also let others know about your package through the  discussion group .",
             "title": "Announce on the discussion group."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#existing-third-party-packages", 
-            "text": "Django REST Framework has a growing community of developers, packages, and resources.  Check out a grid detailing all the packages and ecosystem around Django REST Framework at  Django Packages .  To submit new content,  open an issue  or  create a pull request .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#existing-third-party-packages",
+            "text": "Django REST Framework has a growing community of developers, packages, and resources.  Check out a grid detailing all the packages and ecosystem around Django REST Framework at  Django Packages .  To submit new content,  open an issue  or  create a pull request .",
             "title": "Existing Third Party Packages"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#authentication", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-digestauth  - Provides Digest Access Authentication support.  django-oauth-toolkit  - Provides OAuth 2.0 support.  djangorestframework-jwt  - Provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.  djangorestframework-simplejwt  - An alternative package that provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.  hawkrest  - Provides Hawk HTTP Authorization.  djangorestframework-httpsignature  - Provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism.  djoser  - Provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation.  django-rest-auth  - Provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc.  drf-oidc-auth  - Implements OpenID Connect token authentication for DRF.  drfpasswordless  - Adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless logins and signups via email and mobile numbers.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#authentication",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-digestauth  - Provides Digest Access Authentication support.  django-oauth-toolkit  - Provides OAuth 2.0 support.  djangorestframework-jwt  - Provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.  djangorestframework-simplejwt  - An alternative package that provides JSON Web Token Authentication support.  hawkrest  - Provides Hawk HTTP Authorization.  djangorestframework-httpsignature  - Provides an easy to use HTTP Signature Authentication mechanism.  djoser  - Provides a set of views to handle basic actions such as registration, login, logout, password reset and account activation.  django-rest-auth  - Provides a set of REST API endpoints for registration, authentication (including social media authentication), password reset, retrieve and update user details, etc.  drf-oidc-auth  - Implements OpenID Connect token authentication for DRF.  drfpasswordless  - Adds (Medium, Square Cash inspired) passwordless logins and signups via email and mobile numbers.",
             "title": "Authentication"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#permissions", 
-            "text": "drf-any-permissions  - Provides alternative permission handling.  djangorestframework-composed-permissions  - Provides a simple way to define complex permissions.  rest_condition  - Another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  dry-rest-permissions  - Provides a simple way to define permissions for individual api actions.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#permissions",
+            "text": "drf-any-permissions  - Provides alternative permission handling.  djangorestframework-composed-permissions  - Provides a simple way to define complex permissions.  rest_condition  - Another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way.  dry-rest-permissions  - Provides a simple way to define permissions for individual api actions.",
             "title": "Permissions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#serializers", 
-            "text": "django-rest-framework-mongoengine  - Serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.  djangorestframework-gis  - Geographic add-ons  djangorestframework-hstore  - Serializer class to support django-hstore DictionaryField model field and its schema-mode feature.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  html-json-forms  - Provides an algorithm and serializer to process HTML JSON Form submissions per the (inactive) spec.  django-rest-framework-serializer-extensions  -\n  Enables black/whitelisting fields, and conditionally expanding child serializers on a per-view/request basis.  djangorestframework-queryfields  - Serializer mixin allowing clients to control which fields will be sent in the API response.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#serializers",
+            "text": "django-rest-framework-mongoengine  - Serializer class that supports using MongoDB as the storage layer for Django REST framework.  djangorestframework-gis  - Geographic add-ons  djangorestframework-hstore  - Serializer class to support django-hstore DictionaryField model field and its schema-mode feature.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  html-json-forms  - Provides an algorithm and serializer to process HTML JSON Form submissions per the (inactive) spec.  django-rest-framework-serializer-extensions  -\n  Enables black/whitelisting fields, and conditionally expanding child serializers on a per-view/request basis.  djangorestframework-queryfields  - Serializer mixin allowing clients to control which fields will be sent in the API response.",
             "title": "Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#serializer-fields", 
-            "text": "drf-compound-fields  - Provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values.  django-extra-fields  - Provides extra serializer fields.  django-versatileimagefield  - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock  ImageField  that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs,  click here .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#serializer-fields",
+            "text": "drf-compound-fields  - Provides \"compound\" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values.  django-extra-fields  - Provides extra serializer fields.  django-versatileimagefield  - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock  ImageField  that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs,  click here .",
             "title": "Serializer fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#views", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-bulk  - Implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.  django-rest-multiple-models  - Provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#views",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-bulk  - Implements generic view mixins as well as some common concrete generic views to allow to apply bulk operations via API requests.  django-rest-multiple-models  - Provides a generic view (and mixin) for sending multiple serialized models and/or querysets via a single API request.",
             "title": "Views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#routers", 
-            "text": "drf-nested-routers  - Provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.  wq.db.rest  - Provides an admin-style model registration API with reasonable default URLs and viewsets.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#routers",
+            "text": "drf-nested-routers  - Provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.  wq.db.rest  - Provides an admin-style model registration API with reasonable default URLs and viewsets.",
             "title": "Routers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#parsers", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-msgpack  - Provides MessagePack renderer and parser support.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  djangorestframework-camel-case  - Provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#parsers",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-msgpack  - Provides MessagePack renderer and parser support.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  djangorestframework-camel-case  - Provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers.",
             "title": "Parsers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#renderers", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-csv  - Provides CSV renderer support.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  drf_ujson  - Implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.  rest-pandas  - Pandas DataFrame-powered renderers including Excel, CSV, and SVG formats.  djangorestframework-rapidjson  - Provides rapidjson support with parser and renderer.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#renderers",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-csv  - Provides CSV renderer support.  djangorestframework-jsonapi  - Provides a parser, renderer, serializers, and other tools to help build an API that is compliant with the jsonapi.org spec.  drf_ujson  - Implements JSON rendering using the UJSON package.  rest-pandas  - Pandas DataFrame-powered renderers including Excel, CSV, and SVG formats.  djangorestframework-rapidjson  - Provides rapidjson support with parser and renderer.",
             "title": "Renderers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#filtering", 
-            "text": "djangorestframework-chain  - Allows arbitrary chaining of both relations and lookup filters.  django-url-filter  - Allows a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It is a generic library which is not tied to DRF but it provides easy integration with DRF.  drf-url-filter  is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf  ModelViewSet 's  Queryset  in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values.", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#filtering",
+            "text": "djangorestframework-chain  - Allows arbitrary chaining of both relations and lookup filters.  django-url-filter  - Allows a safe way to filter data via human-friendly URLs. It is a generic library which is not tied to DRF but it provides easy integration with DRF.  drf-url-filter  is a simple Django app to apply filters on drf  ModelViewSet 's  Queryset  in a clean, simple and configurable way. It also supports validations on incoming query params and their values.",
             "title": "Filtering"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#misc", 
-            "text": "cookiecutter-django-rest  - A cookiecutter template that takes care of the setup and configuration so you can focus on making your REST apis awesome.  djangorestrelationalhyperlink  - A hyperlinked serialiser that can can be used to alter relationships via hyperlinks, but otherwise like a hyperlink model serializer.  django-rest-swagger  - An API documentation generator for Swagger UI.  django-rest-framework-proxy  - Proxy to redirect incoming request to another API server.  gaiarestframework  - Utils for django-rest-framework  drf-extensions  - A collection of custom extensions  ember-django-adapter  - An adapter for working with Ember.js  django-versatileimagefield  - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock  ImageField  that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs,  click here .  drf-tracking  - Utilities to track requests to DRF API views.  drf_tweaks  - Serializers with one-step validation (and more), pagination without counts and other tweaks.  django-rest-framework-braces  - Collection of utilities for working with Django Rest Framework. The most notable ones are  FormSerializer  and  SerializerForm , which are adapters between DRF serializers and Django forms.  drf-haystack  - Haystack search for Django Rest Framework  django-rest-framework-version-transforms  - Enables the use of delta transformations for versioning of DRF resource representations.  django-rest-messaging ,  django-rest-messaging-centrifugo  and  django-rest-messaging-js  - A real-time pluggable messaging service using DRM.  djangorest-alchemy  - SQLAlchemy support for REST framework.  djangorestframework-datatables  - Seamless integration between Django REST framework and  Datatables .", 
+            "location": "/community/third-party-packages/#misc",
+            "text": "cookiecutter-django-rest  - A cookiecutter template that takes care of the setup and configuration so you can focus on making your REST apis awesome.  djangorestrelationalhyperlink  - A hyperlinked serialiser that can can be used to alter relationships via hyperlinks, but otherwise like a hyperlink model serializer.  django-rest-swagger  - An API documentation generator for Swagger UI.  django-rest-framework-proxy  - Proxy to redirect incoming request to another API server.  gaiarestframework  - Utils for django-rest-framework  drf-extensions  - A collection of custom extensions  ember-django-adapter  - An adapter for working with Ember.js  django-versatileimagefield  - Provides a drop-in replacement for Django's stock  ImageField  that makes it easy to serve images in multiple sizes/renditions from a single field. For DRF-specific implementation docs,  click here .  drf-tracking  - Utilities to track requests to DRF API views.  drf_tweaks  - Serializers with one-step validation (and more), pagination without counts and other tweaks.  django-rest-framework-braces  - Collection of utilities for working with Django Rest Framework. The most notable ones are  FormSerializer  and  SerializerForm , which are adapters between DRF serializers and Django forms.  drf-haystack  - Haystack search for Django Rest Framework  django-rest-framework-version-transforms  - Enables the use of delta transformations for versioning of DRF resource representations.  django-rest-messaging ,  django-rest-messaging-centrifugo  and  django-rest-messaging-js  - A real-time pluggable messaging service using DRM.  djangorest-alchemy  - SQLAlchemy support for REST framework.  djangorestframework-datatables  - Seamless integration between Django REST framework and  Datatables .",
             "title": "Misc"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/", 
-            "text": "Contributing to REST framework\n\n\n\n\nThe world can only really be changed one piece at a time.  The art is picking that piece.\n\n\n \nTim Berners-Lee\n\n\n\n\nThere are many ways you can contribute to Django REST framework.  We'd like it to be a community-led project, so please get involved and help shape the future of the project.\n\n\nCommunity\n\n\nThe most important thing you can do to help push the REST framework project forward is to be actively involved wherever possible.  Code contributions are often overvalued as being the primary way to get involved in a project, we don't believe that needs to be the case.\n\n\nIf you use REST framework, we'd love you to be vocal about your experiences with it - you might consider writing a blog post about using REST framework, or publishing a tutorial about building a project with a particular JavaScript framework.  Experiences from beginners can be particularly helpful because you'll be in the best position to assess which bits of REST framework are more difficult to understand and work with.\n\n\nOther really great ways you can help move the community forward include helping to answer questions on the \ndiscussion group\n, or setting up an \nemail alert on StackOverflow\n so that you get notified of any new questions with the \ndjango-rest-framework\n tag.\n\n\nWhen answering questions make sure to help future contributors find their way around by hyperlinking wherever possible to related threads and tickets, and include backlinks from those items if relevant.\n\n\nCode of conduct\n\n\nPlease keep the tone polite \n professional.  For some users a discussion on the REST framework mailing list or ticket tracker may be their first engagement with the open source community.  First impressions count, so let's try to make everyone feel welcome.\n\n\nBe mindful in the language you choose.  As an example, in an environment that is heavily male-dominated, posts that start 'Hey guys,' can come across as unintentionally exclusive.  It's just as easy, and more inclusive to use gender neutral language in those situations.\n\n\nThe \nDjango code of conduct\n gives a fuller set of guidelines for participating in community forums.\n\n\nIssues\n\n\nIt's really helpful if you can make sure to address issues on the correct channel.  Usage questions should be directed to the \ndiscussion group\n.  Feature requests, bug reports and other issues should be raised on the GitHub \nissue tracker\n.\n\n\nSome tips on good issue reporting:\n\n\n\n\nWhen describing issues try to phrase your ticket in terms of the \nbehavior\n you think needs changing rather than the \ncode\n you think need changing.\n\n\nSearch the issue list first for related items, and make sure you're running the latest version of REST framework before reporting an issue.\n\n\nIf reporting a bug, then try to include a pull request with a failing test case.  This will help us quickly identify if there is a valid issue, and make sure that it gets fixed more quickly if there is one.\n\n\nFeature requests will often be closed with a recommendation that they be implemented outside of the core REST framework library.  Keeping new feature requests implemented as third party libraries allows us to keep down the maintenance overhead of REST framework, so that the focus can be on continued stability, bugfixes, and great documentation.\n\n\nClosing an issue doesn't necessarily mean the end of a discussion.  If you believe your issue has been closed incorrectly, explain why and we'll consider if it needs to be reopened.\n\n\n\n\nTriaging issues\n\n\nGetting involved in triaging incoming issues is a good way to start contributing.  Every single ticket that comes into the ticket tracker needs to be reviewed in order to determine what the next steps should be.  Anyone can help out with this, you just need to be willing to\n\n\n\n\nRead through the ticket - does it make sense, is it missing any context that would help explain it better?\n\n\nIs the ticket reported in the correct place, would it be better suited as a discussion on the discussion group?\n\n\nIf the ticket is a bug report, can you reproduce it? Are you able to write a failing test case that demonstrates the issue and that can be submitted as a pull request?\n\n\nIf the ticket is a feature request, do you agree with it, and could the feature request instead be implemented as a third party package?\n\n\nIf a ticket hasn't had much activity and it addresses something you need, then comment on the ticket and try to find out what's needed to get it moving again.\n\n\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nTo start developing on Django REST framework, first create a Fork from the\n\nDjango REST Framework repo\n on GitHub.\n\n\nThen clone your fork. The clone command will look like this, with your GitHub\nusername instead of YOUR-USERNAME:\n\n\ngit clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/Spoon-Knife\n\n\n\nSee GitHub's \nFork a Repo\n Guide for more help.\n\n\nChanges should broadly follow the \nPEP 8\n style conventions, and we recommend you set up your editor to automatically indicate non-conforming styles.\n\n\nTesting\n\n\nTo run the tests, clone the repository, and then:\n\n\n# Setup the virtual environment\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\npip install django\npip install -r requirements.txt\n\n# Run the tests\n./runtests.py\n\n\n\nTest options\n\n\nRun using a more concise output style.\n\n\n./runtests.py -q\n\n\n\nRun the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.\n\n\n./runtests.py --fast\n\n\n\nDon't run the flake8 code linting.\n\n\n./runtests.py --nolint\n\n\n\nOnly run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.\n\n\n./runtests.py --lintonly\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test case.\n\n\n./runtests.py MyTestCase\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method\n\n\n\nShorter form to run the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n./runtests.py test_this_method\n\n\n\nNote: The test case and test method matching is fuzzy and will sometimes run other tests that contain a partial string match to the given  command line input.\n\n\nRunning against multiple environments\n\n\nYou can also use the excellent \ntox\n testing tool to run the tests against all supported versions of Python and Django.  Install \ntox\n globally, and then simply run:\n\n\ntox\n\n\n\nPull requests\n\n\nIt's a good idea to make pull requests early on.  A pull request represents the start of a discussion, and doesn't necessarily need to be the final, finished submission.\n\n\nIt's also always best to make a new branch before starting work on a pull request.  This means that you'll be able to later switch back to working on another separate issue without interfering with an ongoing pull requests.\n\n\nIt's also useful to remember that if you have an outstanding pull request then pushing new commits to your GitHub repo will also automatically update the pull requests.\n\n\nGitHub's documentation for working on pull requests is \navailable here\n.\n\n\nAlways run the tests before submitting pull requests, and ideally run \ntox\n in order to check that your modifications are compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3, and that they run properly on all supported versions of Django.\n\n\nOnce you've made a pull request take a look at the Travis build status in the GitHub interface and make sure the tests are running as you'd expect.\n\n\n\n\nAbove: Travis build notifications\n\n\nManaging compatibility issues\n\n\nSometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment.  Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into the \ncompat.py\n module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.\n\n\nDocumentation\n\n\nThe documentation for REST framework is built from the \nMarkdown\n source files in \nthe docs directory\n.\n\n\nThere are many great Markdown editors that make working with the documentation really easy.  The \nMou editor for Mac\n is one such editor that comes highly recommended.\n\n\nBuilding the documentation\n\n\nTo build the documentation, install MkDocs with \npip install mkdocs\n and then run the following command.\n\n\nmkdocs build\n\n\n\nThis will build the documentation into the \nsite\n directory.\n\n\nYou can build the documentation and open a preview in a browser window by using the \nserve\n command.\n\n\nmkdocs serve\n\n\n\nLanguage style\n\n\nDocumentation should be in American English.  The tone of the documentation is very important - try to stick to a simple, plain, objective and well-balanced style where possible.\n\n\nSome other tips:\n\n\n\n\nKeep paragraphs reasonably short.\n\n\nDon't use abbreviations such as 'e.g.' but instead use the long form, such as 'For example'.\n\n\n\n\nMarkdown style\n\n\nThere are a couple of conventions you should follow when working on the documentation.\n\n\n1. Headers\n\n\nHeaders should use the hash style.  For example:\n\n\n### Some important topic\n\n\n\nThe underline style should not be used.  \nDon't do this:\n\n\nSome important topic\n====================\n\n\n\n2. Links\n\n\nLinks should always use the reference style, with the referenced hyperlinks kept at the end of the document.\n\n\nHere is a link to [some other thing][other-thing].\n\nMore text...\n\n[other-thing]: http://example.com/other/thing\n\n\n\nThis style helps keep the documentation source consistent and readable.\n\n\nIf you are hyperlinking to another REST framework document, you should use a relative link, and link to the \n.md\n suffix.  For example:\n\n\n[authentication]: ../api-guide/authentication.md\n\n\n\nLinking in this style means you'll be able to click the hyperlink in your Markdown editor to open the referenced document.  When the documentation is built, these links will be converted into regular links to HTML pages.\n\n\n3. Notes\n\n\nIf you want to draw attention to a note or warning, use a pair of enclosing lines, like so:\n\n\n---\n\n**Note:** A useful documentation note.\n\n---", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/",
+            "text": "Contributing to REST framework\n\n\n\n\nThe world can only really be changed one piece at a time.  The art is picking that piece.\n\n\n\u2014 \nTim Berners-Lee\n\n\n\n\nThere are many ways you can contribute to Django REST framework.  We'd like it to be a community-led project, so please get involved and help shape the future of the project.\n\n\nCommunity\n\n\nThe most important thing you can do to help push the REST framework project forward is to be actively involved wherever possible.  Code contributions are often overvalued as being the primary way to get involved in a project, we don't believe that needs to be the case.\n\n\nIf you use REST framework, we'd love you to be vocal about your experiences with it - you might consider writing a blog post about using REST framework, or publishing a tutorial about building a project with a particular JavaScript framework.  Experiences from beginners can be particularly helpful because you'll be in the best position to assess which bits of REST framework are more difficult to understand and work with.\n\n\nOther really great ways you can help move the community forward include helping to answer questions on the \ndiscussion group\n, or setting up an \nemail alert on StackOverflow\n so that you get notified of any new questions with the \ndjango-rest-framework\n tag.\n\n\nWhen answering questions make sure to help future contributors find their way around by hyperlinking wherever possible to related threads and tickets, and include backlinks from those items if relevant.\n\n\nCode of conduct\n\n\nPlease keep the tone polite & professional.  For some users a discussion on the REST framework mailing list or ticket tracker may be their first engagement with the open source community.  First impressions count, so let's try to make everyone feel welcome.\n\n\nBe mindful in the language you choose.  As an example, in an environment that is heavily male-dominated, posts that start 'Hey guys,' can come across as unintentionally exclusive.  It's just as easy, and more inclusive to use gender neutral language in those situations.\n\n\nThe \nDjango code of conduct\n gives a fuller set of guidelines for participating in community forums.\n\n\nIssues\n\n\nIt's really helpful if you can make sure to address issues on the correct channel.  Usage questions should be directed to the \ndiscussion group\n.  Feature requests, bug reports and other issues should be raised on the GitHub \nissue tracker\n.\n\n\nSome tips on good issue reporting:\n\n\n\n\nWhen describing issues try to phrase your ticket in terms of the \nbehavior\n you think needs changing rather than the \ncode\n you think need changing.\n\n\nSearch the issue list first for related items, and make sure you're running the latest version of REST framework before reporting an issue.\n\n\nIf reporting a bug, then try to include a pull request with a failing test case.  This will help us quickly identify if there is a valid issue, and make sure that it gets fixed more quickly if there is one.\n\n\nFeature requests will often be closed with a recommendation that they be implemented outside of the core REST framework library.  Keeping new feature requests implemented as third party libraries allows us to keep down the maintenance overhead of REST framework, so that the focus can be on continued stability, bugfixes, and great documentation.\n\n\nClosing an issue doesn't necessarily mean the end of a discussion.  If you believe your issue has been closed incorrectly, explain why and we'll consider if it needs to be reopened.\n\n\n\n\nTriaging issues\n\n\nGetting involved in triaging incoming issues is a good way to start contributing.  Every single ticket that comes into the ticket tracker needs to be reviewed in order to determine what the next steps should be.  Anyone can help out with this, you just need to be willing to\n\n\n\n\nRead through the ticket - does it make sense, is it missing any context that would help explain it better?\n\n\nIs the ticket reported in the correct place, would it be better suited as a discussion on the discussion group?\n\n\nIf the ticket is a bug report, can you reproduce it? Are you able to write a failing test case that demonstrates the issue and that can be submitted as a pull request?\n\n\nIf the ticket is a feature request, do you agree with it, and could the feature request instead be implemented as a third party package?\n\n\nIf a ticket hasn't had much activity and it addresses something you need, then comment on the ticket and try to find out what's needed to get it moving again.\n\n\n\n\nDevelopment\n\n\nTo start developing on Django REST framework, first create a Fork from the\n\nDjango REST Framework repo\n on GitHub.\n\n\nThen clone your fork. The clone command will look like this, with your GitHub\nusername instead of YOUR-USERNAME:\n\n\ngit clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/Spoon-Knife\n\n\n\nSee GitHub's \nFork a Repo\n Guide for more help.\n\n\nChanges should broadly follow the \nPEP 8\n style conventions, and we recommend you set up your editor to automatically indicate non-conforming styles.\n\n\nTesting\n\n\nTo run the tests, clone the repository, and then:\n\n\n# Setup the virtual environment\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\npip install django\npip install -r requirements.txt\n\n# Run the tests\n./runtests.py\n\n\n\nTest options\n\n\nRun using a more concise output style.\n\n\n./runtests.py -q\n\n\n\nRun the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.\n\n\n./runtests.py --fast\n\n\n\nDon't run the flake8 code linting.\n\n\n./runtests.py --nolint\n\n\n\nOnly run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.\n\n\n./runtests.py --lintonly\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test case.\n\n\n./runtests.py MyTestCase\n\n\n\nRun the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method\n\n\n\nShorter form to run the tests for a given test method.\n\n\n./runtests.py test_this_method\n\n\n\nNote: The test case and test method matching is fuzzy and will sometimes run other tests that contain a partial string match to the given  command line input.\n\n\nRunning against multiple environments\n\n\nYou can also use the excellent \ntox\n testing tool to run the tests against all supported versions of Python and Django.  Install \ntox\n globally, and then simply run:\n\n\ntox\n\n\n\nPull requests\n\n\nIt's a good idea to make pull requests early on.  A pull request represents the start of a discussion, and doesn't necessarily need to be the final, finished submission.\n\n\nIt's also always best to make a new branch before starting work on a pull request.  This means that you'll be able to later switch back to working on another separate issue without interfering with an ongoing pull requests.\n\n\nIt's also useful to remember that if you have an outstanding pull request then pushing new commits to your GitHub repo will also automatically update the pull requests.\n\n\nGitHub's documentation for working on pull requests is \navailable here\n.\n\n\nAlways run the tests before submitting pull requests, and ideally run \ntox\n in order to check that your modifications are compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3, and that they run properly on all supported versions of Django.\n\n\nOnce you've made a pull request take a look at the Travis build status in the GitHub interface and make sure the tests are running as you'd expect.\n\n\n\n\nAbove: Travis build notifications\n\n\nManaging compatibility issues\n\n\nSometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment.  Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into the \ncompat.py\n module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.\n\n\nDocumentation\n\n\nThe documentation for REST framework is built from the \nMarkdown\n source files in \nthe docs directory\n.\n\n\nThere are many great Markdown editors that make working with the documentation really easy.  The \nMou editor for Mac\n is one such editor that comes highly recommended.\n\n\nBuilding the documentation\n\n\nTo build the documentation, install MkDocs with \npip install mkdocs\n and then run the following command.\n\n\nmkdocs build\n\n\n\nThis will build the documentation into the \nsite\n directory.\n\n\nYou can build the documentation and open a preview in a browser window by using the \nserve\n command.\n\n\nmkdocs serve\n\n\n\nLanguage style\n\n\nDocumentation should be in American English.  The tone of the documentation is very important - try to stick to a simple, plain, objective and well-balanced style where possible.\n\n\nSome other tips:\n\n\n\n\nKeep paragraphs reasonably short.\n\n\nDon't use abbreviations such as 'e.g.' but instead use the long form, such as 'For example'.\n\n\n\n\nMarkdown style\n\n\nThere are a couple of conventions you should follow when working on the documentation.\n\n\n1. Headers\n\n\nHeaders should use the hash style.  For example:\n\n\n### Some important topic\n\n\n\nThe underline style should not be used.  \nDon't do this:\n\n\nSome important topic\n====================\n\n\n\n2. Links\n\n\nLinks should always use the reference style, with the referenced hyperlinks kept at the end of the document.\n\n\nHere is a link to [some other thing][other-thing].\n\nMore text...\n\n[other-thing]: http://example.com/other/thing\n\n\n\nThis style helps keep the documentation source consistent and readable.\n\n\nIf you are hyperlinking to another REST framework document, you should use a relative link, and link to the \n.md\n suffix.  For example:\n\n\n[authentication]: ../api-guide/authentication.md\n\n\n\nLinking in this style means you'll be able to click the hyperlink in your Markdown editor to open the referenced document.  When the documentation is built, these links will be converted into regular links to HTML pages.\n\n\n3. Notes\n\n\nIf you want to draw attention to a note or warning, use a pair of enclosing lines, like so:\n\n\n---\n\n**Note:** A useful documentation note.\n\n---",
             "title": "Contributing to REST framework"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#contributing-to-rest-framework", 
-            "text": "The world can only really be changed one piece at a time.  The art is picking that piece.    Tim Berners-Lee   There are many ways you can contribute to Django REST framework.  We'd like it to be a community-led project, so please get involved and help shape the future of the project.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#contributing-to-rest-framework",
+            "text": "The world can only really be changed one piece at a time.  The art is picking that piece.  \u2014  Tim Berners-Lee   There are many ways you can contribute to Django REST framework.  We'd like it to be a community-led project, so please get involved and help shape the future of the project.",
             "title": "Contributing to REST framework"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#community", 
-            "text": "The most important thing you can do to help push the REST framework project forward is to be actively involved wherever possible.  Code contributions are often overvalued as being the primary way to get involved in a project, we don't believe that needs to be the case.  If you use REST framework, we'd love you to be vocal about your experiences with it - you might consider writing a blog post about using REST framework, or publishing a tutorial about building a project with a particular JavaScript framework.  Experiences from beginners can be particularly helpful because you'll be in the best position to assess which bits of REST framework are more difficult to understand and work with.  Other really great ways you can help move the community forward include helping to answer questions on the  discussion group , or setting up an  email alert on StackOverflow  so that you get notified of any new questions with the  django-rest-framework  tag.  When answering questions make sure to help future contributors find their way around by hyperlinking wherever possible to related threads and tickets, and include backlinks from those items if relevant.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#community",
+            "text": "The most important thing you can do to help push the REST framework project forward is to be actively involved wherever possible.  Code contributions are often overvalued as being the primary way to get involved in a project, we don't believe that needs to be the case.  If you use REST framework, we'd love you to be vocal about your experiences with it - you might consider writing a blog post about using REST framework, or publishing a tutorial about building a project with a particular JavaScript framework.  Experiences from beginners can be particularly helpful because you'll be in the best position to assess which bits of REST framework are more difficult to understand and work with.  Other really great ways you can help move the community forward include helping to answer questions on the  discussion group , or setting up an  email alert on StackOverflow  so that you get notified of any new questions with the  django-rest-framework  tag.  When answering questions make sure to help future contributors find their way around by hyperlinking wherever possible to related threads and tickets, and include backlinks from those items if relevant.",
             "title": "Community"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#code-of-conduct", 
-            "text": "Please keep the tone polite   professional.  For some users a discussion on the REST framework mailing list or ticket tracker may be their first engagement with the open source community.  First impressions count, so let's try to make everyone feel welcome.  Be mindful in the language you choose.  As an example, in an environment that is heavily male-dominated, posts that start 'Hey guys,' can come across as unintentionally exclusive.  It's just as easy, and more inclusive to use gender neutral language in those situations.  The  Django code of conduct  gives a fuller set of guidelines for participating in community forums.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#code-of-conduct",
+            "text": "Please keep the tone polite & professional.  For some users a discussion on the REST framework mailing list or ticket tracker may be their first engagement with the open source community.  First impressions count, so let's try to make everyone feel welcome.  Be mindful in the language you choose.  As an example, in an environment that is heavily male-dominated, posts that start 'Hey guys,' can come across as unintentionally exclusive.  It's just as easy, and more inclusive to use gender neutral language in those situations.  The  Django code of conduct  gives a fuller set of guidelines for participating in community forums.",
             "title": "Code of conduct"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#issues", 
-            "text": "It's really helpful if you can make sure to address issues on the correct channel.  Usage questions should be directed to the  discussion group .  Feature requests, bug reports and other issues should be raised on the GitHub  issue tracker .  Some tips on good issue reporting:   When describing issues try to phrase your ticket in terms of the  behavior  you think needs changing rather than the  code  you think need changing.  Search the issue list first for related items, and make sure you're running the latest version of REST framework before reporting an issue.  If reporting a bug, then try to include a pull request with a failing test case.  This will help us quickly identify if there is a valid issue, and make sure that it gets fixed more quickly if there is one.  Feature requests will often be closed with a recommendation that they be implemented outside of the core REST framework library.  Keeping new feature requests implemented as third party libraries allows us to keep down the maintenance overhead of REST framework, so that the focus can be on continued stability, bugfixes, and great documentation.  Closing an issue doesn't necessarily mean the end of a discussion.  If you believe your issue has been closed incorrectly, explain why and we'll consider if it needs to be reopened.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#issues",
+            "text": "It's really helpful if you can make sure to address issues on the correct channel.  Usage questions should be directed to the  discussion group .  Feature requests, bug reports and other issues should be raised on the GitHub  issue tracker .  Some tips on good issue reporting:   When describing issues try to phrase your ticket in terms of the  behavior  you think needs changing rather than the  code  you think need changing.  Search the issue list first for related items, and make sure you're running the latest version of REST framework before reporting an issue.  If reporting a bug, then try to include a pull request with a failing test case.  This will help us quickly identify if there is a valid issue, and make sure that it gets fixed more quickly if there is one.  Feature requests will often be closed with a recommendation that they be implemented outside of the core REST framework library.  Keeping new feature requests implemented as third party libraries allows us to keep down the maintenance overhead of REST framework, so that the focus can be on continued stability, bugfixes, and great documentation.  Closing an issue doesn't necessarily mean the end of a discussion.  If you believe your issue has been closed incorrectly, explain why and we'll consider if it needs to be reopened.",
             "title": "Issues"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#triaging-issues", 
-            "text": "Getting involved in triaging incoming issues is a good way to start contributing.  Every single ticket that comes into the ticket tracker needs to be reviewed in order to determine what the next steps should be.  Anyone can help out with this, you just need to be willing to   Read through the ticket - does it make sense, is it missing any context that would help explain it better?  Is the ticket reported in the correct place, would it be better suited as a discussion on the discussion group?  If the ticket is a bug report, can you reproduce it? Are you able to write a failing test case that demonstrates the issue and that can be submitted as a pull request?  If the ticket is a feature request, do you agree with it, and could the feature request instead be implemented as a third party package?  If a ticket hasn't had much activity and it addresses something you need, then comment on the ticket and try to find out what's needed to get it moving again.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#triaging-issues",
+            "text": "Getting involved in triaging incoming issues is a good way to start contributing.  Every single ticket that comes into the ticket tracker needs to be reviewed in order to determine what the next steps should be.  Anyone can help out with this, you just need to be willing to   Read through the ticket - does it make sense, is it missing any context that would help explain it better?  Is the ticket reported in the correct place, would it be better suited as a discussion on the discussion group?  If the ticket is a bug report, can you reproduce it? Are you able to write a failing test case that demonstrates the issue and that can be submitted as a pull request?  If the ticket is a feature request, do you agree with it, and could the feature request instead be implemented as a third party package?  If a ticket hasn't had much activity and it addresses something you need, then comment on the ticket and try to find out what's needed to get it moving again.",
             "title": "Triaging issues"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#development", 
-            "text": "To start developing on Django REST framework, first create a Fork from the Django REST Framework repo  on GitHub.  Then clone your fork. The clone command will look like this, with your GitHub\nusername instead of YOUR-USERNAME:  git clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/Spoon-Knife  See GitHub's  Fork a Repo  Guide for more help.  Changes should broadly follow the  PEP 8  style conventions, and we recommend you set up your editor to automatically indicate non-conforming styles.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#development",
+            "text": "To start developing on Django REST framework, first create a Fork from the Django REST Framework repo  on GitHub.  Then clone your fork. The clone command will look like this, with your GitHub\nusername instead of YOUR-USERNAME:  git clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/Spoon-Knife  See GitHub's  Fork a Repo  Guide for more help.  Changes should broadly follow the  PEP 8  style conventions, and we recommend you set up your editor to automatically indicate non-conforming styles.",
             "title": "Development"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#testing", 
-            "text": "To run the tests, clone the repository, and then:  # Setup the virtual environment\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\npip install django\npip install -r requirements.txt\n\n# Run the tests\n./runtests.py", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#testing",
+            "text": "To run the tests, clone the repository, and then:  # Setup the virtual environment\nvirtualenv env\nsource env/bin/activate\npip install django\npip install -r requirements.txt\n\n# Run the tests\n./runtests.py",
             "title": "Testing"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#test-options", 
-            "text": "Run using a more concise output style.  ./runtests.py -q  Run the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.  ./runtests.py --fast  Don't run the flake8 code linting.  ./runtests.py --nolint  Only run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.  ./runtests.py --lintonly  Run the tests for a given test case.  ./runtests.py MyTestCase  Run the tests for a given test method.  ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method  Shorter form to run the tests for a given test method.  ./runtests.py test_this_method  Note: The test case and test method matching is fuzzy and will sometimes run other tests that contain a partial string match to the given  command line input.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#test-options",
+            "text": "Run using a more concise output style.  ./runtests.py -q  Run the tests using a more concise output style, no coverage, no flake8.  ./runtests.py --fast  Don't run the flake8 code linting.  ./runtests.py --nolint  Only run the flake8 code linting, don't run the tests.  ./runtests.py --lintonly  Run the tests for a given test case.  ./runtests.py MyTestCase  Run the tests for a given test method.  ./runtests.py MyTestCase.test_this_method  Shorter form to run the tests for a given test method.  ./runtests.py test_this_method  Note: The test case and test method matching is fuzzy and will sometimes run other tests that contain a partial string match to the given  command line input.",
             "title": "Test options"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#running-against-multiple-environments", 
-            "text": "You can also use the excellent  tox  testing tool to run the tests against all supported versions of Python and Django.  Install  tox  globally, and then simply run:  tox", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#running-against-multiple-environments",
+            "text": "You can also use the excellent  tox  testing tool to run the tests against all supported versions of Python and Django.  Install  tox  globally, and then simply run:  tox",
             "title": "Running against multiple environments"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#pull-requests", 
-            "text": "It's a good idea to make pull requests early on.  A pull request represents the start of a discussion, and doesn't necessarily need to be the final, finished submission.  It's also always best to make a new branch before starting work on a pull request.  This means that you'll be able to later switch back to working on another separate issue without interfering with an ongoing pull requests.  It's also useful to remember that if you have an outstanding pull request then pushing new commits to your GitHub repo will also automatically update the pull requests.  GitHub's documentation for working on pull requests is  available here .  Always run the tests before submitting pull requests, and ideally run  tox  in order to check that your modifications are compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3, and that they run properly on all supported versions of Django.  Once you've made a pull request take a look at the Travis build status in the GitHub interface and make sure the tests are running as you'd expect.   Above: Travis build notifications", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#pull-requests",
+            "text": "It's a good idea to make pull requests early on.  A pull request represents the start of a discussion, and doesn't necessarily need to be the final, finished submission.  It's also always best to make a new branch before starting work on a pull request.  This means that you'll be able to later switch back to working on another separate issue without interfering with an ongoing pull requests.  It's also useful to remember that if you have an outstanding pull request then pushing new commits to your GitHub repo will also automatically update the pull requests.  GitHub's documentation for working on pull requests is  available here .  Always run the tests before submitting pull requests, and ideally run  tox  in order to check that your modifications are compatible with both Python 2 and Python 3, and that they run properly on all supported versions of Django.  Once you've made a pull request take a look at the Travis build status in the GitHub interface and make sure the tests are running as you'd expect.   Above: Travis build notifications",
             "title": "Pull requests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#managing-compatibility-issues", 
-            "text": "Sometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment.  Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into the  compat.py  module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#managing-compatibility-issues",
+            "text": "Sometimes, in order to ensure your code works on various different versions of Django, Python or third party libraries, you'll need to run slightly different code depending on the environment.  Any code that branches in this way should be isolated into the  compat.py  module, and should provide a single common interface that the rest of the codebase can use.",
             "title": "Managing compatibility issues"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#documentation", 
-            "text": "The documentation for REST framework is built from the  Markdown  source files in  the docs directory .  There are many great Markdown editors that make working with the documentation really easy.  The  Mou editor for Mac  is one such editor that comes highly recommended.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#documentation",
+            "text": "The documentation for REST framework is built from the  Markdown  source files in  the docs directory .  There are many great Markdown editors that make working with the documentation really easy.  The  Mou editor for Mac  is one such editor that comes highly recommended.",
             "title": "Documentation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#building-the-documentation", 
-            "text": "To build the documentation, install MkDocs with  pip install mkdocs  and then run the following command.  mkdocs build  This will build the documentation into the  site  directory.  You can build the documentation and open a preview in a browser window by using the  serve  command.  mkdocs serve", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#building-the-documentation",
+            "text": "To build the documentation, install MkDocs with  pip install mkdocs  and then run the following command.  mkdocs build  This will build the documentation into the  site  directory.  You can build the documentation and open a preview in a browser window by using the  serve  command.  mkdocs serve",
             "title": "Building the documentation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#language-style", 
-            "text": "Documentation should be in American English.  The tone of the documentation is very important - try to stick to a simple, plain, objective and well-balanced style where possible.  Some other tips:   Keep paragraphs reasonably short.  Don't use abbreviations such as 'e.g.' but instead use the long form, such as 'For example'.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#language-style",
+            "text": "Documentation should be in American English.  The tone of the documentation is very important - try to stick to a simple, plain, objective and well-balanced style where possible.  Some other tips:   Keep paragraphs reasonably short.  Don't use abbreviations such as 'e.g.' but instead use the long form, such as 'For example'.",
             "title": "Language style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#markdown-style", 
-            "text": "There are a couple of conventions you should follow when working on the documentation.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#markdown-style",
+            "text": "There are a couple of conventions you should follow when working on the documentation.",
             "title": "Markdown style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#1-headers", 
-            "text": "Headers should use the hash style.  For example:  ### Some important topic  The underline style should not be used.   Don't do this:  Some important topic\n====================", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#1-headers",
+            "text": "Headers should use the hash style.  For example:  ### Some important topic  The underline style should not be used.   Don't do this:  Some important topic\n====================",
             "title": "1. Headers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#2-links", 
-            "text": "Links should always use the reference style, with the referenced hyperlinks kept at the end of the document.  Here is a link to [some other thing][other-thing].\n\nMore text...\n\n[other-thing]: http://example.com/other/thing  This style helps keep the documentation source consistent and readable.  If you are hyperlinking to another REST framework document, you should use a relative link, and link to the  .md  suffix.  For example:  [authentication]: ../api-guide/authentication.md  Linking in this style means you'll be able to click the hyperlink in your Markdown editor to open the referenced document.  When the documentation is built, these links will be converted into regular links to HTML pages.", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#2-links",
+            "text": "Links should always use the reference style, with the referenced hyperlinks kept at the end of the document.  Here is a link to [some other thing][other-thing].\n\nMore text...\n\n[other-thing]: http://example.com/other/thing  This style helps keep the documentation source consistent and readable.  If you are hyperlinking to another REST framework document, you should use a relative link, and link to the  .md  suffix.  For example:  [authentication]: ../api-guide/authentication.md  Linking in this style means you'll be able to click the hyperlink in your Markdown editor to open the referenced document.  When the documentation is built, these links will be converted into regular links to HTML pages.",
             "title": "2. Links"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/contributing/#3-notes", 
-            "text": "If you want to draw attention to a note or warning, use a pair of enclosing lines, like so:  ---\n\n**Note:** A useful documentation note.\n\n---", 
+            "location": "/community/contributing/#3-notes",
+            "text": "If you want to draw attention to a note or warning, use a pair of enclosing lines, like so:  ---\n\n**Note:** A useful documentation note.\n\n---",
             "title": "3. Notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/", 
-            "text": "Project management\n\n\n\n\n\"No one can whistle a symphony; it takes a whole orchestra to play it\"\n\n\n Halford E. Luccock\n\n\n\n\nThis document outlines our project management processes for REST framework.\n\n\nThe aim is to ensure that the project has a high\n\n\"bus factor\"\n, and can continue to remain well supported for the foreseeable future. Suggestions for improvements to our process are welcome.\n\n\n\n\nMaintenance team\n\n\nWe have a quarterly maintenance cycle where new members may join the maintenance team. We currently cap the size of the team at 5 members, and may encourage folks to step out of the team for a cycle to allow new members to participate.\n\n\nCurrent team\n\n\nThe \nmaintenance team for Q4 2015\n:\n\n\n\n\n@tomchristie\n\n\n@xordoquy\n (Release manager.)\n\n\n@carltongibson\n\n\n@kevin-brown\n\n\n@jpadilla\n\n\n\n\nMaintenance cycles\n\n\nEach maintenance cycle is initiated by an issue being opened with the \nProcess\n label.\n\n\n\n\nTo be considered for a maintainer role simply comment against the issue.\n\n\nExisting members must explicitly opt-in to the next cycle by check-marking their name.\n\n\nThe final decision on the incoming team will be made by \n@tomchristie\n.\n\n\n\n\nMembers of the maintenance team will be added as collaborators to the repository.\n\n\nThe following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as the formal process for selecting the team.\n\n\nThis issue is for determining the maintenance team for the *** period.\n\nPlease see the [Project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) section of our documentation for more details.\n\n---\n\n#### Renewing existing members.\n\nThe following people are the current maintenance team. Please checkmark your name if you wish to continue to have write permission on the repository for the *** period.\n\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n\n---\n\n#### New members.\n\nIf you wish to be considered for this or a future date, please comment against this or subsequent issues.\n\nTo modify this process for future maintenance cycles make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.\n\n\n\nResponsibilities of team members\n\n\nTeam members have the following responsibilities.\n\n\n\n\nClose invalid or resolved tickets.\n\n\nAdd triage labels and milestones to tickets.\n\n\nMerge finalized pull requests.\n\n\nBuild and deploy the documentation, using \nmkdocs gh-deploy\n.\n\n\nBuild and update the included translation packs.\n\n\n\n\nFurther notes for maintainers:\n\n\n\n\nCode changes should come in the form of a pull request - do not push directly to master.\n\n\nMaintainers should typically not merge their own pull requests.\n\n\nEach issue/pull request should have exactly one label once triaged.\n\n\nSearch for un-triaged issues with \nis:open no:label\n.\n\n\n\n\nIt should be noted that participating actively in the REST framework project clearly \ndoes not require being part of the maintenance team\n. Almost every import part of issue triage and project improvement can be actively worked on regardless of your collaborator status on the repository.\n\n\n\n\nRelease process\n\n\nThe release manager is selected on every quarterly maintenance cycle.\n\n\n\n\nThe manager should be selected by \n@tomchristie\n.\n\n\nThe manager will then have the maintainer role added to PyPI package.\n\n\nThe previous manager will then have the maintainer role removed from the PyPI package.\n\n\n\n\nOur PyPI releases will be handled by either the current release manager, or by \n@tomchristie\n. Every release should have an open issue tagged with the \nRelease\n label and marked against the appropriate milestone.\n\n\nThe following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as a release checklist.\n\n\nRelease manager is @***.\nPull request is #***.\n\nDuring development cycle:\n\n- [ ] Upload the new content to be translated to [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n\n\nChecklist:\n\n- [ ] Create pull request for [release notes](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/docs/topics/release-notes.md) based on the [*.*.* milestone](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/milestones/***).\n- [ ] Update supported versions:\n    - [ ] `setup.py` `python_requires` list\n    - [ ] `setup.py` Python \n Django version trove classifiers\n    - [ ] `README` Python \n Django versions\n    - [ ] `docs` Python \n Django versions\n- [ ] Update the translations from [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n- [ ] Ensure the pull request increments the version to `*.*.*` in [`restframework/__init__.py`](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/rest_framework/__init__.py).\n- [ ] Confirm with @tomchristie that release is finalized and ready to go.\n- [ ] Ensure that release date is included in pull request.\n- [ ] Merge the release pull request.\n- [ ] Push the package to PyPI with `./setup.py publish`.\n- [ ] Tag the release, with `git tag -a *.*.* -m 'version *.*.*'; git push --tags`.\n- [ ] Deploy the documentation with `mkdocs gh-deploy`.\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on the [discussion group](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/django-rest-framework).\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on twitter.\n- [ ] Close the milestone on GitHub.\n\nTo modify this process for future releases make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.\n\n\n\nWhen pushing the release to PyPI ensure that your environment has been installed from our development \nrequirement.txt\n, so that documentation and PyPI installs are consistently being built against a pinned set of packages.\n\n\n\n\nTranslations\n\n\nThe maintenance team are responsible for managing the translation packs include in REST framework. Translating the source strings into multiple languages is managed through the \ntransifex service\n.\n\n\nManaging Transifex\n\n\nThe \nofficial Transifex client\n is used to upload and download translations to Transifex. The client is installed using pip:\n\n\npip install transifex-client\n\n\n\nTo use it you'll need a login to Transifex which has a password, and you'll need to have administrative access to the Transifex project. You'll need to create a \n~/.transifexrc\n file which contains your credentials.\n\n\n[https://www.transifex.com]\nusername = ***\ntoken = ***\npassword = ***\nhostname = https://www.transifex.com\n\n\n\nUpload new source files\n\n\nWhen any user visible strings are changed, they should be uploaded to Transifex so that the translators can start to translate them. To do this, just run:\n\n\n# 1. Update the source django.po file, which is the US English version.\ncd rest_framework\ndjango-admin makemessages -l en_US\n# 2. Push the source django.po file to Transifex.\ncd ..\ntx push -s\n\n\n\nWhen pushing source files, Transifex will update the source strings of a resource to match those from the new source file.\n\n\nHere's how differences between the old and new source files will be handled:\n\n\n\n\nNew strings will be added.\n\n\nModified strings will be added as well.\n\n\nStrings which do not exist in the new source file will be removed from the database, along with their translations. If that source strings gets re-added later then \nTransifex Translation Memory\n will automatically include the translation string.\n\n\n\n\nDownload translations\n\n\nWhen a translator has finished translating their work needs to be downloaded from Transifex into the REST framework repository. To do this, run:\n\n\n# 3. Pull the translated django.po files from Transifex.\ntx pull -a --minimum-perc 10\ncd rest_framework\n# 4. Compile the binary .mo files for all supported languages.\ndjango-admin compilemessages\n\n\n\n\n\nProject requirements\n\n\nAll our test requirements are pinned to exact versions, in order to ensure that our test runs are reproducible. We maintain the requirements in the \nrequirements\n directory. The requirements files are referenced from the \ntox.ini\n configuration file, ensuring we have a single source of truth for package versions used in testing.\n\n\nPackage upgrades should generally be treated as isolated pull requests. You can check if there are any packages available at a newer version, by using the \npip list --outdated\n.\n\n\n\n\nProject ownership\n\n\nThe PyPI package is owned by \n@tomchristie\n. As a backup \n@j4mie\n also has ownership of the package.\n\n\nIf \n@tomchristie\n ceases to participate in the project then \n@j4mie\n has responsibility for handing over ownership duties.\n\n\nOutstanding management \n ownership issues\n\n\nThe following issues still need to be addressed:\n\n\n\n\nConsider moving the repo into a proper GitHub organization\n.\n\n\nEnsure \n@jamie\n has back-up access to the \ndjango-rest-framework.org\n domain setup and admin.\n\n\nDocument ownership of the \nlive example\n API.\n\n\nDocument ownership of the \nmailing list\n and IRC channel.\n\n\nDocument ownership and management of the security mailing list.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/",
+            "text": "Project management\n\n\n\n\n\"No one can whistle a symphony; it takes a whole orchestra to play it\"\n\n\n\u2014 Halford E. Luccock\n\n\n\n\nThis document outlines our project management processes for REST framework.\n\n\nThe aim is to ensure that the project has a high\n\n\"bus factor\"\n, and can continue to remain well supported for the foreseeable future. Suggestions for improvements to our process are welcome.\n\n\n\n\nMaintenance team\n\n\nWe have a quarterly maintenance cycle where new members may join the maintenance team. We currently cap the size of the team at 5 members, and may encourage folks to step out of the team for a cycle to allow new members to participate.\n\n\nCurrent team\n\n\nThe \nmaintenance team for Q4 2015\n:\n\n\n\n\n@tomchristie\n\n\n@xordoquy\n (Release manager.)\n\n\n@carltongibson\n\n\n@kevin-brown\n\n\n@jpadilla\n\n\n\n\nMaintenance cycles\n\n\nEach maintenance cycle is initiated by an issue being opened with the \nProcess\n label.\n\n\n\n\nTo be considered for a maintainer role simply comment against the issue.\n\n\nExisting members must explicitly opt-in to the next cycle by check-marking their name.\n\n\nThe final decision on the incoming team will be made by \n@tomchristie\n.\n\n\n\n\nMembers of the maintenance team will be added as collaborators to the repository.\n\n\nThe following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as the formal process for selecting the team.\n\n\nThis issue is for determining the maintenance team for the *** period.\n\nPlease see the [Project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) section of our documentation for more details.\n\n---\n\n#### Renewing existing members.\n\nThe following people are the current maintenance team. Please checkmark your name if you wish to continue to have write permission on the repository for the *** period.\n\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n\n---\n\n#### New members.\n\nIf you wish to be considered for this or a future date, please comment against this or subsequent issues.\n\nTo modify this process for future maintenance cycles make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.\n\n\n\nResponsibilities of team members\n\n\nTeam members have the following responsibilities.\n\n\n\n\nClose invalid or resolved tickets.\n\n\nAdd triage labels and milestones to tickets.\n\n\nMerge finalized pull requests.\n\n\nBuild and deploy the documentation, using \nmkdocs gh-deploy\n.\n\n\nBuild and update the included translation packs.\n\n\n\n\nFurther notes for maintainers:\n\n\n\n\nCode changes should come in the form of a pull request - do not push directly to master.\n\n\nMaintainers should typically not merge their own pull requests.\n\n\nEach issue/pull request should have exactly one label once triaged.\n\n\nSearch for un-triaged issues with \nis:open no:label\n.\n\n\n\n\nIt should be noted that participating actively in the REST framework project clearly \ndoes not require being part of the maintenance team\n. Almost every import part of issue triage and project improvement can be actively worked on regardless of your collaborator status on the repository.\n\n\n\n\nRelease process\n\n\nThe release manager is selected on every quarterly maintenance cycle.\n\n\n\n\nThe manager should be selected by \n@tomchristie\n.\n\n\nThe manager will then have the maintainer role added to PyPI package.\n\n\nThe previous manager will then have the maintainer role removed from the PyPI package.\n\n\n\n\nOur PyPI releases will be handled by either the current release manager, or by \n@tomchristie\n. Every release should have an open issue tagged with the \nRelease\n label and marked against the appropriate milestone.\n\n\nThe following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as a release checklist.\n\n\nRelease manager is @***.\nPull request is #***.\n\nDuring development cycle:\n\n- [ ] Upload the new content to be translated to [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n\n\nChecklist:\n\n- [ ] Create pull request for [release notes](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/docs/topics/release-notes.md) based on the [*.*.* milestone](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/milestones/***).\n- [ ] Update supported versions:\n    - [ ] `setup.py` `python_requires` list\n    - [ ] `setup.py` Python & Django version trove classifiers\n    - [ ] `README` Python & Django versions\n    - [ ] `docs` Python & Django versions\n- [ ] Update the translations from [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n- [ ] Ensure the pull request increments the version to `*.*.*` in [`restframework/__init__.py`](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/rest_framework/__init__.py).\n- [ ] Confirm with @tomchristie that release is finalized and ready to go.\n- [ ] Ensure that release date is included in pull request.\n- [ ] Merge the release pull request.\n- [ ] Push the package to PyPI with `./setup.py publish`.\n- [ ] Tag the release, with `git tag -a *.*.* -m 'version *.*.*'; git push --tags`.\n- [ ] Deploy the documentation with `mkdocs gh-deploy`.\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on the [discussion group](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/django-rest-framework).\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on twitter.\n- [ ] Close the milestone on GitHub.\n\nTo modify this process for future releases make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.\n\n\n\nWhen pushing the release to PyPI ensure that your environment has been installed from our development \nrequirement.txt\n, so that documentation and PyPI installs are consistently being built against a pinned set of packages.\n\n\n\n\nTranslations\n\n\nThe maintenance team are responsible for managing the translation packs include in REST framework. Translating the source strings into multiple languages is managed through the \ntransifex service\n.\n\n\nManaging Transifex\n\n\nThe \nofficial Transifex client\n is used to upload and download translations to Transifex. The client is installed using pip:\n\n\npip install transifex-client\n\n\n\nTo use it you'll need a login to Transifex which has a password, and you'll need to have administrative access to the Transifex project. You'll need to create a \n~/.transifexrc\n file which contains your credentials.\n\n\n[https://www.transifex.com]\nusername = ***\ntoken = ***\npassword = ***\nhostname = https://www.transifex.com\n\n\n\nUpload new source files\n\n\nWhen any user visible strings are changed, they should be uploaded to Transifex so that the translators can start to translate them. To do this, just run:\n\n\n# 1. Update the source django.po file, which is the US English version.\ncd rest_framework\ndjango-admin makemessages -l en_US\n# 2. Push the source django.po file to Transifex.\ncd ..\ntx push -s\n\n\n\nWhen pushing source files, Transifex will update the source strings of a resource to match those from the new source file.\n\n\nHere's how differences between the old and new source files will be handled:\n\n\n\n\nNew strings will be added.\n\n\nModified strings will be added as well.\n\n\nStrings which do not exist in the new source file will be removed from the database, along with their translations. If that source strings gets re-added later then \nTransifex Translation Memory\n will automatically include the translation string.\n\n\n\n\nDownload translations\n\n\nWhen a translator has finished translating their work needs to be downloaded from Transifex into the REST framework repository. To do this, run:\n\n\n# 3. Pull the translated django.po files from Transifex.\ntx pull -a --minimum-perc 10\ncd rest_framework\n# 4. Compile the binary .mo files for all supported languages.\ndjango-admin compilemessages\n\n\n\n\n\nProject requirements\n\n\nAll our test requirements are pinned to exact versions, in order to ensure that our test runs are reproducible. We maintain the requirements in the \nrequirements\n directory. The requirements files are referenced from the \ntox.ini\n configuration file, ensuring we have a single source of truth for package versions used in testing.\n\n\nPackage upgrades should generally be treated as isolated pull requests. You can check if there are any packages available at a newer version, by using the \npip list --outdated\n.\n\n\n\n\nProject ownership\n\n\nThe PyPI package is owned by \n@tomchristie\n. As a backup \n@j4mie\n also has ownership of the package.\n\n\nIf \n@tomchristie\n ceases to participate in the project then \n@j4mie\n has responsibility for handing over ownership duties.\n\n\nOutstanding management & ownership issues\n\n\nThe following issues still need to be addressed:\n\n\n\n\nConsider moving the repo into a proper GitHub organization\n.\n\n\nEnsure \n@jamie\n has back-up access to the \ndjango-rest-framework.org\n domain setup and admin.\n\n\nDocument ownership of the \nlive example\n API.\n\n\nDocument ownership of the \nmailing list\n and IRC channel.\n\n\nDocument ownership and management of the security mailing list.",
             "title": "Project management"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-management", 
-            "text": "\"No one can whistle a symphony; it takes a whole orchestra to play it\"   Halford E. Luccock   This document outlines our project management processes for REST framework.  The aim is to ensure that the project has a high \"bus factor\" , and can continue to remain well supported for the foreseeable future. Suggestions for improvements to our process are welcome.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-management",
+            "text": "\"No one can whistle a symphony; it takes a whole orchestra to play it\"  \u2014 Halford E. Luccock   This document outlines our project management processes for REST framework.  The aim is to ensure that the project has a high \"bus factor\" , and can continue to remain well supported for the foreseeable future. Suggestions for improvements to our process are welcome.",
             "title": "Project management"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#maintenance-team", 
-            "text": "We have a quarterly maintenance cycle where new members may join the maintenance team. We currently cap the size of the team at 5 members, and may encourage folks to step out of the team for a cycle to allow new members to participate.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#maintenance-team",
+            "text": "We have a quarterly maintenance cycle where new members may join the maintenance team. We currently cap the size of the team at 5 members, and may encourage folks to step out of the team for a cycle to allow new members to participate.",
             "title": "Maintenance team"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#current-team", 
-            "text": "The  maintenance team for Q4 2015 :   @tomchristie  @xordoquy  (Release manager.)  @carltongibson  @kevin-brown  @jpadilla", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#current-team",
+            "text": "The  maintenance team for Q4 2015 :   @tomchristie  @xordoquy  (Release manager.)  @carltongibson  @kevin-brown  @jpadilla",
             "title": "Current team"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#maintenance-cycles", 
-            "text": "Each maintenance cycle is initiated by an issue being opened with the  Process  label.   To be considered for a maintainer role simply comment against the issue.  Existing members must explicitly opt-in to the next cycle by check-marking their name.  The final decision on the incoming team will be made by  @tomchristie .   Members of the maintenance team will be added as collaborators to the repository.  The following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as the formal process for selecting the team.  This issue is for determining the maintenance team for the *** period.\n\nPlease see the [Project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) section of our documentation for more details.\n\n---\n\n#### Renewing existing members.\n\nThe following people are the current maintenance team. Please checkmark your name if you wish to continue to have write permission on the repository for the *** period.\n\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n\n---\n\n#### New members.\n\nIf you wish to be considered for this or a future date, please comment against this or subsequent issues.\n\nTo modify this process for future maintenance cycles make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#maintenance-cycles",
+            "text": "Each maintenance cycle is initiated by an issue being opened with the  Process  label.   To be considered for a maintainer role simply comment against the issue.  Existing members must explicitly opt-in to the next cycle by check-marking their name.  The final decision on the incoming team will be made by  @tomchristie .   Members of the maintenance team will be added as collaborators to the repository.  The following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as the formal process for selecting the team.  This issue is for determining the maintenance team for the *** period.\n\nPlease see the [Project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) section of our documentation for more details.\n\n---\n\n#### Renewing existing members.\n\nThe following people are the current maintenance team. Please checkmark your name if you wish to continue to have write permission on the repository for the *** period.\n\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n- [ ] @***\n\n---\n\n#### New members.\n\nIf you wish to be considered for this or a future date, please comment against this or subsequent issues.\n\nTo modify this process for future maintenance cycles make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.",
             "title": "Maintenance cycles"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#responsibilities-of-team-members", 
-            "text": "Team members have the following responsibilities.   Close invalid or resolved tickets.  Add triage labels and milestones to tickets.  Merge finalized pull requests.  Build and deploy the documentation, using  mkdocs gh-deploy .  Build and update the included translation packs.   Further notes for maintainers:   Code changes should come in the form of a pull request - do not push directly to master.  Maintainers should typically not merge their own pull requests.  Each issue/pull request should have exactly one label once triaged.  Search for un-triaged issues with  is:open no:label .   It should be noted that participating actively in the REST framework project clearly  does not require being part of the maintenance team . Almost every import part of issue triage and project improvement can be actively worked on regardless of your collaborator status on the repository.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#responsibilities-of-team-members",
+            "text": "Team members have the following responsibilities.   Close invalid or resolved tickets.  Add triage labels and milestones to tickets.  Merge finalized pull requests.  Build and deploy the documentation, using  mkdocs gh-deploy .  Build and update the included translation packs.   Further notes for maintainers:   Code changes should come in the form of a pull request - do not push directly to master.  Maintainers should typically not merge their own pull requests.  Each issue/pull request should have exactly one label once triaged.  Search for un-triaged issues with  is:open no:label .   It should be noted that participating actively in the REST framework project clearly  does not require being part of the maintenance team . Almost every import part of issue triage and project improvement can be actively worked on regardless of your collaborator status on the repository.",
             "title": "Responsibilities of team members"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#release-process", 
-            "text": "The release manager is selected on every quarterly maintenance cycle.   The manager should be selected by  @tomchristie .  The manager will then have the maintainer role added to PyPI package.  The previous manager will then have the maintainer role removed from the PyPI package.   Our PyPI releases will be handled by either the current release manager, or by  @tomchristie . Every release should have an open issue tagged with the  Release  label and marked against the appropriate milestone.  The following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as a release checklist.  Release manager is @***.\nPull request is #***.\n\nDuring development cycle:\n\n- [ ] Upload the new content to be translated to [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n\n\nChecklist:\n\n- [ ] Create pull request for [release notes](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/docs/topics/release-notes.md) based on the [*.*.* milestone](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/milestones/***).\n- [ ] Update supported versions:\n    - [ ] `setup.py` `python_requires` list\n    - [ ] `setup.py` Python   Django version trove classifiers\n    - [ ] `README` Python   Django versions\n    - [ ] `docs` Python   Django versions\n- [ ] Update the translations from [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n- [ ] Ensure the pull request increments the version to `*.*.*` in [`restframework/__init__.py`](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/rest_framework/__init__.py).\n- [ ] Confirm with @tomchristie that release is finalized and ready to go.\n- [ ] Ensure that release date is included in pull request.\n- [ ] Merge the release pull request.\n- [ ] Push the package to PyPI with `./setup.py publish`.\n- [ ] Tag the release, with `git tag -a *.*.* -m 'version *.*.*'; git push --tags`.\n- [ ] Deploy the documentation with `mkdocs gh-deploy`.\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on the [discussion group](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/django-rest-framework).\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on twitter.\n- [ ] Close the milestone on GitHub.\n\nTo modify this process for future releases make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.  When pushing the release to PyPI ensure that your environment has been installed from our development  requirement.txt , so that documentation and PyPI installs are consistently being built against a pinned set of packages.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#release-process",
+            "text": "The release manager is selected on every quarterly maintenance cycle.   The manager should be selected by  @tomchristie .  The manager will then have the maintainer role added to PyPI package.  The previous manager will then have the maintainer role removed from the PyPI package.   Our PyPI releases will be handled by either the current release manager, or by  @tomchristie . Every release should have an open issue tagged with the  Release  label and marked against the appropriate milestone.  The following template should be used for the description of the issue, and serves as a release checklist.  Release manager is @***.\nPull request is #***.\n\nDuring development cycle:\n\n- [ ] Upload the new content to be translated to [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n\n\nChecklist:\n\n- [ ] Create pull request for [release notes](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/docs/topics/release-notes.md) based on the [*.*.* milestone](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/milestones/***).\n- [ ] Update supported versions:\n    - [ ] `setup.py` `python_requires` list\n    - [ ] `setup.py` Python & Django version trove classifiers\n    - [ ] `README` Python & Django versions\n    - [ ] `docs` Python & Django versions\n- [ ] Update the translations from [transifex](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/#translations).\n- [ ] Ensure the pull request increments the version to `*.*.*` in [`restframework/__init__.py`](https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/blob/master/rest_framework/__init__.py).\n- [ ] Confirm with @tomchristie that release is finalized and ready to go.\n- [ ] Ensure that release date is included in pull request.\n- [ ] Merge the release pull request.\n- [ ] Push the package to PyPI with `./setup.py publish`.\n- [ ] Tag the release, with `git tag -a *.*.* -m 'version *.*.*'; git push --tags`.\n- [ ] Deploy the documentation with `mkdocs gh-deploy`.\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on the [discussion group](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/django-rest-framework).\n- [ ] Make a release announcement on twitter.\n- [ ] Close the milestone on GitHub.\n\nTo modify this process for future releases make a pull request to the [project management](https://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/project-management/) documentation.  When pushing the release to PyPI ensure that your environment has been installed from our development  requirement.txt , so that documentation and PyPI installs are consistently being built against a pinned set of packages.",
             "title": "Release process"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#translations", 
-            "text": "The maintenance team are responsible for managing the translation packs include in REST framework. Translating the source strings into multiple languages is managed through the  transifex service .", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#translations",
+            "text": "The maintenance team are responsible for managing the translation packs include in REST framework. Translating the source strings into multiple languages is managed through the  transifex service .",
             "title": "Translations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#managing-transifex", 
-            "text": "The  official Transifex client  is used to upload and download translations to Transifex. The client is installed using pip:  pip install transifex-client  To use it you'll need a login to Transifex which has a password, and you'll need to have administrative access to the Transifex project. You'll need to create a  ~/.transifexrc  file which contains your credentials.  [https://www.transifex.com]\nusername = ***\ntoken = ***\npassword = ***\nhostname = https://www.transifex.com", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#managing-transifex",
+            "text": "The  official Transifex client  is used to upload and download translations to Transifex. The client is installed using pip:  pip install transifex-client  To use it you'll need a login to Transifex which has a password, and you'll need to have administrative access to the Transifex project. You'll need to create a  ~/.transifexrc  file which contains your credentials.  [https://www.transifex.com]\nusername = ***\ntoken = ***\npassword = ***\nhostname = https://www.transifex.com",
             "title": "Managing Transifex"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#upload-new-source-files", 
-            "text": "When any user visible strings are changed, they should be uploaded to Transifex so that the translators can start to translate them. To do this, just run:  # 1. Update the source django.po file, which is the US English version.\ncd rest_framework\ndjango-admin makemessages -l en_US\n# 2. Push the source django.po file to Transifex.\ncd ..\ntx push -s  When pushing source files, Transifex will update the source strings of a resource to match those from the new source file.  Here's how differences between the old and new source files will be handled:   New strings will be added.  Modified strings will be added as well.  Strings which do not exist in the new source file will be removed from the database, along with their translations. If that source strings gets re-added later then  Transifex Translation Memory  will automatically include the translation string.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#upload-new-source-files",
+            "text": "When any user visible strings are changed, they should be uploaded to Transifex so that the translators can start to translate them. To do this, just run:  # 1. Update the source django.po file, which is the US English version.\ncd rest_framework\ndjango-admin makemessages -l en_US\n# 2. Push the source django.po file to Transifex.\ncd ..\ntx push -s  When pushing source files, Transifex will update the source strings of a resource to match those from the new source file.  Here's how differences between the old and new source files will be handled:   New strings will be added.  Modified strings will be added as well.  Strings which do not exist in the new source file will be removed from the database, along with their translations. If that source strings gets re-added later then  Transifex Translation Memory  will automatically include the translation string.",
             "title": "Upload new source files"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#download-translations", 
-            "text": "When a translator has finished translating their work needs to be downloaded from Transifex into the REST framework repository. To do this, run:  # 3. Pull the translated django.po files from Transifex.\ntx pull -a --minimum-perc 10\ncd rest_framework\n# 4. Compile the binary .mo files for all supported languages.\ndjango-admin compilemessages", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#download-translations",
+            "text": "When a translator has finished translating their work needs to be downloaded from Transifex into the REST framework repository. To do this, run:  # 3. Pull the translated django.po files from Transifex.\ntx pull -a --minimum-perc 10\ncd rest_framework\n# 4. Compile the binary .mo files for all supported languages.\ndjango-admin compilemessages",
             "title": "Download translations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-requirements", 
-            "text": "All our test requirements are pinned to exact versions, in order to ensure that our test runs are reproducible. We maintain the requirements in the  requirements  directory. The requirements files are referenced from the  tox.ini  configuration file, ensuring we have a single source of truth for package versions used in testing.  Package upgrades should generally be treated as isolated pull requests. You can check if there are any packages available at a newer version, by using the  pip list --outdated .", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-requirements",
+            "text": "All our test requirements are pinned to exact versions, in order to ensure that our test runs are reproducible. We maintain the requirements in the  requirements  directory. The requirements files are referenced from the  tox.ini  configuration file, ensuring we have a single source of truth for package versions used in testing.  Package upgrades should generally be treated as isolated pull requests. You can check if there are any packages available at a newer version, by using the  pip list --outdated .",
             "title": "Project requirements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-ownership", 
-            "text": "The PyPI package is owned by  @tomchristie . As a backup  @j4mie  also has ownership of the package.  If  @tomchristie  ceases to participate in the project then  @j4mie  has responsibility for handing over ownership duties.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#project-ownership",
+            "text": "The PyPI package is owned by  @tomchristie . As a backup  @j4mie  also has ownership of the package.  If  @tomchristie  ceases to participate in the project then  @j4mie  has responsibility for handing over ownership duties.",
             "title": "Project ownership"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/project-management/#outstanding-management-ownership-issues", 
-            "text": "The following issues still need to be addressed:   Consider moving the repo into a proper GitHub organization .  Ensure  @jamie  has back-up access to the  django-rest-framework.org  domain setup and admin.  Document ownership of the  live example  API.  Document ownership of the  mailing list  and IRC channel.  Document ownership and management of the security mailing list.", 
+            "location": "/community/project-management/#outstanding-management-ownership-issues",
+            "text": "The following issues still need to be addressed:   Consider moving the repo into a proper GitHub organization .  Ensure  @jamie  has back-up access to the  django-rest-framework.org  domain setup and admin.  Document ownership of the  live example  API.  Document ownership of the  mailing list  and IRC channel.  Document ownership and management of the security mailing list.",
             "title": "Outstanding management & ownership issues"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/", 
-            "text": "Release Notes\n\n\n\n\nRelease Early, Release Often\n\n\n Eric S. Raymond, \nThe Cathedral and the Bazaar\n.\n\n\n\n\nVersioning\n\n\nMinor version numbers (0.0.x) are used for changes that are API compatible.  You should be able to upgrade between minor point releases without any other code changes.\n\n\nMedium version numbers (0.x.0) may include API changes, in line with the \ndeprecation policy\n.  You should read the release notes carefully before upgrading between medium point releases.\n\n\nMajor version numbers (x.0.0) are reserved for substantial project milestones.\n\n\nDeprecation policy\n\n\nREST framework releases follow a formal deprecation policy, which is in line with \nDjango's deprecation policy\n.\n\n\nThe timeline for deprecation of a feature present in version 1.0 would work as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.1 would remain \nfully backwards compatible\n with 1.0, but would raise \nPendingDeprecationWarning\n warnings if you use the feature that are due to be deprecated.  These warnings are \nsilent by default\n, but can be explicitly enabled when you're ready to start migrating any required changes.  For example if you start running your tests using \npython -Wd manage.py test\n, you'll be warned of any API changes you need to make.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.2 would escalate these warnings to \nDeprecationWarning\n, which is loud by default.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.3 would remove the deprecated bits of API entirely.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote that in line with Django's policy, any parts of the framework not mentioned in the documentation should generally be considered private API, and may be subject to change.\n\n\nUpgrading\n\n\nTo upgrade Django REST framework to the latest version, use pip:\n\n\npip install -U djangorestframework\n\n\n\nYou can determine your currently installed version using \npip show\n:\n\n\npip show djangorestframework\n\n\n\n\n\n3.9.x series\n\n\n3.9.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n18st October 2018\n\n\n\n\nImprovements to ViewSet extra actions \n#5605\n\n\nFix \naction\n support for ViewSet suffixes \n#6081\n\n\nAllow \naction\n docs sections \n#6060\n\n\nDeprecate the \nRouter.register\n \nbase_name\n argument in favor of \nbasename\n. \n#5990\n\n\nDeprecate the \nRouter.get_default_base_name\n method in favor of \nRouter.get_default_basename\n. \n#5990\n\n\nChange \nCharField\n to disallow null bytes. \n#6073\n\n  To revert to the old behavior, subclass \nCharField\n and remove \nProhibitNullCharactersValidator\n from the validators.\n  \npython\n  class NullableCharField(serializers.CharField):\n      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n          super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n          self.validators = [v for v in self.validators if not isinstance(v, ProhibitNullCharactersValidator)]\n\n\nAdd \nOpenAPIRenderer\n and \ngenerate_schema\n management command. \n#6229\n\n\nAdd OpenAPIRenderer by default, and add schema docs. \n#6233\n\n\nAllow permissions to be composed \n#5753\n\n\nAllow nullable BooleanField in Django 2.1 \n#6183\n\n\nAdd testing of Python 3.7 support \n#6141\n\n\nTest using Django 2.1 final release. \n#6109\n\n\nAdded djangorestframework-datatables to third-party packages \n#5931\n\n\nChange ISO 8601 date format to exclude year/month \n#5936\n\n\nUpdate all pypi.python.org URLs to pypi.org \n#5942\n\n\nEnsure that html forms (multipart form data) respect optional fields \n#5927\n\n\nAllow hashing of ErrorDetail. \n#5932\n\n\nCorrect schema parsing for JSONField \n#5878\n\n\nRender descriptions (from help_text) using safe \n#5869\n\n\nRemoved input value from deault_error_message \n#5881\n\n\nAdded min_value/max_value support in DurationField \n#5643\n\n\nFixed instance being overwritten in pk-only optimization try/except block \n#5747\n\n\nFixed AttributeError from items filter when value is None \n#5981\n\n\nFixed Javascript \ne.indexOf\n is not a function error \n#5982\n\n\nFix schemas for extra actions \n#5992\n\n\nImproved get_error_detail to use error_dict/error_list \n#5785\n\n\nImprvied URLs in Admin renderer \n#5988\n\n\nAdd \"Community\" section to docs, minor cleanup \n#5993\n\n\nMoved guardian imports out of compat \n#6054\n\n\nDeprecate the \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class, moved to the \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package. \n#6075\n\n\nDrop Django 1.10 support \n#5657\n\n\nOnly catch TypeError/ValueError for object lookups \n#6028\n\n\nHandle models without .objects manager in ModelSerializer. \n#6111\n\n\nImprove ModelSerializer.create() error message. \n#6112\n\n\nFix CSRF cookie check failure when using session auth with django 1.11.6+ \n#6113\n\n\nUpdated JWT docs. \n#6138\n\n\nFix autoescape not getting passed to urlize_quoted_links filter \n#6191\n\n\n\n\n3.8.x series\n\n\n3.8.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th April 2018\n\n\n\n\nFix \nread_only\n + \ndefault\n \nunique_together\n validation. \n#5922\n\n\nauthtoken.views import coreapi from rest_framework.compat, not directly. \n#5921\n\n\nDocs: Add missing argument 'detail' to Route \n#5920\n\n\n\n\n3.8.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th April 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUse old \nurl_name\n behavior in route decorators \n#5915\n\n\nFor \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n maintain the old behavior of \nurl_name\n,\nbasing it on the \nurl_path\n instead of the function name.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.8.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n3rd April 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBreaking Change\n: Alter \nread_only\n plus \ndefault\n behaviour. \n#5886\n\n\nread_only\n fields will now \nalways\n be excluded from writable fields.\n\n\nPreviously \nread_only\n fields with a \ndefault\n value would use the \ndefault\n for create and update operations.\n\n\nIn order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of \nread_only\n fields when calling \nsave()\n in\nthe view:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nAlternatively you may override \nsave()\n or \ncreate()\n or \nupdate()\n on the serialiser as appropriate.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCorrect allow_null behaviour when required=False \n#5888\n\n\nWithout an explicit \ndefault\n, \nallow_null\n implies a default of \nnull\n for outgoing serialisation. Previously such\nfields were being skipped when read-only or otherwise not required.\n\n\nPossible backwards compatibility break\n if you were relying on such fields being excluded from the outgoing\nrepresentation. In order to restore the old behaviour you can override \ndata\n to exclude the field when \nNone\n.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n@property\ndef data(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Drop `maybe_none` field if None.\n    \"\"\"\n    data = super().data\n    if 'maybe_none' in data and data['maybe_none'] is None:\n        del data['maybe_none']\n    return data\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRefactor dynamic route generation and improve viewset action introspectibility. \n#5705\n\n\nViewSet\ns have been provided with new attributes and methods that allow\nit to introspect its set of actions and the details of the current action.\n\n\n\n\nMerged \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n into a single \naction\n decorator.\n\n\nGet all extra actions on a \nViewSet\n with \n.get_extra_actions()\n.\n\n\nExtra actions now set the \nurl_name\n and \nurl_path\n on the decorated method.\n\n\nurl_name\n is now based on the function name, instead of the \nurl_path\n,\n  as the path is not always suitable (e.g., capturing arguments in the path).\n\n\nEnable action url reversing through \n.reverse_action()\n method (added in 3.7.4)\n\n\nExample reverse call: \nself.reverse_action(self.custom_action.url_name)\n\n\nAdd \ndetail\n initkwarg to indicate if the current action is operating on a\n  collection or a single instance.\n\n\n\n\nAdditional changes:\n\n\n\n\nDeprecated \nlist_route\n \n \ndetail_route\n in favor of \naction\n decorator with \ndetail\n boolean.\n\n\nDeprecated dynamic list/detail route variants in favor of \nDynamicRoute\n with \ndetail\n boolean.\n\n\nRefactored the router's dynamic route generation.\n\n\nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n maintain the old behavior of \nurl_name\n,\n  basing it on the \nurl_path\n instead of the function name.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFix formatting of the 3.7.4 release note \n#5704\n\n\n\n\nDocs: Update DRF Writable Nested Serializers references \n#5711\n\n\nDocs: Fixed typo in auth URLs example. \n#5713\n\n\nImprove composite field child errors \n#5655\n\n\nDisable HTML inputs for dict/list fields \n#5702\n\n\nFix typo in HostNameVersioning doc \n#5709\n\n\nUse rsplit to get module and classname for imports \n#5712\n\n\nFormalize URLPatternsTestCase \n#5703\n\n\nAdd exception translation test \n#5700\n\n\nTest staticfiles \n#5701\n\n\nAdd drf-yasg to documentation and schema 3rd party packages \n#5720\n\n\nRemove unused \ncompat._resolve_model()\n \n#5733\n\n\nDrop compat workaround for unsupported Python 3.2 \n#5734\n\n\nPrefer \niter(dict)\n over \niter(dict.keys())\n \n#5736\n\n\nPass \npython_requires\n argument to setuptools \n#5739\n\n\nRemove unused links from docs \n#5735\n\n\nPrefer https protocol for links in docs when available \n#5729\n\n\nAdd HStoreField, postgres fields tests \n#5654\n\n\nAlways fully qualify ValidationError in docs \n#5751\n\n\nRemove unreachable code from ManualSchema \n#5766\n\n\nAllowed customising API documentation code samples \n#5752\n\n\nUpdated docs to use \npip show\n \n#5757\n\n\nLoad 'static' instead of 'staticfiles' in templates \n#5773\n\n\nFixed a typo in \nfields\n docs \n#5783\n\n\nRefer to \"NamespaceVersioning\" instead of \"NamespacedVersioning\" in the documentation \n#5754\n\n\nErrorDetail: add \n__eq__\n/\n__ne__\n and \n__repr__\n \n#5787\n\n\nReplace \nbackground-attachment: fixed\n in docs \n#5777\n\n\nMake 404 \n 403 responses consistent with \nexceptions.APIException\n output \n#5763\n\n\nSmall fix to API documentation: schemas \n#5796\n\n\nFix schema generation for PrimaryKeyRelatedField \n#5764\n\n\nRepresent serializer DictField as an Object in schema \n#5765\n\n\nAdded docs example reimplementing ObtainAuthToken \n#5802\n\n\nAdd schema to the ObtainAuthToken view \n#5676\n\n\nFix request formdata handling \n#5800\n\n\nFix authtoken views imports \n#5818\n\n\nUpdate pytest, isort \n#5815\n \n#5817\n \n#5894\n\n\nFixed active timezone handling for non ISO8601 datetimes. \n#5833\n\n\nMade TemplateHTMLRenderer render IntegerField inputs when value is \n0\n. \n#5834\n\n\nCorrected endpoint in tutorial instructions \n#5835\n\n\nAdd Django Rest Framework Role Filters to Third party packages \n#5809\n\n\nUse single copy of static assets. Update jQuery \n#5823\n\n\nChanges ternary conditionals to be PEP308 compliant \n#5827\n\n\nAdded links to 'A Todo List API with React' and 'Blog API' tutorials \n#5837\n\n\nFix comment typo in ModelSerializer \n#5844\n\n\nAdd admin to installed apps to avoid test failures. \n#5870\n\n\nFixed schema for UUIDField in SimpleMetadata. \n#5872\n\n\nCorrected docs on router include with namespaces. \n#5843\n\n\nTest using model objects for dotted source default \n#5880\n\n\nAllow traversing nullable related fields \n#5849\n\n\nAdded: Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0) \n#5891\n\n\nAdd \nLimitOffsetPagination.get_count\n to allow method override \n#5846\n\n\nDon't show hidden fields in metadata \n#5854\n\n\nEnable OrderingFilter to handle an empty tuple (or list) for the 'ordering' field. \n#5899\n\n\nAdded generic 500 and 400 JSON error handlers. \n#5904\n\n\n\n\n3.7.x series\n\n\n3.7.7\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix typo to include *.mo locale files to packaging. \n#5697\n, \n#5695\n\n\n\n\n3.7.6\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd missing *.ico icon files to packaging.\n\n\n\n\n3.7.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd missing *.woff2 font files to packaging. \n#5692\n\n\nAdd missing *.mo locale files to packaging. \n#5695\n, \n#5696\n\n\n\n\n3.7.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n20th December 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSchema: Extract method for \nmanual_fields\n processing \n#5633\n\n\nAllows for easier customisation of \nmanual_fields\n processing, for example\nto provide per-method manual fields. \nAutoSchema\n adds \nget_manual_fields\n,\nas the intended override point, and a utility method \nupdate_fields\n, to\nhandle by-name field replacement from a list, which, in general, you are not\nexpected to override.\n\n\nNote: \nAutoSchema.__init__\n now ensures \nmanual_fields\n is a list.\nPreviously may have been stored internally as \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRemove ulrparse compatability shim; use six instead \n#5579\n\n\n\n\nDrop compat wrapper for \nTimeDelta.total_seconds()\n \n#5577\n\n\nClean up all whitespace throughout project \n#5578\n\n\nCompat cleanup \n#5581\n\n\nAdd pygments CSS block in browsable API views \n#5584\n \n#5587\n\n\nRemove \nset_rollback()\n from compat \n#5591\n\n\nFix request body/POST access \n#5590\n\n\nRename test to reference correct issue \n#5610\n\n\nDocumentation Fixes \n#5611\n \n#5612\n\n\nRemove references to unsupported Django versions in docs and code \n#5602\n\n\nTest Serializer exclude for declared fields \n#5599\n\n\nFixed schema generation for filter backends \n#5613\n\n\nMinor cleanup for ModelSerializer tests \n#5598\n\n\nReimplement request attribute access w/ \n__getattr__\n \n#5617\n\n\nFixed SchemaJSRenderer renders invalid Javascript \n#5607\n\n\nMake Django 2.0 support official/explicit \n#5619\n\n\nPerform type check on passed request argument \n#5618\n\n\nFix AttributeError hiding on request authenticators \n#5600\n\n\nUpdate test requirements \n#5626\n\n\nDocs: \nSerializer._declared_fields\n enable modifying fields on a serializer \n#5629\n\n\nFix packaging \n#5624\n\n\nFix readme rendering for PyPI, add readme build to CI \n#5625\n\n\nUpdate tutorial \n#5622\n\n\nNon-required fields with \nallow_null=True\n should not imply a default value \n#5639\n\n\nDocs: Add \nallow_null\n serialization output note \n#5641\n\n\nUpdate to use the Django 2.0 release in tox.ini \n#5645\n\n\nFix \nSerializer.data\n for Browsable API rendering when provided invalid \ndata\n \n#5646\n\n\nDocs: Note AutoSchema limitations on bare APIView \n#5649\n\n\nAdd \n.basename\n and \n.reverse_action()\n to ViewSet \n#5648\n\n\nDocs: Fix typos in serializers documentation \n#5652\n\n\nFix \noverride_settings\n compat \n#5668\n\n\nAdd DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS setting \n#5658\n\n\nAdd docs note re generated BooleanField being \nrequired=False\n \n#5665\n\n\nAdd 'dist' build \n#5656\n\n\nFix typo in docstring \n#5678\n\n\nDocs: Add \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER = None\n note \n#5679\n\n\nUpdate OPTIONS example from \u201cDocumenting Your API\u201d \n#5680\n\n\nDocs: Add note on object permissions for FBVs \n#5681\n\n\nDocs: Add example to \nto_representation\n docs \n#5682\n\n\nAdd link to Classy DRF in docs \n#5683\n\n\nDocument ViewSet.action \n#5685\n\n\nFix schema docs typo \n#5687\n\n\nFix URL pattern parsing in schema generation \n#5689\n\n\nAdd example using \nsource=\u2018*\u2019\n to custom field docs. \n#5688\n\n\nFix format_suffix_patterns behavior with Django 2 path() routes \n#5691\n\n\n\n\n3.7.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th November 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix \nAppRegistryNotReady\n error from contrib.auth view imports \n#5567\n\n\n\n\n3.7.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th November 2017\n\n\n\n\nFixed Django 2.1 compatibility due to removal of django.contrib.auth.login()/logout() views. \n#5510\n\n\nAdd missing import for TextLexer. \n#5512\n\n\nAdding examples and documentation for caching \n#5514\n\n\nInclude date and date-time format for schema generation \n#5511\n\n\nUse triple backticks for markdown code blocks \n#5513\n\n\nInteractive docs - make bottom sidebar items sticky \n#5516\n\n\nClarify pagination system check \n#5524\n\n\nStop JSONBoundField mangling invalid JSON \n#5527\n\n\nHave JSONField render as textarea in Browsable API \n#5530\n\n\nSchema: Exclude OPTIONS/HEAD for ViewSet actions \n#5532\n\n\nFix ordering for dotted sources \n#5533\n\n\nFix: Fields with \nallow_null=True\n should imply a default serialization value \n#5518\n\n\nEnsure Location header is strictly a 'str', not subclass. \n#5544\n\n\nAdd import to example in api-guide/parsers \n#5547\n\n\nCatch OverflowError for \"out of range\" datetimes \n#5546\n\n\nAdd djangorestframework-rapidjson to third party packages \n#5549\n\n\nIncrease test coverage for \ndrf_create_token\n command \n#5550\n\n\nAdd trove classifier for Python 3.6 support. \n#5555\n\n\nAdd pip cache support to the Travis CI configuration \n#5556\n\n\nRename [\nwheel\n] section to [\nbdist_wheel\n] as the former is legacy \n#5557\n\n\nFix invalid escape sequence deprecation warnings \n#5560\n\n\nAdd interactive docs error template \n#5548\n\n\nAdd rounding parameter to DecimalField \n#5562\n\n\nFix all BytesWarning caught during tests \n#5561\n\n\nUse dict and set literals instead of calls to dict() and set() \n#5559\n\n\nChange ImageField validation pattern, use validators from DjangoImageField \n#5539\n\n\nFix processing unicode symbols in query_string by Python 2 \n#5552\n\n\n\n\n3.7.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n16th October 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix Interactive documentation always uses false for boolean fields in requests \n#5492\n\n\nImprove compatibility with Django 2.0 alpha. \n#5500\n \n#5503\n\n\nImproved handling of schema naming collisions \n#5486\n\n\nAdded additional docs and tests around providing a default value for dotted \nsource\n fields \n#5489\n\n\n\n\n3.7.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th October 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix \nDjangoModelPermissions\n to ensure user authentication before calling the view's \nget_queryset()\n method. As a side effect, this changes the order of the HTTP method permissions and authentication checks, and 405 responses will only be returned when authenticated. If you want to replicate the old behavior, see the PR for details. \n#5376\n\n\nDeprecated \nexclude_from_schema\n on \nAPIView\n and \napi_view\n decorator. Set \nschema = None\n or \n@schema(None)\n as appropriate. \n#5422\n\n\n\n\nTimezone-aware \nDateTimeField\ns now respect active or default \ntimezone\n during serialization, instead of always using UTC. \n#5435\n\n\nResolves inconsistency whereby instances were serialised with supplied datetime for \ncreate\n but UTC for \nretrieve\n. \n#3732\n\n\nPossible backwards compatibility break\n if you were relying on datetime strings being UTC. Have client interpret datetimes or \nset default or active timezone (docs)\n to UTC if needed.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRemoved DjangoFilterBackend inline with deprecation policy. Use \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n and/or \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n instead. \n#5273\n\n\n\n\nDon't strip microseconds from \ntime\n when encoding. Makes consistent with \ndatetime\n.\n    \nBC Change\n: Previously only milliseconds were encoded. \n#5440\n\n\nAdded \nSTRICT_JSON\n setting (default \nTrue\n) to raise exception for the extended float values (\nnan\n, \ninf\n, \n-inf\n) accepted by Python's \njson\n module.\n    \nBC Change\n: Previously these values would converted to corresponding strings. Set \nSTRICT_JSON\n to \nFalse\n to restore the previous behaviour. \n#5265\n\n\nAdd support for \npage_size\n parameter in CursorPaginator class \n#5250\n\n\nMake \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n \nNone\n by default.\n    \nBC Change\n: If your were \njust\n setting \nPAGE_SIZE\n to enable pagination you will need to add \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n.\n    The previous default was \nrest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination\n. There is a system check warning to catch this case. You may silence that if you are setting pagination class on a per-view basis. \n#5170\n\n\nCatch \nAPIException\n from \nget_serializer_fields\n in schema generation. \n#5443\n\n\nAllow custom authentication and permission classes when using \ninclude_docs_urls\n \n#5448\n\n\nDefer translated string evaluation on validators. \n#5452\n\n\nAdded default value for 'detail' param into 'ValidationError' exception \n#5342\n\n\nAdjust schema get_filter_fields rules to match framework \n#5454\n\n\nUpdated test matrix to add Django 2.0 and drop Django 1.8 \n 1.9\n    \nBC Change\n: This removes Django 1.8 and Django 1.9 from Django REST Framework supported versions. \n#5457\n\n\nFixed a deprecation warning in serializers.ModelField \n#5058\n\n\nAdded a more explicit error message when \nget_queryset\n returned \nNone\n \n#5348\n\n\nFix docs for Response \ndata\n description \n#5361\n\n\nFix \npycache\n/.pyc excludes when packaging \n#5373\n\n\nFix default value handling for dotted sources \n#5375\n\n\nEnsure content_type is set when passing empty body to RequestFactory \n#5351\n\n\nFix ErrorDetail Documentation \n#5380\n\n\nAllow optional content in the generic content form \n#5372\n\n\nUpdated supported values for the NullBooleanField \n#5387\n\n\nFix ModelSerializer custom named fields with source on model \n#5388\n\n\nFixed the MultipleFieldLookupMixin documentation example to properly check for object level permission \n#5398\n\n\nUpdate get_object() example in permissions.md \n#5401\n\n\nFix authtoken management command \n#5415\n\n\nFix schema generation markdown \n#5421\n\n\nAllow \nChoiceField.choices\n to be set dynamically \n#5426\n\n\nAdd the project layout to the quickstart \n#5434\n\n\nReuse 'apply_markdown' function in 'render_markdown' templatetag \n#5469\n\n\nAdded links to \ndrf-openapi\n package in docs \n#5470\n\n\nAdded docstrings code highlighting with pygments \n#5462\n\n\nFixed documentation rendering for views named \ndata\n \n#5472\n\n\nDocs: Clarified 'to_internal_value()' validation behavior \n#5466\n\n\nFix missing six.text_type() call on APIException.\nstr\n \n#5476\n\n\nDocument documentation.py \n#5478\n\n\nFix naming collisions in Schema Generation \n#5464\n\n\nCall Django's authenticate function with the request object \n#5295\n\n\nUpdate coreapi JS to 0.1.1 \n#5479\n\n\nHave \nis_list_view\n recognise RetrieveModel\u2026 views \n#5480\n\n\nRemove Django 1.8 \n 1.9 compatibility code \n#5481\n\n\nRemove deprecated schema code from DefaultRouter \n#5482\n\n\nRefactor schema generation to allow per-view customisation.\n    \nBC Change\n: \nSchemaGenerator.get_serializer_fields\n has been refactored as \nAutoSchema.get_serializer_fields\n and drops the \nview\n argument [#5354][gh5354]\n\n\n\n\n3.6.x series\n\n\n3.6.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st August 2017\n\n\n\n\nIgnore any invalidly formed query parameters for OrderingFilter. \n#5131\n\n\nImprove memory footprint when reading large JSON requests. \n#5147\n\n\nFix schema generation for pagination. \n#5161\n\n\nFix exception when \nHTML_CUTOFF\n is set to \nNone\n. \n#5174\n\n\nFix browsable API not supporting \nmultipart/form-data\n correctly. \n#5176\n\n\nFixed \ntest_hyperlinked_related_lookup_url_encoded_exists\n. \n#5179\n\n\nMake sure max_length is in FileField kwargs. \n#5186\n\n\nFix \nlist_route\n \n \ndetail_route\n with kwargs contains curly bracket in \nurl_path\n \n#5187\n\n\nAdd Django manage command to create a DRF user Token. \n#5188\n\n\nEnsure API documentation templates do not check for user authentication \n#5162\n\n\nFix special case where OneToOneField is also primary key. \n#5192\n\n\nAdded aria-label and a new region for accessibility purposes in base.html \n#5196\n\n\nQuote nested API parameters in api.js. \n#5214\n\n\nSet ViewSet args/kwargs/request before dispatch. \n#5229\n\n\nAdded unicode support to SlugField. \n#5231\n\n\nFix HiddenField appears in Raw Data form initial content. \n#5259\n\n\nRaise validation error on invalid timezone parsing. \n#5261\n\n\nFix SearchFilter to-many behavior/performance. \n#5264\n\n\nSimplified chained comparisons and minor code fixes. \n#5276\n\n\nRemoteUserAuthentication, docs, and tests. \n#5306\n\n\nRevert \"Cached the field's root and context property\" \n#5313\n\n\nFix introspection of list field in schema. \n#5326\n\n\nFix interactive docs for multiple nested and extra methods. \n#5334\n\n\nFix/remove undefined template var \"schema\" \n#5346\n\n\n\n\n3.6.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n12th May 2017\n\n\n\n\nRaise 404 if a URL lookup results in ValidationError. (\n#5126\n)\n\n\nHonor http_method_names on class based view, when generating API schemas. (\n#5085\n)\n\n\nAllow overridden \nget_limit\n in LimitOffsetPagination to return all records. (\n#4437\n)\n\n\nFix partial update for the ListSerializer. (\n#4222\n)\n\n\nRender JSONField control correctly in browsable API. (\n#4999\n, \n#5042\n)\n\n\nRaise validation errors for invalid datetime in given timezone. (\n#4987\n)\n\n\nSupport restricting doc \n schema shortcuts to a subset of urls. (\n#4979\n)\n\n\nResolve SchemaGenerator error with paginators that have no \npage_size\n attribute. (\n#5086\n, \n#3692\n)\n\n\nResolve HyperlinkedRelatedField exception on string with %20 instead of space. (\n#4748\n, \n#5078\n)\n\n\nCustomizable schema generator classes. (\n#5082\n)\n\n\nUpdate existing vary headers in response instead of overwriting them. (\n#5047\n)\n\n\nSupport passing \n.as_view()\n to view instance. (\n#5053\n)\n\n\nUse correct exception handler when settings overridden on a view. (\n#5055\n, \n#5054\n)\n\n\nUpdate Boolean field to support 'yes' and 'no' values. (\n#5038\n)\n\n\nFix unique validator for ChoiceField. (\n#5004\n, \n#5026\n, \n#5028\n)\n\n\nJavaScript cleanups in API Docs. (\n#5001\n)\n\n\nInclude URL path regexs in API schemas where valid. (\n#5014\n)\n\n\nCorrectly set scheme in coreapi TokenAuthentication. (\n#5000\n, \n#4994\n)\n\n\nHEAD requests on ViewSets should not return 405. (\n#4705\n, \n#4973\n, \n#4864\n)\n\n\nSupport usage of 'source' in \nextra_kwargs\n. (\n#4688\n)\n\n\nFix invalid content type for schema.js (\n#4968\n)\n\n\nFix DjangoFilterBackend inheritance issues. (\n#5089\n, \n#5117\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th March 2017\n\n\n\n\nSupport for Safari \n IE in API docs. (\n#4959\n, \n#4961\n)\n\n\nAdd missing \nmark_safe\n in API docs template tags. (\n#4952\n, \n#4953\n)\n\n\nAdd missing glyphicon fonts. (\n#4950\n, \n#4951\n)\n\n\nFix One-to-one fields in API docs. (\n#4955\n, \n#4956\n)\n\n\nTest clean ups. (\n#4949\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n9th March 2017\n\n\n\n\nEnsure \nmarkdown\n dependency is optional. (\n#4947\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n9th March 2017\n\n\nSee the \nrelease announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\n3.5.x series\n\n\n3.5.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th February 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd max_length and min_length arguments for ListField. (\n#4877\n)\n\n\nAdd per-view custom exception handler support. (\n#4753\n)\n\n\nSupport disabling of declared fields on serializer subclasses. (\n#4764\n)\n\n\nSupport custom view names on \n@list_route\n and \n@detail_route\n endpoints. (\n#4821\n)\n\n\nCorrect labels for fields in login template when custom user model is used. (\n#4841\n)\n\n\nWhitespace fixes for descriptions generated from docstrings. (\n#4759\n, \n#4869\n, \n#4870\n)\n\n\nBetter error reporting when schemas are returned by views without a schema renderer. (\n#4790\n)\n\n\nFix for returned response of \nPUT\n requests when \nprefetch_related\n is used. (\n#4661\n, \n#4668\n)\n\n\nFix for breadcrumb view names. (\n#4750\n)\n\n\nFix for RequestsClient ensuring fully qualified URLs. (\n#4678\n)\n\n\nFix for incorrect behavior of writable-nested fields check in some cases. (\n#4634\n, \n#4669\n)\n\n\nResolve Django deprecation warnings. (\n#4712\n)\n\n\nVarious cleanup of test cases.\n\n\n\n\n3.5.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n7th November 2016\n\n\n\n\nDon't raise incorrect FilterSet deprecation warnings. (\n#4660\n, \n#4643\n, \n#4644\n)\n\n\nSchema generation should not raise 404 when a view permission class does. (\n#4645\n, \n#4646\n)\n\n\nAdd \nautofocus\n support for input controls. (\n#4650\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n1st November 2016\n\n\n\n\nRestore exception tracebacks in Python 2.7. (\n#4631\n, \n#4638\n)\n\n\nProperly display dicts in the admin console. (\n#4532\n, \n#4636\n)\n\n\nFix is_simple_callable with variable args, kwargs. (\n#4622\n, \n#4602\n)\n\n\nSupport 'on'/'off' literals with BooleanField. (\n#4640\n, \n#4624\n)\n\n\nEnable cursor pagination of value querysets. (\n#4569\n)\n\n\nFix support of get_full_details() for Throttled exceptions. (\n#4627\n)\n\n\nFix FilterSet proxy. (\n#4620\n)\n\n\nMake serializer fields import explicit. (\n#4628\n)\n\n\nDrop redundant requests adapter. (\n#4639\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st October 2016\n\n\n\n\nMake \nrest_framework/compat.py\n imports. (\n#4612\n, \n#4608\n, \n#4601\n)\n\n\nFix bug in schema base path generation. (\n#4611\n, \n#4605\n)\n\n\nFix broken case of ListSerializer with single item. (\n#4609\n, \n#4606\n)\n\n\nRemove bare \nraise\n for Python 3.5 compat. (\n#4600\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n20th October 2016\n\n\n\n\n3.4.x series\n\n\n3.4.7\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st September 2016\n\n\n\n\nFallback behavior for request parsing when request.POST already accessed. (\n#3951\n, \n#4500\n)\n\n\nFix regression of \nRegexField\n. (\n#4489\n, \n#4490\n, \n#2617\n)\n\n\nMissing comma in \nadmin.html\n causing CSRF error. (\n#4472\n, \n#4473\n)\n\n\nFix response rendering with empty context. (\n#4495\n)\n\n\nFix indentation regression in API listing. (\n#4493\n)\n\n\nFixed an issue where the incorrect value is set to \nResolverMatch.func_name\n of api_view decorated view. (\n#4465\n, \n#4462\n)\n\n\nFix \nAPIClient.get()\n when path contains unicode arguments (\n#4458\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.6\n\n\nDate\n: \n23rd August 2016\n\n\n\n\nFix malformed Javascript in browsable API. (\n#4435\n)\n\n\nSkip HiddenField from Schema fields. (\n#4425\n, \n#4429\n)\n\n\nImprove Create to show the original exception traceback. (\n#3508\n)\n\n\nFix \nAdminRenderer\n display of PK only related fields. (\n#4419\n, \n#4423\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n19th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nImprove debug error handling. (\n#4416\n, \n#4409\n)\n\n\nAllow custom CSRF_HEADER_NAME setting. (\n#4415\n, \n#4410\n)\n\n\nInclude .action attribute on viewsets when generating schemas. (\n#4408\n, \n#4398\n)\n\n\nDo not include request.FILES items in request.POST. (\n#4407\n)\n\n\nFix rendering of checkbox multiple. (\n#4403\n)\n\n\nFix docstring of Field.get_default. (\n#4404\n)\n\n\nReplace utf8 character with its ascii counterpart in README. (\n#4412\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n12th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nEnsure views are fully initialized when generating schemas. (\n#4373\n, \n#4382\n, \n#4383\n, \n#4279\n, \n#4278\n)\n\n\nAdd form field descriptions to schemas. (\n#4387\n)\n\n\nFix category generation for schema endpoints. (\n#4391\n, \n#4394\n, \n#4390\n, \n#4386\n, \n#4376\n, \n#4329\n)\n\n\nDon't strip empty query params when paginating. (\n#4392\n, \n#4393\n, \n#4260\n)\n\n\nDo not re-run query for empty results with LimitOffsetPagination. (\n#4201\n, \n#4388\n)\n\n\nStricter type validation for CharField. (\n#4380\n, \n#3394\n)\n\n\nRelatedField.choices should preserve non-string values. (\n#4111\n, \n#4379\n, \n#3365\n)\n\n\nTest case for rendering checkboxes in vertical form style. (\n#4378\n, \n#3868\n, \n#3868\n)\n\n\nShow error traceback HTML in browsable API (\n#4042\n, \n#4172\n)\n\n\nFix handling of ALLOWED_VERSIONS and no DEFAULT_VERSION. \n#4370\n\n\nAllow \nmax_digits=None\n on DecimalField. (\n#4377\n, \n#4372\n)\n\n\nLimit queryset when rendering relational choices. (\n#4375\n, \n#4122\n, \n#3329\n, \n#3330\n, \n#3877\n)\n\n\nResolve form display with ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField and non-string choices. (\n#4374\n, \n#4119\n, \n#4121\n, \n#4137\n, \n#4120\n)\n\n\nFix call to TemplateHTMLRenderer.resolve_context() fallback method. (\n#4371\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nInclude fallback for users of older TemplateHTMLRenderer internal API. (\n#4361\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nInclude kwargs passed to 'as_view' when generating schemas. (\n#4359\n, \n#4330\n, \n#4331\n)\n\n\nAccess \nrequest.user.is_authenticated\n as property not method, under Django 1.10+ (\n#4358\n, \n#4354\n)\n\n\nFilter HEAD out from schemas. (\n#4357\n)\n\n\nextra_kwargs takes precedence over uniqueness kwargs. (\n#4198\n, \n#4199\n, \n#4349\n)\n\n\nCorrect descriptions when tabs are used in code indentation. (\n#4345\n, \n#4347\n)*\n\n\nChange template context generation in TemplateHTMLRenderer. (\n#4236\n)\n\n\nSerializer defaults should not be included in partial updates. (\n#4346\n, \n#3565\n)\n\n\nConsistent behavior \n descriptive error from FileUploadParser when filename not included. (\n#4340\n, \n#3610\n, \n#4292\n, \n#4296\n)\n\n\nDecimalField quantizes incoming digitals. (\n#4339\n, \n#4318\n)\n\n\nHandle non-string input for IP fields. (\n#4335\n, \n#4336\n, \n#4338\n)\n\n\nFix leading slash handling when Schema generation includes a root URL. (\n#4332\n)\n\n\nTest cases for DictField with allow_null options. (\n#4348\n)\n\n\nUpdate tests from Django 1.10 beta to Django 1.10. (\n#4344\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th July 2016\n\n\n\n\nAdded \nroot_renderers\n argument to \nDefaultRouter\n. (\n#4323\n, \n#4268\n)\n\n\nAdded \nurl\n and \nschema_url\n arguments. (\n#4321\n, \n#4308\n, \n#4305\n)\n\n\nUnique together checks should apply to read-only fields which have a default. (\n#4316\n, \n#4294\n)\n\n\nSet view.format_kwarg in schema generator. (\n#4293\n, \n#4315\n)\n\n\nFix schema generator for views with \npagination_class = None\n. (\n#4314\n, \n#4289\n)\n\n\nFix schema generator for views with no \nget_serializer_class\n. (\n#4265\n, \n#4285\n)\n\n\nFixes for media type parameters in \nAccept\n and \nContent-Type\n headers. (\n#4287\n, \n#4313\n, \n#4281\n)\n\n\nUse verbose_name instead of object_name in error messages. (\n#4299\n)\n\n\nMinor version update to Twitter Bootstrap. (\n#4307\n)\n\n\nSearchFilter raises error when using with related field. (\n#4302\n, \n#4303\n, \n#4298\n)\n\n\nAdding support for RFC 4918 status codes. (\n#4291\n)\n\n\nAdd LICENSE.md to the built wheel. (\n#4270\n)\n\n\nSerializing \"complex\" field returns None instead of the value since 3.4 (\n#4272\n, \n#4273\n, \n#4288\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th July 2016\n\n\n\n\nDon't strip microseconds in JSON output. (\n#4256\n)\n\n\nTwo slightly different iso 8601 datetime serialization. (\n#4255\n)\n\n\nResolve incorrect inclusion of media type parameters. (\n#4254\n)\n\n\nResponse Content-Type potentially malformed. (\n#4253\n)\n\n\nFix setup.py error on some platforms. (\n#4246\n)\n\n\nMove alternate formats in coreapi into separate packages. (\n#4244\n)\n\n\nAdd localize keyword argument to \nDecimalField\n. (\n#4233\n)\n\n\nFix issues with routers for custom list-route and detail-routes. (\n#4229\n)\n\n\nNamespace versioning with nested namespaces. (\n#4219\n)\n\n\nRobust uniqueness checks. (\n#4217\n)\n\n\nMinor refactoring of \nmust_call_distinct\n. (\n#4215\n)\n\n\nOverridable offset cutoff in CursorPagination. (\n#4212\n)\n\n\nPass through strings as-in with date/time fields. (\n#4196\n)\n\n\nAdd test confirming that required=False is valid on a relational field. (\n#4195\n)\n\n\nIn LimitOffsetPagination \nlimit=0\n should revert to default limit. (\n#4194\n)\n\n\nExclude read_only=True fields from unique_together validation \n add docs. (\n#4192\n)\n\n\nHandle bytestrings in JSON. (\n#4191\n)\n\n\nJSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. (\n#4187\n)\n\n\nJSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. (\n#4185\n)\n\n\nMore robust form rendering in the browsable API. (\n#4181\n)\n\n\nEmpty cases of \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n as lists not dicts for ListSerializer. (\n#4180\n)\n\n\nSchemas \n client libraries. (\n#4179\n)\n\n\nRemoved \nAUTH_USER_MODEL\n compat property. (\n#4176\n)\n\n\nClean up existing deprecation warnings. (\n#4166\n)\n\n\nDjango 1.10 support. (\n#4158\n)\n\n\nUpdated jQuery version to 1.12.4. (\n#4157\n)\n\n\nMore robust default behavior on OrderingFilter. (\n#4156\n)\n\n\ndescription.py codes and tests removal. (\n#4153\n)\n\n\nWrap guardian.VERSION in tuple. (\n#4149\n)\n\n\nRefine validator for fields with \n kwargs. (\n#4146\n)\n\n\nFix None values representation in childs of ListField, DictField. (\n#4118\n)\n\n\nResolve TimeField representation for midnight value. (\n#4107\n)\n\n\nSet proper status code in AdminRenderer for the redirection after POST/DELETE requests. (\n#4106\n)\n\n\nTimeField render returns None instead of 00:00:00. (\n#4105\n)\n\n\nFix incorrectly named zh-hans and zh-hant locale path. (\n#4103\n)\n\n\nPrevent raising exception when limit is 0. (\n#4098\n)\n\n\nTokenAuthentication: Allow custom keyword in the header. (\n#4097\n)\n\n\nHandle incorrectly padded HTTP basic auth header. (\n#4090\n)\n\n\nLimitOffset pagination crashes Browseable API when limit=0. (\n#4079\n)\n\n\nFixed DecimalField arbitrary precision support. (\n#4075\n)\n\n\nAdded support for custom CSRF cookie names. (\n#4049\n)\n\n\nFix regression introduced by #4035. (\n#4041\n)\n\n\nNo auth view failing permission should raise 403. (\n#4040\n)\n\n\nFix string_types / text_types confusion. (\n#4025\n)\n\n\nDo not list related field choices in OPTIONS requests. (\n#4021\n)\n\n\nFix typo. (\n#4008\n)\n\n\nReorder initializing the view. (\n#4006\n)\n\n\nType error in DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter on Python 3.4. (\n#4005\n)\n\n\nFixed use of deprecated Query.aggregates. (\n#4003\n)\n\n\nFix blank lines around docstrings. (\n#4002\n)\n\n\nFixed admin pagination when limit is 0. (\n#3990\n)\n\n\nOrderingFilter adjustments. (\n#3983\n)\n\n\nNon-required serializer related fields. (\n#3976\n)\n\n\nUsing safer calling way of \"@api_view\" in tutorial. (\n#3971\n)\n\n\nListSerializer doesn't handle unique_together constraints. (\n#3970\n)\n\n\nAdd missing migration file. (\n#3968\n)\n\n\nOrderingFilter\n should call \nget_serializer_class()\n to determine default fields. (\n#3964\n)\n\n\nRemove old Django checks from tests and compat. (\n#3953\n)\n\n\nSupport callable as the value of \ninitial\n for any \nserializer.Field\n. (\n#3943\n)\n\n\nPrevented unnecessary distinct() call in SearchFilter. (\n#3938\n)\n\n\nFix None UUID ForeignKey serialization. (\n#3936\n)\n\n\nDrop EOL Django 1.7. (\n#3933\n)\n\n\nAdd missing space in serializer error message. (\n#3926\n)\n\n\nFixed _force_text_recursive typo. (\n#3908\n)\n\n\nAttempt to address Django 2.0 deprecate warnings related to \nfield.rel\n. (\n#3906\n)\n\n\nFix parsing multipart data using a nested serializer with list. (\n#3820\n)\n\n\nResolving APIs URL to different namespaces. (\n#3816\n)\n\n\nDo not HTML-escape \nhelp_text\n in Browsable API forms. (\n#3812\n)\n\n\nOPTIONS fetches and shows all possible foreign keys in choices field. (\n#3751\n)\n\n\nDjango 1.9 deprecation warnings (\n#3729\n)\n\n\nTest case for #3598 (\n#3710\n)\n\n\nAdding support for multiple values for search filter. (\n#3541\n)\n\n\nUse get_serializer_class in ordering filter. (\n#3487\n)\n\n\nSerializers with many=True should return empty list rather than empty dict. (\n#3476\n)\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination limit=0 fix. (\n#3444\n)\n\n\nEnable Validators to defer string evaluation and handle new string format. (\n#3438\n)\n\n\nUnique validator is executed and breaks if field is invalid. (\n#3381\n)\n\n\nDo not ignore overridden View.get_view_name() in breadcrumbs. (\n#3273\n)\n\n\nRetry form rendering when rendering with serializer fails. (\n#3164\n)\n\n\nUnique constraint prevents nested serializers from updating. (\n#2996\n)\n\n\nUniqueness validators should not be run for excluded (read_only) fields. (\n#2848\n)\n\n\nUniqueValidator raises exception for nested objects. (\n#2403\n)\n\n\nlookup_type\n is deprecated in favor of \nlookup_expr\n. (\n#4259\n)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.3.x series\n\n\n3.3.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th March 2016\n.\n\n\n\n\nRemove version string from templates. Thanks to @blag for the report and fixes. (\n#3878\n, \n#3913\n, \n#3912\n)\n\n\nFixes vertical html layout for \nBooleanField\n. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. (\n#3910\n)\n\n\nSilenced deprecation warnings on Django 1.8. Thanks to Simon Charette for the fix. (\n#3903\n)\n\n\nInternationalization for authtoken. Thanks to Michael Nacharov for the fix. (\n#3887\n, \n#3968\n)\n\n\nFix \nToken\n model as \nabstract\n when the authtoken application isn't declared. Thanks to Adam Thomas for the report. (\n#3860\n, \n#3858\n)\n\n\nImprove Markdown version compatibility. Thanks to Michael J. Schultz for the fix. (\n#3604\n, \n#3842\n)\n\n\nQueryParameterVersioning\n does not use \nDEFAULT_VERSION\n setting. Thanks to Brad Montgomery for the fix. (\n#3833\n)\n\n\nAdd an explicit \non_delete\n on the models. Thanks to Mads Jensen for the fix. (\n#3832\n)\n\n\nFix \nDateField.to_representation\n to work with Python 2 unicode. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. (\n#3819\n)\n\n\nFixed \nTimeField\n not handling string times. Thanks to Areski Belaid for the fix. (\n#3809\n)\n\n\nAvoid updates of \nMeta.extra_kwargs\n. Thanks to Kevin Massey for the report and fix. (\n#3805\n, \n#3804\n)\n\n\nFix nested validation error being rendered incorrectly. Thanks to Craig de Stigter for the fix. (\n#3801\n)\n\n\nDocument how to avoid CSRF and missing button issues with \ndjango-crispy-forms\n. Thanks to Emmanuelle Delescolle, Jos\u00e9 Padilla and Luis San Pablo for the report, analysis and fix. (\n#3787\n, \n#3636\n, \n#3637\n)\n\n\nImprove Rest Framework Settings file setup time. Thanks to Miles Hutson for the report and Mads Jensen for the fix. (\n#3786\n, \n#3815\n)\n\n\nImprove authtoken compatibility with Django 1.9. Thanks to S. Andrew Sheppard for the fix. (\n#3785\n)\n\n\nFix \nMin/MaxValueValidator\n transfer from a model's \nDecimalField\n. Thanks to Kevin Brown for the fix. (\n#3774\n)\n\n\nImprove HTML title in the Browsable API. Thanks to Mike Lissner for the report and fix. (\n#3769\n)\n\n\nFix \nAutoFilterSet\n to inherit from \ndefault_filter_set\n. Thanks to Tom Linford for the fix. (\n#3753\n)\n\n\nFix transifex config to handle the new Chinese language codes. Thanks to @nypisces for the report and fix. (\n#3739\n)\n\n\nDateTimeField\n does not handle empty values correctly. Thanks to Mick Parker for the report and fix. (\n#3731\n, \n#3726\n)\n\n\nRaise error when setting a removed rest_framework setting. Thanks to Luis San Pablo for the fix. (\n#3715\n)\n\n\nAdd missing csrf_token in AdminRenderer post form. Thanks to Piotr \u015aniegowski for the fix. (\n#3703\n)\n\n\nRefactored \n_get_reverse_relationships()\n to use correct \nto_field\n. Thanks to Benjamin Phillips for the fix. (\n#3696\n)\n\n\nDocument the use of \nget_queryset\n for \nRelatedField\n. Thanks to Ryan Hiebert for the fix. (\n#3605\n)\n\n\nFix empty pk detection in HyperlinkRelatedField.get_url. Thanks to @jslang for the fix (\n#3962\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th December 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nListField\n enforces input is a list. (\n#3513\n)\n\n\nFix regression hiding raw data form. (\n#3600\n, \n#3578\n)\n\n\nFix Python 3.5 compatibility. (\n#3534\n, \n#3626\n)\n\n\nAllow setting a custom Django Paginator in \npagination.PageNumberPagination\n. (\n#3631\n, \n#3684\n)\n\n\nFix relational fields without \nto_fields\n attribute. (\n#3635\n, \n#3634\n)\n\n\nFix \ntemplate.render\n deprecation warnings for Django 1.9. (\n#3654\n)\n\n\nSort response headers in browsable API renderer. (\n#3655\n)\n\n\nUse related_objects api for Django 1.9+. (\n#3656\n, \n#3252\n)\n\n\nAdd confirm modal when deleting. (\n#3228\n, \n#3662\n)\n\n\nReveal previously hidden AttributeErrors and TypeErrors while calling has_[object_]permissions. (\n#3668\n)\n\n\nMake DRF compatible with multi template engine in Django 1.8. (\n#3672\n)\n\n\nUpdate \nNestedBoundField\n to also handle empty string when rendering its form. (\n#3677\n)\n\n\nFix UUID validation to properly catch invalid input types. (\n#3687\n, \n#3679\n)\n\n\nFix caching issues. (\n#3628\n, \n#3701\n)\n\n\nFix Admin and API browser for views without a filter_class. (\n#3705\n, \n#3596\n, \n#3597\n)\n\n\nAdd app_name to rest_framework.urls. (\n#3714\n)\n\n\nImprove authtoken's views to support url versioning. (\n#3718\n, \n#3723\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th November 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nResolve parsing bug when accessing \nrequest.POST\n (\n#3592\n)\n\n\nCorrectly deal with \nto_field\n referring to primary key. (\n#3593\n)\n\n\nAllow filter HTML to render when no \nfilter_class\n is defined. (\n#3560\n)\n\n\nFix admin rendering issues. (\n#3564\n, \n#3556\n)\n\n\nFix issue with DecimalValidator. (\n#3568\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th October 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nHTML controls for filters. (\n#3315\n)\n\n\nForms API. (\n#3475\n)\n\n\nAJAX browsable API. (\n#3410\n)\n\n\nAdded JSONField. (\n#3454\n)\n\n\nCorrectly map \nto_field\n when creating \nModelSerializer\n relational fields. (\n#3526\n)\n\n\nInclude keyword arguments when mapping \nFilePathField\n to a serializer field. (\n#3536\n)\n\n\nMap appropriate model \nerror_messages\n on \nModelSerializer\n uniqueness constraints. (\n#3435\n)\n\n\nInclude \nmax_length\n constraint for \nModelSerializer\n fields mapped from TextField. (\n#3509\n)\n\n\nAdded support for Django 1.9. (\n#3450\n, \n#3525\n)\n\n\nRemoved support for Django 1.5 \n 1.6. (\n#3421\n, \n#3429\n)\n\n\nRemoved 'south' migrations. (\n#3495\n)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.2.x series\n\n\n3.2.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n27th October 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nEscape \nusername\n in optional logout tag. (\n#3550\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n21th September 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDon't error on missing \nViewSet.search_fields\n attribute. (\n#3324\n, \n#3323\n)\n\n\nFix \nallow_empty\n not working on serializers with \nmany=True\n. (\n#3361\n, \n#3364\n)\n\n\nLet \nDurationField\n accepts integers. (\n#3359\n)\n\n\nMulti-level dictionaries not supported in multipart requests. (\n#3314\n)\n\n\nFix \nListField\n truncation on HTTP PATCH (\n#3415\n, \n#2761\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n24th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdded \nhtml_cutoff\n and \nhtml_cutoff_text\n for limiting select dropdowns. (\n#3313\n)\n\n\nAdded regex style to \nSearchFilter\n. (\n#3316\n)\n\n\nResolve issues with setting blank HTML fields. (\n#3318\n) (\n#3321\n)\n\n\nCorrectly display existing 'select multiple' values in browsable API forms. (\n#3290\n)\n\n\nResolve duplicated validation message for \nIPAddressField\n. ([#3249\ngh3249\n) (\n#3250\n)\n\n\nFix to ensure admin renderer continues to work when pagination is disabled. (\n#3275\n)\n\n\nResolve error with \nLimitOffsetPagination\n when count=0, offset=0. (\n#3303\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n13th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \ndisplay_value()\n method for use when displaying relational field select inputs. (\n#3254\n)\n\n\nFix issue with \nBooleanField\n checkboxes incorrectly displaying as checked. (\n#3258\n)\n\n\nEnsure empty checkboxes properly set \nBooleanField\n to \nFalse\n in all cases. (\n#2776\n)\n\n\nAllow \nWSGIRequest.FILES\n property without raising incorrect deprecated error. (\n#3261\n)\n\n\nResolve issue with rendering nested serializers in forms. (\n#3260\n)\n\n\nRaise an error if user accidentally pass a serializer instance to a response, rather than data. (\n#3241\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n7th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix for relational select widgets rendering without any choices. (\n#3237\n)\n\n\nFix for \n1\n, \n0\n rendering as \ntrue\n, \nfalse\n in the admin interface. \n#3227\n)\n\n\nFix for ListFields with single value in HTML form input. (\n#3238\n)\n\n\nAllow \nrequest.FILES\n for compat with Django's \nHTTPRequest\n class. (\n#3239\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \nAdminRenderer\n. (\n#2926\n)\n\n\nAdd \nFilePathField\n. (\n#1854\n)\n\n\nAdd \nallow_empty\n to \nListField\n. (\n#2250\n)\n\n\nSupport django-guardian 1.3. (\n#3165\n)\n\n\nSupport grouped choices. (\n#3225\n)\n\n\nSupport error forms in browsable API. (\n#3024\n)\n\n\nAllow permission classes to customize the error message. (\n#2539\n)\n\n\nSupport \nsource=\nmethod\n on hyperlinked fields. (\n#2690\n)\n\n\nListField(allow_null=True)\n now allows null as the list value, not null items in the list. (\n#2766\n)\n\n\nManyToMany()\n maps to \nallow_empty=False\n, \nManyToMany(blank=True)\n maps to \nallow_empty=True\n. (\n#2804\n)\n\n\nSupport custom serialization styles for primary key fields. (\n#2789\n)\n\n\nOPTIONS\n requests support nested representations. (\n#2915\n)\n\n\nSet \nview.action == \"metadata\"\n for viewsets with \nOPTIONS\n requests. (\n#3115\n)\n\n\nSupport \nallow_blank\n on \nUUIDField\n. ([#3130][gh#3130])\n\n\nDo not display view docstrings with 401 or 403 response codes. (\n#3216\n)\n\n\nResolve Django 1.8 deprecation warnings. (\n#2886\n)\n\n\nFix for \nDecimalField\n validation. (\n#3139\n)\n\n\nFix behavior of \nallow_blank=False\n when used with \ntrim_whitespace=True\n. (\n#2712\n)\n\n\nFix issue with some field combinations incorrectly mapping to an invalid \nallow_blank\n argument. (\n#3011\n)\n\n\nFix for output representations with prefetches and modified querysets. (\n#2704\n, \n#2727\n)\n\n\nFix assertion error when CursorPagination is provided with certain invalid query parameters. (#2920)\ngh2920\n.\n\n\nFix \nUnicodeDecodeError\n when invalid characters included in header with \nTokenAuthentication\n. (\n#2928\n)\n\n\nFix transaction rollbacks with \n@non_atomic_requests\n decorator. (\n#3016\n)\n\n\nFix duplicate results issue with Oracle databases using \nSearchFilter\n. (\n#2935\n)\n\n\nFix checkbox alignment and rendering in browsable API forms. (\n#2783\n)\n\n\nFix for unsaved file objects which should use \n\"url\": null\n in the representation. (\n#2759\n)\n\n\nFix field value rendering in browsable API. (\n#2416\n)\n\n\nFix \nHStoreField\n to include \nallow_blank=True\n in \nDictField\n mapping. (\n#2659\n)\n\n\nNumerous other cleanups, improvements to error messaging, private API \n minor fixes.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.1.x series\n\n\n3.1.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th June 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \nDurationField\n. (\n#2481\n, \n#2989\n)\n\n\nAdd \nformat\n argument to \nUUIDField\n. (\n#2788\n, \n#3000\n)\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n empties incorrectly on a partial update using multipart/form-data (\n#2993\n, \n#2894\n)\n\n\nFix a bug in options related to read-only \nRelatedField\n. (\n#2981\n, \n#2811\n)\n\n\nFix nested serializers with \nunique_together\n relations. (\n#2975\n)\n\n\nAllow unexpected values for \nChoiceField\n/\nMultipleChoiceField\n representations. (\n#2839\n, \n#2940\n)\n\n\nRollback the transaction on error if \nATOMIC_REQUESTS\n is set. (\n#2887\n, \n#2034\n)\n\n\nSet the action on a view when override_method regardless of its None-ness. (\n#2933\n)\n\n\nDecimalField\n accepts \n2E+2\n as 200 and validates decimal place correctly. (\n#2948\n, \n#2947\n)\n\n\nSupport basic authentication with custom \nUserModel\n that change \nusername\n. (\n#2952\n)\n\n\nIPAddressField\n improvements. (\n#2747\n, \n#2618\n, \n#3008\n)\n\n\nImprove \nDecimalField\n for easier subclassing. (\n#2695\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n13rd May 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateField.to_representation\n can handle str and empty values. (\n#2656\n, \n#2687\n, \n#2869\n)\n\n\nUse default reason phrases from HTTP standard. (\n#2764\n, \n#2763\n)\n\n\nRaise error when \nModelSerializer\n used with abstract model. (\n#2757\n, \n#2630\n)\n\n\nHandle reversal of non-API view_name in \nHyperLinkedRelatedField\n (\n#2724\n, \n#2711\n)\n\n\nDon't require pk strictly for related fields. (\n#2745\n, \n#2754\n)\n\n\nMetadata detects null boolean field type. (\n#2762\n)\n\n\nProper handling of depth in nested serializers. (\n#2798\n)\n\n\nDisplay viewset without paginator. (\n#2807\n)\n\n\nDon't check for deprecated \n.model\n attribute in permissions (\n#2818\n)\n\n\nRestrict integer field to integers and strings. (\n#2835\n, \n#2836\n)\n\n\nImprove \nIntegerField\n to use compiled decimal regex. (\n#2853\n)\n\n\nPrevent empty \nqueryset\n to raise AssertionError. (\n#2862\n)\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissions\n rely on \nget_queryset\n. (\n#2863\n)\n\n\nCheck \nAcceptHeaderVersioning\n with content negotiation in place. (\n#2868\n)\n\n\nAllow \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n to use views that define \nget_queryset\n. (\n#2905\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n23rd March 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nSecurity fix\n: Escape tab switching cookie name in browsable API.\n\n\nDisplay input forms in browsable API if \nserializer_class\n is used, even when \nget_serializer\n method does not exist on the view. (\n#2743\n)\n\n\nUse a password input for the AuthTokenSerializer. (\n#2741\n)\n\n\nFix missing anchor closing tag after next button. (\n#2691\n)\n\n\nFix \nlookup_url_kwarg\n handling in viewsets. (\n#2685\n, \n#2591\n)\n\n\nFix problem with importing \nrest_framework.views\n in \napps.py\n (\n#2678\n)\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination raises \nTypeError\n if PAGE_SIZE not set (\n#2667\n, \n#2700\n)\n\n\nGerman translation for \nmin_value\n field error message references \nmax_value\n. (\n#2645\n)\n\n\nRemove \nMergeDict\n. (\n#2640\n)\n\n\nSupport serializing unsaved models with related fields. (\n#2637\n, \n#2641\n)\n\n\nAllow blank/null on radio.html choices. (\n#2631\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th March 2015\n.\n\n\nFor full details see the \n3.1 release announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\n3.0.x series\n\n\n3.0.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th February 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix a bug where \n_closable_objects\n breaks pickling. (\n#1850\n, \n#2492\n)\n\n\nAllow non-standard \nUser\n models with \nThrottling\n. (\n#2524\n)\n\n\nSupport custom \nUser.db_table\n in TokenAuthentication migration. (\n#2479\n)\n\n\nFix misleading \nAttributeError\n tracebacks on \nRequest\n objects. (\n#2530\n, \n#2108\n)\n\n\nManyRelatedField.get_value\n clearing field on partial update. (\n#2475\n)\n\n\nRemoved '.model' shortcut from code. (\n#2486\n)\n\n\nFix \ndetail_route\n and \nlist_route\n mutable argument. (\n#2518\n)\n\n\nPrefetching the user object when getting the token in \nTokenAuthentication\n. (\n#2519\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th January 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDjango 1.8a1 support. (\n#2425\n, \n#2446\n, \n#2441\n)\n\n\nAdd \nDictField\n and support Django 1.8 \nHStoreField\n. (\n#2451\n, \n#2106\n)\n\n\nAdd \nUUIDField\n and support Django 1.8 \nUUIDField\n. (\n#2448\n, \n#2433\n, \n#2432\n)\n\n\nBaseRenderer.render\n now raises \nNotImplementedError\n. (\n#2434\n)\n\n\nFix timedelta JSON serialization on Python 2.6. (\n#2430\n)\n\n\nResultDict\n and \nResultList\n now appear as standard dict/list. (\n#2421\n)\n\n\nFix visible \nHiddenField\n in the HTML form of the web browsable API page. (\n#2410\n)\n\n\nUse \nOrderedDict\n for \nRelatedField.choices\n. (\n#2408\n)\n\n\nFix ident format when using \nHTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR\n. (\n#2401\n)\n\n\nFix invalid key with memcached while using throttling. (\n#2400\n)\n\n\nFix \nFileUploadParser\n with version 3.x. (\n#2399\n)\n\n\nFix the serializer inheritance. (\n#2388\n)\n\n\nFix caching issues with \nReturnDict\n. (\n#2360\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n8th January 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix \nMinValueValidator\n on \nmodels.DateField\n. (\n#2369\n)\n\n\nFix serializer missing context when pagination is used. (\n#2355\n)\n\n\nNamespaced router URLs are now supported by the \nDefaultRouter\n. (\n#2351\n)\n\n\nrequired=False\n allows omission of value for output. (\n#2342\n)\n\n\nUse textarea input for \nmodels.TextField\n. (\n#2340\n)\n\n\nUse custom \nListSerializer\n for pagination if required. (\n#2331\n, \n#2327\n)\n\n\nBetter behavior with null and '' for blank HTML fields. (\n#2330\n)\n\n\nEnsure fields in \nexclude\n are model fields. (\n#2319\n)\n\n\nFix \nIntegerField\n and \nmax_length\n argument incompatibility. (\n#2317\n)\n\n\nFix the YAML encoder for 3.0 serializers. (\n#2315\n, \n#2283\n)\n\n\nFix the behavior of empty HTML fields. (\n#2311\n, \n#1101\n)\n\n\nFix Metaclass attribute depth ignoring fields attribute. (\n#2287\n)\n\n\nFix \nformat_suffix_patterns\n to work with Django's \ni18n_patterns\n. (\n#2278\n)\n\n\nAbility to customize router URLs for custom actions, using \nurl_path\n. (\n#2010\n)\n\n\nDon't install Django REST Framework as egg. (\n#2386\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n17th December 2014\n.\n\n\n\n\nEnsure \nrequest.user\n is made available to response middleware. (\n#2155\n)\n\n\nClient.logout()\n also cancels any existing \nforce_authenticate\n. (\n#2218\n, \n#2259\n)\n\n\nExtra assertions and better checks to preventing incorrect serializer API use. (\n#2228\n, \n#2234\n, \n#2262\n, \n#2263\n, \n#2266\n, \n#2267\n, \n#2289\n, \n#2291\n)\n\n\nFixed \nmin_length\n message for \nCharField\n. (\n#2255\n)\n\n\nFix \nUnicodeDecodeError\n, which can occur on serializer \nrepr\n.  (\n#2270\n, \n#2279\n)\n\n\nFix empty HTML values when a default is provided. (\n#2280\n, \n#2294\n)\n\n\nFix \nSlugRelatedField\n raising \nUnicodeEncodeError\n when used as a multiple choice input. (\n#2290\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n11th December 2014\n.\n\n\n\n\nMore helpful error message when the default Serializer \ncreate()\n fails. (\n#2013\n)\n\n\nRaise error when attempting to save serializer if data is not valid. (\n#2098\n)\n\n\nFix \nFileUploadParser\n breaks with empty file names and multiple upload handlers. (\n#2109\n)\n\n\nImprove \nBindingDict\n to support standard dict-functions. (\n#2135\n, \n#2163\n)\n\n\nAdd \nvalidate()\n to \nListSerializer\n. (\n#2168\n, \n#2225\n, \n#2232\n)\n\n\nFix JSONP renderer failing to escape some characters. (\n#2169\n, \n#2195\n)\n\n\nAdd missing default style for \nFileField\n. (\n#2172\n)\n\n\nActions are required when calling \nViewSet.as_view()\n. (\n#2175\n)\n\n\nAdd \nallow_blank\n to \nChoiceField\n. (\n#2184\n, \n#2239\n)\n\n\nCosmetic fixes in the HTML renderer. (\n#2187\n)\n\n\nRaise error if \nfields\n on serializer is not a list of strings. (\n#2193\n, \n#2213\n)\n\n\nImprove checks for nested creates and updates. (\n#2194\n, \n#2196\n)\n\n\nvalidated_attrs\n argument renamed to \nvalidated_data\n in \nSerializer\n \ncreate()\n/\nupdate()\n. (\n#2197\n)\n\n\nRemove deprecated code to reflect the dropped Django versions. (\n#2200\n)\n\n\nBetter serializer errors for nested writes. (\n#2202\n, \n#2215\n)\n\n\nFix pagination and custom permissions incompatibility. (\n#2205\n)\n\n\nRaise error if \nfields\n on serializer is not a list of strings. (\n#2213\n)\n\n\nAdd missing translation markers for relational fields. (\n#2231\n)\n\n\nImprove field lookup behavior for dicts/mappings. (\n#2244\n, \n#2243\n)\n\n\nOptimized hyperlinked PK. (\n#2242\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.0\n\n\nDate\n: 1st December 2014\n\n\nFor full details see the \n3.0 release announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor older release notes, \nplease see the version 2.x documentation\n.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/",
+            "text": "Release Notes\n\n\n\n\nRelease Early, Release Often\n\n\n\u2014 Eric S. Raymond, \nThe Cathedral and the Bazaar\n.\n\n\n\n\nVersioning\n\n\nMinor version numbers (0.0.x) are used for changes that are API compatible.  You should be able to upgrade between minor point releases without any other code changes.\n\n\nMedium version numbers (0.x.0) may include API changes, in line with the \ndeprecation policy\n.  You should read the release notes carefully before upgrading between medium point releases.\n\n\nMajor version numbers (x.0.0) are reserved for substantial project milestones.\n\n\nDeprecation policy\n\n\nREST framework releases follow a formal deprecation policy, which is in line with \nDjango's deprecation policy\n.\n\n\nThe timeline for deprecation of a feature present in version 1.0 would work as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.1 would remain \nfully backwards compatible\n with 1.0, but would raise \nPendingDeprecationWarning\n warnings if you use the feature that are due to be deprecated.  These warnings are \nsilent by default\n, but can be explicitly enabled when you're ready to start migrating any required changes.  For example if you start running your tests using \npython -Wd manage.py test\n, you'll be warned of any API changes you need to make.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.2 would escalate these warnings to \nDeprecationWarning\n, which is loud by default.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVersion 1.3 would remove the deprecated bits of API entirely.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote that in line with Django's policy, any parts of the framework not mentioned in the documentation should generally be considered private API, and may be subject to change.\n\n\nUpgrading\n\n\nTo upgrade Django REST framework to the latest version, use pip:\n\n\npip install -U djangorestframework\n\n\n\nYou can determine your currently installed version using \npip show\n:\n\n\npip show djangorestframework\n\n\n\n\n\n3.9.x series\n\n\n3.9.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n18th October 2018\n\n\n\n\nImprovements to ViewSet extra actions \n#5605\n\n\nFix \naction\n support for ViewSet suffixes \n#6081\n\n\nAllow \naction\n docs sections \n#6060\n\n\nDeprecate the \nRouter.register\n \nbase_name\n argument in favor of \nbasename\n. \n#5990\n\n\nDeprecate the \nRouter.get_default_base_name\n method in favor of \nRouter.get_default_basename\n. \n#5990\n\n\nChange \nCharField\n to disallow null bytes. \n#6073\n\n  To revert to the old behavior, subclass \nCharField\n and remove \nProhibitNullCharactersValidator\n from the validators.\n  \npython\n  class NullableCharField(serializers.CharField):\n      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n          super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n          self.validators = [v for v in self.validators if not isinstance(v, ProhibitNullCharactersValidator)]\n\n\nAdd \nOpenAPIRenderer\n and \ngenerate_schema\n management command. \n#6229\n\n\nAdd OpenAPIRenderer by default, and add schema docs. \n#6233\n\n\nAllow permissions to be composed \n#5753\n\n\nAllow nullable BooleanField in Django 2.1 \n#6183\n\n\nAdd testing of Python 3.7 support \n#6141\n\n\nTest using Django 2.1 final release. \n#6109\n\n\nAdded djangorestframework-datatables to third-party packages \n#5931\n\n\nChange ISO 8601 date format to exclude year/month \n#5936\n\n\nUpdate all pypi.python.org URLs to pypi.org \n#5942\n\n\nEnsure that html forms (multipart form data) respect optional fields \n#5927\n\n\nAllow hashing of ErrorDetail. \n#5932\n\n\nCorrect schema parsing for JSONField \n#5878\n\n\nRender descriptions (from help_text) using safe \n#5869\n\n\nRemoved input value from deault_error_message \n#5881\n\n\nAdded min_value/max_value support in DurationField \n#5643\n\n\nFixed instance being overwritten in pk-only optimization try/except block \n#5747\n\n\nFixed AttributeError from items filter when value is None \n#5981\n\n\nFixed Javascript \ne.indexOf\n is not a function error \n#5982\n\n\nFix schemas for extra actions \n#5992\n\n\nImproved get_error_detail to use error_dict/error_list \n#5785\n\n\nImprvied URLs in Admin renderer \n#5988\n\n\nAdd \"Community\" section to docs, minor cleanup \n#5993\n\n\nMoved guardian imports out of compat \n#6054\n\n\nDeprecate the \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class, moved to the \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n package. \n#6075\n\n\nDrop Django 1.10 support \n#5657\n\n\nOnly catch TypeError/ValueError for object lookups \n#6028\n\n\nHandle models without .objects manager in ModelSerializer. \n#6111\n\n\nImprove ModelSerializer.create() error message. \n#6112\n\n\nFix CSRF cookie check failure when using session auth with django 1.11.6+ \n#6113\n\n\nUpdated JWT docs. \n#6138\n\n\nFix autoescape not getting passed to urlize_quoted_links filter \n#6191\n\n\n\n\n3.8.x series\n\n\n3.8.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th April 2018\n\n\n\n\nFix \nread_only\n + \ndefault\n \nunique_together\n validation. \n#5922\n\n\nauthtoken.views import coreapi from rest_framework.compat, not directly. \n#5921\n\n\nDocs: Add missing argument 'detail' to Route \n#5920\n\n\n\n\n3.8.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th April 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUse old \nurl_name\n behavior in route decorators \n#5915\n\n\nFor \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n maintain the old behavior of \nurl_name\n,\nbasing it on the \nurl_path\n instead of the function name.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.8.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n3rd April 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBreaking Change\n: Alter \nread_only\n plus \ndefault\n behaviour. \n#5886\n\n\nread_only\n fields will now \nalways\n be excluded from writable fields.\n\n\nPreviously \nread_only\n fields with a \ndefault\n value would use the \ndefault\n for create and update operations.\n\n\nIn order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of \nread_only\n fields when calling \nsave()\n in\nthe view:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nAlternatively you may override \nsave()\n or \ncreate()\n or \nupdate()\n on the serialiser as appropriate.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCorrect allow_null behaviour when required=False \n#5888\n\n\nWithout an explicit \ndefault\n, \nallow_null\n implies a default of \nnull\n for outgoing serialisation. Previously such\nfields were being skipped when read-only or otherwise not required.\n\n\nPossible backwards compatibility break\n if you were relying on such fields being excluded from the outgoing\nrepresentation. In order to restore the old behaviour you can override \ndata\n to exclude the field when \nNone\n.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\n@property\ndef data(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Drop `maybe_none` field if None.\n    \"\"\"\n    data = super().data\n    if 'maybe_none' in data and data['maybe_none'] is None:\n        del data['maybe_none']\n    return data\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRefactor dynamic route generation and improve viewset action introspectibility. \n#5705\n\n\nViewSet\ns have been provided with new attributes and methods that allow\nit to introspect its set of actions and the details of the current action.\n\n\n\n\nMerged \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n into a single \naction\n decorator.\n\n\nGet all extra actions on a \nViewSet\n with \n.get_extra_actions()\n.\n\n\nExtra actions now set the \nurl_name\n and \nurl_path\n on the decorated method.\n\n\nurl_name\n is now based on the function name, instead of the \nurl_path\n,\n  as the path is not always suitable (e.g., capturing arguments in the path).\n\n\nEnable action url reversing through \n.reverse_action()\n method (added in 3.7.4)\n\n\nExample reverse call: \nself.reverse_action(self.custom_action.url_name)\n\n\nAdd \ndetail\n initkwarg to indicate if the current action is operating on a\n  collection or a single instance.\n\n\n\n\nAdditional changes:\n\n\n\n\nDeprecated \nlist_route\n & \ndetail_route\n in favor of \naction\n decorator with \ndetail\n boolean.\n\n\nDeprecated dynamic list/detail route variants in favor of \nDynamicRoute\n with \ndetail\n boolean.\n\n\nRefactored the router's dynamic route generation.\n\n\nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n maintain the old behavior of \nurl_name\n,\n  basing it on the \nurl_path\n instead of the function name.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFix formatting of the 3.7.4 release note \n#5704\n\n\n\n\nDocs: Update DRF Writable Nested Serializers references \n#5711\n\n\nDocs: Fixed typo in auth URLs example. \n#5713\n\n\nImprove composite field child errors \n#5655\n\n\nDisable HTML inputs for dict/list fields \n#5702\n\n\nFix typo in HostNameVersioning doc \n#5709\n\n\nUse rsplit to get module and classname for imports \n#5712\n\n\nFormalize URLPatternsTestCase \n#5703\n\n\nAdd exception translation test \n#5700\n\n\nTest staticfiles \n#5701\n\n\nAdd drf-yasg to documentation and schema 3rd party packages \n#5720\n\n\nRemove unused \ncompat._resolve_model()\n \n#5733\n\n\nDrop compat workaround for unsupported Python 3.2 \n#5734\n\n\nPrefer \niter(dict)\n over \niter(dict.keys())\n \n#5736\n\n\nPass \npython_requires\n argument to setuptools \n#5739\n\n\nRemove unused links from docs \n#5735\n\n\nPrefer https protocol for links in docs when available \n#5729\n\n\nAdd HStoreField, postgres fields tests \n#5654\n\n\nAlways fully qualify ValidationError in docs \n#5751\n\n\nRemove unreachable code from ManualSchema \n#5766\n\n\nAllowed customising API documentation code samples \n#5752\n\n\nUpdated docs to use \npip show\n \n#5757\n\n\nLoad 'static' instead of 'staticfiles' in templates \n#5773\n\n\nFixed a typo in \nfields\n docs \n#5783\n\n\nRefer to \"NamespaceVersioning\" instead of \"NamespacedVersioning\" in the documentation \n#5754\n\n\nErrorDetail: add \n__eq__\n/\n__ne__\n and \n__repr__\n \n#5787\n\n\nReplace \nbackground-attachment: fixed\n in docs \n#5777\n\n\nMake 404 & 403 responses consistent with \nexceptions.APIException\n output \n#5763\n\n\nSmall fix to API documentation: schemas \n#5796\n\n\nFix schema generation for PrimaryKeyRelatedField \n#5764\n\n\nRepresent serializer DictField as an Object in schema \n#5765\n\n\nAdded docs example reimplementing ObtainAuthToken \n#5802\n\n\nAdd schema to the ObtainAuthToken view \n#5676\n\n\nFix request formdata handling \n#5800\n\n\nFix authtoken views imports \n#5818\n\n\nUpdate pytest, isort \n#5815\n \n#5817\n \n#5894\n\n\nFixed active timezone handling for non ISO8601 datetimes. \n#5833\n\n\nMade TemplateHTMLRenderer render IntegerField inputs when value is \n0\n. \n#5834\n\n\nCorrected endpoint in tutorial instructions \n#5835\n\n\nAdd Django Rest Framework Role Filters to Third party packages \n#5809\n\n\nUse single copy of static assets. Update jQuery \n#5823\n\n\nChanges ternary conditionals to be PEP308 compliant \n#5827\n\n\nAdded links to 'A Todo List API with React' and 'Blog API' tutorials \n#5837\n\n\nFix comment typo in ModelSerializer \n#5844\n\n\nAdd admin to installed apps to avoid test failures. \n#5870\n\n\nFixed schema for UUIDField in SimpleMetadata. \n#5872\n\n\nCorrected docs on router include with namespaces. \n#5843\n\n\nTest using model objects for dotted source default \n#5880\n\n\nAllow traversing nullable related fields \n#5849\n\n\nAdded: Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0) \n#5891\n\n\nAdd \nLimitOffsetPagination.get_count\n to allow method override \n#5846\n\n\nDon't show hidden fields in metadata \n#5854\n\n\nEnable OrderingFilter to handle an empty tuple (or list) for the 'ordering' field. \n#5899\n\n\nAdded generic 500 and 400 JSON error handlers. \n#5904\n\n\n\n\n3.7.x series\n\n\n3.7.7\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix typo to include *.mo locale files to packaging. \n#5697\n, \n#5695\n\n\n\n\n3.7.6\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd missing *.ico icon files to packaging.\n\n\n\n\n3.7.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st December 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd missing *.woff2 font files to packaging. \n#5692\n\n\nAdd missing *.mo locale files to packaging. \n#5695\n, \n#5696\n\n\n\n\n3.7.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n20th December 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSchema: Extract method for \nmanual_fields\n processing \n#5633\n\n\nAllows for easier customisation of \nmanual_fields\n processing, for example\nto provide per-method manual fields. \nAutoSchema\n adds \nget_manual_fields\n,\nas the intended override point, and a utility method \nupdate_fields\n, to\nhandle by-name field replacement from a list, which, in general, you are not\nexpected to override.\n\n\nNote: \nAutoSchema.__init__\n now ensures \nmanual_fields\n is a list.\nPreviously may have been stored internally as \nNone\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRemove ulrparse compatability shim; use six instead \n#5579\n\n\n\n\nDrop compat wrapper for \nTimeDelta.total_seconds()\n \n#5577\n\n\nClean up all whitespace throughout project \n#5578\n\n\nCompat cleanup \n#5581\n\n\nAdd pygments CSS block in browsable API views \n#5584\n \n#5587\n\n\nRemove \nset_rollback()\n from compat \n#5591\n\n\nFix request body/POST access \n#5590\n\n\nRename test to reference correct issue \n#5610\n\n\nDocumentation Fixes \n#5611\n \n#5612\n\n\nRemove references to unsupported Django versions in docs and code \n#5602\n\n\nTest Serializer exclude for declared fields \n#5599\n\n\nFixed schema generation for filter backends \n#5613\n\n\nMinor cleanup for ModelSerializer tests \n#5598\n\n\nReimplement request attribute access w/ \n__getattr__\n \n#5617\n\n\nFixed SchemaJSRenderer renders invalid Javascript \n#5607\n\n\nMake Django 2.0 support official/explicit \n#5619\n\n\nPerform type check on passed request argument \n#5618\n\n\nFix AttributeError hiding on request authenticators \n#5600\n\n\nUpdate test requirements \n#5626\n\n\nDocs: \nSerializer._declared_fields\n enable modifying fields on a serializer \n#5629\n\n\nFix packaging \n#5624\n\n\nFix readme rendering for PyPI, add readme build to CI \n#5625\n\n\nUpdate tutorial \n#5622\n\n\nNon-required fields with \nallow_null=True\n should not imply a default value \n#5639\n\n\nDocs: Add \nallow_null\n serialization output note \n#5641\n\n\nUpdate to use the Django 2.0 release in tox.ini \n#5645\n\n\nFix \nSerializer.data\n for Browsable API rendering when provided invalid \ndata\n \n#5646\n\n\nDocs: Note AutoSchema limitations on bare APIView \n#5649\n\n\nAdd \n.basename\n and \n.reverse_action()\n to ViewSet \n#5648\n\n\nDocs: Fix typos in serializers documentation \n#5652\n\n\nFix \noverride_settings\n compat \n#5668\n\n\nAdd DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS setting \n#5658\n\n\nAdd docs note re generated BooleanField being \nrequired=False\n \n#5665\n\n\nAdd 'dist' build \n#5656\n\n\nFix typo in docstring \n#5678\n\n\nDocs: Add \nUNAUTHENTICATED_USER = None\n note \n#5679\n\n\nUpdate OPTIONS example from \u201cDocumenting Your API\u201d \n#5680\n\n\nDocs: Add note on object permissions for FBVs \n#5681\n\n\nDocs: Add example to \nto_representation\n docs \n#5682\n\n\nAdd link to Classy DRF in docs \n#5683\n\n\nDocument ViewSet.action \n#5685\n\n\nFix schema docs typo \n#5687\n\n\nFix URL pattern parsing in schema generation \n#5689\n\n\nAdd example using \nsource=\u2018*\u2019\n to custom field docs. \n#5688\n\n\nFix format_suffix_patterns behavior with Django 2 path() routes \n#5691\n\n\n\n\n3.7.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th November 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix \nAppRegistryNotReady\n error from contrib.auth view imports \n#5567\n\n\n\n\n3.7.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th November 2017\n\n\n\n\nFixed Django 2.1 compatibility due to removal of django.contrib.auth.login()/logout() views. \n#5510\n\n\nAdd missing import for TextLexer. \n#5512\n\n\nAdding examples and documentation for caching \n#5514\n\n\nInclude date and date-time format for schema generation \n#5511\n\n\nUse triple backticks for markdown code blocks \n#5513\n\n\nInteractive docs - make bottom sidebar items sticky \n#5516\n\n\nClarify pagination system check \n#5524\n\n\nStop JSONBoundField mangling invalid JSON \n#5527\n\n\nHave JSONField render as textarea in Browsable API \n#5530\n\n\nSchema: Exclude OPTIONS/HEAD for ViewSet actions \n#5532\n\n\nFix ordering for dotted sources \n#5533\n\n\nFix: Fields with \nallow_null=True\n should imply a default serialization value \n#5518\n\n\nEnsure Location header is strictly a 'str', not subclass. \n#5544\n\n\nAdd import to example in api-guide/parsers \n#5547\n\n\nCatch OverflowError for \"out of range\" datetimes \n#5546\n\n\nAdd djangorestframework-rapidjson to third party packages \n#5549\n\n\nIncrease test coverage for \ndrf_create_token\n command \n#5550\n\n\nAdd trove classifier for Python 3.6 support. \n#5555\n\n\nAdd pip cache support to the Travis CI configuration \n#5556\n\n\nRename [\nwheel\n] section to [\nbdist_wheel\n] as the former is legacy \n#5557\n\n\nFix invalid escape sequence deprecation warnings \n#5560\n\n\nAdd interactive docs error template \n#5548\n\n\nAdd rounding parameter to DecimalField \n#5562\n\n\nFix all BytesWarning caught during tests \n#5561\n\n\nUse dict and set literals instead of calls to dict() and set() \n#5559\n\n\nChange ImageField validation pattern, use validators from DjangoImageField \n#5539\n\n\nFix processing unicode symbols in query_string by Python 2 \n#5552\n\n\n\n\n3.7.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n16th October 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix Interactive documentation always uses false for boolean fields in requests \n#5492\n\n\nImprove compatibility with Django 2.0 alpha. \n#5500\n \n#5503\n\n\nImproved handling of schema naming collisions \n#5486\n\n\nAdded additional docs and tests around providing a default value for dotted \nsource\n fields \n#5489\n\n\n\n\n3.7.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th October 2017\n\n\n\n\nFix \nDjangoModelPermissions\n to ensure user authentication before calling the view's \nget_queryset()\n method. As a side effect, this changes the order of the HTTP method permissions and authentication checks, and 405 responses will only be returned when authenticated. If you want to replicate the old behavior, see the PR for details. \n#5376\n\n\nDeprecated \nexclude_from_schema\n on \nAPIView\n and \napi_view\n decorator. Set \nschema = None\n or \n@schema(None)\n as appropriate. \n#5422\n\n\n\n\nTimezone-aware \nDateTimeField\ns now respect active or default \ntimezone\n during serialization, instead of always using UTC. \n#5435\n\n\nResolves inconsistency whereby instances were serialised with supplied datetime for \ncreate\n but UTC for \nretrieve\n. \n#3732\n\n\nPossible backwards compatibility break\n if you were relying on datetime strings being UTC. Have client interpret datetimes or \nset default or active timezone (docs)\n to UTC if needed.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRemoved DjangoFilterBackend inline with deprecation policy. Use \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n and/or \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n instead. \n#5273\n\n\n\n\nDon't strip microseconds from \ntime\n when encoding. Makes consistent with \ndatetime\n.\n    \nBC Change\n: Previously only milliseconds were encoded. \n#5440\n\n\nAdded \nSTRICT_JSON\n setting (default \nTrue\n) to raise exception for the extended float values (\nnan\n, \ninf\n, \n-inf\n) accepted by Python's \njson\n module.\n    \nBC Change\n: Previously these values would converted to corresponding strings. Set \nSTRICT_JSON\n to \nFalse\n to restore the previous behaviour. \n#5265\n\n\nAdd support for \npage_size\n parameter in CursorPaginator class \n#5250\n\n\nMake \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n \nNone\n by default.\n    \nBC Change\n: If your were \njust\n setting \nPAGE_SIZE\n to enable pagination you will need to add \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS\n.\n    The previous default was \nrest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination\n. There is a system check warning to catch this case. You may silence that if you are setting pagination class on a per-view basis. \n#5170\n\n\nCatch \nAPIException\n from \nget_serializer_fields\n in schema generation. \n#5443\n\n\nAllow custom authentication and permission classes when using \ninclude_docs_urls\n \n#5448\n\n\nDefer translated string evaluation on validators. \n#5452\n\n\nAdded default value for 'detail' param into 'ValidationError' exception \n#5342\n\n\nAdjust schema get_filter_fields rules to match framework \n#5454\n\n\nUpdated test matrix to add Django 2.0 and drop Django 1.8 & 1.9\n    \nBC Change\n: This removes Django 1.8 and Django 1.9 from Django REST Framework supported versions. \n#5457\n\n\nFixed a deprecation warning in serializers.ModelField \n#5058\n\n\nAdded a more explicit error message when \nget_queryset\n returned \nNone\n \n#5348\n\n\nFix docs for Response \ndata\n description \n#5361\n\n\nFix \npycache\n/.pyc excludes when packaging \n#5373\n\n\nFix default value handling for dotted sources \n#5375\n\n\nEnsure content_type is set when passing empty body to RequestFactory \n#5351\n\n\nFix ErrorDetail Documentation \n#5380\n\n\nAllow optional content in the generic content form \n#5372\n\n\nUpdated supported values for the NullBooleanField \n#5387\n\n\nFix ModelSerializer custom named fields with source on model \n#5388\n\n\nFixed the MultipleFieldLookupMixin documentation example to properly check for object level permission \n#5398\n\n\nUpdate get_object() example in permissions.md \n#5401\n\n\nFix authtoken management command \n#5415\n\n\nFix schema generation markdown \n#5421\n\n\nAllow \nChoiceField.choices\n to be set dynamically \n#5426\n\n\nAdd the project layout to the quickstart \n#5434\n\n\nReuse 'apply_markdown' function in 'render_markdown' templatetag \n#5469\n\n\nAdded links to \ndrf-openapi\n package in docs \n#5470\n\n\nAdded docstrings code highlighting with pygments \n#5462\n\n\nFixed documentation rendering for views named \ndata\n \n#5472\n\n\nDocs: Clarified 'to_internal_value()' validation behavior \n#5466\n\n\nFix missing six.text_type() call on APIException.\nstr\n \n#5476\n\n\nDocument documentation.py \n#5478\n\n\nFix naming collisions in Schema Generation \n#5464\n\n\nCall Django's authenticate function with the request object \n#5295\n\n\nUpdate coreapi JS to 0.1.1 \n#5479\n\n\nHave \nis_list_view\n recognise RetrieveModel\u2026 views \n#5480\n\n\nRemove Django 1.8 & 1.9 compatibility code \n#5481\n\n\nRemove deprecated schema code from DefaultRouter \n#5482\n\n\nRefactor schema generation to allow per-view customisation.\n    \nBC Change\n: \nSchemaGenerator.get_serializer_fields\n has been refactored as \nAutoSchema.get_serializer_fields\n and drops the \nview\n argument [#5354][gh5354]\n\n\n\n\n3.6.x series\n\n\n3.6.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st August 2017\n\n\n\n\nIgnore any invalidly formed query parameters for OrderingFilter. \n#5131\n\n\nImprove memory footprint when reading large JSON requests. \n#5147\n\n\nFix schema generation for pagination. \n#5161\n\n\nFix exception when \nHTML_CUTOFF\n is set to \nNone\n. \n#5174\n\n\nFix browsable API not supporting \nmultipart/form-data\n correctly. \n#5176\n\n\nFixed \ntest_hyperlinked_related_lookup_url_encoded_exists\n. \n#5179\n\n\nMake sure max_length is in FileField kwargs. \n#5186\n\n\nFix \nlist_route\n & \ndetail_route\n with kwargs contains curly bracket in \nurl_path\n \n#5187\n\n\nAdd Django manage command to create a DRF user Token. \n#5188\n\n\nEnsure API documentation templates do not check for user authentication \n#5162\n\n\nFix special case where OneToOneField is also primary key. \n#5192\n\n\nAdded aria-label and a new region for accessibility purposes in base.html \n#5196\n\n\nQuote nested API parameters in api.js. \n#5214\n\n\nSet ViewSet args/kwargs/request before dispatch. \n#5229\n\n\nAdded unicode support to SlugField. \n#5231\n\n\nFix HiddenField appears in Raw Data form initial content. \n#5259\n\n\nRaise validation error on invalid timezone parsing. \n#5261\n\n\nFix SearchFilter to-many behavior/performance. \n#5264\n\n\nSimplified chained comparisons and minor code fixes. \n#5276\n\n\nRemoteUserAuthentication, docs, and tests. \n#5306\n\n\nRevert \"Cached the field's root and context property\" \n#5313\n\n\nFix introspection of list field in schema. \n#5326\n\n\nFix interactive docs for multiple nested and extra methods. \n#5334\n\n\nFix/remove undefined template var \"schema\" \n#5346\n\n\n\n\n3.6.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n12th May 2017\n\n\n\n\nRaise 404 if a URL lookup results in ValidationError. (\n#5126\n)\n\n\nHonor http_method_names on class based view, when generating API schemas. (\n#5085\n)\n\n\nAllow overridden \nget_limit\n in LimitOffsetPagination to return all records. (\n#4437\n)\n\n\nFix partial update for the ListSerializer. (\n#4222\n)\n\n\nRender JSONField control correctly in browsable API. (\n#4999\n, \n#5042\n)\n\n\nRaise validation errors for invalid datetime in given timezone. (\n#4987\n)\n\n\nSupport restricting doc & schema shortcuts to a subset of urls. (\n#4979\n)\n\n\nResolve SchemaGenerator error with paginators that have no \npage_size\n attribute. (\n#5086\n, \n#3692\n)\n\n\nResolve HyperlinkedRelatedField exception on string with %20 instead of space. (\n#4748\n, \n#5078\n)\n\n\nCustomizable schema generator classes. (\n#5082\n)\n\n\nUpdate existing vary headers in response instead of overwriting them. (\n#5047\n)\n\n\nSupport passing \n.as_view()\n to view instance. (\n#5053\n)\n\n\nUse correct exception handler when settings overridden on a view. (\n#5055\n, \n#5054\n)\n\n\nUpdate Boolean field to support 'yes' and 'no' values. (\n#5038\n)\n\n\nFix unique validator for ChoiceField. (\n#5004\n, \n#5026\n, \n#5028\n)\n\n\nJavaScript cleanups in API Docs. (\n#5001\n)\n\n\nInclude URL path regexs in API schemas where valid. (\n#5014\n)\n\n\nCorrectly set scheme in coreapi TokenAuthentication. (\n#5000\n, \n#4994\n)\n\n\nHEAD requests on ViewSets should not return 405. (\n#4705\n, \n#4973\n, \n#4864\n)\n\n\nSupport usage of 'source' in \nextra_kwargs\n. (\n#4688\n)\n\n\nFix invalid content type for schema.js (\n#4968\n)\n\n\nFix DjangoFilterBackend inheritance issues. (\n#5089\n, \n#5117\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th March 2017\n\n\n\n\nSupport for Safari & IE in API docs. (\n#4959\n, \n#4961\n)\n\n\nAdd missing \nmark_safe\n in API docs template tags. (\n#4952\n, \n#4953\n)\n\n\nAdd missing glyphicon fonts. (\n#4950\n, \n#4951\n)\n\n\nFix One-to-one fields in API docs. (\n#4955\n, \n#4956\n)\n\n\nTest clean ups. (\n#4949\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n9th March 2017\n\n\n\n\nEnsure \nmarkdown\n dependency is optional. (\n#4947\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.6.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n9th March 2017\n\n\nSee the \nrelease announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\n3.5.x series\n\n\n3.5.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th February 2017\n\n\n\n\nAdd max_length and min_length arguments for ListField. (\n#4877\n)\n\n\nAdd per-view custom exception handler support. (\n#4753\n)\n\n\nSupport disabling of declared fields on serializer subclasses. (\n#4764\n)\n\n\nSupport custom view names on \n@list_route\n and \n@detail_route\n endpoints. (\n#4821\n)\n\n\nCorrect labels for fields in login template when custom user model is used. (\n#4841\n)\n\n\nWhitespace fixes for descriptions generated from docstrings. (\n#4759\n, \n#4869\n, \n#4870\n)\n\n\nBetter error reporting when schemas are returned by views without a schema renderer. (\n#4790\n)\n\n\nFix for returned response of \nPUT\n requests when \nprefetch_related\n is used. (\n#4661\n, \n#4668\n)\n\n\nFix for breadcrumb view names. (\n#4750\n)\n\n\nFix for RequestsClient ensuring fully qualified URLs. (\n#4678\n)\n\n\nFix for incorrect behavior of writable-nested fields check in some cases. (\n#4634\n, \n#4669\n)\n\n\nResolve Django deprecation warnings. (\n#4712\n)\n\n\nVarious cleanup of test cases.\n\n\n\n\n3.5.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n7th November 2016\n\n\n\n\nDon't raise incorrect FilterSet deprecation warnings. (\n#4660\n, \n#4643\n, \n#4644\n)\n\n\nSchema generation should not raise 404 when a view permission class does. (\n#4645\n, \n#4646\n)\n\n\nAdd \nautofocus\n support for input controls. (\n#4650\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n1st November 2016\n\n\n\n\nRestore exception tracebacks in Python 2.7. (\n#4631\n, \n#4638\n)\n\n\nProperly display dicts in the admin console. (\n#4532\n, \n#4636\n)\n\n\nFix is_simple_callable with variable args, kwargs. (\n#4622\n, \n#4602\n)\n\n\nSupport 'on'/'off' literals with BooleanField. (\n#4640\n, \n#4624\n)\n\n\nEnable cursor pagination of value querysets. (\n#4569\n)\n\n\nFix support of get_full_details() for Throttled exceptions. (\n#4627\n)\n\n\nFix FilterSet proxy. (\n#4620\n)\n\n\nMake serializer fields import explicit. (\n#4628\n)\n\n\nDrop redundant requests adapter. (\n#4639\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st October 2016\n\n\n\n\nMake \nrest_framework/compat.py\n imports. (\n#4612\n, \n#4608\n, \n#4601\n)\n\n\nFix bug in schema base path generation. (\n#4611\n, \n#4605\n)\n\n\nFix broken case of ListSerializer with single item. (\n#4609\n, \n#4606\n)\n\n\nRemove bare \nraise\n for Python 3.5 compat. (\n#4600\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.5.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n20th October 2016\n\n\n\n\n3.4.x series\n\n\n3.4.7\n\n\nDate\n: \n21st September 2016\n\n\n\n\nFallback behavior for request parsing when request.POST already accessed. (\n#3951\n, \n#4500\n)\n\n\nFix regression of \nRegexField\n. (\n#4489\n, \n#4490\n, \n#2617\n)\n\n\nMissing comma in \nadmin.html\n causing CSRF error. (\n#4472\n, \n#4473\n)\n\n\nFix response rendering with empty context. (\n#4495\n)\n\n\nFix indentation regression in API listing. (\n#4493\n)\n\n\nFixed an issue where the incorrect value is set to \nResolverMatch.func_name\n of api_view decorated view. (\n#4465\n, \n#4462\n)\n\n\nFix \nAPIClient.get()\n when path contains unicode arguments (\n#4458\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.6\n\n\nDate\n: \n23rd August 2016\n\n\n\n\nFix malformed Javascript in browsable API. (\n#4435\n)\n\n\nSkip HiddenField from Schema fields. (\n#4425\n, \n#4429\n)\n\n\nImprove Create to show the original exception traceback. (\n#3508\n)\n\n\nFix \nAdminRenderer\n display of PK only related fields. (\n#4419\n, \n#4423\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n19th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nImprove debug error handling. (\n#4416\n, \n#4409\n)\n\n\nAllow custom CSRF_HEADER_NAME setting. (\n#4415\n, \n#4410\n)\n\n\nInclude .action attribute on viewsets when generating schemas. (\n#4408\n, \n#4398\n)\n\n\nDo not include request.FILES items in request.POST. (\n#4407\n)\n\n\nFix rendering of checkbox multiple. (\n#4403\n)\n\n\nFix docstring of Field.get_default. (\n#4404\n)\n\n\nReplace utf8 character with its ascii counterpart in README. (\n#4412\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n12th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nEnsure views are fully initialized when generating schemas. (\n#4373\n, \n#4382\n, \n#4383\n, \n#4279\n, \n#4278\n)\n\n\nAdd form field descriptions to schemas. (\n#4387\n)\n\n\nFix category generation for schema endpoints. (\n#4391\n, \n#4394\n, \n#4390\n, \n#4386\n, \n#4376\n, \n#4329\n)\n\n\nDon't strip empty query params when paginating. (\n#4392\n, \n#4393\n, \n#4260\n)\n\n\nDo not re-run query for empty results with LimitOffsetPagination. (\n#4201\n, \n#4388\n)\n\n\nStricter type validation for CharField. (\n#4380\n, \n#3394\n)\n\n\nRelatedField.choices should preserve non-string values. (\n#4111\n, \n#4379\n, \n#3365\n)\n\n\nTest case for rendering checkboxes in vertical form style. (\n#4378\n, \n#3868\n, \n#3868\n)\n\n\nShow error traceback HTML in browsable API (\n#4042\n, \n#4172\n)\n\n\nFix handling of ALLOWED_VERSIONS and no DEFAULT_VERSION. \n#4370\n\n\nAllow \nmax_digits=None\n on DecimalField. (\n#4377\n, \n#4372\n)\n\n\nLimit queryset when rendering relational choices. (\n#4375\n, \n#4122\n, \n#3329\n, \n#3330\n, \n#3877\n)\n\n\nResolve form display with ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField and non-string choices. (\n#4374\n, \n#4119\n, \n#4121\n, \n#4137\n, \n#4120\n)\n\n\nFix call to TemplateHTMLRenderer.resolve_context() fallback method. (\n#4371\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nInclude fallback for users of older TemplateHTMLRenderer internal API. (\n#4361\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th August 2016\n\n\n\n\nInclude kwargs passed to 'as_view' when generating schemas. (\n#4359\n, \n#4330\n, \n#4331\n)\n\n\nAccess \nrequest.user.is_authenticated\n as property not method, under Django 1.10+ (\n#4358\n, \n#4354\n)\n\n\nFilter HEAD out from schemas. (\n#4357\n)\n\n\nextra_kwargs takes precedence over uniqueness kwargs. (\n#4198\n, \n#4199\n, \n#4349\n)\n\n\nCorrect descriptions when tabs are used in code indentation. (\n#4345\n, \n#4347\n)*\n\n\nChange template context generation in TemplateHTMLRenderer. (\n#4236\n)\n\n\nSerializer defaults should not be included in partial updates. (\n#4346\n, \n#3565\n)\n\n\nConsistent behavior & descriptive error from FileUploadParser when filename not included. (\n#4340\n, \n#3610\n, \n#4292\n, \n#4296\n)\n\n\nDecimalField quantizes incoming digitals. (\n#4339\n, \n#4318\n)\n\n\nHandle non-string input for IP fields. (\n#4335\n, \n#4336\n, \n#4338\n)\n\n\nFix leading slash handling when Schema generation includes a root URL. (\n#4332\n)\n\n\nTest cases for DictField with allow_null options. (\n#4348\n)\n\n\nUpdate tests from Django 1.10 beta to Django 1.10. (\n#4344\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th July 2016\n\n\n\n\nAdded \nroot_renderers\n argument to \nDefaultRouter\n. (\n#4323\n, \n#4268\n)\n\n\nAdded \nurl\n and \nschema_url\n arguments. (\n#4321\n, \n#4308\n, \n#4305\n)\n\n\nUnique together checks should apply to read-only fields which have a default. (\n#4316\n, \n#4294\n)\n\n\nSet view.format_kwarg in schema generator. (\n#4293\n, \n#4315\n)\n\n\nFix schema generator for views with \npagination_class = None\n. (\n#4314\n, \n#4289\n)\n\n\nFix schema generator for views with no \nget_serializer_class\n. (\n#4265\n, \n#4285\n)\n\n\nFixes for media type parameters in \nAccept\n and \nContent-Type\n headers. (\n#4287\n, \n#4313\n, \n#4281\n)\n\n\nUse verbose_name instead of object_name in error messages. (\n#4299\n)\n\n\nMinor version update to Twitter Bootstrap. (\n#4307\n)\n\n\nSearchFilter raises error when using with related field. (\n#4302\n, \n#4303\n, \n#4298\n)\n\n\nAdding support for RFC 4918 status codes. (\n#4291\n)\n\n\nAdd LICENSE.md to the built wheel. (\n#4270\n)\n\n\nSerializing \"complex\" field returns None instead of the value since 3.4 (\n#4272\n, \n#4273\n, \n#4288\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.4.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th July 2016\n\n\n\n\nDon't strip microseconds in JSON output. (\n#4256\n)\n\n\nTwo slightly different iso 8601 datetime serialization. (\n#4255\n)\n\n\nResolve incorrect inclusion of media type parameters. (\n#4254\n)\n\n\nResponse Content-Type potentially malformed. (\n#4253\n)\n\n\nFix setup.py error on some platforms. (\n#4246\n)\n\n\nMove alternate formats in coreapi into separate packages. (\n#4244\n)\n\n\nAdd localize keyword argument to \nDecimalField\n. (\n#4233\n)\n\n\nFix issues with routers for custom list-route and detail-routes. (\n#4229\n)\n\n\nNamespace versioning with nested namespaces. (\n#4219\n)\n\n\nRobust uniqueness checks. (\n#4217\n)\n\n\nMinor refactoring of \nmust_call_distinct\n. (\n#4215\n)\n\n\nOverridable offset cutoff in CursorPagination. (\n#4212\n)\n\n\nPass through strings as-in with date/time fields. (\n#4196\n)\n\n\nAdd test confirming that required=False is valid on a relational field. (\n#4195\n)\n\n\nIn LimitOffsetPagination \nlimit=0\n should revert to default limit. (\n#4194\n)\n\n\nExclude read_only=True fields from unique_together validation & add docs. (\n#4192\n)\n\n\nHandle bytestrings in JSON. (\n#4191\n)\n\n\nJSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. (\n#4187\n)\n\n\nJSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. (\n#4185\n)\n\n\nMore robust form rendering in the browsable API. (\n#4181\n)\n\n\nEmpty cases of \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n as lists not dicts for ListSerializer. (\n#4180\n)\n\n\nSchemas & client libraries. (\n#4179\n)\n\n\nRemoved \nAUTH_USER_MODEL\n compat property. (\n#4176\n)\n\n\nClean up existing deprecation warnings. (\n#4166\n)\n\n\nDjango 1.10 support. (\n#4158\n)\n\n\nUpdated jQuery version to 1.12.4. (\n#4157\n)\n\n\nMore robust default behavior on OrderingFilter. (\n#4156\n)\n\n\ndescription.py codes and tests removal. (\n#4153\n)\n\n\nWrap guardian.VERSION in tuple. (\n#4149\n)\n\n\nRefine validator for fields with \n kwargs. (\n#4146\n)\n\n\nFix None values representation in childs of ListField, DictField. (\n#4118\n)\n\n\nResolve TimeField representation for midnight value. (\n#4107\n)\n\n\nSet proper status code in AdminRenderer for the redirection after POST/DELETE requests. (\n#4106\n)\n\n\nTimeField render returns None instead of 00:00:00. (\n#4105\n)\n\n\nFix incorrectly named zh-hans and zh-hant locale path. (\n#4103\n)\n\n\nPrevent raising exception when limit is 0. (\n#4098\n)\n\n\nTokenAuthentication: Allow custom keyword in the header. (\n#4097\n)\n\n\nHandle incorrectly padded HTTP basic auth header. (\n#4090\n)\n\n\nLimitOffset pagination crashes Browseable API when limit=0. (\n#4079\n)\n\n\nFixed DecimalField arbitrary precision support. (\n#4075\n)\n\n\nAdded support for custom CSRF cookie names. (\n#4049\n)\n\n\nFix regression introduced by #4035. (\n#4041\n)\n\n\nNo auth view failing permission should raise 403. (\n#4040\n)\n\n\nFix string_types / text_types confusion. (\n#4025\n)\n\n\nDo not list related field choices in OPTIONS requests. (\n#4021\n)\n\n\nFix typo. (\n#4008\n)\n\n\nReorder initializing the view. (\n#4006\n)\n\n\nType error in DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter on Python 3.4. (\n#4005\n)\n\n\nFixed use of deprecated Query.aggregates. (\n#4003\n)\n\n\nFix blank lines around docstrings. (\n#4002\n)\n\n\nFixed admin pagination when limit is 0. (\n#3990\n)\n\n\nOrderingFilter adjustments. (\n#3983\n)\n\n\nNon-required serializer related fields. (\n#3976\n)\n\n\nUsing safer calling way of \"@api_view\" in tutorial. (\n#3971\n)\n\n\nListSerializer doesn't handle unique_together constraints. (\n#3970\n)\n\n\nAdd missing migration file. (\n#3968\n)\n\n\nOrderingFilter\n should call \nget_serializer_class()\n to determine default fields. (\n#3964\n)\n\n\nRemove old Django checks from tests and compat. (\n#3953\n)\n\n\nSupport callable as the value of \ninitial\n for any \nserializer.Field\n. (\n#3943\n)\n\n\nPrevented unnecessary distinct() call in SearchFilter. (\n#3938\n)\n\n\nFix None UUID ForeignKey serialization. (\n#3936\n)\n\n\nDrop EOL Django 1.7. (\n#3933\n)\n\n\nAdd missing space in serializer error message. (\n#3926\n)\n\n\nFixed _force_text_recursive typo. (\n#3908\n)\n\n\nAttempt to address Django 2.0 deprecate warnings related to \nfield.rel\n. (\n#3906\n)\n\n\nFix parsing multipart data using a nested serializer with list. (\n#3820\n)\n\n\nResolving APIs URL to different namespaces. (\n#3816\n)\n\n\nDo not HTML-escape \nhelp_text\n in Browsable API forms. (\n#3812\n)\n\n\nOPTIONS fetches and shows all possible foreign keys in choices field. (\n#3751\n)\n\n\nDjango 1.9 deprecation warnings (\n#3729\n)\n\n\nTest case for #3598 (\n#3710\n)\n\n\nAdding support for multiple values for search filter. (\n#3541\n)\n\n\nUse get_serializer_class in ordering filter. (\n#3487\n)\n\n\nSerializers with many=True should return empty list rather than empty dict. (\n#3476\n)\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination limit=0 fix. (\n#3444\n)\n\n\nEnable Validators to defer string evaluation and handle new string format. (\n#3438\n)\n\n\nUnique validator is executed and breaks if field is invalid. (\n#3381\n)\n\n\nDo not ignore overridden View.get_view_name() in breadcrumbs. (\n#3273\n)\n\n\nRetry form rendering when rendering with serializer fails. (\n#3164\n)\n\n\nUnique constraint prevents nested serializers from updating. (\n#2996\n)\n\n\nUniqueness validators should not be run for excluded (read_only) fields. (\n#2848\n)\n\n\nUniqueValidator raises exception for nested objects. (\n#2403\n)\n\n\nlookup_type\n is deprecated in favor of \nlookup_expr\n. (\n#4259\n)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.3.x series\n\n\n3.3.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th March 2016\n.\n\n\n\n\nRemove version string from templates. Thanks to @blag for the report and fixes. (\n#3878\n, \n#3913\n, \n#3912\n)\n\n\nFixes vertical html layout for \nBooleanField\n. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. (\n#3910\n)\n\n\nSilenced deprecation warnings on Django 1.8. Thanks to Simon Charette for the fix. (\n#3903\n)\n\n\nInternationalization for authtoken. Thanks to Michael Nacharov for the fix. (\n#3887\n, \n#3968\n)\n\n\nFix \nToken\n model as \nabstract\n when the authtoken application isn't declared. Thanks to Adam Thomas for the report. (\n#3860\n, \n#3858\n)\n\n\nImprove Markdown version compatibility. Thanks to Michael J. Schultz for the fix. (\n#3604\n, \n#3842\n)\n\n\nQueryParameterVersioning\n does not use \nDEFAULT_VERSION\n setting. Thanks to Brad Montgomery for the fix. (\n#3833\n)\n\n\nAdd an explicit \non_delete\n on the models. Thanks to Mads Jensen for the fix. (\n#3832\n)\n\n\nFix \nDateField.to_representation\n to work with Python 2 unicode. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. (\n#3819\n)\n\n\nFixed \nTimeField\n not handling string times. Thanks to Areski Belaid for the fix. (\n#3809\n)\n\n\nAvoid updates of \nMeta.extra_kwargs\n. Thanks to Kevin Massey for the report and fix. (\n#3805\n, \n#3804\n)\n\n\nFix nested validation error being rendered incorrectly. Thanks to Craig de Stigter for the fix. (\n#3801\n)\n\n\nDocument how to avoid CSRF and missing button issues with \ndjango-crispy-forms\n. Thanks to Emmanuelle Delescolle, Jos\u00e9 Padilla and Luis San Pablo for the report, analysis and fix. (\n#3787\n, \n#3636\n, \n#3637\n)\n\n\nImprove Rest Framework Settings file setup time. Thanks to Miles Hutson for the report and Mads Jensen for the fix. (\n#3786\n, \n#3815\n)\n\n\nImprove authtoken compatibility with Django 1.9. Thanks to S. Andrew Sheppard for the fix. (\n#3785\n)\n\n\nFix \nMin/MaxValueValidator\n transfer from a model's \nDecimalField\n. Thanks to Kevin Brown for the fix. (\n#3774\n)\n\n\nImprove HTML title in the Browsable API. Thanks to Mike Lissner for the report and fix. (\n#3769\n)\n\n\nFix \nAutoFilterSet\n to inherit from \ndefault_filter_set\n. Thanks to Tom Linford for the fix. (\n#3753\n)\n\n\nFix transifex config to handle the new Chinese language codes. Thanks to @nypisces for the report and fix. (\n#3739\n)\n\n\nDateTimeField\n does not handle empty values correctly. Thanks to Mick Parker for the report and fix. (\n#3731\n, \n#3726\n)\n\n\nRaise error when setting a removed rest_framework setting. Thanks to Luis San Pablo for the fix. (\n#3715\n)\n\n\nAdd missing csrf_token in AdminRenderer post form. Thanks to Piotr \u015aniegowski for the fix. (\n#3703\n)\n\n\nRefactored \n_get_reverse_relationships()\n to use correct \nto_field\n. Thanks to Benjamin Phillips for the fix. (\n#3696\n)\n\n\nDocument the use of \nget_queryset\n for \nRelatedField\n. Thanks to Ryan Hiebert for the fix. (\n#3605\n)\n\n\nFix empty pk detection in HyperlinkRelatedField.get_url. Thanks to @jslang for the fix (\n#3962\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n14th December 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nListField\n enforces input is a list. (\n#3513\n)\n\n\nFix regression hiding raw data form. (\n#3600\n, \n#3578\n)\n\n\nFix Python 3.5 compatibility. (\n#3534\n, \n#3626\n)\n\n\nAllow setting a custom Django Paginator in \npagination.PageNumberPagination\n. (\n#3631\n, \n#3684\n)\n\n\nFix relational fields without \nto_fields\n attribute. (\n#3635\n, \n#3634\n)\n\n\nFix \ntemplate.render\n deprecation warnings for Django 1.9. (\n#3654\n)\n\n\nSort response headers in browsable API renderer. (\n#3655\n)\n\n\nUse related_objects api for Django 1.9+. (\n#3656\n, \n#3252\n)\n\n\nAdd confirm modal when deleting. (\n#3228\n, \n#3662\n)\n\n\nReveal previously hidden AttributeErrors and TypeErrors while calling has_[object_]permissions. (\n#3668\n)\n\n\nMake DRF compatible with multi template engine in Django 1.8. (\n#3672\n)\n\n\nUpdate \nNestedBoundField\n to also handle empty string when rendering its form. (\n#3677\n)\n\n\nFix UUID validation to properly catch invalid input types. (\n#3687\n, \n#3679\n)\n\n\nFix caching issues. (\n#3628\n, \n#3701\n)\n\n\nFix Admin and API browser for views without a filter_class. (\n#3705\n, \n#3596\n, \n#3597\n)\n\n\nAdd app_name to rest_framework.urls. (\n#3714\n)\n\n\nImprove authtoken's views to support url versioning. (\n#3718\n, \n#3723\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th November 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nResolve parsing bug when accessing \nrequest.POST\n (\n#3592\n)\n\n\nCorrectly deal with \nto_field\n referring to primary key. (\n#3593\n)\n\n\nAllow filter HTML to render when no \nfilter_class\n is defined. (\n#3560\n)\n\n\nFix admin rendering issues. (\n#3564\n, \n#3556\n)\n\n\nFix issue with DecimalValidator. (\n#3568\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.3.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th October 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nHTML controls for filters. (\n#3315\n)\n\n\nForms API. (\n#3475\n)\n\n\nAJAX browsable API. (\n#3410\n)\n\n\nAdded JSONField. (\n#3454\n)\n\n\nCorrectly map \nto_field\n when creating \nModelSerializer\n relational fields. (\n#3526\n)\n\n\nInclude keyword arguments when mapping \nFilePathField\n to a serializer field. (\n#3536\n)\n\n\nMap appropriate model \nerror_messages\n on \nModelSerializer\n uniqueness constraints. (\n#3435\n)\n\n\nInclude \nmax_length\n constraint for \nModelSerializer\n fields mapped from TextField. (\n#3509\n)\n\n\nAdded support for Django 1.9. (\n#3450\n, \n#3525\n)\n\n\nRemoved support for Django 1.5 & 1.6. (\n#3421\n, \n#3429\n)\n\n\nRemoved 'south' migrations. (\n#3495\n)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.2.x series\n\n\n3.2.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n27th October 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nEscape \nusername\n in optional logout tag. (\n#3550\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n21th September 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDon't error on missing \nViewSet.search_fields\n attribute. (\n#3324\n, \n#3323\n)\n\n\nFix \nallow_empty\n not working on serializers with \nmany=True\n. (\n#3361\n, \n#3364\n)\n\n\nLet \nDurationField\n accepts integers. (\n#3359\n)\n\n\nMulti-level dictionaries not supported in multipart requests. (\n#3314\n)\n\n\nFix \nListField\n truncation on HTTP PATCH (\n#3415\n, \n#2761\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n24th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdded \nhtml_cutoff\n and \nhtml_cutoff_text\n for limiting select dropdowns. (\n#3313\n)\n\n\nAdded regex style to \nSearchFilter\n. (\n#3316\n)\n\n\nResolve issues with setting blank HTML fields. (\n#3318\n) (\n#3321\n)\n\n\nCorrectly display existing 'select multiple' values in browsable API forms. (\n#3290\n)\n\n\nResolve duplicated validation message for \nIPAddressField\n. ([#3249[gh3249]) (\n#3250\n)\n\n\nFix to ensure admin renderer continues to work when pagination is disabled. (\n#3275\n)\n\n\nResolve error with \nLimitOffsetPagination\n when count=0, offset=0. (\n#3303\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n13th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \ndisplay_value()\n method for use when displaying relational field select inputs. (\n#3254\n)\n\n\nFix issue with \nBooleanField\n checkboxes incorrectly displaying as checked. (\n#3258\n)\n\n\nEnsure empty checkboxes properly set \nBooleanField\n to \nFalse\n in all cases. (\n#2776\n)\n\n\nAllow \nWSGIRequest.FILES\n property without raising incorrect deprecated error. (\n#3261\n)\n\n\nResolve issue with rendering nested serializers in forms. (\n#3260\n)\n\n\nRaise an error if user accidentally pass a serializer instance to a response, rather than data. (\n#3241\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n7th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix for relational select widgets rendering without any choices. (\n#3237\n)\n\n\nFix for \n1\n, \n0\n rendering as \ntrue\n, \nfalse\n in the admin interface. \n#3227\n)\n\n\nFix for ListFields with single value in HTML form input. (\n#3238\n)\n\n\nAllow \nrequest.FILES\n for compat with Django's \nHTTPRequest\n class. (\n#3239\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.2.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n6th August 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \nAdminRenderer\n. (\n#2926\n)\n\n\nAdd \nFilePathField\n. (\n#1854\n)\n\n\nAdd \nallow_empty\n to \nListField\n. (\n#2250\n)\n\n\nSupport django-guardian 1.3. (\n#3165\n)\n\n\nSupport grouped choices. (\n#3225\n)\n\n\nSupport error forms in browsable API. (\n#3024\n)\n\n\nAllow permission classes to customize the error message. (\n#2539\n)\n\n\nSupport \nsource=\n on hyperlinked fields. (\n#2690\n)\n\n\nListField(allow_null=True)\n now allows null as the list value, not null items in the list. (\n#2766\n)\n\n\nManyToMany()\n maps to \nallow_empty=False\n, \nManyToMany(blank=True)\n maps to \nallow_empty=True\n. (\n#2804\n)\n\n\nSupport custom serialization styles for primary key fields. (\n#2789\n)\n\n\nOPTIONS\n requests support nested representations. (\n#2915\n)\n\n\nSet \nview.action == \"metadata\"\n for viewsets with \nOPTIONS\n requests. (\n#3115\n)\n\n\nSupport \nallow_blank\n on \nUUIDField\n. ([#3130][gh#3130])\n\n\nDo not display view docstrings with 401 or 403 response codes. (\n#3216\n)\n\n\nResolve Django 1.8 deprecation warnings. (\n#2886\n)\n\n\nFix for \nDecimalField\n validation. (\n#3139\n)\n\n\nFix behavior of \nallow_blank=False\n when used with \ntrim_whitespace=True\n. (\n#2712\n)\n\n\nFix issue with some field combinations incorrectly mapping to an invalid \nallow_blank\n argument. (\n#3011\n)\n\n\nFix for output representations with prefetches and modified querysets. (\n#2704\n, \n#2727\n)\n\n\nFix assertion error when CursorPagination is provided with certain invalid query parameters. (#2920)\ngh2920\n.\n\n\nFix \nUnicodeDecodeError\n when invalid characters included in header with \nTokenAuthentication\n. (\n#2928\n)\n\n\nFix transaction rollbacks with \n@non_atomic_requests\n decorator. (\n#3016\n)\n\n\nFix duplicate results issue with Oracle databases using \nSearchFilter\n. (\n#2935\n)\n\n\nFix checkbox alignment and rendering in browsable API forms. (\n#2783\n)\n\n\nFix for unsaved file objects which should use \n\"url\": null\n in the representation. (\n#2759\n)\n\n\nFix field value rendering in browsable API. (\n#2416\n)\n\n\nFix \nHStoreField\n to include \nallow_blank=True\n in \nDictField\n mapping. (\n#2659\n)\n\n\nNumerous other cleanups, improvements to error messaging, private API & minor fixes.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3.1.x series\n\n\n3.1.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n4th June 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nAdd \nDurationField\n. (\n#2481\n, \n#2989\n)\n\n\nAdd \nformat\n argument to \nUUIDField\n. (\n#2788\n, \n#3000\n)\n\n\nMultipleChoiceField\n empties incorrectly on a partial update using multipart/form-data (\n#2993\n, \n#2894\n)\n\n\nFix a bug in options related to read-only \nRelatedField\n. (\n#2981\n, \n#2811\n)\n\n\nFix nested serializers with \nunique_together\n relations. (\n#2975\n)\n\n\nAllow unexpected values for \nChoiceField\n/\nMultipleChoiceField\n representations. (\n#2839\n, \n#2940\n)\n\n\nRollback the transaction on error if \nATOMIC_REQUESTS\n is set. (\n#2887\n, \n#2034\n)\n\n\nSet the action on a view when override_method regardless of its None-ness. (\n#2933\n)\n\n\nDecimalField\n accepts \n2E+2\n as 200 and validates decimal place correctly. (\n#2948\n, \n#2947\n)\n\n\nSupport basic authentication with custom \nUserModel\n that change \nusername\n. (\n#2952\n)\n\n\nIPAddressField\n improvements. (\n#2747\n, \n#2618\n, \n#3008\n)\n\n\nImprove \nDecimalField\n for easier subclassing. (\n#2695\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n13rd May 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDateField.to_representation\n can handle str and empty values. (\n#2656\n, \n#2687\n, \n#2869\n)\n\n\nUse default reason phrases from HTTP standard. (\n#2764\n, \n#2763\n)\n\n\nRaise error when \nModelSerializer\n used with abstract model. (\n#2757\n, \n#2630\n)\n\n\nHandle reversal of non-API view_name in \nHyperLinkedRelatedField\n (\n#2724\n, \n#2711\n)\n\n\nDon't require pk strictly for related fields. (\n#2745\n, \n#2754\n)\n\n\nMetadata detects null boolean field type. (\n#2762\n)\n\n\nProper handling of depth in nested serializers. (\n#2798\n)\n\n\nDisplay viewset without paginator. (\n#2807\n)\n\n\nDon't check for deprecated \n.model\n attribute in permissions (\n#2818\n)\n\n\nRestrict integer field to integers and strings. (\n#2835\n, \n#2836\n)\n\n\nImprove \nIntegerField\n to use compiled decimal regex. (\n#2853\n)\n\n\nPrevent empty \nqueryset\n to raise AssertionError. (\n#2862\n)\n\n\nDjangoModelPermissions\n rely on \nget_queryset\n. (\n#2863\n)\n\n\nCheck \nAcceptHeaderVersioning\n with content negotiation in place. (\n#2868\n)\n\n\nAllow \nDjangoObjectPermissions\n to use views that define \nget_queryset\n. (\n#2905\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n23rd March 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nSecurity fix\n: Escape tab switching cookie name in browsable API.\n\n\nDisplay input forms in browsable API if \nserializer_class\n is used, even when \nget_serializer\n method does not exist on the view. (\n#2743\n)\n\n\nUse a password input for the AuthTokenSerializer. (\n#2741\n)\n\n\nFix missing anchor closing tag after next button. (\n#2691\n)\n\n\nFix \nlookup_url_kwarg\n handling in viewsets. (\n#2685\n, \n#2591\n)\n\n\nFix problem with importing \nrest_framework.views\n in \napps.py\n (\n#2678\n)\n\n\nLimitOffsetPagination raises \nTypeError\n if PAGE_SIZE not set (\n#2667\n, \n#2700\n)\n\n\nGerman translation for \nmin_value\n field error message references \nmax_value\n. (\n#2645\n)\n\n\nRemove \nMergeDict\n. (\n#2640\n)\n\n\nSupport serializing unsaved models with related fields. (\n#2637\n, \n#2641\n)\n\n\nAllow blank/null on radio.html choices. (\n#2631\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.1.0\n\n\nDate\n: \n5th March 2015\n.\n\n\nFor full details see the \n3.1 release announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\n3.0.x series\n\n\n3.0.5\n\n\nDate\n: \n10th February 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix a bug where \n_closable_objects\n breaks pickling. (\n#1850\n, \n#2492\n)\n\n\nAllow non-standard \nUser\n models with \nThrottling\n. (\n#2524\n)\n\n\nSupport custom \nUser.db_table\n in TokenAuthentication migration. (\n#2479\n)\n\n\nFix misleading \nAttributeError\n tracebacks on \nRequest\n objects. (\n#2530\n, \n#2108\n)\n\n\nManyRelatedField.get_value\n clearing field on partial update. (\n#2475\n)\n\n\nRemoved '.model' shortcut from code. (\n#2486\n)\n\n\nFix \ndetail_route\n and \nlist_route\n mutable argument. (\n#2518\n)\n\n\nPrefetching the user object when getting the token in \nTokenAuthentication\n. (\n#2519\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.4\n\n\nDate\n: \n28th January 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nDjango 1.8a1 support. (\n#2425\n, \n#2446\n, \n#2441\n)\n\n\nAdd \nDictField\n and support Django 1.8 \nHStoreField\n. (\n#2451\n, \n#2106\n)\n\n\nAdd \nUUIDField\n and support Django 1.8 \nUUIDField\n. (\n#2448\n, \n#2433\n, \n#2432\n)\n\n\nBaseRenderer.render\n now raises \nNotImplementedError\n. (\n#2434\n)\n\n\nFix timedelta JSON serialization on Python 2.6. (\n#2430\n)\n\n\nResultDict\n and \nResultList\n now appear as standard dict/list. (\n#2421\n)\n\n\nFix visible \nHiddenField\n in the HTML form of the web browsable API page. (\n#2410\n)\n\n\nUse \nOrderedDict\n for \nRelatedField.choices\n. (\n#2408\n)\n\n\nFix ident format when using \nHTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR\n. (\n#2401\n)\n\n\nFix invalid key with memcached while using throttling. (\n#2400\n)\n\n\nFix \nFileUploadParser\n with version 3.x. (\n#2399\n)\n\n\nFix the serializer inheritance. (\n#2388\n)\n\n\nFix caching issues with \nReturnDict\n. (\n#2360\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.3\n\n\nDate\n: \n8th January 2015\n.\n\n\n\n\nFix \nMinValueValidator\n on \nmodels.DateField\n. (\n#2369\n)\n\n\nFix serializer missing context when pagination is used. (\n#2355\n)\n\n\nNamespaced router URLs are now supported by the \nDefaultRouter\n. (\n#2351\n)\n\n\nrequired=False\n allows omission of value for output. (\n#2342\n)\n\n\nUse textarea input for \nmodels.TextField\n. (\n#2340\n)\n\n\nUse custom \nListSerializer\n for pagination if required. (\n#2331\n, \n#2327\n)\n\n\nBetter behavior with null and '' for blank HTML fields. (\n#2330\n)\n\n\nEnsure fields in \nexclude\n are model fields. (\n#2319\n)\n\n\nFix \nIntegerField\n and \nmax_length\n argument incompatibility. (\n#2317\n)\n\n\nFix the YAML encoder for 3.0 serializers. (\n#2315\n, \n#2283\n)\n\n\nFix the behavior of empty HTML fields. (\n#2311\n, \n#1101\n)\n\n\nFix Metaclass attribute depth ignoring fields attribute. (\n#2287\n)\n\n\nFix \nformat_suffix_patterns\n to work with Django's \ni18n_patterns\n. (\n#2278\n)\n\n\nAbility to customize router URLs for custom actions, using \nurl_path\n. (\n#2010\n)\n\n\nDon't install Django REST Framework as egg. (\n#2386\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.2\n\n\nDate\n: \n17th December 2014\n.\n\n\n\n\nEnsure \nrequest.user\n is made available to response middleware. (\n#2155\n)\n\n\nClient.logout()\n also cancels any existing \nforce_authenticate\n. (\n#2218\n, \n#2259\n)\n\n\nExtra assertions and better checks to preventing incorrect serializer API use. (\n#2228\n, \n#2234\n, \n#2262\n, \n#2263\n, \n#2266\n, \n#2267\n, \n#2289\n, \n#2291\n)\n\n\nFixed \nmin_length\n message for \nCharField\n. (\n#2255\n)\n\n\nFix \nUnicodeDecodeError\n, which can occur on serializer \nrepr\n.  (\n#2270\n, \n#2279\n)\n\n\nFix empty HTML values when a default is provided. (\n#2280\n, \n#2294\n)\n\n\nFix \nSlugRelatedField\n raising \nUnicodeEncodeError\n when used as a multiple choice input. (\n#2290\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.1\n\n\nDate\n: \n11th December 2014\n.\n\n\n\n\nMore helpful error message when the default Serializer \ncreate()\n fails. (\n#2013\n)\n\n\nRaise error when attempting to save serializer if data is not valid. (\n#2098\n)\n\n\nFix \nFileUploadParser\n breaks with empty file names and multiple upload handlers. (\n#2109\n)\n\n\nImprove \nBindingDict\n to support standard dict-functions. (\n#2135\n, \n#2163\n)\n\n\nAdd \nvalidate()\n to \nListSerializer\n. (\n#2168\n, \n#2225\n, \n#2232\n)\n\n\nFix JSONP renderer failing to escape some characters. (\n#2169\n, \n#2195\n)\n\n\nAdd missing default style for \nFileField\n. (\n#2172\n)\n\n\nActions are required when calling \nViewSet.as_view()\n. (\n#2175\n)\n\n\nAdd \nallow_blank\n to \nChoiceField\n. (\n#2184\n, \n#2239\n)\n\n\nCosmetic fixes in the HTML renderer. (\n#2187\n)\n\n\nRaise error if \nfields\n on serializer is not a list of strings. (\n#2193\n, \n#2213\n)\n\n\nImprove checks for nested creates and updates. (\n#2194\n, \n#2196\n)\n\n\nvalidated_attrs\n argument renamed to \nvalidated_data\n in \nSerializer\n \ncreate()\n/\nupdate()\n. (\n#2197\n)\n\n\nRemove deprecated code to reflect the dropped Django versions. (\n#2200\n)\n\n\nBetter serializer errors for nested writes. (\n#2202\n, \n#2215\n)\n\n\nFix pagination and custom permissions incompatibility. (\n#2205\n)\n\n\nRaise error if \nfields\n on serializer is not a list of strings. (\n#2213\n)\n\n\nAdd missing translation markers for relational fields. (\n#2231\n)\n\n\nImprove field lookup behavior for dicts/mappings. (\n#2244\n, \n#2243\n)\n\n\nOptimized hyperlinked PK. (\n#2242\n)\n\n\n\n\n3.0.0\n\n\nDate\n: 1st December 2014\n\n\nFor full details see the \n3.0 release announcement\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor older release notes, \nplease see the version 2.x documentation\n.",
             "title": "Release Notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#release-notes", 
-            "text": "Release Early, Release Often   Eric S. Raymond,  The Cathedral and the Bazaar .", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#release-notes",
+            "text": "Release Early, Release Often  \u2014 Eric S. Raymond,  The Cathedral and the Bazaar .",
             "title": "Release Notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#versioning", 
-            "text": "Minor version numbers (0.0.x) are used for changes that are API compatible.  You should be able to upgrade between minor point releases without any other code changes.  Medium version numbers (0.x.0) may include API changes, in line with the  deprecation policy .  You should read the release notes carefully before upgrading between medium point releases.  Major version numbers (x.0.0) are reserved for substantial project milestones.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#versioning",
+            "text": "Minor version numbers (0.0.x) are used for changes that are API compatible.  You should be able to upgrade between minor point releases without any other code changes.  Medium version numbers (0.x.0) may include API changes, in line with the  deprecation policy .  You should read the release notes carefully before upgrading between medium point releases.  Major version numbers (x.0.0) are reserved for substantial project milestones.",
             "title": "Versioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#deprecation-policy", 
-            "text": "REST framework releases follow a formal deprecation policy, which is in line with  Django's deprecation policy .  The timeline for deprecation of a feature present in version 1.0 would work as follows:    Version 1.1 would remain  fully backwards compatible  with 1.0, but would raise  PendingDeprecationWarning  warnings if you use the feature that are due to be deprecated.  These warnings are  silent by default , but can be explicitly enabled when you're ready to start migrating any required changes.  For example if you start running your tests using  python -Wd manage.py test , you'll be warned of any API changes you need to make.    Version 1.2 would escalate these warnings to  DeprecationWarning , which is loud by default.    Version 1.3 would remove the deprecated bits of API entirely.    Note that in line with Django's policy, any parts of the framework not mentioned in the documentation should generally be considered private API, and may be subject to change.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#deprecation-policy",
+            "text": "REST framework releases follow a formal deprecation policy, which is in line with  Django's deprecation policy .  The timeline for deprecation of a feature present in version 1.0 would work as follows:    Version 1.1 would remain  fully backwards compatible  with 1.0, but would raise  PendingDeprecationWarning  warnings if you use the feature that are due to be deprecated.  These warnings are  silent by default , but can be explicitly enabled when you're ready to start migrating any required changes.  For example if you start running your tests using  python -Wd manage.py test , you'll be warned of any API changes you need to make.    Version 1.2 would escalate these warnings to  DeprecationWarning , which is loud by default.    Version 1.3 would remove the deprecated bits of API entirely.    Note that in line with Django's policy, any parts of the framework not mentioned in the documentation should generally be considered private API, and may be subject to change.",
             "title": "Deprecation policy"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#upgrading", 
-            "text": "To upgrade Django REST framework to the latest version, use pip:  pip install -U djangorestframework  You can determine your currently installed version using  pip show :  pip show djangorestframework", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#upgrading",
+            "text": "To upgrade Django REST framework to the latest version, use pip:  pip install -U djangorestframework  You can determine your currently installed version using  pip show :  pip show djangorestframework",
             "title": "Upgrading"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#39x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#39x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.9.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#390", 
-            "text": "Date :  18st October 2018   Improvements to ViewSet extra actions  #5605  Fix  action  support for ViewSet suffixes  #6081  Allow  action  docs sections  #6060  Deprecate the  Router.register   base_name  argument in favor of  basename .  #5990  Deprecate the  Router.get_default_base_name  method in favor of  Router.get_default_basename .  #5990  Change  CharField  to disallow null bytes.  #6073 \n  To revert to the old behavior, subclass  CharField  and remove  ProhibitNullCharactersValidator  from the validators.\n   python\n  class NullableCharField(serializers.CharField):\n      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n          super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n          self.validators = [v for v in self.validators if not isinstance(v, ProhibitNullCharactersValidator)]  Add  OpenAPIRenderer  and  generate_schema  management command.  #6229  Add OpenAPIRenderer by default, and add schema docs.  #6233  Allow permissions to be composed  #5753  Allow nullable BooleanField in Django 2.1  #6183  Add testing of Python 3.7 support  #6141  Test using Django 2.1 final release.  #6109  Added djangorestframework-datatables to third-party packages  #5931  Change ISO 8601 date format to exclude year/month  #5936  Update all pypi.python.org URLs to pypi.org  #5942  Ensure that html forms (multipart form data) respect optional fields  #5927  Allow hashing of ErrorDetail.  #5932  Correct schema parsing for JSONField  #5878  Render descriptions (from help_text) using safe  #5869  Removed input value from deault_error_message  #5881  Added min_value/max_value support in DurationField  #5643  Fixed instance being overwritten in pk-only optimization try/except block  #5747  Fixed AttributeError from items filter when value is None  #5981  Fixed Javascript  e.indexOf  is not a function error  #5982  Fix schemas for extra actions  #5992  Improved get_error_detail to use error_dict/error_list  #5785  Imprvied URLs in Admin renderer  #5988  Add \"Community\" section to docs, minor cleanup  #5993  Moved guardian imports out of compat  #6054  Deprecate the  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class, moved to the  djangorestframework-guardian  package.  #6075  Drop Django 1.10 support  #5657  Only catch TypeError/ValueError for object lookups  #6028  Handle models without .objects manager in ModelSerializer.  #6111  Improve ModelSerializer.create() error message.  #6112  Fix CSRF cookie check failure when using session auth with django 1.11.6+  #6113  Updated JWT docs.  #6138  Fix autoescape not getting passed to urlize_quoted_links filter  #6191", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#390",
+            "text": "Date :  18th October 2018   Improvements to ViewSet extra actions  #5605  Fix  action  support for ViewSet suffixes  #6081  Allow  action  docs sections  #6060  Deprecate the  Router.register   base_name  argument in favor of  basename .  #5990  Deprecate the  Router.get_default_base_name  method in favor of  Router.get_default_basename .  #5990  Change  CharField  to disallow null bytes.  #6073 \n  To revert to the old behavior, subclass  CharField  and remove  ProhibitNullCharactersValidator  from the validators.\n   python\n  class NullableCharField(serializers.CharField):\n      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n          super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n          self.validators = [v for v in self.validators if not isinstance(v, ProhibitNullCharactersValidator)]  Add  OpenAPIRenderer  and  generate_schema  management command.  #6229  Add OpenAPIRenderer by default, and add schema docs.  #6233  Allow permissions to be composed  #5753  Allow nullable BooleanField in Django 2.1  #6183  Add testing of Python 3.7 support  #6141  Test using Django 2.1 final release.  #6109  Added djangorestframework-datatables to third-party packages  #5931  Change ISO 8601 date format to exclude year/month  #5936  Update all pypi.python.org URLs to pypi.org  #5942  Ensure that html forms (multipart form data) respect optional fields  #5927  Allow hashing of ErrorDetail.  #5932  Correct schema parsing for JSONField  #5878  Render descriptions (from help_text) using safe  #5869  Removed input value from deault_error_message  #5881  Added min_value/max_value support in DurationField  #5643  Fixed instance being overwritten in pk-only optimization try/except block  #5747  Fixed AttributeError from items filter when value is None  #5981  Fixed Javascript  e.indexOf  is not a function error  #5982  Fix schemas for extra actions  #5992  Improved get_error_detail to use error_dict/error_list  #5785  Imprvied URLs in Admin renderer  #5988  Add \"Community\" section to docs, minor cleanup  #5993  Moved guardian imports out of compat  #6054  Deprecate the  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class, moved to the  djangorestframework-guardian  package.  #6075  Drop Django 1.10 support  #5657  Only catch TypeError/ValueError for object lookups  #6028  Handle models without .objects manager in ModelSerializer.  #6111  Improve ModelSerializer.create() error message.  #6112  Fix CSRF cookie check failure when using session auth with django 1.11.6+  #6113  Updated JWT docs.  #6138  Fix autoescape not getting passed to urlize_quoted_links filter  #6191",
             "title": "3.9.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#38x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#38x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.8.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#382", 
-            "text": "Date :  6th April 2018   Fix  read_only  +  default   unique_together  validation.  #5922  authtoken.views import coreapi from rest_framework.compat, not directly.  #5921  Docs: Add missing argument 'detail' to Route  #5920", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#382",
+            "text": "Date :  6th April 2018   Fix  read_only  +  default   unique_together  validation.  #5922  authtoken.views import coreapi from rest_framework.compat, not directly.  #5921  Docs: Add missing argument 'detail' to Route  #5920",
             "title": "3.8.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#381", 
-            "text": "Date :  4th April 2018    Use old  url_name  behavior in route decorators  #5915  For  list_route  and  detail_route  maintain the old behavior of  url_name ,\nbasing it on the  url_path  instead of the function name.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#381",
+            "text": "Date :  4th April 2018    Use old  url_name  behavior in route decorators  #5915  For  list_route  and  detail_route  maintain the old behavior of  url_name ,\nbasing it on the  url_path  instead of the function name.",
             "title": "3.8.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#380", 
-            "text": "Date :  3rd April 2018    Breaking Change : Alter  read_only  plus  default  behaviour.  #5886  read_only  fields will now  always  be excluded from writable fields.  Previously  read_only  fields with a  default  value would use the  default  for create and update operations.  In order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of  read_only  fields when calling  save()  in\nthe view:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  Alternatively you may override  save()  or  create()  or  update()  on the serialiser as appropriate.    Correct allow_null behaviour when required=False  #5888  Without an explicit  default ,  allow_null  implies a default of  null  for outgoing serialisation. Previously such\nfields were being skipped when read-only or otherwise not required.  Possible backwards compatibility break  if you were relying on such fields being excluded from the outgoing\nrepresentation. In order to restore the old behaviour you can override  data  to exclude the field when  None .  For example:  @property\ndef data(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Drop `maybe_none` field if None.\n    \"\"\"\n    data = super().data\n    if 'maybe_none' in data and data['maybe_none'] is None:\n        del data['maybe_none']\n    return data    Refactor dynamic route generation and improve viewset action introspectibility.  #5705  ViewSet s have been provided with new attributes and methods that allow\nit to introspect its set of actions and the details of the current action.   Merged  list_route  and  detail_route  into a single  action  decorator.  Get all extra actions on a  ViewSet  with  .get_extra_actions() .  Extra actions now set the  url_name  and  url_path  on the decorated method.  url_name  is now based on the function name, instead of the  url_path ,\n  as the path is not always suitable (e.g., capturing arguments in the path).  Enable action url reversing through  .reverse_action()  method (added in 3.7.4)  Example reverse call:  self.reverse_action(self.custom_action.url_name)  Add  detail  initkwarg to indicate if the current action is operating on a\n  collection or a single instance.   Additional changes:   Deprecated  list_route     detail_route  in favor of  action  decorator with  detail  boolean.  Deprecated dynamic list/detail route variants in favor of  DynamicRoute  with  detail  boolean.  Refactored the router's dynamic route generation.  list_route  and  detail_route  maintain the old behavior of  url_name ,\n  basing it on the  url_path  instead of the function name.     Fix formatting of the 3.7.4 release note  #5704   Docs: Update DRF Writable Nested Serializers references  #5711  Docs: Fixed typo in auth URLs example.  #5713  Improve composite field child errors  #5655  Disable HTML inputs for dict/list fields  #5702  Fix typo in HostNameVersioning doc  #5709  Use rsplit to get module and classname for imports  #5712  Formalize URLPatternsTestCase  #5703  Add exception translation test  #5700  Test staticfiles  #5701  Add drf-yasg to documentation and schema 3rd party packages  #5720  Remove unused  compat._resolve_model()   #5733  Drop compat workaround for unsupported Python 3.2  #5734  Prefer  iter(dict)  over  iter(dict.keys())   #5736  Pass  python_requires  argument to setuptools  #5739  Remove unused links from docs  #5735  Prefer https protocol for links in docs when available  #5729  Add HStoreField, postgres fields tests  #5654  Always fully qualify ValidationError in docs  #5751  Remove unreachable code from ManualSchema  #5766  Allowed customising API documentation code samples  #5752  Updated docs to use  pip show   #5757  Load 'static' instead of 'staticfiles' in templates  #5773  Fixed a typo in  fields  docs  #5783  Refer to \"NamespaceVersioning\" instead of \"NamespacedVersioning\" in the documentation  #5754  ErrorDetail: add  __eq__ / __ne__  and  __repr__   #5787  Replace  background-attachment: fixed  in docs  #5777  Make 404   403 responses consistent with  exceptions.APIException  output  #5763  Small fix to API documentation: schemas  #5796  Fix schema generation for PrimaryKeyRelatedField  #5764  Represent serializer DictField as an Object in schema  #5765  Added docs example reimplementing ObtainAuthToken  #5802  Add schema to the ObtainAuthToken view  #5676  Fix request formdata handling  #5800  Fix authtoken views imports  #5818  Update pytest, isort  #5815   #5817   #5894  Fixed active timezone handling for non ISO8601 datetimes.  #5833  Made TemplateHTMLRenderer render IntegerField inputs when value is  0 .  #5834  Corrected endpoint in tutorial instructions  #5835  Add Django Rest Framework Role Filters to Third party packages  #5809  Use single copy of static assets. Update jQuery  #5823  Changes ternary conditionals to be PEP308 compliant  #5827  Added links to 'A Todo List API with React' and 'Blog API' tutorials  #5837  Fix comment typo in ModelSerializer  #5844  Add admin to installed apps to avoid test failures.  #5870  Fixed schema for UUIDField in SimpleMetadata.  #5872  Corrected docs on router include with namespaces.  #5843  Test using model objects for dotted source default  #5880  Allow traversing nullable related fields  #5849  Added: Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)  #5891  Add  LimitOffsetPagination.get_count  to allow method override  #5846  Don't show hidden fields in metadata  #5854  Enable OrderingFilter to handle an empty tuple (or list) for the 'ordering' field.  #5899  Added generic 500 and 400 JSON error handlers.  #5904", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#380",
+            "text": "Date :  3rd April 2018    Breaking Change : Alter  read_only  plus  default  behaviour.  #5886  read_only  fields will now  always  be excluded from writable fields.  Previously  read_only  fields with a  default  value would use the  default  for create and update operations.  In order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of  read_only  fields when calling  save()  in\nthe view:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  Alternatively you may override  save()  or  create()  or  update()  on the serialiser as appropriate.    Correct allow_null behaviour when required=False  #5888  Without an explicit  default ,  allow_null  implies a default of  null  for outgoing serialisation. Previously such\nfields were being skipped when read-only or otherwise not required.  Possible backwards compatibility break  if you were relying on such fields being excluded from the outgoing\nrepresentation. In order to restore the old behaviour you can override  data  to exclude the field when  None .  For example:  @property\ndef data(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Drop `maybe_none` field if None.\n    \"\"\"\n    data = super().data\n    if 'maybe_none' in data and data['maybe_none'] is None:\n        del data['maybe_none']\n    return data    Refactor dynamic route generation and improve viewset action introspectibility.  #5705  ViewSet s have been provided with new attributes and methods that allow\nit to introspect its set of actions and the details of the current action.   Merged  list_route  and  detail_route  into a single  action  decorator.  Get all extra actions on a  ViewSet  with  .get_extra_actions() .  Extra actions now set the  url_name  and  url_path  on the decorated method.  url_name  is now based on the function name, instead of the  url_path ,\n  as the path is not always suitable (e.g., capturing arguments in the path).  Enable action url reversing through  .reverse_action()  method (added in 3.7.4)  Example reverse call:  self.reverse_action(self.custom_action.url_name)  Add  detail  initkwarg to indicate if the current action is operating on a\n  collection or a single instance.   Additional changes:   Deprecated  list_route  &  detail_route  in favor of  action  decorator with  detail  boolean.  Deprecated dynamic list/detail route variants in favor of  DynamicRoute  with  detail  boolean.  Refactored the router's dynamic route generation.  list_route  and  detail_route  maintain the old behavior of  url_name ,\n  basing it on the  url_path  instead of the function name.     Fix formatting of the 3.7.4 release note  #5704   Docs: Update DRF Writable Nested Serializers references  #5711  Docs: Fixed typo in auth URLs example.  #5713  Improve composite field child errors  #5655  Disable HTML inputs for dict/list fields  #5702  Fix typo in HostNameVersioning doc  #5709  Use rsplit to get module and classname for imports  #5712  Formalize URLPatternsTestCase  #5703  Add exception translation test  #5700  Test staticfiles  #5701  Add drf-yasg to documentation and schema 3rd party packages  #5720  Remove unused  compat._resolve_model()   #5733  Drop compat workaround for unsupported Python 3.2  #5734  Prefer  iter(dict)  over  iter(dict.keys())   #5736  Pass  python_requires  argument to setuptools  #5739  Remove unused links from docs  #5735  Prefer https protocol for links in docs when available  #5729  Add HStoreField, postgres fields tests  #5654  Always fully qualify ValidationError in docs  #5751  Remove unreachable code from ManualSchema  #5766  Allowed customising API documentation code samples  #5752  Updated docs to use  pip show   #5757  Load 'static' instead of 'staticfiles' in templates  #5773  Fixed a typo in  fields  docs  #5783  Refer to \"NamespaceVersioning\" instead of \"NamespacedVersioning\" in the documentation  #5754  ErrorDetail: add  __eq__ / __ne__  and  __repr__   #5787  Replace  background-attachment: fixed  in docs  #5777  Make 404 & 403 responses consistent with  exceptions.APIException  output  #5763  Small fix to API documentation: schemas  #5796  Fix schema generation for PrimaryKeyRelatedField  #5764  Represent serializer DictField as an Object in schema  #5765  Added docs example reimplementing ObtainAuthToken  #5802  Add schema to the ObtainAuthToken view  #5676  Fix request formdata handling  #5800  Fix authtoken views imports  #5818  Update pytest, isort  #5815   #5817   #5894  Fixed active timezone handling for non ISO8601 datetimes.  #5833  Made TemplateHTMLRenderer render IntegerField inputs when value is  0 .  #5834  Corrected endpoint in tutorial instructions  #5835  Add Django Rest Framework Role Filters to Third party packages  #5809  Use single copy of static assets. Update jQuery  #5823  Changes ternary conditionals to be PEP308 compliant  #5827  Added links to 'A Todo List API with React' and 'Blog API' tutorials  #5837  Fix comment typo in ModelSerializer  #5844  Add admin to installed apps to avoid test failures.  #5870  Fixed schema for UUIDField in SimpleMetadata.  #5872  Corrected docs on router include with namespaces.  #5843  Test using model objects for dotted source default  #5880  Allow traversing nullable related fields  #5849  Added: Tutorial: Django REST with React (Django 2.0)  #5891  Add  LimitOffsetPagination.get_count  to allow method override  #5846  Don't show hidden fields in metadata  #5854  Enable OrderingFilter to handle an empty tuple (or list) for the 'ordering' field.  #5899  Added generic 500 and 400 JSON error handlers.  #5904",
             "title": "3.8.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#37x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#37x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.7.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#377", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Fix typo to include *.mo locale files to packaging.  #5697 ,  #5695", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#377",
+            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Fix typo to include *.mo locale files to packaging.  #5697 ,  #5695",
             "title": "3.7.7"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#376", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Add missing *.ico icon files to packaging.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#376",
+            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Add missing *.ico icon files to packaging.",
             "title": "3.7.6"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#375", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Add missing *.woff2 font files to packaging.  #5692  Add missing *.mo locale files to packaging.  #5695 ,  #5696", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#375",
+            "text": "Date :  21st December 2017   Add missing *.woff2 font files to packaging.  #5692  Add missing *.mo locale files to packaging.  #5695 ,  #5696",
             "title": "3.7.5"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#374", 
-            "text": "Date :  20th December 2017    Schema: Extract method for  manual_fields  processing  #5633  Allows for easier customisation of  manual_fields  processing, for example\nto provide per-method manual fields.  AutoSchema  adds  get_manual_fields ,\nas the intended override point, and a utility method  update_fields , to\nhandle by-name field replacement from a list, which, in general, you are not\nexpected to override.  Note:  AutoSchema.__init__  now ensures  manual_fields  is a list.\nPreviously may have been stored internally as  None .    Remove ulrparse compatability shim; use six instead  #5579   Drop compat wrapper for  TimeDelta.total_seconds()   #5577  Clean up all whitespace throughout project  #5578  Compat cleanup  #5581  Add pygments CSS block in browsable API views  #5584   #5587  Remove  set_rollback()  from compat  #5591  Fix request body/POST access  #5590  Rename test to reference correct issue  #5610  Documentation Fixes  #5611   #5612  Remove references to unsupported Django versions in docs and code  #5602  Test Serializer exclude for declared fields  #5599  Fixed schema generation for filter backends  #5613  Minor cleanup for ModelSerializer tests  #5598  Reimplement request attribute access w/  __getattr__   #5617  Fixed SchemaJSRenderer renders invalid Javascript  #5607  Make Django 2.0 support official/explicit  #5619  Perform type check on passed request argument  #5618  Fix AttributeError hiding on request authenticators  #5600  Update test requirements  #5626  Docs:  Serializer._declared_fields  enable modifying fields on a serializer  #5629  Fix packaging  #5624  Fix readme rendering for PyPI, add readme build to CI  #5625  Update tutorial  #5622  Non-required fields with  allow_null=True  should not imply a default value  #5639  Docs: Add  allow_null  serialization output note  #5641  Update to use the Django 2.0 release in tox.ini  #5645  Fix  Serializer.data  for Browsable API rendering when provided invalid  data   #5646  Docs: Note AutoSchema limitations on bare APIView  #5649  Add  .basename  and  .reverse_action()  to ViewSet  #5648  Docs: Fix typos in serializers documentation  #5652  Fix  override_settings  compat  #5668  Add DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS setting  #5658  Add docs note re generated BooleanField being  required=False   #5665  Add 'dist' build  #5656  Fix typo in docstring  #5678  Docs: Add  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER = None  note  #5679  Update OPTIONS example from \u201cDocumenting Your API\u201d  #5680  Docs: Add note on object permissions for FBVs  #5681  Docs: Add example to  to_representation  docs  #5682  Add link to Classy DRF in docs  #5683  Document ViewSet.action  #5685  Fix schema docs typo  #5687  Fix URL pattern parsing in schema generation  #5689  Add example using  source=\u2018*\u2019  to custom field docs.  #5688  Fix format_suffix_patterns behavior with Django 2 path() routes  #5691", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#374",
+            "text": "Date :  20th December 2017    Schema: Extract method for  manual_fields  processing  #5633  Allows for easier customisation of  manual_fields  processing, for example\nto provide per-method manual fields.  AutoSchema  adds  get_manual_fields ,\nas the intended override point, and a utility method  update_fields , to\nhandle by-name field replacement from a list, which, in general, you are not\nexpected to override.  Note:  AutoSchema.__init__  now ensures  manual_fields  is a list.\nPreviously may have been stored internally as  None .    Remove ulrparse compatability shim; use six instead  #5579   Drop compat wrapper for  TimeDelta.total_seconds()   #5577  Clean up all whitespace throughout project  #5578  Compat cleanup  #5581  Add pygments CSS block in browsable API views  #5584   #5587  Remove  set_rollback()  from compat  #5591  Fix request body/POST access  #5590  Rename test to reference correct issue  #5610  Documentation Fixes  #5611   #5612  Remove references to unsupported Django versions in docs and code  #5602  Test Serializer exclude for declared fields  #5599  Fixed schema generation for filter backends  #5613  Minor cleanup for ModelSerializer tests  #5598  Reimplement request attribute access w/  __getattr__   #5617  Fixed SchemaJSRenderer renders invalid Javascript  #5607  Make Django 2.0 support official/explicit  #5619  Perform type check on passed request argument  #5618  Fix AttributeError hiding on request authenticators  #5600  Update test requirements  #5626  Docs:  Serializer._declared_fields  enable modifying fields on a serializer  #5629  Fix packaging  #5624  Fix readme rendering for PyPI, add readme build to CI  #5625  Update tutorial  #5622  Non-required fields with  allow_null=True  should not imply a default value  #5639  Docs: Add  allow_null  serialization output note  #5641  Update to use the Django 2.0 release in tox.ini  #5645  Fix  Serializer.data  for Browsable API rendering when provided invalid  data   #5646  Docs: Note AutoSchema limitations on bare APIView  #5649  Add  .basename  and  .reverse_action()  to ViewSet  #5648  Docs: Fix typos in serializers documentation  #5652  Fix  override_settings  compat  #5668  Add DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS setting  #5658  Add docs note re generated BooleanField being  required=False   #5665  Add 'dist' build  #5656  Fix typo in docstring  #5678  Docs: Add  UNAUTHENTICATED_USER = None  note  #5679  Update OPTIONS example from \u201cDocumenting Your API\u201d  #5680  Docs: Add note on object permissions for FBVs  #5681  Docs: Add example to  to_representation  docs  #5682  Add link to Classy DRF in docs  #5683  Document ViewSet.action  #5685  Fix schema docs typo  #5687  Fix URL pattern parsing in schema generation  #5689  Add example using  source=\u2018*\u2019  to custom field docs.  #5688  Fix format_suffix_patterns behavior with Django 2 path() routes  #5691",
             "title": "3.7.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#373", 
-            "text": "Date :  6th November 2017   Fix  AppRegistryNotReady  error from contrib.auth view imports  #5567", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#373",
+            "text": "Date :  6th November 2017   Fix  AppRegistryNotReady  error from contrib.auth view imports  #5567",
             "title": "3.7.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#372", 
-            "text": "Date :  6th November 2017   Fixed Django 2.1 compatibility due to removal of django.contrib.auth.login()/logout() views.  #5510  Add missing import for TextLexer.  #5512  Adding examples and documentation for caching  #5514  Include date and date-time format for schema generation  #5511  Use triple backticks for markdown code blocks  #5513  Interactive docs - make bottom sidebar items sticky  #5516  Clarify pagination system check  #5524  Stop JSONBoundField mangling invalid JSON  #5527  Have JSONField render as textarea in Browsable API  #5530  Schema: Exclude OPTIONS/HEAD for ViewSet actions  #5532  Fix ordering for dotted sources  #5533  Fix: Fields with  allow_null=True  should imply a default serialization value  #5518  Ensure Location header is strictly a 'str', not subclass.  #5544  Add import to example in api-guide/parsers  #5547  Catch OverflowError for \"out of range\" datetimes  #5546  Add djangorestframework-rapidjson to third party packages  #5549  Increase test coverage for  drf_create_token  command  #5550  Add trove classifier for Python 3.6 support.  #5555  Add pip cache support to the Travis CI configuration  #5556  Rename [ wheel ] section to [ bdist_wheel ] as the former is legacy  #5557  Fix invalid escape sequence deprecation warnings  #5560  Add interactive docs error template  #5548  Add rounding parameter to DecimalField  #5562  Fix all BytesWarning caught during tests  #5561  Use dict and set literals instead of calls to dict() and set()  #5559  Change ImageField validation pattern, use validators from DjangoImageField  #5539  Fix processing unicode symbols in query_string by Python 2  #5552", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#372",
+            "text": "Date :  6th November 2017   Fixed Django 2.1 compatibility due to removal of django.contrib.auth.login()/logout() views.  #5510  Add missing import for TextLexer.  #5512  Adding examples and documentation for caching  #5514  Include date and date-time format for schema generation  #5511  Use triple backticks for markdown code blocks  #5513  Interactive docs - make bottom sidebar items sticky  #5516  Clarify pagination system check  #5524  Stop JSONBoundField mangling invalid JSON  #5527  Have JSONField render as textarea in Browsable API  #5530  Schema: Exclude OPTIONS/HEAD for ViewSet actions  #5532  Fix ordering for dotted sources  #5533  Fix: Fields with  allow_null=True  should imply a default serialization value  #5518  Ensure Location header is strictly a 'str', not subclass.  #5544  Add import to example in api-guide/parsers  #5547  Catch OverflowError for \"out of range\" datetimes  #5546  Add djangorestframework-rapidjson to third party packages  #5549  Increase test coverage for  drf_create_token  command  #5550  Add trove classifier for Python 3.6 support.  #5555  Add pip cache support to the Travis CI configuration  #5556  Rename [ wheel ] section to [ bdist_wheel ] as the former is legacy  #5557  Fix invalid escape sequence deprecation warnings  #5560  Add interactive docs error template  #5548  Add rounding parameter to DecimalField  #5562  Fix all BytesWarning caught during tests  #5561  Use dict and set literals instead of calls to dict() and set()  #5559  Change ImageField validation pattern, use validators from DjangoImageField  #5539  Fix processing unicode symbols in query_string by Python 2  #5552",
             "title": "3.7.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#371", 
-            "text": "Date :  16th October 2017   Fix Interactive documentation always uses false for boolean fields in requests  #5492  Improve compatibility with Django 2.0 alpha.  #5500   #5503  Improved handling of schema naming collisions  #5486  Added additional docs and tests around providing a default value for dotted  source  fields  #5489", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#371",
+            "text": "Date :  16th October 2017   Fix Interactive documentation always uses false for boolean fields in requests  #5492  Improve compatibility with Django 2.0 alpha.  #5500   #5503  Improved handling of schema naming collisions  #5486  Added additional docs and tests around providing a default value for dotted  source  fields  #5489",
             "title": "3.7.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#370", 
-            "text": "Date :  6th October 2017   Fix  DjangoModelPermissions  to ensure user authentication before calling the view's  get_queryset()  method. As a side effect, this changes the order of the HTTP method permissions and authentication checks, and 405 responses will only be returned when authenticated. If you want to replicate the old behavior, see the PR for details.  #5376  Deprecated  exclude_from_schema  on  APIView  and  api_view  decorator. Set  schema = None  or  @schema(None)  as appropriate.  #5422   Timezone-aware  DateTimeField s now respect active or default  timezone  during serialization, instead of always using UTC.  #5435  Resolves inconsistency whereby instances were serialised with supplied datetime for  create  but UTC for  retrieve .  #3732  Possible backwards compatibility break  if you were relying on datetime strings being UTC. Have client interpret datetimes or  set default or active timezone (docs)  to UTC if needed.    Removed DjangoFilterBackend inline with deprecation policy. Use  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet  and/or  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend  instead.  #5273   Don't strip microseconds from  time  when encoding. Makes consistent with  datetime .\n     BC Change : Previously only milliseconds were encoded.  #5440  Added  STRICT_JSON  setting (default  True ) to raise exception for the extended float values ( nan ,  inf ,  -inf ) accepted by Python's  json  module.\n     BC Change : Previously these values would converted to corresponding strings. Set  STRICT_JSON  to  False  to restore the previous behaviour.  #5265  Add support for  page_size  parameter in CursorPaginator class  #5250  Make  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS   None  by default.\n     BC Change : If your were  just  setting  PAGE_SIZE  to enable pagination you will need to add  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS .\n    The previous default was  rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination . There is a system check warning to catch this case. You may silence that if you are setting pagination class on a per-view basis.  #5170  Catch  APIException  from  get_serializer_fields  in schema generation.  #5443  Allow custom authentication and permission classes when using  include_docs_urls   #5448  Defer translated string evaluation on validators.  #5452  Added default value for 'detail' param into 'ValidationError' exception  #5342  Adjust schema get_filter_fields rules to match framework  #5454  Updated test matrix to add Django 2.0 and drop Django 1.8   1.9\n     BC Change : This removes Django 1.8 and Django 1.9 from Django REST Framework supported versions.  #5457  Fixed a deprecation warning in serializers.ModelField  #5058  Added a more explicit error message when  get_queryset  returned  None   #5348  Fix docs for Response  data  description  #5361  Fix  pycache /.pyc excludes when packaging  #5373  Fix default value handling for dotted sources  #5375  Ensure content_type is set when passing empty body to RequestFactory  #5351  Fix ErrorDetail Documentation  #5380  Allow optional content in the generic content form  #5372  Updated supported values for the NullBooleanField  #5387  Fix ModelSerializer custom named fields with source on model  #5388  Fixed the MultipleFieldLookupMixin documentation example to properly check for object level permission  #5398  Update get_object() example in permissions.md  #5401  Fix authtoken management command  #5415  Fix schema generation markdown  #5421  Allow  ChoiceField.choices  to be set dynamically  #5426  Add the project layout to the quickstart  #5434  Reuse 'apply_markdown' function in 'render_markdown' templatetag  #5469  Added links to  drf-openapi  package in docs  #5470  Added docstrings code highlighting with pygments  #5462  Fixed documentation rendering for views named  data   #5472  Docs: Clarified 'to_internal_value()' validation behavior  #5466  Fix missing six.text_type() call on APIException. str   #5476  Document documentation.py  #5478  Fix naming collisions in Schema Generation  #5464  Call Django's authenticate function with the request object  #5295  Update coreapi JS to 0.1.1  #5479  Have  is_list_view  recognise RetrieveModel\u2026 views  #5480  Remove Django 1.8   1.9 compatibility code  #5481  Remove deprecated schema code from DefaultRouter  #5482  Refactor schema generation to allow per-view customisation.\n     BC Change :  SchemaGenerator.get_serializer_fields  has been refactored as  AutoSchema.get_serializer_fields  and drops the  view  argument [#5354][gh5354]", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#370",
+            "text": "Date :  6th October 2017   Fix  DjangoModelPermissions  to ensure user authentication before calling the view's  get_queryset()  method. As a side effect, this changes the order of the HTTP method permissions and authentication checks, and 405 responses will only be returned when authenticated. If you want to replicate the old behavior, see the PR for details.  #5376  Deprecated  exclude_from_schema  on  APIView  and  api_view  decorator. Set  schema = None  or  @schema(None)  as appropriate.  #5422   Timezone-aware  DateTimeField s now respect active or default  timezone  during serialization, instead of always using UTC.  #5435  Resolves inconsistency whereby instances were serialised with supplied datetime for  create  but UTC for  retrieve .  #3732  Possible backwards compatibility break  if you were relying on datetime strings being UTC. Have client interpret datetimes or  set default or active timezone (docs)  to UTC if needed.    Removed DjangoFilterBackend inline with deprecation policy. Use  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet  and/or  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend  instead.  #5273   Don't strip microseconds from  time  when encoding. Makes consistent with  datetime .\n     BC Change : Previously only milliseconds were encoded.  #5440  Added  STRICT_JSON  setting (default  True ) to raise exception for the extended float values ( nan ,  inf ,  -inf ) accepted by Python's  json  module.\n     BC Change : Previously these values would converted to corresponding strings. Set  STRICT_JSON  to  False  to restore the previous behaviour.  #5265  Add support for  page_size  parameter in CursorPaginator class  #5250  Make  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS   None  by default.\n     BC Change : If your were  just  setting  PAGE_SIZE  to enable pagination you will need to add  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS .\n    The previous default was  rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination . There is a system check warning to catch this case. You may silence that if you are setting pagination class on a per-view basis.  #5170  Catch  APIException  from  get_serializer_fields  in schema generation.  #5443  Allow custom authentication and permission classes when using  include_docs_urls   #5448  Defer translated string evaluation on validators.  #5452  Added default value for 'detail' param into 'ValidationError' exception  #5342  Adjust schema get_filter_fields rules to match framework  #5454  Updated test matrix to add Django 2.0 and drop Django 1.8 & 1.9\n     BC Change : This removes Django 1.8 and Django 1.9 from Django REST Framework supported versions.  #5457  Fixed a deprecation warning in serializers.ModelField  #5058  Added a more explicit error message when  get_queryset  returned  None   #5348  Fix docs for Response  data  description  #5361  Fix  pycache /.pyc excludes when packaging  #5373  Fix default value handling for dotted sources  #5375  Ensure content_type is set when passing empty body to RequestFactory  #5351  Fix ErrorDetail Documentation  #5380  Allow optional content in the generic content form  #5372  Updated supported values for the NullBooleanField  #5387  Fix ModelSerializer custom named fields with source on model  #5388  Fixed the MultipleFieldLookupMixin documentation example to properly check for object level permission  #5398  Update get_object() example in permissions.md  #5401  Fix authtoken management command  #5415  Fix schema generation markdown  #5421  Allow  ChoiceField.choices  to be set dynamically  #5426  Add the project layout to the quickstart  #5434  Reuse 'apply_markdown' function in 'render_markdown' templatetag  #5469  Added links to  drf-openapi  package in docs  #5470  Added docstrings code highlighting with pygments  #5462  Fixed documentation rendering for views named  data   #5472  Docs: Clarified 'to_internal_value()' validation behavior  #5466  Fix missing six.text_type() call on APIException. str   #5476  Document documentation.py  #5478  Fix naming collisions in Schema Generation  #5464  Call Django's authenticate function with the request object  #5295  Update coreapi JS to 0.1.1  #5479  Have  is_list_view  recognise RetrieveModel\u2026 views  #5480  Remove Django 1.8 & 1.9 compatibility code  #5481  Remove deprecated schema code from DefaultRouter  #5482  Refactor schema generation to allow per-view customisation.\n     BC Change :  SchemaGenerator.get_serializer_fields  has been refactored as  AutoSchema.get_serializer_fields  and drops the  view  argument [#5354][gh5354]",
             "title": "3.7.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#36x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#36x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.6.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#364", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st August 2017   Ignore any invalidly formed query parameters for OrderingFilter.  #5131  Improve memory footprint when reading large JSON requests.  #5147  Fix schema generation for pagination.  #5161  Fix exception when  HTML_CUTOFF  is set to  None .  #5174  Fix browsable API not supporting  multipart/form-data  correctly.  #5176  Fixed  test_hyperlinked_related_lookup_url_encoded_exists .  #5179  Make sure max_length is in FileField kwargs.  #5186  Fix  list_route     detail_route  with kwargs contains curly bracket in  url_path   #5187  Add Django manage command to create a DRF user Token.  #5188  Ensure API documentation templates do not check for user authentication  #5162  Fix special case where OneToOneField is also primary key.  #5192  Added aria-label and a new region for accessibility purposes in base.html  #5196  Quote nested API parameters in api.js.  #5214  Set ViewSet args/kwargs/request before dispatch.  #5229  Added unicode support to SlugField.  #5231  Fix HiddenField appears in Raw Data form initial content.  #5259  Raise validation error on invalid timezone parsing.  #5261  Fix SearchFilter to-many behavior/performance.  #5264  Simplified chained comparisons and minor code fixes.  #5276  RemoteUserAuthentication, docs, and tests.  #5306  Revert \"Cached the field's root and context property\"  #5313  Fix introspection of list field in schema.  #5326  Fix interactive docs for multiple nested and extra methods.  #5334  Fix/remove undefined template var \"schema\"  #5346", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#364",
+            "text": "Date :  21st August 2017   Ignore any invalidly formed query parameters for OrderingFilter.  #5131  Improve memory footprint when reading large JSON requests.  #5147  Fix schema generation for pagination.  #5161  Fix exception when  HTML_CUTOFF  is set to  None .  #5174  Fix browsable API not supporting  multipart/form-data  correctly.  #5176  Fixed  test_hyperlinked_related_lookup_url_encoded_exists .  #5179  Make sure max_length is in FileField kwargs.  #5186  Fix  list_route  &  detail_route  with kwargs contains curly bracket in  url_path   #5187  Add Django manage command to create a DRF user Token.  #5188  Ensure API documentation templates do not check for user authentication  #5162  Fix special case where OneToOneField is also primary key.  #5192  Added aria-label and a new region for accessibility purposes in base.html  #5196  Quote nested API parameters in api.js.  #5214  Set ViewSet args/kwargs/request before dispatch.  #5229  Added unicode support to SlugField.  #5231  Fix HiddenField appears in Raw Data form initial content.  #5259  Raise validation error on invalid timezone parsing.  #5261  Fix SearchFilter to-many behavior/performance.  #5264  Simplified chained comparisons and minor code fixes.  #5276  RemoteUserAuthentication, docs, and tests.  #5306  Revert \"Cached the field's root and context property\"  #5313  Fix introspection of list field in schema.  #5326  Fix interactive docs for multiple nested and extra methods.  #5334  Fix/remove undefined template var \"schema\"  #5346",
             "title": "3.6.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#363", 
-            "text": "Date :  12th May 2017   Raise 404 if a URL lookup results in ValidationError. ( #5126 )  Honor http_method_names on class based view, when generating API schemas. ( #5085 )  Allow overridden  get_limit  in LimitOffsetPagination to return all records. ( #4437 )  Fix partial update for the ListSerializer. ( #4222 )  Render JSONField control correctly in browsable API. ( #4999 ,  #5042 )  Raise validation errors for invalid datetime in given timezone. ( #4987 )  Support restricting doc   schema shortcuts to a subset of urls. ( #4979 )  Resolve SchemaGenerator error with paginators that have no  page_size  attribute. ( #5086 ,  #3692 )  Resolve HyperlinkedRelatedField exception on string with %20 instead of space. ( #4748 ,  #5078 )  Customizable schema generator classes. ( #5082 )  Update existing vary headers in response instead of overwriting them. ( #5047 )  Support passing  .as_view()  to view instance. ( #5053 )  Use correct exception handler when settings overridden on a view. ( #5055 ,  #5054 )  Update Boolean field to support 'yes' and 'no' values. ( #5038 )  Fix unique validator for ChoiceField. ( #5004 ,  #5026 ,  #5028 )  JavaScript cleanups in API Docs. ( #5001 )  Include URL path regexs in API schemas where valid. ( #5014 )  Correctly set scheme in coreapi TokenAuthentication. ( #5000 ,  #4994 )  HEAD requests on ViewSets should not return 405. ( #4705 ,  #4973 ,  #4864 )  Support usage of 'source' in  extra_kwargs . ( #4688 )  Fix invalid content type for schema.js ( #4968 )  Fix DjangoFilterBackend inheritance issues. ( #5089 ,  #5117 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#363",
+            "text": "Date :  12th May 2017   Raise 404 if a URL lookup results in ValidationError. ( #5126 )  Honor http_method_names on class based view, when generating API schemas. ( #5085 )  Allow overridden  get_limit  in LimitOffsetPagination to return all records. ( #4437 )  Fix partial update for the ListSerializer. ( #4222 )  Render JSONField control correctly in browsable API. ( #4999 ,  #5042 )  Raise validation errors for invalid datetime in given timezone. ( #4987 )  Support restricting doc & schema shortcuts to a subset of urls. ( #4979 )  Resolve SchemaGenerator error with paginators that have no  page_size  attribute. ( #5086 ,  #3692 )  Resolve HyperlinkedRelatedField exception on string with %20 instead of space. ( #4748 ,  #5078 )  Customizable schema generator classes. ( #5082 )  Update existing vary headers in response instead of overwriting them. ( #5047 )  Support passing  .as_view()  to view instance. ( #5053 )  Use correct exception handler when settings overridden on a view. ( #5055 ,  #5054 )  Update Boolean field to support 'yes' and 'no' values. ( #5038 )  Fix unique validator for ChoiceField. ( #5004 ,  #5026 ,  #5028 )  JavaScript cleanups in API Docs. ( #5001 )  Include URL path regexs in API schemas where valid. ( #5014 )  Correctly set scheme in coreapi TokenAuthentication. ( #5000 ,  #4994 )  HEAD requests on ViewSets should not return 405. ( #4705 ,  #4973 ,  #4864 )  Support usage of 'source' in  extra_kwargs . ( #4688 )  Fix invalid content type for schema.js ( #4968 )  Fix DjangoFilterBackend inheritance issues. ( #5089 ,  #5117 )",
             "title": "3.6.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#362", 
-            "text": "Date :  10th March 2017   Support for Safari   IE in API docs. ( #4959 ,  #4961 )  Add missing  mark_safe  in API docs template tags. ( #4952 ,  #4953 )  Add missing glyphicon fonts. ( #4950 ,  #4951 )  Fix One-to-one fields in API docs. ( #4955 ,  #4956 )  Test clean ups. ( #4949 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#362",
+            "text": "Date :  10th March 2017   Support for Safari & IE in API docs. ( #4959 ,  #4961 )  Add missing  mark_safe  in API docs template tags. ( #4952 ,  #4953 )  Add missing glyphicon fonts. ( #4950 ,  #4951 )  Fix One-to-one fields in API docs. ( #4955 ,  #4956 )  Test clean ups. ( #4949 )",
             "title": "3.6.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#361", 
-            "text": "Date :  9th March 2017   Ensure  markdown  dependency is optional. ( #4947 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#361",
+            "text": "Date :  9th March 2017   Ensure  markdown  dependency is optional. ( #4947 )",
             "title": "3.6.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#360", 
-            "text": "Date :  9th March 2017  See the  release announcement .", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#360",
+            "text": "Date :  9th March 2017  See the  release announcement .",
             "title": "3.6.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#35x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#35x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.5.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#354", 
-            "text": "Date :  10th February 2017   Add max_length and min_length arguments for ListField. ( #4877 )  Add per-view custom exception handler support. ( #4753 )  Support disabling of declared fields on serializer subclasses. ( #4764 )  Support custom view names on  @list_route  and  @detail_route  endpoints. ( #4821 )  Correct labels for fields in login template when custom user model is used. ( #4841 )  Whitespace fixes for descriptions generated from docstrings. ( #4759 ,  #4869 ,  #4870 )  Better error reporting when schemas are returned by views without a schema renderer. ( #4790 )  Fix for returned response of  PUT  requests when  prefetch_related  is used. ( #4661 ,  #4668 )  Fix for breadcrumb view names. ( #4750 )  Fix for RequestsClient ensuring fully qualified URLs. ( #4678 )  Fix for incorrect behavior of writable-nested fields check in some cases. ( #4634 ,  #4669 )  Resolve Django deprecation warnings. ( #4712 )  Various cleanup of test cases.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#354",
+            "text": "Date :  10th February 2017   Add max_length and min_length arguments for ListField. ( #4877 )  Add per-view custom exception handler support. ( #4753 )  Support disabling of declared fields on serializer subclasses. ( #4764 )  Support custom view names on  @list_route  and  @detail_route  endpoints. ( #4821 )  Correct labels for fields in login template when custom user model is used. ( #4841 )  Whitespace fixes for descriptions generated from docstrings. ( #4759 ,  #4869 ,  #4870 )  Better error reporting when schemas are returned by views without a schema renderer. ( #4790 )  Fix for returned response of  PUT  requests when  prefetch_related  is used. ( #4661 ,  #4668 )  Fix for breadcrumb view names. ( #4750 )  Fix for RequestsClient ensuring fully qualified URLs. ( #4678 )  Fix for incorrect behavior of writable-nested fields check in some cases. ( #4634 ,  #4669 )  Resolve Django deprecation warnings. ( #4712 )  Various cleanup of test cases.",
             "title": "3.5.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#353", 
-            "text": "Date :  7th November 2016   Don't raise incorrect FilterSet deprecation warnings. ( #4660 ,  #4643 ,  #4644 )  Schema generation should not raise 404 when a view permission class does. ( #4645 ,  #4646 )  Add  autofocus  support for input controls. ( #4650 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#353",
+            "text": "Date :  7th November 2016   Don't raise incorrect FilterSet deprecation warnings. ( #4660 ,  #4643 ,  #4644 )  Schema generation should not raise 404 when a view permission class does. ( #4645 ,  #4646 )  Add  autofocus  support for input controls. ( #4650 )",
             "title": "3.5.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#352", 
-            "text": "Date :  1st November 2016   Restore exception tracebacks in Python 2.7. ( #4631 ,  #4638 )  Properly display dicts in the admin console. ( #4532 ,  #4636 )  Fix is_simple_callable with variable args, kwargs. ( #4622 ,  #4602 )  Support 'on'/'off' literals with BooleanField. ( #4640 ,  #4624 )  Enable cursor pagination of value querysets. ( #4569 )  Fix support of get_full_details() for Throttled exceptions. ( #4627 )  Fix FilterSet proxy. ( #4620 )  Make serializer fields import explicit. ( #4628 )  Drop redundant requests adapter. ( #4639 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#352",
+            "text": "Date :  1st November 2016   Restore exception tracebacks in Python 2.7. ( #4631 ,  #4638 )  Properly display dicts in the admin console. ( #4532 ,  #4636 )  Fix is_simple_callable with variable args, kwargs. ( #4622 ,  #4602 )  Support 'on'/'off' literals with BooleanField. ( #4640 ,  #4624 )  Enable cursor pagination of value querysets. ( #4569 )  Fix support of get_full_details() for Throttled exceptions. ( #4627 )  Fix FilterSet proxy. ( #4620 )  Make serializer fields import explicit. ( #4628 )  Drop redundant requests adapter. ( #4639 )",
             "title": "3.5.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#351", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st October 2016   Make  rest_framework/compat.py  imports. ( #4612 ,  #4608 ,  #4601 )  Fix bug in schema base path generation. ( #4611 ,  #4605 )  Fix broken case of ListSerializer with single item. ( #4609 ,  #4606 )  Remove bare  raise  for Python 3.5 compat. ( #4600 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#351",
+            "text": "Date :  21st October 2016   Make  rest_framework/compat.py  imports. ( #4612 ,  #4608 ,  #4601 )  Fix bug in schema base path generation. ( #4611 ,  #4605 )  Fix broken case of ListSerializer with single item. ( #4609 ,  #4606 )  Remove bare  raise  for Python 3.5 compat. ( #4600 )",
             "title": "3.5.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#350", 
-            "text": "Date :  20th October 2016", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#350",
+            "text": "Date :  20th October 2016",
             "title": "3.5.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#34x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#34x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.4.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#347", 
-            "text": "Date :  21st September 2016   Fallback behavior for request parsing when request.POST already accessed. ( #3951 ,  #4500 )  Fix regression of  RegexField . ( #4489 ,  #4490 ,  #2617 )  Missing comma in  admin.html  causing CSRF error. ( #4472 ,  #4473 )  Fix response rendering with empty context. ( #4495 )  Fix indentation regression in API listing. ( #4493 )  Fixed an issue where the incorrect value is set to  ResolverMatch.func_name  of api_view decorated view. ( #4465 ,  #4462 )  Fix  APIClient.get()  when path contains unicode arguments ( #4458 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#347",
+            "text": "Date :  21st September 2016   Fallback behavior for request parsing when request.POST already accessed. ( #3951 ,  #4500 )  Fix regression of  RegexField . ( #4489 ,  #4490 ,  #2617 )  Missing comma in  admin.html  causing CSRF error. ( #4472 ,  #4473 )  Fix response rendering with empty context. ( #4495 )  Fix indentation regression in API listing. ( #4493 )  Fixed an issue where the incorrect value is set to  ResolverMatch.func_name  of api_view decorated view. ( #4465 ,  #4462 )  Fix  APIClient.get()  when path contains unicode arguments ( #4458 )",
             "title": "3.4.7"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#346", 
-            "text": "Date :  23rd August 2016   Fix malformed Javascript in browsable API. ( #4435 )  Skip HiddenField from Schema fields. ( #4425 ,  #4429 )  Improve Create to show the original exception traceback. ( #3508 )  Fix  AdminRenderer  display of PK only related fields. ( #4419 ,  #4423 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#346",
+            "text": "Date :  23rd August 2016   Fix malformed Javascript in browsable API. ( #4435 )  Skip HiddenField from Schema fields. ( #4425 ,  #4429 )  Improve Create to show the original exception traceback. ( #3508 )  Fix  AdminRenderer  display of PK only related fields. ( #4419 ,  #4423 )",
             "title": "3.4.6"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#345", 
-            "text": "Date :  19th August 2016   Improve debug error handling. ( #4416 ,  #4409 )  Allow custom CSRF_HEADER_NAME setting. ( #4415 ,  #4410 )  Include .action attribute on viewsets when generating schemas. ( #4408 ,  #4398 )  Do not include request.FILES items in request.POST. ( #4407 )  Fix rendering of checkbox multiple. ( #4403 )  Fix docstring of Field.get_default. ( #4404 )  Replace utf8 character with its ascii counterpart in README. ( #4412 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#345",
+            "text": "Date :  19th August 2016   Improve debug error handling. ( #4416 ,  #4409 )  Allow custom CSRF_HEADER_NAME setting. ( #4415 ,  #4410 )  Include .action attribute on viewsets when generating schemas. ( #4408 ,  #4398 )  Do not include request.FILES items in request.POST. ( #4407 )  Fix rendering of checkbox multiple. ( #4403 )  Fix docstring of Field.get_default. ( #4404 )  Replace utf8 character with its ascii counterpart in README. ( #4412 )",
             "title": "3.4.5"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#344", 
-            "text": "Date :  12th August 2016   Ensure views are fully initialized when generating schemas. ( #4373 ,  #4382 ,  #4383 ,  #4279 ,  #4278 )  Add form field descriptions to schemas. ( #4387 )  Fix category generation for schema endpoints. ( #4391 ,  #4394 ,  #4390 ,  #4386 ,  #4376 ,  #4329 )  Don't strip empty query params when paginating. ( #4392 ,  #4393 ,  #4260 )  Do not re-run query for empty results with LimitOffsetPagination. ( #4201 ,  #4388 )  Stricter type validation for CharField. ( #4380 ,  #3394 )  RelatedField.choices should preserve non-string values. ( #4111 ,  #4379 ,  #3365 )  Test case for rendering checkboxes in vertical form style. ( #4378 ,  #3868 ,  #3868 )  Show error traceback HTML in browsable API ( #4042 ,  #4172 )  Fix handling of ALLOWED_VERSIONS and no DEFAULT_VERSION.  #4370  Allow  max_digits=None  on DecimalField. ( #4377 ,  #4372 )  Limit queryset when rendering relational choices. ( #4375 ,  #4122 ,  #3329 ,  #3330 ,  #3877 )  Resolve form display with ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField and non-string choices. ( #4374 ,  #4119 ,  #4121 ,  #4137 ,  #4120 )  Fix call to TemplateHTMLRenderer.resolve_context() fallback method. ( #4371 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#344",
+            "text": "Date :  12th August 2016   Ensure views are fully initialized when generating schemas. ( #4373 ,  #4382 ,  #4383 ,  #4279 ,  #4278 )  Add form field descriptions to schemas. ( #4387 )  Fix category generation for schema endpoints. ( #4391 ,  #4394 ,  #4390 ,  #4386 ,  #4376 ,  #4329 )  Don't strip empty query params when paginating. ( #4392 ,  #4393 ,  #4260 )  Do not re-run query for empty results with LimitOffsetPagination. ( #4201 ,  #4388 )  Stricter type validation for CharField. ( #4380 ,  #3394 )  RelatedField.choices should preserve non-string values. ( #4111 ,  #4379 ,  #3365 )  Test case for rendering checkboxes in vertical form style. ( #4378 ,  #3868 ,  #3868 )  Show error traceback HTML in browsable API ( #4042 ,  #4172 )  Fix handling of ALLOWED_VERSIONS and no DEFAULT_VERSION.  #4370  Allow  max_digits=None  on DecimalField. ( #4377 ,  #4372 )  Limit queryset when rendering relational choices. ( #4375 ,  #4122 ,  #3329 ,  #3330 ,  #3877 )  Resolve form display with ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField and non-string choices. ( #4374 ,  #4119 ,  #4121 ,  #4137 ,  #4120 )  Fix call to TemplateHTMLRenderer.resolve_context() fallback method. ( #4371 )",
             "title": "3.4.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#343", 
-            "text": "Date :  5th August 2016   Include fallback for users of older TemplateHTMLRenderer internal API. ( #4361 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#343",
+            "text": "Date :  5th August 2016   Include fallback for users of older TemplateHTMLRenderer internal API. ( #4361 )",
             "title": "3.4.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#342", 
-            "text": "Date :  5th August 2016   Include kwargs passed to 'as_view' when generating schemas. ( #4359 ,  #4330 ,  #4331 )  Access  request.user.is_authenticated  as property not method, under Django 1.10+ ( #4358 ,  #4354 )  Filter HEAD out from schemas. ( #4357 )  extra_kwargs takes precedence over uniqueness kwargs. ( #4198 ,  #4199 ,  #4349 )  Correct descriptions when tabs are used in code indentation. ( #4345 ,  #4347 )*  Change template context generation in TemplateHTMLRenderer. ( #4236 )  Serializer defaults should not be included in partial updates. ( #4346 ,  #3565 )  Consistent behavior   descriptive error from FileUploadParser when filename not included. ( #4340 ,  #3610 ,  #4292 ,  #4296 )  DecimalField quantizes incoming digitals. ( #4339 ,  #4318 )  Handle non-string input for IP fields. ( #4335 ,  #4336 ,  #4338 )  Fix leading slash handling when Schema generation includes a root URL. ( #4332 )  Test cases for DictField with allow_null options. ( #4348 )  Update tests from Django 1.10 beta to Django 1.10. ( #4344 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#342",
+            "text": "Date :  5th August 2016   Include kwargs passed to 'as_view' when generating schemas. ( #4359 ,  #4330 ,  #4331 )  Access  request.user.is_authenticated  as property not method, under Django 1.10+ ( #4358 ,  #4354 )  Filter HEAD out from schemas. ( #4357 )  extra_kwargs takes precedence over uniqueness kwargs. ( #4198 ,  #4199 ,  #4349 )  Correct descriptions when tabs are used in code indentation. ( #4345 ,  #4347 )*  Change template context generation in TemplateHTMLRenderer. ( #4236 )  Serializer defaults should not be included in partial updates. ( #4346 ,  #3565 )  Consistent behavior & descriptive error from FileUploadParser when filename not included. ( #4340 ,  #3610 ,  #4292 ,  #4296 )  DecimalField quantizes incoming digitals. ( #4339 ,  #4318 )  Handle non-string input for IP fields. ( #4335 ,  #4336 ,  #4338 )  Fix leading slash handling when Schema generation includes a root URL. ( #4332 )  Test cases for DictField with allow_null options. ( #4348 )  Update tests from Django 1.10 beta to Django 1.10. ( #4344 )",
             "title": "3.4.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#341", 
-            "text": "Date :  28th July 2016   Added  root_renderers  argument to  DefaultRouter . ( #4323 ,  #4268 )  Added  url  and  schema_url  arguments. ( #4321 ,  #4308 ,  #4305 )  Unique together checks should apply to read-only fields which have a default. ( #4316 ,  #4294 )  Set view.format_kwarg in schema generator. ( #4293 ,  #4315 )  Fix schema generator for views with  pagination_class = None . ( #4314 ,  #4289 )  Fix schema generator for views with no  get_serializer_class . ( #4265 ,  #4285 )  Fixes for media type parameters in  Accept  and  Content-Type  headers. ( #4287 ,  #4313 ,  #4281 )  Use verbose_name instead of object_name in error messages. ( #4299 )  Minor version update to Twitter Bootstrap. ( #4307 )  SearchFilter raises error when using with related field. ( #4302 ,  #4303 ,  #4298 )  Adding support for RFC 4918 status codes. ( #4291 )  Add LICENSE.md to the built wheel. ( #4270 )  Serializing \"complex\" field returns None instead of the value since 3.4 ( #4272 ,  #4273 ,  #4288 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#341",
+            "text": "Date :  28th July 2016   Added  root_renderers  argument to  DefaultRouter . ( #4323 ,  #4268 )  Added  url  and  schema_url  arguments. ( #4321 ,  #4308 ,  #4305 )  Unique together checks should apply to read-only fields which have a default. ( #4316 ,  #4294 )  Set view.format_kwarg in schema generator. ( #4293 ,  #4315 )  Fix schema generator for views with  pagination_class = None . ( #4314 ,  #4289 )  Fix schema generator for views with no  get_serializer_class . ( #4265 ,  #4285 )  Fixes for media type parameters in  Accept  and  Content-Type  headers. ( #4287 ,  #4313 ,  #4281 )  Use verbose_name instead of object_name in error messages. ( #4299 )  Minor version update to Twitter Bootstrap. ( #4307 )  SearchFilter raises error when using with related field. ( #4302 ,  #4303 ,  #4298 )  Adding support for RFC 4918 status codes. ( #4291 )  Add LICENSE.md to the built wheel. ( #4270 )  Serializing \"complex\" field returns None instead of the value since 3.4 ( #4272 ,  #4273 ,  #4288 )",
             "title": "3.4.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#340", 
-            "text": "Date :  14th July 2016   Don't strip microseconds in JSON output. ( #4256 )  Two slightly different iso 8601 datetime serialization. ( #4255 )  Resolve incorrect inclusion of media type parameters. ( #4254 )  Response Content-Type potentially malformed. ( #4253 )  Fix setup.py error on some platforms. ( #4246 )  Move alternate formats in coreapi into separate packages. ( #4244 )  Add localize keyword argument to  DecimalField . ( #4233 )  Fix issues with routers for custom list-route and detail-routes. ( #4229 )  Namespace versioning with nested namespaces. ( #4219 )  Robust uniqueness checks. ( #4217 )  Minor refactoring of  must_call_distinct . ( #4215 )  Overridable offset cutoff in CursorPagination. ( #4212 )  Pass through strings as-in with date/time fields. ( #4196 )  Add test confirming that required=False is valid on a relational field. ( #4195 )  In LimitOffsetPagination  limit=0  should revert to default limit. ( #4194 )  Exclude read_only=True fields from unique_together validation   add docs. ( #4192 )  Handle bytestrings in JSON. ( #4191 )  JSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. ( #4187 )  JSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. ( #4185 )  More robust form rendering in the browsable API. ( #4181 )  Empty cases of  .validated_data  and  .errors  as lists not dicts for ListSerializer. ( #4180 )  Schemas   client libraries. ( #4179 )  Removed  AUTH_USER_MODEL  compat property. ( #4176 )  Clean up existing deprecation warnings. ( #4166 )  Django 1.10 support. ( #4158 )  Updated jQuery version to 1.12.4. ( #4157 )  More robust default behavior on OrderingFilter. ( #4156 )  description.py codes and tests removal. ( #4153 )  Wrap guardian.VERSION in tuple. ( #4149 )  Refine validator for fields with   kwargs. ( #4146 )  Fix None values representation in childs of ListField, DictField. ( #4118 )  Resolve TimeField representation for midnight value. ( #4107 )  Set proper status code in AdminRenderer for the redirection after POST/DELETE requests. ( #4106 )  TimeField render returns None instead of 00:00:00. ( #4105 )  Fix incorrectly named zh-hans and zh-hant locale path. ( #4103 )  Prevent raising exception when limit is 0. ( #4098 )  TokenAuthentication: Allow custom keyword in the header. ( #4097 )  Handle incorrectly padded HTTP basic auth header. ( #4090 )  LimitOffset pagination crashes Browseable API when limit=0. ( #4079 )  Fixed DecimalField arbitrary precision support. ( #4075 )  Added support for custom CSRF cookie names. ( #4049 )  Fix regression introduced by #4035. ( #4041 )  No auth view failing permission should raise 403. ( #4040 )  Fix string_types / text_types confusion. ( #4025 )  Do not list related field choices in OPTIONS requests. ( #4021 )  Fix typo. ( #4008 )  Reorder initializing the view. ( #4006 )  Type error in DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter on Python 3.4. ( #4005 )  Fixed use of deprecated Query.aggregates. ( #4003 )  Fix blank lines around docstrings. ( #4002 )  Fixed admin pagination when limit is 0. ( #3990 )  OrderingFilter adjustments. ( #3983 )  Non-required serializer related fields. ( #3976 )  Using safer calling way of \"@api_view\" in tutorial. ( #3971 )  ListSerializer doesn't handle unique_together constraints. ( #3970 )  Add missing migration file. ( #3968 )  OrderingFilter  should call  get_serializer_class()  to determine default fields. ( #3964 )  Remove old Django checks from tests and compat. ( #3953 )  Support callable as the value of  initial  for any  serializer.Field . ( #3943 )  Prevented unnecessary distinct() call in SearchFilter. ( #3938 )  Fix None UUID ForeignKey serialization. ( #3936 )  Drop EOL Django 1.7. ( #3933 )  Add missing space in serializer error message. ( #3926 )  Fixed _force_text_recursive typo. ( #3908 )  Attempt to address Django 2.0 deprecate warnings related to  field.rel . ( #3906 )  Fix parsing multipart data using a nested serializer with list. ( #3820 )  Resolving APIs URL to different namespaces. ( #3816 )  Do not HTML-escape  help_text  in Browsable API forms. ( #3812 )  OPTIONS fetches and shows all possible foreign keys in choices field. ( #3751 )  Django 1.9 deprecation warnings ( #3729 )  Test case for #3598 ( #3710 )  Adding support for multiple values for search filter. ( #3541 )  Use get_serializer_class in ordering filter. ( #3487 )  Serializers with many=True should return empty list rather than empty dict. ( #3476 )  LimitOffsetPagination limit=0 fix. ( #3444 )  Enable Validators to defer string evaluation and handle new string format. ( #3438 )  Unique validator is executed and breaks if field is invalid. ( #3381 )  Do not ignore overridden View.get_view_name() in breadcrumbs. ( #3273 )  Retry form rendering when rendering with serializer fails. ( #3164 )  Unique constraint prevents nested serializers from updating. ( #2996 )  Uniqueness validators should not be run for excluded (read_only) fields. ( #2848 )  UniqueValidator raises exception for nested objects. ( #2403 )  lookup_type  is deprecated in favor of  lookup_expr . ( #4259 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#340",
+            "text": "Date :  14th July 2016   Don't strip microseconds in JSON output. ( #4256 )  Two slightly different iso 8601 datetime serialization. ( #4255 )  Resolve incorrect inclusion of media type parameters. ( #4254 )  Response Content-Type potentially malformed. ( #4253 )  Fix setup.py error on some platforms. ( #4246 )  Move alternate formats in coreapi into separate packages. ( #4244 )  Add localize keyword argument to  DecimalField . ( #4233 )  Fix issues with routers for custom list-route and detail-routes. ( #4229 )  Namespace versioning with nested namespaces. ( #4219 )  Robust uniqueness checks. ( #4217 )  Minor refactoring of  must_call_distinct . ( #4215 )  Overridable offset cutoff in CursorPagination. ( #4212 )  Pass through strings as-in with date/time fields. ( #4196 )  Add test confirming that required=False is valid on a relational field. ( #4195 )  In LimitOffsetPagination  limit=0  should revert to default limit. ( #4194 )  Exclude read_only=True fields from unique_together validation & add docs. ( #4192 )  Handle bytestrings in JSON. ( #4191 )  JSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. ( #4187 )  JSONField(binary=True) represents using binary strings, which JSONRenderer does not support. ( #4185 )  More robust form rendering in the browsable API. ( #4181 )  Empty cases of  .validated_data  and  .errors  as lists not dicts for ListSerializer. ( #4180 )  Schemas & client libraries. ( #4179 )  Removed  AUTH_USER_MODEL  compat property. ( #4176 )  Clean up existing deprecation warnings. ( #4166 )  Django 1.10 support. ( #4158 )  Updated jQuery version to 1.12.4. ( #4157 )  More robust default behavior on OrderingFilter. ( #4156 )  description.py codes and tests removal. ( #4153 )  Wrap guardian.VERSION in tuple. ( #4149 )  Refine validator for fields with   kwargs. ( #4146 )  Fix None values representation in childs of ListField, DictField. ( #4118 )  Resolve TimeField representation for midnight value. ( #4107 )  Set proper status code in AdminRenderer for the redirection after POST/DELETE requests. ( #4106 )  TimeField render returns None instead of 00:00:00. ( #4105 )  Fix incorrectly named zh-hans and zh-hant locale path. ( #4103 )  Prevent raising exception when limit is 0. ( #4098 )  TokenAuthentication: Allow custom keyword in the header. ( #4097 )  Handle incorrectly padded HTTP basic auth header. ( #4090 )  LimitOffset pagination crashes Browseable API when limit=0. ( #4079 )  Fixed DecimalField arbitrary precision support. ( #4075 )  Added support for custom CSRF cookie names. ( #4049 )  Fix regression introduced by #4035. ( #4041 )  No auth view failing permission should raise 403. ( #4040 )  Fix string_types / text_types confusion. ( #4025 )  Do not list related field choices in OPTIONS requests. ( #4021 )  Fix typo. ( #4008 )  Reorder initializing the view. ( #4006 )  Type error in DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter on Python 3.4. ( #4005 )  Fixed use of deprecated Query.aggregates. ( #4003 )  Fix blank lines around docstrings. ( #4002 )  Fixed admin pagination when limit is 0. ( #3990 )  OrderingFilter adjustments. ( #3983 )  Non-required serializer related fields. ( #3976 )  Using safer calling way of \"@api_view\" in tutorial. ( #3971 )  ListSerializer doesn't handle unique_together constraints. ( #3970 )  Add missing migration file. ( #3968 )  OrderingFilter  should call  get_serializer_class()  to determine default fields. ( #3964 )  Remove old Django checks from tests and compat. ( #3953 )  Support callable as the value of  initial  for any  serializer.Field . ( #3943 )  Prevented unnecessary distinct() call in SearchFilter. ( #3938 )  Fix None UUID ForeignKey serialization. ( #3936 )  Drop EOL Django 1.7. ( #3933 )  Add missing space in serializer error message. ( #3926 )  Fixed _force_text_recursive typo. ( #3908 )  Attempt to address Django 2.0 deprecate warnings related to  field.rel . ( #3906 )  Fix parsing multipart data using a nested serializer with list. ( #3820 )  Resolving APIs URL to different namespaces. ( #3816 )  Do not HTML-escape  help_text  in Browsable API forms. ( #3812 )  OPTIONS fetches and shows all possible foreign keys in choices field. ( #3751 )  Django 1.9 deprecation warnings ( #3729 )  Test case for #3598 ( #3710 )  Adding support for multiple values for search filter. ( #3541 )  Use get_serializer_class in ordering filter. ( #3487 )  Serializers with many=True should return empty list rather than empty dict. ( #3476 )  LimitOffsetPagination limit=0 fix. ( #3444 )  Enable Validators to defer string evaluation and handle new string format. ( #3438 )  Unique validator is executed and breaks if field is invalid. ( #3381 )  Do not ignore overridden View.get_view_name() in breadcrumbs. ( #3273 )  Retry form rendering when rendering with serializer fails. ( #3164 )  Unique constraint prevents nested serializers from updating. ( #2996 )  Uniqueness validators should not be run for excluded (read_only) fields. ( #2848 )  UniqueValidator raises exception for nested objects. ( #2403 )  lookup_type  is deprecated in favor of  lookup_expr . ( #4259 )",
             "title": "3.4.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#33x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#33x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.3.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#333", 
-            "text": "Date :  14th March 2016 .   Remove version string from templates. Thanks to @blag for the report and fixes. ( #3878 ,  #3913 ,  #3912 )  Fixes vertical html layout for  BooleanField . Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. ( #3910 )  Silenced deprecation warnings on Django 1.8. Thanks to Simon Charette for the fix. ( #3903 )  Internationalization for authtoken. Thanks to Michael Nacharov for the fix. ( #3887 ,  #3968 )  Fix  Token  model as  abstract  when the authtoken application isn't declared. Thanks to Adam Thomas for the report. ( #3860 ,  #3858 )  Improve Markdown version compatibility. Thanks to Michael J. Schultz for the fix. ( #3604 ,  #3842 )  QueryParameterVersioning  does not use  DEFAULT_VERSION  setting. Thanks to Brad Montgomery for the fix. ( #3833 )  Add an explicit  on_delete  on the models. Thanks to Mads Jensen for the fix. ( #3832 )  Fix  DateField.to_representation  to work with Python 2 unicode. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. ( #3819 )  Fixed  TimeField  not handling string times. Thanks to Areski Belaid for the fix. ( #3809 )  Avoid updates of  Meta.extra_kwargs . Thanks to Kevin Massey for the report and fix. ( #3805 ,  #3804 )  Fix nested validation error being rendered incorrectly. Thanks to Craig de Stigter for the fix. ( #3801 )  Document how to avoid CSRF and missing button issues with  django-crispy-forms . Thanks to Emmanuelle Delescolle, Jos\u00e9 Padilla and Luis San Pablo for the report, analysis and fix. ( #3787 ,  #3636 ,  #3637 )  Improve Rest Framework Settings file setup time. Thanks to Miles Hutson for the report and Mads Jensen for the fix. ( #3786 ,  #3815 )  Improve authtoken compatibility with Django 1.9. Thanks to S. Andrew Sheppard for the fix. ( #3785 )  Fix  Min/MaxValueValidator  transfer from a model's  DecimalField . Thanks to Kevin Brown for the fix. ( #3774 )  Improve HTML title in the Browsable API. Thanks to Mike Lissner for the report and fix. ( #3769 )  Fix  AutoFilterSet  to inherit from  default_filter_set . Thanks to Tom Linford for the fix. ( #3753 )  Fix transifex config to handle the new Chinese language codes. Thanks to @nypisces for the report and fix. ( #3739 )  DateTimeField  does not handle empty values correctly. Thanks to Mick Parker for the report and fix. ( #3731 ,  #3726 )  Raise error when setting a removed rest_framework setting. Thanks to Luis San Pablo for the fix. ( #3715 )  Add missing csrf_token in AdminRenderer post form. Thanks to Piotr \u015aniegowski for the fix. ( #3703 )  Refactored  _get_reverse_relationships()  to use correct  to_field . Thanks to Benjamin Phillips for the fix. ( #3696 )  Document the use of  get_queryset  for  RelatedField . Thanks to Ryan Hiebert for the fix. ( #3605 )  Fix empty pk detection in HyperlinkRelatedField.get_url. Thanks to @jslang for the fix ( #3962 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#333",
+            "text": "Date :  14th March 2016 .   Remove version string from templates. Thanks to @blag for the report and fixes. ( #3878 ,  #3913 ,  #3912 )  Fixes vertical html layout for  BooleanField . Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. ( #3910 )  Silenced deprecation warnings on Django 1.8. Thanks to Simon Charette for the fix. ( #3903 )  Internationalization for authtoken. Thanks to Michael Nacharov for the fix. ( #3887 ,  #3968 )  Fix  Token  model as  abstract  when the authtoken application isn't declared. Thanks to Adam Thomas for the report. ( #3860 ,  #3858 )  Improve Markdown version compatibility. Thanks to Michael J. Schultz for the fix. ( #3604 ,  #3842 )  QueryParameterVersioning  does not use  DEFAULT_VERSION  setting. Thanks to Brad Montgomery for the fix. ( #3833 )  Add an explicit  on_delete  on the models. Thanks to Mads Jensen for the fix. ( #3832 )  Fix  DateField.to_representation  to work with Python 2 unicode. Thanks to Mikalai Radchuk for the fix. ( #3819 )  Fixed  TimeField  not handling string times. Thanks to Areski Belaid for the fix. ( #3809 )  Avoid updates of  Meta.extra_kwargs . Thanks to Kevin Massey for the report and fix. ( #3805 ,  #3804 )  Fix nested validation error being rendered incorrectly. Thanks to Craig de Stigter for the fix. ( #3801 )  Document how to avoid CSRF and missing button issues with  django-crispy-forms . Thanks to Emmanuelle Delescolle, Jos\u00e9 Padilla and Luis San Pablo for the report, analysis and fix. ( #3787 ,  #3636 ,  #3637 )  Improve Rest Framework Settings file setup time. Thanks to Miles Hutson for the report and Mads Jensen for the fix. ( #3786 ,  #3815 )  Improve authtoken compatibility with Django 1.9. Thanks to S. Andrew Sheppard for the fix. ( #3785 )  Fix  Min/MaxValueValidator  transfer from a model's  DecimalField . Thanks to Kevin Brown for the fix. ( #3774 )  Improve HTML title in the Browsable API. Thanks to Mike Lissner for the report and fix. ( #3769 )  Fix  AutoFilterSet  to inherit from  default_filter_set . Thanks to Tom Linford for the fix. ( #3753 )  Fix transifex config to handle the new Chinese language codes. Thanks to @nypisces for the report and fix. ( #3739 )  DateTimeField  does not handle empty values correctly. Thanks to Mick Parker for the report and fix. ( #3731 ,  #3726 )  Raise error when setting a removed rest_framework setting. Thanks to Luis San Pablo for the fix. ( #3715 )  Add missing csrf_token in AdminRenderer post form. Thanks to Piotr \u015aniegowski for the fix. ( #3703 )  Refactored  _get_reverse_relationships()  to use correct  to_field . Thanks to Benjamin Phillips for the fix. ( #3696 )  Document the use of  get_queryset  for  RelatedField . Thanks to Ryan Hiebert for the fix. ( #3605 )  Fix empty pk detection in HyperlinkRelatedField.get_url. Thanks to @jslang for the fix ( #3962 )",
             "title": "3.3.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#332", 
-            "text": "Date :  14th December 2015 .   ListField  enforces input is a list. ( #3513 )  Fix regression hiding raw data form. ( #3600 ,  #3578 )  Fix Python 3.5 compatibility. ( #3534 ,  #3626 )  Allow setting a custom Django Paginator in  pagination.PageNumberPagination . ( #3631 ,  #3684 )  Fix relational fields without  to_fields  attribute. ( #3635 ,  #3634 )  Fix  template.render  deprecation warnings for Django 1.9. ( #3654 )  Sort response headers in browsable API renderer. ( #3655 )  Use related_objects api for Django 1.9+. ( #3656 ,  #3252 )  Add confirm modal when deleting. ( #3228 ,  #3662 )  Reveal previously hidden AttributeErrors and TypeErrors while calling has_[object_]permissions. ( #3668 )  Make DRF compatible with multi template engine in Django 1.8. ( #3672 )  Update  NestedBoundField  to also handle empty string when rendering its form. ( #3677 )  Fix UUID validation to properly catch invalid input types. ( #3687 ,  #3679 )  Fix caching issues. ( #3628 ,  #3701 )  Fix Admin and API browser for views without a filter_class. ( #3705 ,  #3596 ,  #3597 )  Add app_name to rest_framework.urls. ( #3714 )  Improve authtoken's views to support url versioning. ( #3718 ,  #3723 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#332",
+            "text": "Date :  14th December 2015 .   ListField  enforces input is a list. ( #3513 )  Fix regression hiding raw data form. ( #3600 ,  #3578 )  Fix Python 3.5 compatibility. ( #3534 ,  #3626 )  Allow setting a custom Django Paginator in  pagination.PageNumberPagination . ( #3631 ,  #3684 )  Fix relational fields without  to_fields  attribute. ( #3635 ,  #3634 )  Fix  template.render  deprecation warnings for Django 1.9. ( #3654 )  Sort response headers in browsable API renderer. ( #3655 )  Use related_objects api for Django 1.9+. ( #3656 ,  #3252 )  Add confirm modal when deleting. ( #3228 ,  #3662 )  Reveal previously hidden AttributeErrors and TypeErrors while calling has_[object_]permissions. ( #3668 )  Make DRF compatible with multi template engine in Django 1.8. ( #3672 )  Update  NestedBoundField  to also handle empty string when rendering its form. ( #3677 )  Fix UUID validation to properly catch invalid input types. ( #3687 ,  #3679 )  Fix caching issues. ( #3628 ,  #3701 )  Fix Admin and API browser for views without a filter_class. ( #3705 ,  #3596 ,  #3597 )  Add app_name to rest_framework.urls. ( #3714 )  Improve authtoken's views to support url versioning. ( #3718 ,  #3723 )",
             "title": "3.3.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#331", 
-            "text": "Date :  4th November 2015 .   Resolve parsing bug when accessing  request.POST  ( #3592 )  Correctly deal with  to_field  referring to primary key. ( #3593 )  Allow filter HTML to render when no  filter_class  is defined. ( #3560 )  Fix admin rendering issues. ( #3564 ,  #3556 )  Fix issue with DecimalValidator. ( #3568 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#331",
+            "text": "Date :  4th November 2015 .   Resolve parsing bug when accessing  request.POST  ( #3592 )  Correctly deal with  to_field  referring to primary key. ( #3593 )  Allow filter HTML to render when no  filter_class  is defined. ( #3560 )  Fix admin rendering issues. ( #3564 ,  #3556 )  Fix issue with DecimalValidator. ( #3568 )",
             "title": "3.3.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#330", 
-            "text": "Date :  28th October 2015 .   HTML controls for filters. ( #3315 )  Forms API. ( #3475 )  AJAX browsable API. ( #3410 )  Added JSONField. ( #3454 )  Correctly map  to_field  when creating  ModelSerializer  relational fields. ( #3526 )  Include keyword arguments when mapping  FilePathField  to a serializer field. ( #3536 )  Map appropriate model  error_messages  on  ModelSerializer  uniqueness constraints. ( #3435 )  Include  max_length  constraint for  ModelSerializer  fields mapped from TextField. ( #3509 )  Added support for Django 1.9. ( #3450 ,  #3525 )  Removed support for Django 1.5   1.6. ( #3421 ,  #3429 )  Removed 'south' migrations. ( #3495 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#330",
+            "text": "Date :  28th October 2015 .   HTML controls for filters. ( #3315 )  Forms API. ( #3475 )  AJAX browsable API. ( #3410 )  Added JSONField. ( #3454 )  Correctly map  to_field  when creating  ModelSerializer  relational fields. ( #3526 )  Include keyword arguments when mapping  FilePathField  to a serializer field. ( #3536 )  Map appropriate model  error_messages  on  ModelSerializer  uniqueness constraints. ( #3435 )  Include  max_length  constraint for  ModelSerializer  fields mapped from TextField. ( #3509 )  Added support for Django 1.9. ( #3450 ,  #3525 )  Removed support for Django 1.5 & 1.6. ( #3421 ,  #3429 )  Removed 'south' migrations. ( #3495 )",
             "title": "3.3.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#32x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#32x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.2.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#325", 
-            "text": "Date :  27th October 2015 .   Escape  username  in optional logout tag. ( #3550 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#325",
+            "text": "Date :  27th October 2015 .   Escape  username  in optional logout tag. ( #3550 )",
             "title": "3.2.5"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#324", 
-            "text": "Date :  21th September 2015 .   Don't error on missing  ViewSet.search_fields  attribute. ( #3324 ,  #3323 )  Fix  allow_empty  not working on serializers with  many=True . ( #3361 ,  #3364 )  Let  DurationField  accepts integers. ( #3359 )  Multi-level dictionaries not supported in multipart requests. ( #3314 )  Fix  ListField  truncation on HTTP PATCH ( #3415 ,  #2761 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#324",
+            "text": "Date :  21th September 2015 .   Don't error on missing  ViewSet.search_fields  attribute. ( #3324 ,  #3323 )  Fix  allow_empty  not working on serializers with  many=True . ( #3361 ,  #3364 )  Let  DurationField  accepts integers. ( #3359 )  Multi-level dictionaries not supported in multipart requests. ( #3314 )  Fix  ListField  truncation on HTTP PATCH ( #3415 ,  #2761 )",
             "title": "3.2.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#323", 
-            "text": "Date :  24th August 2015 .   Added  html_cutoff  and  html_cutoff_text  for limiting select dropdowns. ( #3313 )  Added regex style to  SearchFilter . ( #3316 )  Resolve issues with setting blank HTML fields. ( #3318 ) ( #3321 )  Correctly display existing 'select multiple' values in browsable API forms. ( #3290 )  Resolve duplicated validation message for  IPAddressField . ([#3249 gh3249 ) ( #3250 )  Fix to ensure admin renderer continues to work when pagination is disabled. ( #3275 )  Resolve error with  LimitOffsetPagination  when count=0, offset=0. ( #3303 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#323",
+            "text": "Date :  24th August 2015 .   Added  html_cutoff  and  html_cutoff_text  for limiting select dropdowns. ( #3313 )  Added regex style to  SearchFilter . ( #3316 )  Resolve issues with setting blank HTML fields. ( #3318 ) ( #3321 )  Correctly display existing 'select multiple' values in browsable API forms. ( #3290 )  Resolve duplicated validation message for  IPAddressField . ([#3249[gh3249]) ( #3250 )  Fix to ensure admin renderer continues to work when pagination is disabled. ( #3275 )  Resolve error with  LimitOffsetPagination  when count=0, offset=0. ( #3303 )",
             "title": "3.2.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#322", 
-            "text": "Date :  13th August 2015 .   Add  display_value()  method for use when displaying relational field select inputs. ( #3254 )  Fix issue with  BooleanField  checkboxes incorrectly displaying as checked. ( #3258 )  Ensure empty checkboxes properly set  BooleanField  to  False  in all cases. ( #2776 )  Allow  WSGIRequest.FILES  property without raising incorrect deprecated error. ( #3261 )  Resolve issue with rendering nested serializers in forms. ( #3260 )  Raise an error if user accidentally pass a serializer instance to a response, rather than data. ( #3241 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#322",
+            "text": "Date :  13th August 2015 .   Add  display_value()  method for use when displaying relational field select inputs. ( #3254 )  Fix issue with  BooleanField  checkboxes incorrectly displaying as checked. ( #3258 )  Ensure empty checkboxes properly set  BooleanField  to  False  in all cases. ( #2776 )  Allow  WSGIRequest.FILES  property without raising incorrect deprecated error. ( #3261 )  Resolve issue with rendering nested serializers in forms. ( #3260 )  Raise an error if user accidentally pass a serializer instance to a response, rather than data. ( #3241 )",
             "title": "3.2.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#321", 
-            "text": "Date :  7th August 2015 .   Fix for relational select widgets rendering without any choices. ( #3237 )  Fix for  1 ,  0  rendering as  true ,  false  in the admin interface.  #3227 )  Fix for ListFields with single value in HTML form input. ( #3238 )  Allow  request.FILES  for compat with Django's  HTTPRequest  class. ( #3239 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#321",
+            "text": "Date :  7th August 2015 .   Fix for relational select widgets rendering without any choices. ( #3237 )  Fix for  1 ,  0  rendering as  true ,  false  in the admin interface.  #3227 )  Fix for ListFields with single value in HTML form input. ( #3238 )  Allow  request.FILES  for compat with Django's  HTTPRequest  class. ( #3239 )",
             "title": "3.2.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#320", 
-            "text": "Date :  6th August 2015 .   Add  AdminRenderer . ( #2926 )  Add  FilePathField . ( #1854 )  Add  allow_empty  to  ListField . ( #2250 )  Support django-guardian 1.3. ( #3165 )  Support grouped choices. ( #3225 )  Support error forms in browsable API. ( #3024 )  Allow permission classes to customize the error message. ( #2539 )  Support  source= method  on hyperlinked fields. ( #2690 )  ListField(allow_null=True)  now allows null as the list value, not null items in the list. ( #2766 )  ManyToMany()  maps to  allow_empty=False ,  ManyToMany(blank=True)  maps to  allow_empty=True . ( #2804 )  Support custom serialization styles for primary key fields. ( #2789 )  OPTIONS  requests support nested representations. ( #2915 )  Set  view.action == \"metadata\"  for viewsets with  OPTIONS  requests. ( #3115 )  Support  allow_blank  on  UUIDField . ([#3130][gh#3130])  Do not display view docstrings with 401 or 403 response codes. ( #3216 )  Resolve Django 1.8 deprecation warnings. ( #2886 )  Fix for  DecimalField  validation. ( #3139 )  Fix behavior of  allow_blank=False  when used with  trim_whitespace=True . ( #2712 )  Fix issue with some field combinations incorrectly mapping to an invalid  allow_blank  argument. ( #3011 )  Fix for output representations with prefetches and modified querysets. ( #2704 ,  #2727 )  Fix assertion error when CursorPagination is provided with certain invalid query parameters. (#2920) gh2920 .  Fix  UnicodeDecodeError  when invalid characters included in header with  TokenAuthentication . ( #2928 )  Fix transaction rollbacks with  @non_atomic_requests  decorator. ( #3016 )  Fix duplicate results issue with Oracle databases using  SearchFilter . ( #2935 )  Fix checkbox alignment and rendering in browsable API forms. ( #2783 )  Fix for unsaved file objects which should use  \"url\": null  in the representation. ( #2759 )  Fix field value rendering in browsable API. ( #2416 )  Fix  HStoreField  to include  allow_blank=True  in  DictField  mapping. ( #2659 )  Numerous other cleanups, improvements to error messaging, private API   minor fixes.", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#320",
+            "text": "Date :  6th August 2015 .   Add  AdminRenderer . ( #2926 )  Add  FilePathField . ( #1854 )  Add  allow_empty  to  ListField . ( #2250 )  Support django-guardian 1.3. ( #3165 )  Support grouped choices. ( #3225 )  Support error forms in browsable API. ( #3024 )  Allow permission classes to customize the error message. ( #2539 )  Support  source=  on hyperlinked fields. ( #2690 )  ListField(allow_null=True)  now allows null as the list value, not null items in the list. ( #2766 )  ManyToMany()  maps to  allow_empty=False ,  ManyToMany(blank=True)  maps to  allow_empty=True . ( #2804 )  Support custom serialization styles for primary key fields. ( #2789 )  OPTIONS  requests support nested representations. ( #2915 )  Set  view.action == \"metadata\"  for viewsets with  OPTIONS  requests. ( #3115 )  Support  allow_blank  on  UUIDField . ([#3130][gh#3130])  Do not display view docstrings with 401 or 403 response codes. ( #3216 )  Resolve Django 1.8 deprecation warnings. ( #2886 )  Fix for  DecimalField  validation. ( #3139 )  Fix behavior of  allow_blank=False  when used with  trim_whitespace=True . ( #2712 )  Fix issue with some field combinations incorrectly mapping to an invalid  allow_blank  argument. ( #3011 )  Fix for output representations with prefetches and modified querysets. ( #2704 ,  #2727 )  Fix assertion error when CursorPagination is provided with certain invalid query parameters. (#2920) gh2920 .  Fix  UnicodeDecodeError  when invalid characters included in header with  TokenAuthentication . ( #2928 )  Fix transaction rollbacks with  @non_atomic_requests  decorator. ( #3016 )  Fix duplicate results issue with Oracle databases using  SearchFilter . ( #2935 )  Fix checkbox alignment and rendering in browsable API forms. ( #2783 )  Fix for unsaved file objects which should use  \"url\": null  in the representation. ( #2759 )  Fix field value rendering in browsable API. ( #2416 )  Fix  HStoreField  to include  allow_blank=True  in  DictField  mapping. ( #2659 )  Numerous other cleanups, improvements to error messaging, private API & minor fixes.",
             "title": "3.2.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#31x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#31x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.1.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#313", 
-            "text": "Date :  4th June 2015 .   Add  DurationField . ( #2481 ,  #2989 )  Add  format  argument to  UUIDField . ( #2788 ,  #3000 )  MultipleChoiceField  empties incorrectly on a partial update using multipart/form-data ( #2993 ,  #2894 )  Fix a bug in options related to read-only  RelatedField . ( #2981 ,  #2811 )  Fix nested serializers with  unique_together  relations. ( #2975 )  Allow unexpected values for  ChoiceField / MultipleChoiceField  representations. ( #2839 ,  #2940 )  Rollback the transaction on error if  ATOMIC_REQUESTS  is set. ( #2887 ,  #2034 )  Set the action on a view when override_method regardless of its None-ness. ( #2933 )  DecimalField  accepts  2E+2  as 200 and validates decimal place correctly. ( #2948 ,  #2947 )  Support basic authentication with custom  UserModel  that change  username . ( #2952 )  IPAddressField  improvements. ( #2747 ,  #2618 ,  #3008 )  Improve  DecimalField  for easier subclassing. ( #2695 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#313",
+            "text": "Date :  4th June 2015 .   Add  DurationField . ( #2481 ,  #2989 )  Add  format  argument to  UUIDField . ( #2788 ,  #3000 )  MultipleChoiceField  empties incorrectly on a partial update using multipart/form-data ( #2993 ,  #2894 )  Fix a bug in options related to read-only  RelatedField . ( #2981 ,  #2811 )  Fix nested serializers with  unique_together  relations. ( #2975 )  Allow unexpected values for  ChoiceField / MultipleChoiceField  representations. ( #2839 ,  #2940 )  Rollback the transaction on error if  ATOMIC_REQUESTS  is set. ( #2887 ,  #2034 )  Set the action on a view when override_method regardless of its None-ness. ( #2933 )  DecimalField  accepts  2E+2  as 200 and validates decimal place correctly. ( #2948 ,  #2947 )  Support basic authentication with custom  UserModel  that change  username . ( #2952 )  IPAddressField  improvements. ( #2747 ,  #2618 ,  #3008 )  Improve  DecimalField  for easier subclassing. ( #2695 )",
             "title": "3.1.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#312", 
-            "text": "Date :  13rd May 2015 .   DateField.to_representation  can handle str and empty values. ( #2656 ,  #2687 ,  #2869 )  Use default reason phrases from HTTP standard. ( #2764 ,  #2763 )  Raise error when  ModelSerializer  used with abstract model. ( #2757 ,  #2630 )  Handle reversal of non-API view_name in  HyperLinkedRelatedField  ( #2724 ,  #2711 )  Don't require pk strictly for related fields. ( #2745 ,  #2754 )  Metadata detects null boolean field type. ( #2762 )  Proper handling of depth in nested serializers. ( #2798 )  Display viewset without paginator. ( #2807 )  Don't check for deprecated  .model  attribute in permissions ( #2818 )  Restrict integer field to integers and strings. ( #2835 ,  #2836 )  Improve  IntegerField  to use compiled decimal regex. ( #2853 )  Prevent empty  queryset  to raise AssertionError. ( #2862 )  DjangoModelPermissions  rely on  get_queryset . ( #2863 )  Check  AcceptHeaderVersioning  with content negotiation in place. ( #2868 )  Allow  DjangoObjectPermissions  to use views that define  get_queryset . ( #2905 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#312",
+            "text": "Date :  13rd May 2015 .   DateField.to_representation  can handle str and empty values. ( #2656 ,  #2687 ,  #2869 )  Use default reason phrases from HTTP standard. ( #2764 ,  #2763 )  Raise error when  ModelSerializer  used with abstract model. ( #2757 ,  #2630 )  Handle reversal of non-API view_name in  HyperLinkedRelatedField  ( #2724 ,  #2711 )  Don't require pk strictly for related fields. ( #2745 ,  #2754 )  Metadata detects null boolean field type. ( #2762 )  Proper handling of depth in nested serializers. ( #2798 )  Display viewset without paginator. ( #2807 )  Don't check for deprecated  .model  attribute in permissions ( #2818 )  Restrict integer field to integers and strings. ( #2835 ,  #2836 )  Improve  IntegerField  to use compiled decimal regex. ( #2853 )  Prevent empty  queryset  to raise AssertionError. ( #2862 )  DjangoModelPermissions  rely on  get_queryset . ( #2863 )  Check  AcceptHeaderVersioning  with content negotiation in place. ( #2868 )  Allow  DjangoObjectPermissions  to use views that define  get_queryset . ( #2905 )",
             "title": "3.1.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#311", 
-            "text": "Date :  23rd March 2015 .   Security fix : Escape tab switching cookie name in browsable API.  Display input forms in browsable API if  serializer_class  is used, even when  get_serializer  method does not exist on the view. ( #2743 )  Use a password input for the AuthTokenSerializer. ( #2741 )  Fix missing anchor closing tag after next button. ( #2691 )  Fix  lookup_url_kwarg  handling in viewsets. ( #2685 ,  #2591 )  Fix problem with importing  rest_framework.views  in  apps.py  ( #2678 )  LimitOffsetPagination raises  TypeError  if PAGE_SIZE not set ( #2667 ,  #2700 )  German translation for  min_value  field error message references  max_value . ( #2645 )  Remove  MergeDict . ( #2640 )  Support serializing unsaved models with related fields. ( #2637 ,  #2641 )  Allow blank/null on radio.html choices. ( #2631 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#311",
+            "text": "Date :  23rd March 2015 .   Security fix : Escape tab switching cookie name in browsable API.  Display input forms in browsable API if  serializer_class  is used, even when  get_serializer  method does not exist on the view. ( #2743 )  Use a password input for the AuthTokenSerializer. ( #2741 )  Fix missing anchor closing tag after next button. ( #2691 )  Fix  lookup_url_kwarg  handling in viewsets. ( #2685 ,  #2591 )  Fix problem with importing  rest_framework.views  in  apps.py  ( #2678 )  LimitOffsetPagination raises  TypeError  if PAGE_SIZE not set ( #2667 ,  #2700 )  German translation for  min_value  field error message references  max_value . ( #2645 )  Remove  MergeDict . ( #2640 )  Support serializing unsaved models with related fields. ( #2637 ,  #2641 )  Allow blank/null on radio.html choices. ( #2631 )",
             "title": "3.1.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#310", 
-            "text": "Date :  5th March 2015 .  For full details see the  3.1 release announcement .", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#310",
+            "text": "Date :  5th March 2015 .  For full details see the  3.1 release announcement .",
             "title": "3.1.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#30x-series", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#30x-series",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "3.0.x series"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#305", 
-            "text": "Date :  10th February 2015 .   Fix a bug where  _closable_objects  breaks pickling. ( #1850 ,  #2492 )  Allow non-standard  User  models with  Throttling . ( #2524 )  Support custom  User.db_table  in TokenAuthentication migration. ( #2479 )  Fix misleading  AttributeError  tracebacks on  Request  objects. ( #2530 ,  #2108 )  ManyRelatedField.get_value  clearing field on partial update. ( #2475 )  Removed '.model' shortcut from code. ( #2486 )  Fix  detail_route  and  list_route  mutable argument. ( #2518 )  Prefetching the user object when getting the token in  TokenAuthentication . ( #2519 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#305",
+            "text": "Date :  10th February 2015 .   Fix a bug where  _closable_objects  breaks pickling. ( #1850 ,  #2492 )  Allow non-standard  User  models with  Throttling . ( #2524 )  Support custom  User.db_table  in TokenAuthentication migration. ( #2479 )  Fix misleading  AttributeError  tracebacks on  Request  objects. ( #2530 ,  #2108 )  ManyRelatedField.get_value  clearing field on partial update. ( #2475 )  Removed '.model' shortcut from code. ( #2486 )  Fix  detail_route  and  list_route  mutable argument. ( #2518 )  Prefetching the user object when getting the token in  TokenAuthentication . ( #2519 )",
             "title": "3.0.5"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#304", 
-            "text": "Date :  28th January 2015 .   Django 1.8a1 support. ( #2425 ,  #2446 ,  #2441 )  Add  DictField  and support Django 1.8  HStoreField . ( #2451 ,  #2106 )  Add  UUIDField  and support Django 1.8  UUIDField . ( #2448 ,  #2433 ,  #2432 )  BaseRenderer.render  now raises  NotImplementedError . ( #2434 )  Fix timedelta JSON serialization on Python 2.6. ( #2430 )  ResultDict  and  ResultList  now appear as standard dict/list. ( #2421 )  Fix visible  HiddenField  in the HTML form of the web browsable API page. ( #2410 )  Use  OrderedDict  for  RelatedField.choices . ( #2408 )  Fix ident format when using  HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR . ( #2401 )  Fix invalid key with memcached while using throttling. ( #2400 )  Fix  FileUploadParser  with version 3.x. ( #2399 )  Fix the serializer inheritance. ( #2388 )  Fix caching issues with  ReturnDict . ( #2360 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#304",
+            "text": "Date :  28th January 2015 .   Django 1.8a1 support. ( #2425 ,  #2446 ,  #2441 )  Add  DictField  and support Django 1.8  HStoreField . ( #2451 ,  #2106 )  Add  UUIDField  and support Django 1.8  UUIDField . ( #2448 ,  #2433 ,  #2432 )  BaseRenderer.render  now raises  NotImplementedError . ( #2434 )  Fix timedelta JSON serialization on Python 2.6. ( #2430 )  ResultDict  and  ResultList  now appear as standard dict/list. ( #2421 )  Fix visible  HiddenField  in the HTML form of the web browsable API page. ( #2410 )  Use  OrderedDict  for  RelatedField.choices . ( #2408 )  Fix ident format when using  HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR . ( #2401 )  Fix invalid key with memcached while using throttling. ( #2400 )  Fix  FileUploadParser  with version 3.x. ( #2399 )  Fix the serializer inheritance. ( #2388 )  Fix caching issues with  ReturnDict . ( #2360 )",
             "title": "3.0.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#303", 
-            "text": "Date :  8th January 2015 .   Fix  MinValueValidator  on  models.DateField . ( #2369 )  Fix serializer missing context when pagination is used. ( #2355 )  Namespaced router URLs are now supported by the  DefaultRouter . ( #2351 )  required=False  allows omission of value for output. ( #2342 )  Use textarea input for  models.TextField . ( #2340 )  Use custom  ListSerializer  for pagination if required. ( #2331 ,  #2327 )  Better behavior with null and '' for blank HTML fields. ( #2330 )  Ensure fields in  exclude  are model fields. ( #2319 )  Fix  IntegerField  and  max_length  argument incompatibility. ( #2317 )  Fix the YAML encoder for 3.0 serializers. ( #2315 ,  #2283 )  Fix the behavior of empty HTML fields. ( #2311 ,  #1101 )  Fix Metaclass attribute depth ignoring fields attribute. ( #2287 )  Fix  format_suffix_patterns  to work with Django's  i18n_patterns . ( #2278 )  Ability to customize router URLs for custom actions, using  url_path . ( #2010 )  Don't install Django REST Framework as egg. ( #2386 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#303",
+            "text": "Date :  8th January 2015 .   Fix  MinValueValidator  on  models.DateField . ( #2369 )  Fix serializer missing context when pagination is used. ( #2355 )  Namespaced router URLs are now supported by the  DefaultRouter . ( #2351 )  required=False  allows omission of value for output. ( #2342 )  Use textarea input for  models.TextField . ( #2340 )  Use custom  ListSerializer  for pagination if required. ( #2331 ,  #2327 )  Better behavior with null and '' for blank HTML fields. ( #2330 )  Ensure fields in  exclude  are model fields. ( #2319 )  Fix  IntegerField  and  max_length  argument incompatibility. ( #2317 )  Fix the YAML encoder for 3.0 serializers. ( #2315 ,  #2283 )  Fix the behavior of empty HTML fields. ( #2311 ,  #1101 )  Fix Metaclass attribute depth ignoring fields attribute. ( #2287 )  Fix  format_suffix_patterns  to work with Django's  i18n_patterns . ( #2278 )  Ability to customize router URLs for custom actions, using  url_path . ( #2010 )  Don't install Django REST Framework as egg. ( #2386 )",
             "title": "3.0.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#302", 
-            "text": "Date :  17th December 2014 .   Ensure  request.user  is made available to response middleware. ( #2155 )  Client.logout()  also cancels any existing  force_authenticate . ( #2218 ,  #2259 )  Extra assertions and better checks to preventing incorrect serializer API use. ( #2228 ,  #2234 ,  #2262 ,  #2263 ,  #2266 ,  #2267 ,  #2289 ,  #2291 )  Fixed  min_length  message for  CharField . ( #2255 )  Fix  UnicodeDecodeError , which can occur on serializer  repr .  ( #2270 ,  #2279 )  Fix empty HTML values when a default is provided. ( #2280 ,  #2294 )  Fix  SlugRelatedField  raising  UnicodeEncodeError  when used as a multiple choice input. ( #2290 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#302",
+            "text": "Date :  17th December 2014 .   Ensure  request.user  is made available to response middleware. ( #2155 )  Client.logout()  also cancels any existing  force_authenticate . ( #2218 ,  #2259 )  Extra assertions and better checks to preventing incorrect serializer API use. ( #2228 ,  #2234 ,  #2262 ,  #2263 ,  #2266 ,  #2267 ,  #2289 ,  #2291 )  Fixed  min_length  message for  CharField . ( #2255 )  Fix  UnicodeDecodeError , which can occur on serializer  repr .  ( #2270 ,  #2279 )  Fix empty HTML values when a default is provided. ( #2280 ,  #2294 )  Fix  SlugRelatedField  raising  UnicodeEncodeError  when used as a multiple choice input. ( #2290 )",
             "title": "3.0.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#301", 
-            "text": "Date :  11th December 2014 .   More helpful error message when the default Serializer  create()  fails. ( #2013 )  Raise error when attempting to save serializer if data is not valid. ( #2098 )  Fix  FileUploadParser  breaks with empty file names and multiple upload handlers. ( #2109 )  Improve  BindingDict  to support standard dict-functions. ( #2135 ,  #2163 )  Add  validate()  to  ListSerializer . ( #2168 ,  #2225 ,  #2232 )  Fix JSONP renderer failing to escape some characters. ( #2169 ,  #2195 )  Add missing default style for  FileField . ( #2172 )  Actions are required when calling  ViewSet.as_view() . ( #2175 )  Add  allow_blank  to  ChoiceField . ( #2184 ,  #2239 )  Cosmetic fixes in the HTML renderer. ( #2187 )  Raise error if  fields  on serializer is not a list of strings. ( #2193 ,  #2213 )  Improve checks for nested creates and updates. ( #2194 ,  #2196 )  validated_attrs  argument renamed to  validated_data  in  Serializer   create() / update() . ( #2197 )  Remove deprecated code to reflect the dropped Django versions. ( #2200 )  Better serializer errors for nested writes. ( #2202 ,  #2215 )  Fix pagination and custom permissions incompatibility. ( #2205 )  Raise error if  fields  on serializer is not a list of strings. ( #2213 )  Add missing translation markers for relational fields. ( #2231 )  Improve field lookup behavior for dicts/mappings. ( #2244 ,  #2243 )  Optimized hyperlinked PK. ( #2242 )", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#301",
+            "text": "Date :  11th December 2014 .   More helpful error message when the default Serializer  create()  fails. ( #2013 )  Raise error when attempting to save serializer if data is not valid. ( #2098 )  Fix  FileUploadParser  breaks with empty file names and multiple upload handlers. ( #2109 )  Improve  BindingDict  to support standard dict-functions. ( #2135 ,  #2163 )  Add  validate()  to  ListSerializer . ( #2168 ,  #2225 ,  #2232 )  Fix JSONP renderer failing to escape some characters. ( #2169 ,  #2195 )  Add missing default style for  FileField . ( #2172 )  Actions are required when calling  ViewSet.as_view() . ( #2175 )  Add  allow_blank  to  ChoiceField . ( #2184 ,  #2239 )  Cosmetic fixes in the HTML renderer. ( #2187 )  Raise error if  fields  on serializer is not a list of strings. ( #2193 ,  #2213 )  Improve checks for nested creates and updates. ( #2194 ,  #2196 )  validated_attrs  argument renamed to  validated_data  in  Serializer   create() / update() . ( #2197 )  Remove deprecated code to reflect the dropped Django versions. ( #2200 )  Better serializer errors for nested writes. ( #2202 ,  #2215 )  Fix pagination and custom permissions incompatibility. ( #2205 )  Raise error if  fields  on serializer is not a list of strings. ( #2213 )  Add missing translation markers for relational fields. ( #2231 )  Improve field lookup behavior for dicts/mappings. ( #2244 ,  #2243 )  Optimized hyperlinked PK. ( #2242 )",
             "title": "3.0.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/release-notes/#300", 
-            "text": "Date : 1st December 2014  For full details see the  3.0 release announcement .   For older release notes,  please see the version 2.x documentation .", 
+            "location": "/community/release-notes/#300",
+            "text": "Date : 1st December 2014  For full details see the  3.0 release announcement .   For older release notes,  please see the version 2.x documentation .",
             "title": "3.0.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.9\n\n\nThe 3.9 release gives access to \nextra actions\n in the Browsable API, introduces composable permissions and built-in \nOpenAPI\n schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\nplan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nAuklet\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nCadre\n\n    \nLoad Impact\n\n    \nKloudless\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nwonderful sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nAuklet\n, \nRollbar\n, \nCadre\n, \nLoad Impact\n, and \nKloudless\n.\n\n\n\n\nBuilt-in OpenAPI schema support\n\n\nREST framework now has a first-pass at directly including OpenAPI schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)\n\n\nSpecifically:\n\n\n\n\nThere are now \nOpenAPIRenderer\n, and \nJSONOpenAPIRenderer\n classes that deal with encoding \ncoreapi.Document\n instances into OpenAPI YAML or OpenAPI JSON.\n\n\nThe \nget_schema_view(...)\n method now defaults to OpenAPI YAML, with CoreJSON as a secondary\noption if it is selected via HTTP content negotiation.\n\n\nThere is a new management command \ngenerateschema\n, which you can use to dump\nthe schema into your repository.\n\n\n\n\nHere's an example of adding an OpenAPI schema to the URL conf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema.json$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nAnd here's how you can use the \ngenerateschema\n management command:\n\n\n$ python manage.py generateschema --format openapi \n schema.yml\n\n\n\n\nThere's lots of different tooling that you can use for working with OpenAPI\nschemas. One option that we're working on is the \nAPI Star\n\ncommand line tool.\n\n\nYou can use \napistar\n to validate your API schema:\n\n\n$ apistar validate --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Valid OpenAPI schema.\n\n\n\n\nOr to build API documentation:\n\n\n$ apistar docs --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Documentation built at \nbuild/index.html\n.\n\n\n\n\nAPI Star also includes a \ndynamic client library\n\nthat uses an API schema to automatically provide a client library interface for making requests.\n\n\nComposable permission classes\n\n\nYou can now compose permission classes using the and/or operators, \n and \n|\n.\n\n\nFor example...\n\n\npermission_classes = [IsAuthenticated \n (ReadOnly | IsAdmin)]\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using custom permission classes then make sure that you are subclassing\nfrom \nBasePermission\n in order to enable this support.\n\n\nViewSet \nExtra Actions\n available in the Browsable API\n\n\nFollowing the introduction of the \naction\n decorator in v3.8, \nextra actions\n defined on a ViewSet are now available\nfrom the Browsable API.\n\n\n\n\nWhen defined, a dropdown of \"Extra Actions\", appropriately filtered to detail/non-detail actions, is displayed.\n\n\n\n\nSupported Versions\n\n\nREST framework 3.9 supports Django versions 1.11, 2.0, and 2.1.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n moved to third-party package.\n\n\nThe \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class is pending deprecation, will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.\n\n\nIt has been moved to the third-party \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n\npackage. Please use this instead.\n\n\nRouter argument/method renamed to use \nbasename\n for consistency.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nRouter.register\n \nbase_name\n argument has been renamed in favor of \nbasename\n.\n\n\nThe \nRouter.get_default_base_name\n method has been renamed in favor of \nRouter.get_default_basename\n. \n#5990\n\n\n\n\nSee \n#5990\n.\n\n\nbase_name\n and \nget_default_base_name()\n are pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.\n\n\naction\n decorator replaces \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n\n\nBoth \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n are now deprecated in favour of the single \naction\n decorator.\nThey will be removed entirely in 3.10.\n\n\nThe \naction\n decorator takes a boolean \ndetail\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nReplace \ndetail_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=True)\n.\n\n\nReplace \nlist_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=False)\n.\n\n\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n have now been removed.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page for a complete listing.\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're planning to iteratively working towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema\nrepresentation. This will mean that the \ncoreapi\n dependency will gradually become\nremoved, and we'll instead generate the schema directly, rather than building\na CoreAPI \nDocument\n object.\n\n\nOpenAPI has clearly become the standard for specifying Web APIs, so there's not\nmuch value any more in our schema-agnostic document model. Making this change\nwill mean that we'll more easily be able to take advantage of the full set of\nOpenAPI functionality.\n\n\nThis will also make a wider range of tooling available.\n\n\nWe'll focus on continuing to develop the \nAPI Star\n\nlibrary and client tool into a recommended option for generating API docs,\nvalidating API schemas, and providing a dynamic client library.\n\n\nThere's also a huge amount of ongoing work on maturing the ASGI landscape,\nwith the possibility that some of this work will eventually \nfeed back into\nDjango\n.\n\n\nThere will be further work on the \nUvicorn\n\nwebserver, as well as lots of functionality planned for the \nStarlette\n\nweb framework, which is building a foundational set of tooling for working with\nASGI.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.9\n\n\nThe 3.9 release gives access to \nextra actions\n in the Browsable API, introduces composable permissions and built-in \nOpenAPI\n schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nAuklet\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nCadre\n\n    \nLoad Impact\n\n    \nKloudless\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nwonderful sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nAuklet\n, \nRollbar\n, \nCadre\n, \nLoad Impact\n, and \nKloudless\n.\n\n\n\n\nBuilt-in OpenAPI schema support\n\n\nREST framework now has a first-pass at directly including OpenAPI schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)\n\n\nSpecifically:\n\n\n\n\nThere are now \nOpenAPIRenderer\n, and \nJSONOpenAPIRenderer\n classes that deal with encoding \ncoreapi.Document\n instances into OpenAPI YAML or OpenAPI JSON.\n\n\nThe \nget_schema_view(...)\n method now defaults to OpenAPI YAML, with CoreJSON as a secondary\noption if it is selected via HTTP content negotiation.\n\n\nThere is a new management command \ngenerateschema\n, which you can use to dump\nthe schema into your repository.\n\n\n\n\nHere's an example of adding an OpenAPI schema to the URL conf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema.json$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nAnd here's how you can use the \ngenerateschema\n management command:\n\n\n$ python manage.py generateschema --format openapi > schema.yml\n\n\n\n\nThere's lots of different tooling that you can use for working with OpenAPI\nschemas. One option that we're working on is the \nAPI Star\n\ncommand line tool.\n\n\nYou can use \napistar\n to validate your API schema:\n\n\n$ apistar validate --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Valid OpenAPI schema.\n\n\n\n\nOr to build API documentation:\n\n\n$ apistar docs --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Documentation built at \"build/index.html\".\n\n\n\n\nAPI Star also includes a \ndynamic client library\n\nthat uses an API schema to automatically provide a client library interface for making requests.\n\n\nComposable permission classes\n\n\nYou can now compose permission classes using the and/or operators, \n&\n and \n|\n.\n\n\nFor example...\n\n\npermission_classes = [IsAuthenticated & (ReadOnly | IsAdmin)]\n\n\n\n\nIf you're using custom permission classes then make sure that you are subclassing\nfrom \nBasePermission\n in order to enable this support.\n\n\nViewSet \nExtra Actions\n available in the Browsable API\n\n\nFollowing the introduction of the \naction\n decorator in v3.8, \nextra actions\n defined on a ViewSet are now available\nfrom the Browsable API.\n\n\n\n\nWhen defined, a dropdown of \"Extra Actions\", appropriately filtered to detail/non-detail actions, is displayed.\n\n\n\n\nSupported Versions\n\n\nREST framework 3.9 supports Django versions 1.11, 2.0, and 2.1.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n moved to third-party package.\n\n\nThe \nDjangoObjectPermissionsFilter\n class is pending deprecation, will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.\n\n\nIt has been moved to the third-party \ndjangorestframework-guardian\n\npackage. Please use this instead.\n\n\nRouter argument/method renamed to use \nbasename\n for consistency.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nRouter.register\n \nbase_name\n argument has been renamed in favor of \nbasename\n.\n\n\nThe \nRouter.get_default_base_name\n method has been renamed in favor of \nRouter.get_default_basename\n. \n#5990\n\n\n\n\nSee \n#5990\n.\n\n\nbase_name\n and \nget_default_base_name()\n are pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.\n\n\naction\n decorator replaces \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n\n\nBoth \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n are now deprecated in favour of the single \naction\n decorator.\nThey will be removed entirely in 3.10.\n\n\nThe \naction\n decorator takes a boolean \ndetail\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nReplace \ndetail_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=True)\n.\n\n\nReplace \nlist_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=False)\n.\n\n\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n have now been removed.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function-based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page for a complete listing.\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're planning to iteratively work towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema\nrepresentation. This will mean that the \ncoreapi\n dependency will gradually become\nremoved, and we'll instead generate the schema directly, rather than building\na CoreAPI \nDocument\n object.\n\n\nOpenAPI has clearly become the standard for specifying Web APIs, so there's not\nmuch value any more in our schema-agnostic document model. Making this change\nwill mean that we'll more easily be able to take advantage of the full set of\nOpenAPI functionality.\n\n\nThis will also make a wider range of tooling available.\n\n\nWe'll focus on continuing to develop the \nAPI Star\n\nlibrary and client tool into a recommended option for generating API docs,\nvalidating API schemas, and providing a dynamic client library.\n\n\nThere's also a huge amount of ongoing work on maturing the ASGI landscape,\nwith the possibility that some of this work will eventually \nfeed back into\nDjango\n.\n\n\nThere will be further work on the \nUvicorn\n\nweb server, as well as lots of functionality planned for the \nStarlette\n\nweb framework, which is building a foundational set of tooling for working with\nASGI.",
             "title": "3.9 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#django-rest-framework-39", 
-            "text": "The 3.9 release gives access to  extra actions  in the Browsable API, introduces composable permissions and built-in  OpenAPI  schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#django-rest-framework-39",
+            "text": "The 3.9 release gives access to  extra actions  in the Browsable API, introduces composable permissions and built-in  OpenAPI  schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.9"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Auklet \n     Rollbar \n     Cadre \n     Load Impact \n     Kloudless    Many thanks to all our  wonderful sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Auklet ,  Rollbar ,  Cadre ,  Load Impact , and  Kloudless .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid\u00a0plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Auklet \n     Rollbar \n     Cadre \n     Load Impact \n     Kloudless    Many thanks to all our  wonderful sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Auklet ,  Rollbar ,  Cadre ,  Load Impact , and  Kloudless .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#built-in-openapi-schema-support", 
-            "text": "REST framework now has a first-pass at directly including OpenAPI schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)  Specifically:   There are now  OpenAPIRenderer , and  JSONOpenAPIRenderer  classes that deal with encoding  coreapi.Document  instances into OpenAPI YAML or OpenAPI JSON.  The  get_schema_view(...)  method now defaults to OpenAPI YAML, with CoreJSON as a secondary\noption if it is selected via HTTP content negotiation.  There is a new management command  generateschema , which you can use to dump\nthe schema into your repository.   Here's an example of adding an OpenAPI schema to the URL conf:  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema.json$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  And here's how you can use the  generateschema  management command:  $ python manage.py generateschema --format openapi   schema.yml  There's lots of different tooling that you can use for working with OpenAPI\nschemas. One option that we're working on is the  API Star \ncommand line tool.  You can use  apistar  to validate your API schema:  $ apistar validate --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Valid OpenAPI schema.  Or to build API documentation:  $ apistar docs --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Documentation built at  build/index.html .  API Star also includes a  dynamic client library \nthat uses an API schema to automatically provide a client library interface for making requests.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#built-in-openapi-schema-support",
+            "text": "REST framework now has a first-pass at directly including OpenAPI schema support. (Formerly known as Swagger)  Specifically:   There are now  OpenAPIRenderer , and  JSONOpenAPIRenderer  classes that deal with encoding  coreapi.Document  instances into OpenAPI YAML or OpenAPI JSON.  The  get_schema_view(...)  method now defaults to OpenAPI YAML, with CoreJSON as a secondary\noption if it is selected via HTTP content negotiation.  There is a new management command  generateschema , which you can use to dump\nthe schema into your repository.   Here's an example of adding an OpenAPI schema to the URL conf:  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework.renderers import JSONOpenAPIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Server Monitoring API',\n    url='https://www.example.org/api/',\n    renderer_classes=[JSONOpenAPIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^schema.json$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  And here's how you can use the  generateschema  management command:  $ python manage.py generateschema --format openapi > schema.yml  There's lots of different tooling that you can use for working with OpenAPI\nschemas. One option that we're working on is the  API Star \ncommand line tool.  You can use  apistar  to validate your API schema:  $ apistar validate --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Valid OpenAPI schema.  Or to build API documentation:  $ apistar docs --path schema.json --format openapi\n\u2713 Documentation built at \"build/index.html\".  API Star also includes a  dynamic client library \nthat uses an API schema to automatically provide a client library interface for making requests.",
             "title": "Built-in OpenAPI schema support"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#composable-permission-classes", 
-            "text": "You can now compose permission classes using the and/or operators,   and  | .  For example...  permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated   (ReadOnly | IsAdmin)]  If you're using custom permission classes then make sure that you are subclassing\nfrom  BasePermission  in order to enable this support.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#composable-permission-classes",
+            "text": "You can now compose permission classes using the and/or operators,  &  and  | .  For example...  permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated & (ReadOnly | IsAdmin)]  If you're using custom permission classes then make sure that you are subclassing\nfrom  BasePermission  in order to enable this support.",
             "title": "Composable permission classes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#viewset-extra-actions-available-in-the-browsable-api", 
-            "text": "Following the introduction of the  action  decorator in v3.8,  extra actions  defined on a ViewSet are now available\nfrom the Browsable API.   When defined, a dropdown of \"Extra Actions\", appropriately filtered to detail/non-detail actions, is displayed.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#viewset-extra-actions-available-in-the-browsable-api",
+            "text": "Following the introduction of the  action  decorator in v3.8,  extra actions  defined on a ViewSet are now available\nfrom the Browsable API.   When defined, a dropdown of \"Extra Actions\", appropriately filtered to detail/non-detail actions, is displayed.",
             "title": "ViewSet Extra Actions available in the Browsable API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#supported-versions", 
-            "text": "REST framework 3.9 supports Django versions 1.11, 2.0, and 2.1.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#supported-versions",
+            "text": "REST framework 3.9 supports Django versions 1.11, 2.0, and 2.1.",
             "title": "Supported Versions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#djangoobjectpermissionsfilter-moved-to-third-party-package", 
-            "text": "The  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class is pending deprecation, will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.  It has been moved to the third-party  djangorestframework-guardian \npackage. Please use this instead.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#djangoobjectpermissionsfilter-moved-to-third-party-package",
+            "text": "The  DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter  class is pending deprecation, will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.  It has been moved to the third-party  djangorestframework-guardian \npackage. Please use this instead.",
             "title": "DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter moved to third-party package."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#router-argumentmethod-renamed-to-use-basename-for-consistency", 
-            "text": "The  Router.register   base_name  argument has been renamed in favor of  basename .  The  Router.get_default_base_name  method has been renamed in favor of  Router.get_default_basename .  #5990   See  #5990 .  base_name  and  get_default_base_name()  are pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#router-argumentmethod-renamed-to-use-basename-for-consistency",
+            "text": "The  Router.register   base_name  argument has been renamed in favor of  basename .  The  Router.get_default_base_name  method has been renamed in favor of  Router.get_default_basename .  #5990   See  #5990 .  base_name  and  get_default_base_name()  are pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.10 and removed entirely in 3.11.",
             "title": "Router argument/method renamed to use basename for consistency."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#action-decorator-replaces-list_route-and-detail_route", 
-            "text": "Both  list_route  and  detail_route  are now deprecated in favour of the single  action  decorator.\nThey will be removed entirely in 3.10.  The  action  decorator takes a boolean  detail  argument.   Replace  detail_route  uses with  @action(detail=True) .  Replace  list_route  uses with  @action(detail=False) .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#action-decorator-replaces-list_route-and-detail_route",
+            "text": "Both  list_route  and  detail_route  are now deprecated in favour of the single  action  decorator.\nThey will be removed entirely in 3.10.  The  action  decorator takes a boolean  detail  argument.   Replace  detail_route  uses with  @action(detail=True) .  Replace  list_route  uses with  @action(detail=False) .",
             "title": "action decorator replaces list_route and detail_route"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#exclude_from_schema", 
-            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  have now been removed.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#exclude_from_schema",
+            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  have now been removed.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function-based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .",
             "title": "exclude_from_schema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements", 
-            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page for a complete listing.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements",
+            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page for a complete listing.",
             "title": "Minor fixes and improvements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "We're planning to iteratively working towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema\nrepresentation. This will mean that the  coreapi  dependency will gradually become\nremoved, and we'll instead generate the schema directly, rather than building\na CoreAPI  Document  object.  OpenAPI has clearly become the standard for specifying Web APIs, so there's not\nmuch value any more in our schema-agnostic document model. Making this change\nwill mean that we'll more easily be able to take advantage of the full set of\nOpenAPI functionality.  This will also make a wider range of tooling available.  We'll focus on continuing to develop the  API Star \nlibrary and client tool into a recommended option for generating API docs,\nvalidating API schemas, and providing a dynamic client library.  There's also a huge amount of ongoing work on maturing the ASGI landscape,\nwith the possibility that some of this work will eventually  feed back into\nDjango .  There will be further work on the  Uvicorn \nwebserver, as well as lots of functionality planned for the  Starlette \nweb framework, which is building a foundational set of tooling for working with\nASGI.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.9-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "We're planning to iteratively work towards OpenAPI becoming the standard schema\nrepresentation. This will mean that the  coreapi  dependency will gradually become\nremoved, and we'll instead generate the schema directly, rather than building\na CoreAPI  Document  object.  OpenAPI has clearly become the standard for specifying Web APIs, so there's not\nmuch value any more in our schema-agnostic document model. Making this change\nwill mean that we'll more easily be able to take advantage of the full set of\nOpenAPI functionality.  This will also make a wider range of tooling available.  We'll focus on continuing to develop the  API Star \nlibrary and client tool into a recommended option for generating API docs,\nvalidating API schemas, and providing a dynamic client library.  There's also a huge amount of ongoing work on maturing the ASGI landscape,\nwith the possibility that some of this work will eventually  feed back into\nDjango .  There will be further work on the  Uvicorn \nweb server, as well as lots of functionality planned for the  Starlette \nweb framework, which is building a foundational set of tooling for working with\nASGI.",
             "title": "What's next"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.8\n\n\nThe 3.8 release is a maintenance focused release resolving a large number of previously outstanding issues and laying\nthe foundations for future changes.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\nplan\n.\n\n\nWe'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, and \nRollbar\n.\n\n\n\n\nBreaking Changes\n\n\nAltered the behaviour of \nread_only\n plus \ndefault\n on Field.\n\n\n#5886\n \nread_only\n fields will now \nalways\n be excluded from writable fields.\n\n\nPreviously \nread_only\n fields when combined with a \ndefault\n value would use the \ndefault\n for create and update\noperations. This was counter-intuitive in some circumstances and led to difficulties supporting dotted \nsource\n\nattributes on nullable relations.\n\n\nIn order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of \nread_only\n fields when calling \nsave()\n in\nthe view:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nAlternatively you may override \nsave()\n or \ncreate()\n or \nupdate()\n on the serializer as appropriate.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\naction\n decorator replaces \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n\n\n#5705\n \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n have been merge into a single \naction\n decorator. This improves viewset action introspection, and will allow extra actions to be displayed in the Browsable API in future versions.\n\n\nBoth \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n are now pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.9 and removed entirely\nin 3.10.\n\n\nThe new \naction\n decorator takes a boolean \ndetail\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nReplace \ndetail_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=True)\n.\n\n\nReplace \nlist_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=False)\n.\n\n\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n decorator are now deprecated. They will be removed entirely in 3.9.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page\nfor a complete listing.\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're currently working towards moving to using \nOpenAPI\n as our default schema output. We'll also be revisiting our API documentation generation and client libraries.\n\n\nWe're doing some consolidation in order to make this happen. It's planned that 3.9 will drop the \ncoreapi\n and \ncoreschema\n libraries, and instead use \napistar\n for  the API documentation generation, schema generation, and API client libraries.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.8\n\n\nThe 3.8 release is a maintenance focused release resolving a large number of previously outstanding issues and laying\nthe foundations for future changes.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\nWe'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, and \nRollbar\n.\n\n\n\n\nBreaking Changes\n\n\nAltered the behaviour of \nread_only\n plus \ndefault\n on Field.\n\n\n#5886\n \nread_only\n fields will now \nalways\n be excluded from writable fields.\n\n\nPreviously \nread_only\n fields when combined with a \ndefault\n value would use the \ndefault\n for create and update\noperations. This was counter-intuitive in some circumstances and led to difficulties supporting dotted \nsource\n\nattributes on nullable relations.\n\n\nIn order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of \nread_only\n fields when calling \nsave()\n in\nthe view:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n\n\n\nAlternatively you may override \nsave()\n or \ncreate()\n or \nupdate()\n on the serializer as appropriate.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\naction\n decorator replaces \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n\n\n#5705\n \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n have been merge into a single \naction\n decorator. This improves viewset action introspection, and will allow extra actions to be displayed in the Browsable API in future versions.\n\n\nBoth \nlist_route\n and \ndetail_route\n are now pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.9 and removed entirely\nin 3.10.\n\n\nThe new \naction\n decorator takes a boolean \ndetail\n argument.\n\n\n\n\nReplace \ndetail_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=True)\n.\n\n\nReplace \nlist_route\n uses with \n@action(detail=False)\n.\n\n\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n decorator are now deprecated. They will be removed entirely in 3.9.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page\nfor a complete listing.\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're currently working towards moving to using \nOpenAPI\n as our default schema output. We'll also be revisiting our API documentation generation and client libraries.\n\n\nWe're doing some consolidation in order to make this happen. It's planned that 3.9 will drop the \ncoreapi\n and \ncoreschema\n libraries, and instead use \napistar\n for  the API documentation generation, schema generation, and API client libraries.",
             "title": "3.8 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#django-rest-framework-38", 
-            "text": "The 3.8 release is a maintenance focused release resolving a large number of previously outstanding issues and laying\nthe foundations for future changes.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#django-rest-framework-38",
+            "text": "The 3.8 release is a maintenance focused release resolving a large number of previously outstanding issues and laying\nthe foundations for future changes.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.8"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan .  We'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis , and  Rollbar .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid\u00a0plan .  We'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis , and  Rollbar .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#breaking-changes", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#breaking-changes",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Breaking Changes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#altered-the-behaviour-of-read_only-plus-default-on-field", 
-            "text": "#5886   read_only  fields will now  always  be excluded from writable fields.  Previously  read_only  fields when combined with a  default  value would use the  default  for create and update\noperations. This was counter-intuitive in some circumstances and led to difficulties supporting dotted  source \nattributes on nullable relations.  In order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of  read_only  fields when calling  save()  in\nthe view:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  Alternatively you may override  save()  or  create()  or  update()  on the serializer as appropriate.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#altered-the-behaviour-of-read_only-plus-default-on-field",
+            "text": "#5886   read_only  fields will now  always  be excluded from writable fields.  Previously  read_only  fields when combined with a  default  value would use the  default  for create and update\noperations. This was counter-intuitive in some circumstances and led to difficulties supporting dotted  source \nattributes on nullable relations.  In order to maintain the old behaviour you may need to pass the value of  read_only  fields when calling  save()  in\nthe view:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)  Alternatively you may override  save()  or  create()  or  update()  on the serializer as appropriate.",
             "title": "Altered the behaviour of read_only plus default on Field."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#action-decorator-replaces-list_route-and-detail_route", 
-            "text": "#5705   list_route  and  detail_route  have been merge into a single  action  decorator. This improves viewset action introspection, and will allow extra actions to be displayed in the Browsable API in future versions.  Both  list_route  and  detail_route  are now pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.9 and removed entirely\nin 3.10.  The new  action  decorator takes a boolean  detail  argument.   Replace  detail_route  uses with  @action(detail=True) .  Replace  list_route  uses with  @action(detail=False) .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#action-decorator-replaces-list_route-and-detail_route",
+            "text": "#5705   list_route  and  detail_route  have been merge into a single  action  decorator. This improves viewset action introspection, and will allow extra actions to be displayed in the Browsable API in future versions.  Both  list_route  and  detail_route  are now pending deprecation. They will be deprecated in 3.9 and removed entirely\nin 3.10.  The new  action  decorator takes a boolean  detail  argument.   Replace  detail_route  uses with  @action(detail=True) .  Replace  list_route  uses with  @action(detail=False) .",
             "title": "action decorator replaces list_route and detail_route"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#exclude_from_schema", 
-            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  decorator are now deprecated. They will be removed entirely in 3.9.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#exclude_from_schema",
+            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  decorator are now deprecated. They will be removed entirely in 3.9.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .",
             "title": "exclude_from_schema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements", 
-            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page\nfor a complete listing.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements",
+            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page\nfor a complete listing.",
             "title": "Minor fixes and improvements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "We're currently working towards moving to using  OpenAPI  as our default schema output. We'll also be revisiting our API documentation generation and client libraries.  We're doing some consolidation in order to make this happen. It's planned that 3.9 will drop the  coreapi  and  coreschema  libraries, and instead use  apistar  for  the API documentation generation, schema generation, and API client libraries.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.8-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "We're currently working towards moving to using  OpenAPI  as our default schema output. We'll also be revisiting our API documentation generation and client libraries.  We're doing some consolidation in order to make this happen. It's planned that 3.9 will drop the  coreapi  and  coreschema  libraries, and instead use  apistar  for  the API documentation generation, schema generation, and API client libraries.",
             "title": "What's next"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.7\n\n\nThe 3.7 release focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.\n\n\nThis release has been made possible by \nBayer\n who have sponsored the release.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\nplan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAs well as our release sponsor, we'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, and \nRollbar\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustomizing API docs \n schema generation.\n\n\nThe schema generation introduced in 3.5 and the related API docs generation in 3.6 are both hugely powerful features, however they've been somewhat limited in cases where the view introspection isn't able to correctly identify the schema for a particular view.\n\n\nIn order to try to address this we're now adding the ability for per-view customization of the API schema. The interface that we're adding for this allows either basic manual overrides over which fields should be included on a view, or for more complex programmatic overriding of the schema generation. We believe this release comprehensively addresses some of the existing shortcomings of the schema features.\n\n\nLet's take a quick look at using the new functionality...\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class has a \nschema\n attribute, that is used to control how the Schema for that particular view is generated. The default behaviour is to use the \nAutoSchema\n class.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema()  # Included for demonstration only. This is the default behavior.\n\n\n\nWe can remove a view from the API schema and docs, like so:\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = None\n\n\n\nIf we want to mostly use the default behavior, but additionally include some additional fields on a particular view, we can now do so easily...\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field('search', location='query')\n    ])\n\n\n\nTo ignore the automatic generation for a particular view, and instead specify the schema explicitly, we use the \nManualSchema\n class instead...\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[...])\n\n\n\nFor more advanced behaviors you can subclass \nAutoSchema\n to provide for customized schema generation, and apply that to particular views.\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = CustomizedSchemaGeneration()\n\n\n\nFor full details on the new functionality, please see the \nSchema Documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nDjango 2.0 support\n\n\nREST framework 3.7 supports Django versions 1.10, 1.11, and 2.0 alpha.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page for a complete listing.\n\n\nThe number of \nopen tickets against the project\n currently at its lowest number in quite some time, and we're continuing to focus on reducing these to a manageable amount.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n decorator and now \nPendingDeprecation\n. They will be moved to deprecated in the 3.8 release, and removed entirely in 3.9.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe \nDjangoFilterBackend\n was moved to pending deprecation in 3.5, and deprecated in 3.6. It has now been removed from the core framework.\n\n\nThe functionality remains fully available, but is instead provided in the \ndjango-filter\n package.\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're still planning to work on improving real-time support for REST framework by providing documentation on integrating with Django channels, as well adding support for more easily adding WebSocket support to existing HTTP endpoints.\n\n\nThis will likely be timed so that any REST framework development here ties in with similar work on \nAPI Star\n.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.7\n\n\nThe 3.7 release focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.\n\n\nThis release has been made possible by \nBayer\n who have sponsored the release.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAs well as our release sponsor, we'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, and \nRollbar\n.\n\n\n\n\nCustomizing API docs & schema generation.\n\n\nThe schema generation introduced in 3.5 and the related API docs generation in 3.6 are both hugely powerful features, however they've been somewhat limited in cases where the view introspection isn't able to correctly identify the schema for a particular view.\n\n\nIn order to try to address this we're now adding the ability for per-view customization of the API schema. The interface that we're adding for this allows either basic manual overrides over which fields should be included on a view, or for more complex programmatic overriding of the schema generation. We believe this release comprehensively addresses some of the existing shortcomings of the schema features.\n\n\nLet's take a quick look at using the new functionality...\n\n\nThe \nAPIView\n class has a \nschema\n attribute, that is used to control how the Schema for that particular view is generated. The default behaviour is to use the \nAutoSchema\n class.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema()  # Included for demonstration only. This is the default behavior.\n\n\n\nWe can remove a view from the API schema and docs, like so:\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = None\n\n\n\nIf we want to mostly use the default behavior, but additionally include some additional fields on a particular view, we can now do so easily...\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field('search', location='query')\n    ])\n\n\n\nTo ignore the automatic generation for a particular view, and instead specify the schema explicitly, we use the \nManualSchema\n class instead...\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[...])\n\n\n\nFor more advanced behaviors you can subclass \nAutoSchema\n to provide for customized schema generation, and apply that to particular views.\n\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = CustomizedSchemaGeneration()\n\n\n\nFor full details on the new functionality, please see the \nSchema Documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nDjango 2.0 support\n\n\nREST framework 3.7 supports Django versions 1.10, 1.11, and 2.0 alpha.\n\n\n\n\nMinor fixes and improvements\n\n\nThere are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the \nrelease notes\n page for a complete listing.\n\n\nThe number of \nopen tickets against the project\n currently at its lowest number in quite some time, and we're continuing to focus on reducing these to a manageable amount.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nexclude_from_schema\n\n\nBoth \nAPIView.exclude_from_schema\n and the \nexclude_from_schema\n argument to the \n@api_view\n decorator and now \nPendingDeprecation\n. They will be moved to deprecated in the 3.8 release, and removed entirely in 3.9.\n\n\nFor \nAPIView\n you should instead set a \nschema = None\n attribute on the view class.\n\n\nFor function based views the \n@schema\n decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using \n@schema(None)\n.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe \nDjangoFilterBackend\n was moved to pending deprecation in 3.5, and deprecated in 3.6. It has now been removed from the core framework.\n\n\nThe functionality remains fully available, but is instead provided in the \ndjango-filter\n package.\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nWe're still planning to work on improving real-time support for REST framework by providing documentation on integrating with Django channels, as well adding support for more easily adding WebSocket support to existing HTTP endpoints.\n\n\nThis will likely be timed so that any REST framework development here ties in with similar work on \nAPI Star\n.",
             "title": "3.7 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#django-rest-framework-37", 
-            "text": "The 3.7 release focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.  This release has been made possible by  Bayer  who have sponsored the release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#django-rest-framework-37",
+            "text": "The 3.7 release focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.  This release has been made possible by  Bayer  who have sponsored the release.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.7"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis \n     Rollbar    As well as our release sponsor, we'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis , and  Rollbar .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid\u00a0plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis \n     Rollbar    As well as our release sponsor, we'd like to say thanks in particular our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis , and  Rollbar .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#customizing-api-docs-schema-generation", 
-            "text": "The schema generation introduced in 3.5 and the related API docs generation in 3.6 are both hugely powerful features, however they've been somewhat limited in cases where the view introspection isn't able to correctly identify the schema for a particular view.  In order to try to address this we're now adding the ability for per-view customization of the API schema. The interface that we're adding for this allows either basic manual overrides over which fields should be included on a view, or for more complex programmatic overriding of the schema generation. We believe this release comprehensively addresses some of the existing shortcomings of the schema features.  Let's take a quick look at using the new functionality...  The  APIView  class has a  schema  attribute, that is used to control how the Schema for that particular view is generated. The default behaviour is to use the  AutoSchema  class.  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema()  # Included for demonstration only. This is the default behavior.  We can remove a view from the API schema and docs, like so:  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = None  If we want to mostly use the default behavior, but additionally include some additional fields on a particular view, we can now do so easily...  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field('search', location='query')\n    ])  To ignore the automatic generation for a particular view, and instead specify the schema explicitly, we use the  ManualSchema  class instead...  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[...])  For more advanced behaviors you can subclass  AutoSchema  to provide for customized schema generation, and apply that to particular views.  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = CustomizedSchemaGeneration()  For full details on the new functionality, please see the  Schema Documentation .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#customizing-api-docs-schema-generation",
+            "text": "The schema generation introduced in 3.5 and the related API docs generation in 3.6 are both hugely powerful features, however they've been somewhat limited in cases where the view introspection isn't able to correctly identify the schema for a particular view.  In order to try to address this we're now adding the ability for per-view customization of the API schema. The interface that we're adding for this allows either basic manual overrides over which fields should be included on a view, or for more complex programmatic overriding of the schema generation. We believe this release comprehensively addresses some of the existing shortcomings of the schema features.  Let's take a quick look at using the new functionality...  The  APIView  class has a  schema  attribute, that is used to control how the Schema for that particular view is generated. The default behaviour is to use the  AutoSchema  class.  from rest_framework.views import APIView\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema\n\nclass CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema()  # Included for demonstration only. This is the default behavior.  We can remove a view from the API schema and docs, like so:  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = None  If we want to mostly use the default behavior, but additionally include some additional fields on a particular view, we can now do so easily...  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = AutoSchema(manual_fields=[\n        coreapi.Field('search', location='query')\n    ])  To ignore the automatic generation for a particular view, and instead specify the schema explicitly, we use the  ManualSchema  class instead...  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = ManualSchema(fields=[...])  For more advanced behaviors you can subclass  AutoSchema  to provide for customized schema generation, and apply that to particular views.  class CustomView(APIView):\n    schema = CustomizedSchemaGeneration()  For full details on the new functionality, please see the  Schema Documentation .",
             "title": "Customizing API docs & schema generation."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#django-20-support", 
-            "text": "REST framework 3.7 supports Django versions 1.10, 1.11, and 2.0 alpha.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#django-20-support",
+            "text": "REST framework 3.7 supports Django versions 1.10, 1.11, and 2.0 alpha.",
             "title": "Django 2.0 support"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements", 
-            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page for a complete listing.  The number of  open tickets against the project  currently at its lowest number in quite some time, and we're continuing to focus on reducing these to a manageable amount.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#minor-fixes-and-improvements",
+            "text": "There are a large number of minor fixes and improvements in this release. See the  release notes  page for a complete listing.  The number of  open tickets against the project  currently at its lowest number in quite some time, and we're continuing to focus on reducing these to a manageable amount.",
             "title": "Minor fixes and improvements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#exclude_from_schema", 
-            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  decorator and now  PendingDeprecation . They will be moved to deprecated in the 3.8 release, and removed entirely in 3.9.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#exclude_from_schema",
+            "text": "Both  APIView.exclude_from_schema  and the  exclude_from_schema  argument to the  @api_view  decorator and now  PendingDeprecation . They will be moved to deprecated in the 3.8 release, and removed entirely in 3.9.  For  APIView  you should instead set a  schema = None  attribute on the view class.  For function based views the  @schema  decorator can be used to exclude the view from the schema, by using  @schema(None) .",
             "title": "exclude_from_schema"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#djangofilterbackend", 
-            "text": "The  DjangoFilterBackend  was moved to pending deprecation in 3.5, and deprecated in 3.6. It has now been removed from the core framework.  The functionality remains fully available, but is instead provided in the  django-filter  package.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#djangofilterbackend",
+            "text": "The  DjangoFilterBackend  was moved to pending deprecation in 3.5, and deprecated in 3.6. It has now been removed from the core framework.  The functionality remains fully available, but is instead provided in the  django-filter  package.",
             "title": "DjangoFilterBackend"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "We're still planning to work on improving real-time support for REST framework by providing documentation on integrating with Django channels, as well adding support for more easily adding WebSocket support to existing HTTP endpoints.  This will likely be timed so that any REST framework development here ties in with similar work on  API Star .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.7-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "We're still planning to work on improving real-time support for REST framework by providing documentation on integrating with Django channels, as well adding support for more easily adding WebSocket support to existing HTTP endpoints.  This will likely be timed so that any REST framework development here ties in with similar work on  API Star .",
             "title": "What's next"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.6\n\n\nThe 3.6 release adds two major new features to REST framework.\n\n\n\n\nBuilt-in interactive API documentation support.\n\n\nA new JavaScript client\nlibrary.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbove: The interactive API documentation.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.6 release would not have been possible without our \nbacking from Mozilla\n to the project, and our \ncollaborative funding\nmodel\n.\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\nplan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nMicroPyramid\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nsponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, \nRollbar\n, and \nMicroPyramid\n.\n\n\n\n\nInteractive API documentation\n\n\nREST framework's new API documentation supports a number of features:\n\n\n\n\nLive API interaction.\n\n\nSupport for various authentication schemes.\n\n\nCode snippets for the Python, JavaScript, and Command Line clients.\n\n\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library is required as a dependancy for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version (2.3.0 or above). The \npygments\n and \nmarkdown\n\nlibraries are optional but recommended.\n\n\nTo install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your projects URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nAPI_TITLE = 'API title'\nAPI_DESCRIPTION = '...'\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title=API_TITLE, description=API_DESCRIPTION))\n]\n\n\n\nOnce installed you should see something a little like this:\n\n\n\n\nWe'll likely be making further refinements to the API documentation over the\ncoming weeks. Keep in mind that this is a new feature, and please do give\nus feedback if you run into any issues or limitations.\n\n\nFor more information on documenting your API endpoints see the \n\"Documenting your API\"\n section.\n\n\n\n\nJavaScript client library\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library allows you to load an API schema, and then interact\nwith that API at an application layer interface, rather than constructing fetch\nrequests explicitly.\n\n\nHere's a brief example that demonstrates:\n\n\n\n\nLoading the client library and schema.\n\n\nInstantiating an authenticated client.\n\n\nMaking an API request using the client.\n\n\n\n\nindex.html\n\n\nhtml\n\n    \nhead\n\n        \nscript src=\"/static/rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.0.js\"\n/script\n\n        \nscript src=\"/docs/schema.js\"\n/script\n\n        \nscript\n\n            const coreapi = window.coreapi\n            const schema = window.schema\n\n            // Instantiate a client...\n            let auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({scheme: 'JWT', token: 'xxx'})\n            let client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n            // Make an API request...\n            client.action(schema, ['projects', 'list']).then(function(result) {\n                alert(result)\n            })\n        \n/script\n\n    \n/head\n\n\n/html\n\n\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library supports various authentication schemes, and can be\nused by your project itself, or as an external client interacting with your API.\n\n\nThe client is not limited to usage with REST framework APIs, although it does\ncurrently only support loading CoreJSON API schemas. Support for Swagger and\nother API schemas is planned.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nJavaScript client library documentation\n.\n\n\nAuthentication classes for the Python client library\n\n\nPrevious authentication support in the Python client library was limited to\nallowing users to provide explicit header values.\n\n\nWe now have better support for handling the details of authentication, with\nthe introduction of the \nBasicAuthentication\n, \nTokenAuthentication\n, and\n\nSessionAuthentication\n schemes.\n\n\nYou can include the authentication scheme when instantiating a new client.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(scheme='JWT', token='xxx-xxx-xxx')\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nPython client library documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nUpdating coreapi\n\n\nIf you're using REST framework's schema generation, or want to use the API docs,\nthen you'll need to update to the latest version of coreapi. (2.3.0)\n\n\nGenerating schemas from Router\n\n\nThe 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" of router arguments for generating a schema view, such as \nschema_title\n, \nschema_url\n and \nschema_renderers\n, have now been escalated to a\n\"deprecated\" warning.\n\n\nInstead of using \nDefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API')\n, you should use the \nget_schema_view()\n function, and include the view explicitly in your URL conf.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" warning of the built-in \nDjangoFilterBackend\n has now\nbeen escalated to a \"deprecated\" warning.\n\n\nYou should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.FilterSet\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nThere are likely to be a number of refinements to the API documentation and\nJavaScript client library over the coming weeks, which could include some of the following:\n\n\n\n\nSupport for private API docs, requiring login.\n\n\nFile upload and download support in the JavaScript client \n API docs.\n\n\nComprehensive documentation for the JavaScript client library.\n\n\nAutomatically including authentication details in the API doc code snippets.\n\n\nAdding authentication support in the command line client.\n\n\nSupport for loading Swagger and other schemas in the JavaScript client.\n\n\nImproved support for documenting parameter schemas and response schemas.\n\n\nRefining the API documentation interaction modal.\n\n\n\n\nOnce work on those refinements is complete, we'll be starting feature work\non realtime support, for the 3.7 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.6\n\n\nThe 3.6 release adds two major new features to REST framework.\n\n\n\n\nBuilt-in interactive API documentation support.\n\n\nA new JavaScript client\u00a0library.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbove: The interactive API documentation.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.6 release would not have been possible without our \nbacking from Mozilla\n to the project, and our \ncollaborative funding\u00a0model\n.\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n    \nRollbar\n\n    \nMicroPyramid\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nsponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, \nMachinalis\n, \nRollbar\n, and \nMicroPyramid\n.\n\n\n\n\nInteractive API documentation\n\n\nREST framework's new API documentation supports a number of features:\n\n\n\n\nLive API interaction.\n\n\nSupport for various authentication schemes.\n\n\nCode snippets for the Python, JavaScript, and Command Line clients.\n\n\n\n\nThe \ncoreapi\n library is required as a dependancy for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version (2.3.0 or above). The \npygments\n and \nmarkdown\n\nlibraries are optional but recommended.\n\n\nTo install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your projects URLconf:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nAPI_TITLE = 'API title'\nAPI_DESCRIPTION = '...'\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title=API_TITLE, description=API_DESCRIPTION))\n]\n\n\n\nOnce installed you should see something a little like this:\n\n\n\n\nWe'll likely be making further refinements to the API documentation over the\ncoming weeks. Keep in mind that this is a new feature, and please do give\nus feedback if you run into any issues or limitations.\n\n\nFor more information on documenting your API endpoints see the \n\"Documenting your API\"\n section.\n\n\n\n\nJavaScript client library\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library allows you to load an API schema, and then interact\nwith that API at an application layer interface, rather than constructing fetch\nrequests explicitly.\n\n\nHere's a brief example that demonstrates:\n\n\n\n\nLoading the client library and schema.\n\n\nInstantiating an authenticated client.\n\n\nMaking an API request using the client.\n\n\n\n\nindex.html\n\n\n\n    \n        \n        \n        \n    \n\n\n\n\nThe JavaScript client library supports various authentication schemes, and can be\nused by your project itself, or as an external client interacting with your API.\n\n\nThe client is not limited to usage with REST framework APIs, although it does\ncurrently only support loading CoreJSON API schemas. Support for Swagger and\nother API schemas is planned.\n\n\nFor more details see the \nJavaScript client library documentation\n.\n\n\nAuthentication classes for the Python client library\n\n\nPrevious authentication support in the Python client library was limited to\nallowing users to provide explicit header values.\n\n\nWe now have better support for handling the details of authentication, with\nthe introduction of the \nBasicAuthentication\n, \nTokenAuthentication\n, and\n\nSessionAuthentication\n schemes.\n\n\nYou can include the authentication scheme when instantiating a new client.\n\n\nauth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(scheme='JWT', token='xxx-xxx-xxx')\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)\n\n\n\nFor more information see the \nPython client library documentation\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nUpdating coreapi\n\n\nIf you're using REST framework's schema generation, or want to use the API docs,\nthen you'll need to update to the latest version of coreapi. (2.3.0)\n\n\nGenerating schemas from Router\n\n\nThe 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" of router arguments for generating a schema view, such as \nschema_title\n, \nschema_url\n and \nschema_renderers\n, have now been escalated to a\n\"deprecated\" warning.\n\n\nInstead of using \nDefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API')\n, you should use the \nget_schema_view()\n function, and include the view explicitly in your URL conf.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" warning of the built-in \nDjangoFilterBackend\n has now\nbeen escalated to a \"deprecated\" warning.\n\n\nYou should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.FilterSet\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next\n\n\nThere are likely to be a number of refinements to the API documentation and\nJavaScript client library over the coming weeks, which could include some of the following:\n\n\n\n\nSupport for private API docs, requiring login.\n\n\nFile upload and download support in the JavaScript client & API docs.\n\n\nComprehensive documentation for the JavaScript client library.\n\n\nAutomatically including authentication details in the API doc code snippets.\n\n\nAdding authentication support in the command line client.\n\n\nSupport for loading Swagger and other schemas in the JavaScript client.\n\n\nImproved support for documenting parameter schemas and response schemas.\n\n\nRefining the API documentation interaction modal.\n\n\n\n\nOnce work on those refinements is complete, we'll be starting feature work\non realtime support, for the 3.7 release.",
             "title": "3.6 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#django-rest-framework-36", 
-            "text": "The 3.6 release adds two major new features to REST framework.   Built-in interactive API documentation support.  A new JavaScript client library.    Above: The interactive API documentation.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#django-rest-framework-36",
+            "text": "The 3.6 release adds two major new features to REST framework.   Built-in interactive API documentation support.  A new JavaScript client\u00a0library.    Above: The interactive API documentation.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.6"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "The 3.6 release would not have been possible without our  backing from Mozilla  to the project, and our  collaborative funding model .  If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis \n     Rollbar \n     MicroPyramid    Many thanks to all our  sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis ,  Rollbar , and  MicroPyramid .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "The 3.6 release would not have been possible without our  backing from Mozilla  to the project, and our  collaborative funding\u00a0model .  If you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid\u00a0plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis \n     Rollbar \n     MicroPyramid    Many thanks to all our  sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream ,  Machinalis ,  Rollbar , and  MicroPyramid .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#interactive-api-documentation", 
-            "text": "REST framework's new API documentation supports a number of features:   Live API interaction.  Support for various authentication schemes.  Code snippets for the Python, JavaScript, and Command Line clients.   The  coreapi  library is required as a dependancy for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version (2.3.0 or above). The  pygments  and  markdown \nlibraries are optional but recommended.  To install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your projects URLconf:  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nAPI_TITLE = 'API title'\nAPI_DESCRIPTION = '...'\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title=API_TITLE, description=API_DESCRIPTION))\n]  Once installed you should see something a little like this:   We'll likely be making further refinements to the API documentation over the\ncoming weeks. Keep in mind that this is a new feature, and please do give\nus feedback if you run into any issues or limitations.  For more information on documenting your API endpoints see the  \"Documenting your API\"  section.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#interactive-api-documentation",
+            "text": "REST framework's new API documentation supports a number of features:   Live API interaction.  Support for various authentication schemes.  Code snippets for the Python, JavaScript, and Command Line clients.   The  coreapi  library is required as a dependancy for the API docs. Make sure\nto install the latest version (2.3.0 or above). The  pygments  and  markdown \nlibraries are optional but recommended.  To install the API documentation, you'll need to include it in your projects URLconf:  from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls\n\nAPI_TITLE = 'API title'\nAPI_DESCRIPTION = '...'\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    ...\n    url(r'^docs/', include_docs_urls(title=API_TITLE, description=API_DESCRIPTION))\n]  Once installed you should see something a little like this:   We'll likely be making further refinements to the API documentation over the\ncoming weeks. Keep in mind that this is a new feature, and please do give\nus feedback if you run into any issues or limitations.  For more information on documenting your API endpoints see the  \"Documenting your API\"  section.",
             "title": "Interactive API documentation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#javascript-client-library", 
-            "text": "The JavaScript client library allows you to load an API schema, and then interact\nwith that API at an application layer interface, rather than constructing fetch\nrequests explicitly.  Here's a brief example that demonstrates:   Loading the client library and schema.  Instantiating an authenticated client.  Making an API request using the client.   index.html  html \n     head \n         script src=\"/static/rest_framework/js/coreapi-0.1.0.js\" /script \n         script src=\"/docs/schema.js\" /script \n         script \n            const coreapi = window.coreapi\n            const schema = window.schema\n\n            // Instantiate a client...\n            let auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication({scheme: 'JWT', token: 'xxx'})\n            let client = coreapi.Client({auth: auth})\n\n            // Make an API request...\n            client.action(schema, ['projects', 'list']).then(function(result) {\n                alert(result)\n            })\n         /script \n     /head  /html   The JavaScript client library supports various authentication schemes, and can be\nused by your project itself, or as an external client interacting with your API.  The client is not limited to usage with REST framework APIs, although it does\ncurrently only support loading CoreJSON API schemas. Support for Swagger and\nother API schemas is planned.  For more details see the  JavaScript client library documentation .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#javascript-client-library",
+            "text": "The JavaScript client library allows you to load an API schema, and then interact\nwith that API at an application layer interface, rather than constructing fetch\nrequests explicitly.  Here's a brief example that demonstrates:   Loading the client library and schema.  Instantiating an authenticated client.  Making an API request using the client.   index.html  \n    \n        \n        \n        \n    \n  The JavaScript client library supports various authentication schemes, and can be\nused by your project itself, or as an external client interacting with your API.  The client is not limited to usage with REST framework APIs, although it does\ncurrently only support loading CoreJSON API schemas. Support for Swagger and\nother API schemas is planned.  For more details see the  JavaScript client library documentation .",
             "title": "JavaScript client library"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#authentication-classes-for-the-python-client-library", 
-            "text": "Previous authentication support in the Python client library was limited to\nallowing users to provide explicit header values.  We now have better support for handling the details of authentication, with\nthe introduction of the  BasicAuthentication ,  TokenAuthentication , and SessionAuthentication  schemes.  You can include the authentication scheme when instantiating a new client.  auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(scheme='JWT', token='xxx-xxx-xxx')\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)  For more information see the  Python client library documentation .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#authentication-classes-for-the-python-client-library",
+            "text": "Previous authentication support in the Python client library was limited to\nallowing users to provide explicit header values.  We now have better support for handling the details of authentication, with\nthe introduction of the  BasicAuthentication ,  TokenAuthentication , and SessionAuthentication  schemes.  You can include the authentication scheme when instantiating a new client.  auth = coreapi.auth.TokenAuthentication(scheme='JWT', token='xxx-xxx-xxx')\nclient = coreapi.Client(auth=auth)  For more information see the  Python client library documentation .",
             "title": "Authentication classes for the Python client library"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#updating-coreapi", 
-            "text": "If you're using REST framework's schema generation, or want to use the API docs,\nthen you'll need to update to the latest version of coreapi. (2.3.0)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#updating-coreapi",
+            "text": "If you're using REST framework's schema generation, or want to use the API docs,\nthen you'll need to update to the latest version of coreapi. (2.3.0)",
             "title": "Updating coreapi"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#generating-schemas-from-router", 
-            "text": "The 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" of router arguments for generating a schema view, such as  schema_title ,  schema_url  and  schema_renderers , have now been escalated to a\n\"deprecated\" warning.  Instead of using  DefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API') , you should use the  get_schema_view()  function, and include the view explicitly in your URL conf.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#generating-schemas-from-router",
+            "text": "The 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" of router arguments for generating a schema view, such as  schema_title ,  schema_url  and  schema_renderers , have now been escalated to a\n\"deprecated\" warning.  Instead of using  DefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API') , you should use the  get_schema_view()  function, and include the view explicitly in your URL conf.",
             "title": "Generating schemas from Router"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#djangofilterbackend", 
-            "text": "The 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" warning of the built-in  DjangoFilterBackend  has now\nbeen escalated to a \"deprecated\" warning.  You should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:   rest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend .  rest_framework.filters.FilterSet  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#djangofilterbackend",
+            "text": "The 3.5 \"pending deprecation\" warning of the built-in  DjangoFilterBackend  has now\nbeen escalated to a \"deprecated\" warning.  You should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:   rest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend .  rest_framework.filters.FilterSet  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet .",
             "title": "DjangoFilterBackend"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "There are likely to be a number of refinements to the API documentation and\nJavaScript client library over the coming weeks, which could include some of the following:   Support for private API docs, requiring login.  File upload and download support in the JavaScript client   API docs.  Comprehensive documentation for the JavaScript client library.  Automatically including authentication details in the API doc code snippets.  Adding authentication support in the command line client.  Support for loading Swagger and other schemas in the JavaScript client.  Improved support for documenting parameter schemas and response schemas.  Refining the API documentation interaction modal.   Once work on those refinements is complete, we'll be starting feature work\non realtime support, for the 3.7 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.6-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "There are likely to be a number of refinements to the API documentation and\nJavaScript client library over the coming weeks, which could include some of the following:   Support for private API docs, requiring login.  File upload and download support in the JavaScript client & API docs.  Comprehensive documentation for the JavaScript client library.  Automatically including authentication details in the API doc code snippets.  Adding authentication support in the command line client.  Support for loading Swagger and other schemas in the JavaScript client.  Improved support for documenting parameter schemas and response schemas.  Refining the API documentation interaction modal.   Once work on those refinements is complete, we'll be starting feature work\non realtime support, for the 3.7 release.",
             "title": "What's next"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.5\n\n\nThe 3.5 release is the second in a planned series that is addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API client libraries, and finally realtime support.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.5 release would not have been possible without our \ncollaborative funding model\n.\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\nplan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nsponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, and \nMachinalis\n.\n\n\n\n\nImproved schema generation\n\n\nDocstrings on views are now pulled through into schema definitions, allowing\nyou to \nuse the schema definition to document your\nAPI\n.\n\n\nThere is now also a shortcut function, \nget_schema_view()\n, which makes it easier to\n\nadding schema views\n to your API.\n\n\nFor example, to include a swagger schema to your API, you would do the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRun \npip install django-rest-swagger\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework_swagger'\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInclude the schema view in your URL conf:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework_swagger.renderers import OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Example API',\n    renderer_classes=[OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^swagger/$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nThere have been a large number of fixes to the schema generation. These should\nresolve issues for anyone using the latest version of the \ndjango-rest-swagger\n\npackage.\n\n\nSome of these changes do affect the resulting schema structure,\nso if you're already using schema generation you should make sure to review\n\nthe deprecation notes\n, particularly if you're currently using\na dynamic client library to interact with your API.\n\n\nFinally, we're also now exposing the schema generation as a\n\npublicly documented API\n, allowing you to more easily\noverride the behaviour.\n\n\nRequests test client\n\n\nYou can now test your project using the \nrequests\n library.\n\n\nThis exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a standard\nrequests session instance.\n\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nRather than sending any HTTP requests to the network, this interface will\ncoerce all outgoing requests into WSGI, and call into your application directly.\n\n\nCore API client\n\n\nYou can also now test your project by interacting with it using the \ncoreapi\n\nclient library.\n\n\n# Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])\n\n\n\nAgain, this will call directly into the application using the WSGI interface,\nrather than making actual network calls.\n\n\nThis is a good option if you are planning for clients to mainly interact with\nyour API using the \ncoreapi\n client library, or some other auto-generated client.\n\n\nLive tests\n\n\nOne interesting aspect of both the \nrequests\n client and the \ncoreapi\n client\nis that they allow you to write tests in such a way that they can also be made\nto run against a live service.\n\n\nBy switching the WSGI based client instances to actual instances of \nrequests.Session\n\nor \ncoreapi.Client\n you can have the test cases make actual network calls.\n\n\nBeing able to write test cases that can exercise your staging or production\nenvironment is a powerful tool. However in order to do this, you'll need to pay\nclose attention to how you handle setup and teardown to ensure a strict isolation\nof test data from other live or staging data.\n\n\nRAML support\n\n\nWe now have preliminary support for \nRAML documentation generation\n.\n\n\n\n\nFurther work on the encoding and documentation generation is planned, in order to\nmake features such as the 'Try it now' support available at a later date.\n\n\nThis work also now means that you can use the Core API client libraries to interact\nwith APIs that expose a RAML specification. The \nRAML codec\n gives some examples of\ninteracting with the Spotify API in this way.\n\n\nValidation codes\n\n\nExceptions raised by REST framework now include short code identifiers.\nWhen used together with our customizable error handling, this now allows you to\nmodify the style of API error messages.\n\n\nAs an example, this allows for the following style of error responses:\n\n\n{\n    \"message\": \"You do not have permission to perform this action.\",\n    \"code\": \"permission_denied\"\n}\n\n\n\nThis is particularly useful with validation errors, which use appropriate\ncodes to identify differing kinds of failure...\n\n\n{\n    \"name\": {\"message\": \"This field is required.\", \"code\": \"required\"},\n    \"age\": {\"message\": \"A valid integer is required.\", \"code\": \"invalid\"}\n}\n\n\n\nClient upload \n download support\n\n\nThe Python \ncoreapi\n client library and the Core API command line tool both\nnow fully support file \nuploads\n and \ndownloads\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nGenerating schemas from Router\n\n\nThe router arguments for generating a schema view, such as \nschema_title\n,\nare now pending deprecation.\n\n\nInstead of using \nDefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API')\n, you should use\nthe \nget_schema_view()\n function, and include the view in your URL conf.\n\n\nMake sure to include the view before your router urls. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom my_project.routers import router\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Example API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nSchema path representations\n\n\nThe \n'pk'\n identifier in schema paths is now mapped onto the actually model field\nname by default. This will typically be \n'id'\n.\n\n\nThis gives a better external representation for schemas, with less implementation\ndetail being exposed. It also reflects the behaviour of using a ModelSerializer\nclass with \nfields = '__all__'\n.\n\n\nYou can revert to the previous behaviour by setting \n'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': False\n\nin the REST framework settings.\n\n\nSchema action name representations\n\n\nThe internal \nretrieve()\n and \ndestroy()\n method names are now coerced to an\nexternal representation of \nread\n and \ndelete\n.\n\n\nYou can revert to the previous behaviour by setting \n'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {}\n\nin the REST framework settings.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe functionality of the built-in \nDjangoFilterBackend\n is now completely\nincluded by the \ndjango-filter\n package.\n\n\nYou should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.FilterSet\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe existing imports will continue to work but are now pending deprecation.\n\n\nCoreJSON media type\n\n\nThe media type for \nCoreJSON\n is now \napplication/json+coreapi\n, rather than\nthe previous \napplication/vnd.json+coreapi\n. This brings it more into line with\nother custom media types, such as those used by Swagger and RAML.\n\n\nThe clients currently accept either media type. The old style-media type will\nbe deprecated at a later date.\n\n\nModelSerializer 'fields' and 'exclude'\n\n\nModelSerializer and HyperlinkedModelSerializer must include either a fields\noption, or an exclude option. The \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used to\nexplicitly include all fields.\n\n\nFailing to set either \nfields\n or \nexclude\n raised a pending deprecation warning\nin version 3.3 and raised a deprecation warning in 3.4. Its usage is now mandatory.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.5\n\n\nThe 3.5 release is the second in a planned series that is addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API client libraries, and finally realtime support.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.5 release would not have been possible without our \ncollaborative funding model\n.\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by\n\nsigning up for a paid\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n    \nMachinalis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nsponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, \nStream\n, and \nMachinalis\n.\n\n\n\n\nImproved schema generation\n\n\nDocstrings on views are now pulled through into schema definitions, allowing\nyou to \nuse the schema definition to document your\u00a0API\n.\n\n\nThere is now also a shortcut function, \nget_schema_view()\n, which makes it easier to\n\nadding schema views\n to your API.\n\n\nFor example, to include a swagger schema to your API, you would do the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRun \npip install django-rest-swagger\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdd \n'rest_framework_swagger'\n to your \nINSTALLED_APPS\n setting.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInclude the schema view in your URL conf:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework_swagger.renderers import OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Example API',\n    renderer_classes=[OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^swagger/$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]\n\n\n\n\nThere have been a large number of fixes to the schema generation. These should\nresolve issues for anyone using the latest version of the \ndjango-rest-swagger\n\npackage.\n\n\nSome of these changes do affect the resulting schema structure,\nso if you're already using schema generation you should make sure to review\n\nthe deprecation notes\n, particularly if you're currently using\na dynamic client library to interact with your API.\n\n\nFinally, we're also now exposing the schema generation as a\n\npublicly documented API\n, allowing you to more easily\noverride the behaviour.\n\n\nRequests test client\n\n\nYou can now test your project using the \nrequests\n library.\n\n\nThis exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a standard\nrequests session instance.\n\n\nclient = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200\n\n\n\nRather than sending any HTTP requests to the network, this interface will\ncoerce all outgoing requests into WSGI, and call into your application directly.\n\n\nCore API client\n\n\nYou can also now test your project by interacting with it using the \ncoreapi\n\nclient library.\n\n\n# Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])\n\n\n\nAgain, this will call directly into the application using the WSGI interface,\nrather than making actual network calls.\n\n\nThis is a good option if you are planning for clients to mainly interact with\nyour API using the \ncoreapi\n client library, or some other auto-generated client.\n\n\nLive tests\n\n\nOne interesting aspect of both the \nrequests\n client and the \ncoreapi\n client\nis that they allow you to write tests in such a way that they can also be made\nto run against a live service.\n\n\nBy switching the WSGI based client instances to actual instances of \nrequests.Session\n\nor \ncoreapi.Client\n you can have the test cases make actual network calls.\n\n\nBeing able to write test cases that can exercise your staging or production\nenvironment is a powerful tool. However in order to do this, you'll need to pay\nclose attention to how you handle setup and teardown to ensure a strict isolation\nof test data from other live or staging data.\n\n\nRAML support\n\n\nWe now have preliminary support for \nRAML documentation generation\n.\n\n\n\n\nFurther work on the encoding and documentation generation is planned, in order to\nmake features such as the 'Try it now' support available at a later date.\n\n\nThis work also now means that you can use the Core API client libraries to interact\nwith APIs that expose a RAML specification. The \nRAML codec\n gives some examples of\ninteracting with the Spotify API in this way.\n\n\nValidation codes\n\n\nExceptions raised by REST framework now include short code identifiers.\nWhen used together with our customizable error handling, this now allows you to\nmodify the style of API error messages.\n\n\nAs an example, this allows for the following style of error responses:\n\n\n{\n    \"message\": \"You do not have permission to perform this action.\",\n    \"code\": \"permission_denied\"\n}\n\n\n\nThis is particularly useful with validation errors, which use appropriate\ncodes to identify differing kinds of failure...\n\n\n{\n    \"name\": {\"message\": \"This field is required.\", \"code\": \"required\"},\n    \"age\": {\"message\": \"A valid integer is required.\", \"code\": \"invalid\"}\n}\n\n\n\nClient upload & download support\n\n\nThe Python \ncoreapi\n client library and the Core API command line tool both\nnow fully support file \nuploads\n and \ndownloads\n.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nGenerating schemas from Router\n\n\nThe router arguments for generating a schema view, such as \nschema_title\n,\nare now pending deprecation.\n\n\nInstead of using \nDefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API')\n, you should use\nthe \nget_schema_view()\n function, and include the view in your URL conf.\n\n\nMake sure to include the view before your router urls. For example:\n\n\nfrom rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom my_project.routers import router\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Example API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]\n\n\n\nSchema path representations\n\n\nThe \n'pk'\n identifier in schema paths is now mapped onto the actually model field\nname by default. This will typically be \n'id'\n.\n\n\nThis gives a better external representation for schemas, with less implementation\ndetail being exposed. It also reflects the behaviour of using a ModelSerializer\nclass with \nfields = '__all__'\n.\n\n\nYou can revert to the previous behaviour by setting \n'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': False\n\nin the REST framework settings.\n\n\nSchema action name representations\n\n\nThe internal \nretrieve()\n and \ndestroy()\n method names are now coerced to an\nexternal representation of \nread\n and \ndelete\n.\n\n\nYou can revert to the previous behaviour by setting \n'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {}\n\nin the REST framework settings.\n\n\nDjangoFilterBackend\n\n\nThe functionality of the built-in \nDjangoFilterBackend\n is now completely\nincluded by the \ndjango-filter\n package.\n\n\nYou should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:\n\n\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend\n.\n\n\nrest_framework.filters.FilterSet\n becomes \ndjango_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe existing imports will continue to work but are now pending deprecation.\n\n\nCoreJSON media type\n\n\nThe media type for \nCoreJSON\n is now \napplication/json+coreapi\n, rather than\nthe previous \napplication/vnd.json+coreapi\n. This brings it more into line with\nother custom media types, such as those used by Swagger and RAML.\n\n\nThe clients currently accept either media type. The old style-media type will\nbe deprecated at a later date.\n\n\nModelSerializer 'fields' and 'exclude'\n\n\nModelSerializer and HyperlinkedModelSerializer must include either a fields\noption, or an exclude option. The \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used to\nexplicitly include all fields.\n\n\nFailing to set either \nfields\n or \nexclude\n raised a pending deprecation warning\nin version 3.3 and raised a deprecation warning in 3.4. Its usage is now mandatory.",
             "title": "3.5 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#django-rest-framework-35", 
-            "text": "The 3.5 release is the second in a planned series that is addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API client libraries, and finally realtime support.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#django-rest-framework-35",
+            "text": "The 3.5 release is the second in a planned series that is addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API client libraries, and finally realtime support.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.5"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "The 3.5 release would not have been possible without our  collaborative funding model .\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis    Many thanks to all our  sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream , and  Machinalis .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "The 3.5 release would not have been possible without our  collaborative funding model .\nIf you use REST framework commercially and would like to see this work continue,\nwe strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid\u00a0plan .  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream \n     Machinalis    Many thanks to all our  sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry ,  Stream , and  Machinalis .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#improved-schema-generation", 
-            "text": "Docstrings on views are now pulled through into schema definitions, allowing\nyou to  use the schema definition to document your API .  There is now also a shortcut function,  get_schema_view() , which makes it easier to adding schema views  to your API.  For example, to include a swagger schema to your API, you would do the following:    Run  pip install django-rest-swagger .    Add  'rest_framework_swagger'  to your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting.    Include the schema view in your URL conf:    from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework_swagger.renderers import OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Example API',\n    renderer_classes=[OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^swagger/$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  There have been a large number of fixes to the schema generation. These should\nresolve issues for anyone using the latest version of the  django-rest-swagger \npackage.  Some of these changes do affect the resulting schema structure,\nso if you're already using schema generation you should make sure to review the deprecation notes , particularly if you're currently using\na dynamic client library to interact with your API.  Finally, we're also now exposing the schema generation as a publicly documented API , allowing you to more easily\noverride the behaviour.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#improved-schema-generation",
+            "text": "Docstrings on views are now pulled through into schema definitions, allowing\nyou to  use the schema definition to document your\u00a0API .  There is now also a shortcut function,  get_schema_view() , which makes it easier to adding schema views  to your API.  For example, to include a swagger schema to your API, you would do the following:    Run  pip install django-rest-swagger .    Add  'rest_framework_swagger'  to your  INSTALLED_APPS  setting.    Include the schema view in your URL conf:    from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom rest_framework_swagger.renderers import OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(\n    title='Example API',\n    renderer_classes=[OpenAPIRenderer, SwaggerUIRenderer]\n)\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url(r'^swagger/$', schema_view),\n    ...\n]  There have been a large number of fixes to the schema generation. These should\nresolve issues for anyone using the latest version of the  django-rest-swagger \npackage.  Some of these changes do affect the resulting schema structure,\nso if you're already using schema generation you should make sure to review the deprecation notes , particularly if you're currently using\na dynamic client library to interact with your API.  Finally, we're also now exposing the schema generation as a publicly documented API , allowing you to more easily\noverride the behaviour.",
             "title": "Improved schema generation"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#requests-test-client", 
-            "text": "You can now test your project using the  requests  library.  This exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a standard\nrequests session instance.  client = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200  Rather than sending any HTTP requests to the network, this interface will\ncoerce all outgoing requests into WSGI, and call into your application directly.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#requests-test-client",
+            "text": "You can now test your project using the  requests  library.  This exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a standard\nrequests session instance.  client = RequestsClient()\nresponse = client.get('http://testserver/users/')\nassert response.status_code == 200  Rather than sending any HTTP requests to the network, this interface will\ncoerce all outgoing requests into WSGI, and call into your application directly.",
             "title": "Requests test client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#core-api-client", 
-            "text": "You can also now test your project by interacting with it using the  coreapi \nclient library.  # Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])  Again, this will call directly into the application using the WSGI interface,\nrather than making actual network calls.  This is a good option if you are planning for clients to mainly interact with\nyour API using the  coreapi  client library, or some other auto-generated client.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#core-api-client",
+            "text": "You can also now test your project by interacting with it using the  coreapi \nclient library.  # Fetch the API schema\nclient = CoreAPIClient()\nschema = client.get('http://testserver/schema/')\n\n# Create a new organisation\nparams = {'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}\nclient.action(schema, ['organisations', 'create'], params)\n\n# Ensure that the organisation exists in the listing\ndata = client.action(schema, ['organisations', 'list'])\nassert(len(data) == 1)\nassert(data == [{'name': 'MegaCorp', 'status': 'active'}])  Again, this will call directly into the application using the WSGI interface,\nrather than making actual network calls.  This is a good option if you are planning for clients to mainly interact with\nyour API using the  coreapi  client library, or some other auto-generated client.",
             "title": "Core API client"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#live-tests", 
-            "text": "One interesting aspect of both the  requests  client and the  coreapi  client\nis that they allow you to write tests in such a way that they can also be made\nto run against a live service.  By switching the WSGI based client instances to actual instances of  requests.Session \nor  coreapi.Client  you can have the test cases make actual network calls.  Being able to write test cases that can exercise your staging or production\nenvironment is a powerful tool. However in order to do this, you'll need to pay\nclose attention to how you handle setup and teardown to ensure a strict isolation\nof test data from other live or staging data.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#live-tests",
+            "text": "One interesting aspect of both the  requests  client and the  coreapi  client\nis that they allow you to write tests in such a way that they can also be made\nto run against a live service.  By switching the WSGI based client instances to actual instances of  requests.Session \nor  coreapi.Client  you can have the test cases make actual network calls.  Being able to write test cases that can exercise your staging or production\nenvironment is a powerful tool. However in order to do this, you'll need to pay\nclose attention to how you handle setup and teardown to ensure a strict isolation\nof test data from other live or staging data.",
             "title": "Live tests"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#raml-support", 
-            "text": "We now have preliminary support for  RAML documentation generation .   Further work on the encoding and documentation generation is planned, in order to\nmake features such as the 'Try it now' support available at a later date.  This work also now means that you can use the Core API client libraries to interact\nwith APIs that expose a RAML specification. The  RAML codec  gives some examples of\ninteracting with the Spotify API in this way.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#raml-support",
+            "text": "We now have preliminary support for  RAML documentation generation .   Further work on the encoding and documentation generation is planned, in order to\nmake features such as the 'Try it now' support available at a later date.  This work also now means that you can use the Core API client libraries to interact\nwith APIs that expose a RAML specification. The  RAML codec  gives some examples of\ninteracting with the Spotify API in this way.",
             "title": "RAML support"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#validation-codes", 
-            "text": "Exceptions raised by REST framework now include short code identifiers.\nWhen used together with our customizable error handling, this now allows you to\nmodify the style of API error messages.  As an example, this allows for the following style of error responses:  {\n    \"message\": \"You do not have permission to perform this action.\",\n    \"code\": \"permission_denied\"\n}  This is particularly useful with validation errors, which use appropriate\ncodes to identify differing kinds of failure...  {\n    \"name\": {\"message\": \"This field is required.\", \"code\": \"required\"},\n    \"age\": {\"message\": \"A valid integer is required.\", \"code\": \"invalid\"}\n}", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#validation-codes",
+            "text": "Exceptions raised by REST framework now include short code identifiers.\nWhen used together with our customizable error handling, this now allows you to\nmodify the style of API error messages.  As an example, this allows for the following style of error responses:  {\n    \"message\": \"You do not have permission to perform this action.\",\n    \"code\": \"permission_denied\"\n}  This is particularly useful with validation errors, which use appropriate\ncodes to identify differing kinds of failure...  {\n    \"name\": {\"message\": \"This field is required.\", \"code\": \"required\"},\n    \"age\": {\"message\": \"A valid integer is required.\", \"code\": \"invalid\"}\n}",
             "title": "Validation codes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#client-upload-download-support", 
-            "text": "The Python  coreapi  client library and the Core API command line tool both\nnow fully support file  uploads  and  downloads .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#client-upload-download-support",
+            "text": "The Python  coreapi  client library and the Core API command line tool both\nnow fully support file  uploads  and  downloads .",
             "title": "Client upload & download support"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#generating-schemas-from-router", 
-            "text": "The router arguments for generating a schema view, such as  schema_title ,\nare now pending deprecation.  Instead of using  DefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API') , you should use\nthe  get_schema_view()  function, and include the view in your URL conf.  Make sure to include the view before your router urls. For example:  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom my_project.routers import router\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Example API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#generating-schemas-from-router",
+            "text": "The router arguments for generating a schema view, such as  schema_title ,\nare now pending deprecation.  Instead of using  DefaultRouter(schema_title='Example API') , you should use\nthe  get_schema_view()  function, and include the view in your URL conf.  Make sure to include the view before your router urls. For example:  from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view\nfrom my_project.routers import router\n\nschema_view = get_schema_view(title='Example API')\n\nurlpatterns = [\n    url('^$', schema_view),\n    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),\n]",
             "title": "Generating schemas from Router"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#schema-path-representations", 
-            "text": "The  'pk'  identifier in schema paths is now mapped onto the actually model field\nname by default. This will typically be  'id' .  This gives a better external representation for schemas, with less implementation\ndetail being exposed. It also reflects the behaviour of using a ModelSerializer\nclass with  fields = '__all__' .  You can revert to the previous behaviour by setting  'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': False \nin the REST framework settings.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#schema-path-representations",
+            "text": "The  'pk'  identifier in schema paths is now mapped onto the actually model field\nname by default. This will typically be  'id' .  This gives a better external representation for schemas, with less implementation\ndetail being exposed. It also reflects the behaviour of using a ModelSerializer\nclass with  fields = '__all__' .  You can revert to the previous behaviour by setting  'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': False \nin the REST framework settings.",
             "title": "Schema path representations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#schema-action-name-representations", 
-            "text": "The internal  retrieve()  and  destroy()  method names are now coerced to an\nexternal representation of  read  and  delete .  You can revert to the previous behaviour by setting  'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {} \nin the REST framework settings.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#schema-action-name-representations",
+            "text": "The internal  retrieve()  and  destroy()  method names are now coerced to an\nexternal representation of  read  and  delete .  You can revert to the previous behaviour by setting  'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {} \nin the REST framework settings.",
             "title": "Schema action name representations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#djangofilterbackend", 
-            "text": "The functionality of the built-in  DjangoFilterBackend  is now completely\nincluded by the  django-filter  package.  You should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:   rest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend .  rest_framework.filters.FilterSet  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet .   The existing imports will continue to work but are now pending deprecation.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#djangofilterbackend",
+            "text": "The functionality of the built-in  DjangoFilterBackend  is now completely\nincluded by the  django-filter  package.  You should change your imports and REST framework filter settings as follows:   rest_framework.filters.DjangoFilterBackend  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend .  rest_framework.filters.FilterSet  becomes  django_filters.rest_framework.FilterSet .   The existing imports will continue to work but are now pending deprecation.",
             "title": "DjangoFilterBackend"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#corejson-media-type", 
-            "text": "The media type for  CoreJSON  is now  application/json+coreapi , rather than\nthe previous  application/vnd.json+coreapi . This brings it more into line with\nother custom media types, such as those used by Swagger and RAML.  The clients currently accept either media type. The old style-media type will\nbe deprecated at a later date.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#corejson-media-type",
+            "text": "The media type for  CoreJSON  is now  application/json+coreapi , rather than\nthe previous  application/vnd.json+coreapi . This brings it more into line with\nother custom media types, such as those used by Swagger and RAML.  The clients currently accept either media type. The old style-media type will\nbe deprecated at a later date.",
             "title": "CoreJSON media type"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#modelserializer-fields-and-exclude", 
-            "text": "ModelSerializer and HyperlinkedModelSerializer must include either a fields\noption, or an exclude option. The  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used to\nexplicitly include all fields.  Failing to set either  fields  or  exclude  raised a pending deprecation warning\nin version 3.3 and raised a deprecation warning in 3.4. Its usage is now mandatory.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.5-announcement/#modelserializer-fields-and-exclude",
+            "text": "ModelSerializer and HyperlinkedModelSerializer must include either a fields\noption, or an exclude option. The  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used to\nexplicitly include all fields.  Failing to set either  fields  or  exclude  raised a pending deprecation warning\nin version 3.3 and raised a deprecation warning in 3.4. Its usage is now mandatory.",
             "title": "ModelSerializer 'fields' and 'exclude'"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/", 
-            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.4\n\n\nThe 3.4 release is the first in a planned series that will be addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API clients, and finally realtime support.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.4 release has been made possible a recent \nMozilla grant\n, and by our\n\ncollaborative funding model\n. If you use REST framework commercially, and would\nlike to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by \nsigning up for a paid plan\n.\n\n\nThe initial aim is to provide a single full-time position on REST framework.\nRight now we're over 60% of the way towards achieving that.\n\nEvery single sign-up makes a significant impact.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nawesome sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, and \nStream\n.\n\n\n\n\nSchemas \n client libraries\n\n\nREST framework 3.4 brings built-in support for generating API schemas.\n\n\nWe provide this support by using \nCore API\n, a Document Object Model\nfor describing APIs.\n\n\nBecause Core API represents the API schema in an format-independent\nmanner, we're able to render the Core API \nDocument\n object into many different\nschema formats, by allowing the renderer class to determine how the internal\nrepresentation maps onto the external schema format.\n\n\nThis approach should also open the door to a range of auto-generated API\ndocumentation options in the future, by rendering the \nDocument\n object into\nHTML documentation pages.\n\n\nAlongside the built-in schema support, we're also now providing the following:\n\n\n\n\nA \ncommand line tool\n for interacting with APIs.\n\n\nA \nPython client library\n for interacting with APIs.\n\n\n\n\nThese API clients are dynamically driven, and able to interact with any API\nthat exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nDynamically driven clients allow you to interact with an API at an application\nlayer interface, rather than a network layer interface, while still providing\nthe benefits of RESTful Web API design.\n\n\nWe're expecting to expand the range of languages that we provide client libraries\nfor over the coming months.\n\n\nFurther work on maturing the API schema support is also planned, including\ndocumentation on supporting file upload and download, and improved support for\ndocumentation generation and parameter annotation.\n\n\n\n\nCurrent support for schema formats is as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\n\nSupport\n\n\nPyPI package\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCore JSON\n\n\nSchema generation \n client support.\n\n\nBuilt-in support in \ncoreapi\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSwagger / OpenAPI\n\n\nSchema generation \n client support.\n\n\nThe \nopenapi-codec\n package.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJSON Hyper-Schema\n\n\nCurrently client support only.\n\n\nThe \nhyperschema-codec\n package.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Blueprint\n\n\nNot yet available.\n\n\nNot yet available.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYou can read more about any of this new functionality in the following:\n\n\n\n\nNew tutorial section on \nschemas \n client libraries\n.\n\n\nDocumentation page on \nschema generation\n.\n\n\nTopic page on \nAPI clients\n.\n\n\n\n\nIt is also worth noting that Marc Gibbons is currently working towards a 2.0 release of\nthe popular Django REST Swagger package, which will tie in with our new built-in support.\n\n\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThe 3.4.0 release adds support for Django 1.10.\n\n\nThe following versions of Python and Django are now supported:\n\n\n\n\nDjango versions 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10.\n\n\nPython versions 2.7, 3.2(*), 3.3(*), 3.4, 3.5.\n\n\n\n\n(*) Note that Python 3.2 and 3.3 are not supported from Django 1.9 onwards.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations and changes\n\n\nThe 3.4 release includes very limited deprecation or behavioral changes, and\nshould present a straightforward upgrade.\n\n\nUse fields or exclude on serializer classes.\n\n\nThe following change in 3.3.0 is now escalated from \"pending deprecation\" to\n\"deprecated\". Its usage will continue to function but will raise warnings:\n\n\nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n should include either a \nfields\n\noption, or an \nexclude\n option. The \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used\nto explicitly include all fields.\n\n\nMicrosecond precision when returning time or datetime.\n\n\nUsing the default JSON renderer and directly returning a \ndatetime\n or \ntime\n\ninstance will now render with microsecond precision (6 digits), rather than\nmillisecond precision (3 digits). This makes the output format consistent with the\ndefault string output of \nserializers.DateTimeField\n and \nserializers.TimeField\n.\n\n\nThis change \ndoes not affect the default behavior when using serializers\n,\nwhich is to serialize \ndatetime\n and \ntime\n instances into strings with\nmicrosecond precision.\n\n\nThe serializer behavior can be modified if needed, using the \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n\nand \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings.\n\n\nThe renderer behavior can be modified by setting a custom \nencoder_class\n\nattribute on a \nJSONRenderer\n subclass.\n\n\nRelational choices no longer displayed in OPTIONS requests.\n\n\nMaking an \nOPTIONS\n request to views that have a serializer choice field\nwill result in a list of the available choices being returned in the response.\n\n\nIn cases where there is a relational field, the previous behavior would be\nto return a list of available instances to choose from for that relational field.\n\n\nIn order to minimise exposed information the behavior now is to \nnot\n return\nchoices information for relational fields.\n\n\nIf you want to override this new behavior you'll need to \nimplement a custom\nmetadata class\n.\n\n\nSee \nissue #3751\n for more information on this behavioral change.\n\n\n\n\nOther improvements\n\n\nThis release includes further work from a huge number of \npull requests and issues\n.\n\n\nMany thanks to all our contributors who've been involved in the release, either through raising issues, giving feedback, improving the documentation, or suggesting and implementing code changes.\n\n\nThe full set of itemized release notes \nare available here\n.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/",
+            "text": ".promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n\n\n\nDjango REST framework 3.4\n\n\nThe 3.4 release is the first in a planned series that will be addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API clients, and finally realtime support.\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nThe 3.4 release has been made possible a recent \nMozilla grant\n, and by our\n\ncollaborative funding model\n. If you use REST framework commercially, and would\nlike to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by \nsigning up for a paid plan\n.\n\n\nThe initial aim is to provide a single full-time position on REST framework.\nRight now we're over 60% of the way towards achieving that.\n\nEvery single sign-up makes a significant impact.\n\n\n\n    \nRover.com\n\n    \nSentry\n\n    \nStream\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMany thanks to all our \nawesome sponsors\n, and in particular to our premium backers, \nRover\n, \nSentry\n, and \nStream\n.\n\n\n\n\nSchemas & client libraries\n\n\nREST framework 3.4 brings built-in support for generating API schemas.\n\n\nWe provide this support by using \nCore API\n, a Document Object Model\nfor describing APIs.\n\n\nBecause Core API represents the API schema in an format-independent\nmanner, we're able to render the Core API \nDocument\n object into many different\nschema formats, by allowing the renderer class to determine how the internal\nrepresentation maps onto the external schema format.\n\n\nThis approach should also open the door to a range of auto-generated API\ndocumentation options in the future, by rendering the \nDocument\n object into\nHTML documentation pages.\n\n\nAlongside the built-in schema support, we're also now providing the following:\n\n\n\n\nA \ncommand line tool\n for interacting with APIs.\n\n\nA \nPython client library\n for interacting with APIs.\n\n\n\n\nThese API clients are dynamically driven, and able to interact with any API\nthat exposes a supported schema format.\n\n\nDynamically driven clients allow you to interact with an API at an application\nlayer interface, rather than a network layer interface, while still providing\nthe benefits of RESTful Web API design.\n\n\nWe're expecting to expand the range of languages that we provide client libraries\nfor over the coming months.\n\n\nFurther work on maturing the API schema support is also planned, including\ndocumentation on supporting file upload and download, and improved support for\ndocumentation generation and parameter annotation.\n\n\n\n\nCurrent support for schema formats is as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName\n\n\nSupport\n\n\nPyPI package\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCore JSON\n\n\nSchema generation & client support.\n\n\nBuilt-in support in \ncoreapi\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSwagger / OpenAPI\n\n\nSchema generation & client support.\n\n\nThe \nopenapi-codec\n package.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJSON Hyper-Schema\n\n\nCurrently client support only.\n\n\nThe \nhyperschema-codec\n package.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPI Blueprint\n\n\nNot yet available.\n\n\nNot yet available.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYou can read more about any of this new functionality in the following:\n\n\n\n\nNew tutorial section on \nschemas & client libraries\n.\n\n\nDocumentation page on \nschema generation\n.\n\n\nTopic page on \nAPI clients\n.\n\n\n\n\nIt is also worth noting that Marc Gibbons is currently working towards a 2.0 release of\nthe popular Django REST Swagger package, which will tie in with our new built-in support.\n\n\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThe 3.4.0 release adds support for Django 1.10.\n\n\nThe following versions of Python and Django are now supported:\n\n\n\n\nDjango versions 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10.\n\n\nPython versions 2.7, 3.2(*), 3.3(*), 3.4, 3.5.\n\n\n\n\n(*) Note that Python 3.2 and 3.3 are not supported from Django 1.9 onwards.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations and changes\n\n\nThe 3.4 release includes very limited deprecation or behavioral changes, and\nshould present a straightforward upgrade.\n\n\nUse fields or exclude on serializer classes.\n\n\nThe following change in 3.3.0 is now escalated from \"pending deprecation\" to\n\"deprecated\". Its usage will continue to function but will raise warnings:\n\n\nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n should include either a \nfields\n\noption, or an \nexclude\n option. The \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used\nto explicitly include all fields.\n\n\nMicrosecond precision when returning time or datetime.\n\n\nUsing the default JSON renderer and directly returning a \ndatetime\n or \ntime\n\ninstance will now render with microsecond precision (6 digits), rather than\nmillisecond precision (3 digits). This makes the output format consistent with the\ndefault string output of \nserializers.DateTimeField\n and \nserializers.TimeField\n.\n\n\nThis change \ndoes not affect the default behavior when using serializers\n,\nwhich is to serialize \ndatetime\n and \ntime\n instances into strings with\nmicrosecond precision.\n\n\nThe serializer behavior can be modified if needed, using the \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n\nand \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings.\n\n\nThe renderer behavior can be modified by setting a custom \nencoder_class\n\nattribute on a \nJSONRenderer\n subclass.\n\n\nRelational choices no longer displayed in OPTIONS requests.\n\n\nMaking an \nOPTIONS\n request to views that have a serializer choice field\nwill result in a list of the available choices being returned in the response.\n\n\nIn cases where there is a relational field, the previous behavior would be\nto return a list of available instances to choose from for that relational field.\n\n\nIn order to minimise exposed information the behavior now is to \nnot\n return\nchoices information for relational fields.\n\n\nIf you want to override this new behavior you'll need to \nimplement a custom\nmetadata class\n.\n\n\nSee \nissue #3751\n for more information on this behavioral change.\n\n\n\n\nOther improvements\n\n\nThis release includes further work from a huge number of \npull requests and issues\n.\n\n\nMany thanks to all our contributors who've been involved in the release, either through raising issues, giving feedback, improving the documentation, or suggesting and implementing code changes.\n\n\nThe full set of itemized release notes \nare available here\n.",
             "title": "3.4 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#django-rest-framework-34", 
-            "text": "The 3.4 release is the first in a planned series that will be addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API clients, and finally realtime support.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#django-rest-framework-34",
+            "text": "The 3.4 release is the first in a planned series that will be addressing schema\ngeneration, hypermedia support, API clients, and finally realtime support.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.4"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#funding", 
-            "text": "The 3.4 release has been made possible a recent  Mozilla grant , and by our collaborative funding model . If you use REST framework commercially, and would\nlike to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by  signing up for a paid plan .  The initial aim is to provide a single full-time position on REST framework.\nRight now we're over 60% of the way towards achieving that. Every single sign-up makes a significant impact.  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream    Many thanks to all our  awesome sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry , and  Stream .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#funding",
+            "text": "The 3.4 release has been made possible a recent  Mozilla grant , and by our collaborative funding model . If you use REST framework commercially, and would\nlike to see this work continue, we strongly encourage you to invest in its\ncontinued development by  signing up for a paid plan .  The initial aim is to provide a single full-time position on REST framework.\nRight now we're over 60% of the way towards achieving that. Every single sign-up makes a significant impact.  \n     Rover.com \n     Sentry \n     Stream    Many thanks to all our  awesome sponsors , and in particular to our premium backers,  Rover ,  Sentry , and  Stream .",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#schemas-client-libraries", 
-            "text": "REST framework 3.4 brings built-in support for generating API schemas.  We provide this support by using  Core API , a Document Object Model\nfor describing APIs.  Because Core API represents the API schema in an format-independent\nmanner, we're able to render the Core API  Document  object into many different\nschema formats, by allowing the renderer class to determine how the internal\nrepresentation maps onto the external schema format.  This approach should also open the door to a range of auto-generated API\ndocumentation options in the future, by rendering the  Document  object into\nHTML documentation pages.  Alongside the built-in schema support, we're also now providing the following:   A  command line tool  for interacting with APIs.  A  Python client library  for interacting with APIs.   These API clients are dynamically driven, and able to interact with any API\nthat exposes a supported schema format.  Dynamically driven clients allow you to interact with an API at an application\nlayer interface, rather than a network layer interface, while still providing\nthe benefits of RESTful Web API design.  We're expecting to expand the range of languages that we provide client libraries\nfor over the coming months.  Further work on maturing the API schema support is also planned, including\ndocumentation on supporting file upload and download, and improved support for\ndocumentation generation and parameter annotation.   Current support for schema formats is as follows:     Name  Support  PyPI package      Core JSON  Schema generation   client support.  Built-in support in  coreapi .    Swagger / OpenAPI  Schema generation   client support.  The  openapi-codec  package.    JSON Hyper-Schema  Currently client support only.  The  hyperschema-codec  package.    API Blueprint  Not yet available.  Not yet available.      You can read more about any of this new functionality in the following:   New tutorial section on  schemas   client libraries .  Documentation page on  schema generation .  Topic page on  API clients .   It is also worth noting that Marc Gibbons is currently working towards a 2.0 release of\nthe popular Django REST Swagger package, which will tie in with our new built-in support.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#schemas-client-libraries",
+            "text": "REST framework 3.4 brings built-in support for generating API schemas.  We provide this support by using  Core API , a Document Object Model\nfor describing APIs.  Because Core API represents the API schema in an format-independent\nmanner, we're able to render the Core API  Document  object into many different\nschema formats, by allowing the renderer class to determine how the internal\nrepresentation maps onto the external schema format.  This approach should also open the door to a range of auto-generated API\ndocumentation options in the future, by rendering the  Document  object into\nHTML documentation pages.  Alongside the built-in schema support, we're also now providing the following:   A  command line tool  for interacting with APIs.  A  Python client library  for interacting with APIs.   These API clients are dynamically driven, and able to interact with any API\nthat exposes a supported schema format.  Dynamically driven clients allow you to interact with an API at an application\nlayer interface, rather than a network layer interface, while still providing\nthe benefits of RESTful Web API design.  We're expecting to expand the range of languages that we provide client libraries\nfor over the coming months.  Further work on maturing the API schema support is also planned, including\ndocumentation on supporting file upload and download, and improved support for\ndocumentation generation and parameter annotation.   Current support for schema formats is as follows:     Name  Support  PyPI package      Core JSON  Schema generation & client support.  Built-in support in  coreapi .    Swagger / OpenAPI  Schema generation & client support.  The  openapi-codec  package.    JSON Hyper-Schema  Currently client support only.  The  hyperschema-codec  package.    API Blueprint  Not yet available.  Not yet available.      You can read more about any of this new functionality in the following:   New tutorial section on  schemas & client libraries .  Documentation page on  schema generation .  Topic page on  API clients .   It is also worth noting that Marc Gibbons is currently working towards a 2.0 release of\nthe popular Django REST Swagger package, which will tie in with our new built-in support.",
             "title": "Schemas & client libraries"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#supported-versions", 
-            "text": "The 3.4.0 release adds support for Django 1.10.  The following versions of Python and Django are now supported:   Django versions 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10.  Python versions 2.7, 3.2(*), 3.3(*), 3.4, 3.5.   (*) Note that Python 3.2 and 3.3 are not supported from Django 1.9 onwards.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#supported-versions",
+            "text": "The 3.4.0 release adds support for Django 1.10.  The following versions of Python and Django are now supported:   Django versions 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10.  Python versions 2.7, 3.2(*), 3.3(*), 3.4, 3.5.   (*) Note that Python 3.2 and 3.3 are not supported from Django 1.9 onwards.",
             "title": "Supported versions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#deprecations-and-changes", 
-            "text": "The 3.4 release includes very limited deprecation or behavioral changes, and\nshould present a straightforward upgrade.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#deprecations-and-changes",
+            "text": "The 3.4 release includes very limited deprecation or behavioral changes, and\nshould present a straightforward upgrade.",
             "title": "Deprecations and changes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#use-fields-or-exclude-on-serializer-classes", 
-            "text": "The following change in 3.3.0 is now escalated from \"pending deprecation\" to\n\"deprecated\". Its usage will continue to function but will raise warnings:  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  should include either a  fields \noption, or an  exclude  option. The  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used\nto explicitly include all fields.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#use-fields-or-exclude-on-serializer-classes",
+            "text": "The following change in 3.3.0 is now escalated from \"pending deprecation\" to\n\"deprecated\". Its usage will continue to function but will raise warnings:  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  should include either a  fields \noption, or an  exclude  option. The  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used\nto explicitly include all fields.",
             "title": "Use fields or exclude on serializer classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#microsecond-precision-when-returning-time-or-datetime", 
-            "text": "Using the default JSON renderer and directly returning a  datetime  or  time \ninstance will now render with microsecond precision (6 digits), rather than\nmillisecond precision (3 digits). This makes the output format consistent with the\ndefault string output of  serializers.DateTimeField  and  serializers.TimeField .  This change  does not affect the default behavior when using serializers ,\nwhich is to serialize  datetime  and  time  instances into strings with\nmicrosecond precision.  The serializer behavior can be modified if needed, using the  DATETIME_FORMAT \nand  TIME_FORMAT  settings.  The renderer behavior can be modified by setting a custom  encoder_class \nattribute on a  JSONRenderer  subclass.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#microsecond-precision-when-returning-time-or-datetime",
+            "text": "Using the default JSON renderer and directly returning a  datetime  or  time \ninstance will now render with microsecond precision (6 digits), rather than\nmillisecond precision (3 digits). This makes the output format consistent with the\ndefault string output of  serializers.DateTimeField  and  serializers.TimeField .  This change  does not affect the default behavior when using serializers ,\nwhich is to serialize  datetime  and  time  instances into strings with\nmicrosecond precision.  The serializer behavior can be modified if needed, using the  DATETIME_FORMAT \nand  TIME_FORMAT  settings.  The renderer behavior can be modified by setting a custom  encoder_class \nattribute on a  JSONRenderer  subclass.",
             "title": "Microsecond precision when returning time or datetime."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#relational-choices-no-longer-displayed-in-options-requests", 
-            "text": "Making an  OPTIONS  request to views that have a serializer choice field\nwill result in a list of the available choices being returned in the response.  In cases where there is a relational field, the previous behavior would be\nto return a list of available instances to choose from for that relational field.  In order to minimise exposed information the behavior now is to  not  return\nchoices information for relational fields.  If you want to override this new behavior you'll need to  implement a custom\nmetadata class .  See  issue #3751  for more information on this behavioral change.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#relational-choices-no-longer-displayed-in-options-requests",
+            "text": "Making an  OPTIONS  request to views that have a serializer choice field\nwill result in a list of the available choices being returned in the response.  In cases where there is a relational field, the previous behavior would be\nto return a list of available instances to choose from for that relational field.  In order to minimise exposed information the behavior now is to  not  return\nchoices information for relational fields.  If you want to override this new behavior you'll need to  implement a custom\nmetadata class .  See  issue #3751  for more information on this behavioral change.",
             "title": "Relational choices no longer displayed in OPTIONS requests."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#other-improvements", 
-            "text": "This release includes further work from a huge number of  pull requests and issues .  Many thanks to all our contributors who've been involved in the release, either through raising issues, giving feedback, improving the documentation, or suggesting and implementing code changes.  The full set of itemized release notes  are available here .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.4-announcement/#other-improvements",
+            "text": "This release includes further work from a huge number of  pull requests and issues .  Many thanks to all our contributors who've been involved in the release, either through raising issues, giving feedback, improving the documentation, or suggesting and implementing code changes.  The full set of itemized release notes  are available here .",
             "title": "Other improvements"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/", 
-            "text": "Django REST framework 3.3\n\n\nThe 3.3 release marks the final work in the Kickstarter funded series. We'd like to offer a final resounding \nthank you\n to all our wonderful sponsors and supporters.\n\n\nThe amount of work that has been achieved as a direct result of the funding is immense. We've added a huge amounts of new functionality, resolved nearly 2,000 tickets, and redesigned \n refined large parts of the project.\n\n\nIn order to continue driving REST framework forward, we'll shortly be announcing a new set of funding plans. Follow \n@_tomchristie\n to keep up to date with these announcements, and be among the first set of sign ups.\n\n\nWe strongly believe that collaboratively funded software development yields outstanding results for a relatively low investment-per-head. If you or your company use REST framework commercially, then we would strongly urge you to participate in this latest funding drive, and help us continue to build an increasingly polished \n professional product.\n\n\n\n\nRelease notes\n\n\nSignificant new functionality in the 3.3 release includes:\n\n\n\n\nFilters presented as HTML controls in the browsable API.\n\n\nA \nforms API\n, allowing serializers to be rendered as HTML forms.\n\n\nDjango 1.9 support.\n\n\nA \nJSONField\n serializer field\n, corresponding to Django 1.9's Postgres \nJSONField\n model field.\n\n\nBrowsable API support \nvia AJAX\n, rather than server side request overloading.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExample of the new filter controls\n\n\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThis release drops support for Django 1.5 and 1.6. Django 1.7, 1.8 or 1.9 are now required.\n\n\nThis brings our supported versions into line with Django's \ncurrently supported versions\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThe AJAX based support for the browsable API means that there are a number of internal cleanups in the \nrequest\n class. For the vast majority of developers this should largely remain transparent:\n\n\n\n\nTo support form based \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n, or to support form content types such as JSON, you should now use the \nAJAX forms\n javascript library. This replaces the previous 'method and content type overloading' that required significant internal complexity to the request class.\n\n\nThe \naccept\n query parameter is no longer supported by the default content negotiation class. If you require it then you'll need to \nuse a custom content negotiation class\n.\n\n\nThe custom \nHTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE\n header is no longer supported by default. If you require it then you'll need to \nuse custom middleware\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly deprecated, and has now been removed entirely, in line with the deprecation policy.\n\n\n\n\nview.paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nview.page_query_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.paginate_by_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.max_paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n classes should now include either a \nfields\n or \nexclude\n option, although the \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used. Failing to include either of these two options is currently pending deprecation, and will be removed entirely in the 3.5 release. This behavior brings \nModelSerializer\n more closely in line with Django's \nModelForm\n behavior.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/",
+            "text": "Django REST framework 3.3\n\n\nThe 3.3 release marks the final work in the Kickstarter funded series. We'd like to offer a final resounding \nthank you\n to all our wonderful sponsors and supporters.\n\n\nThe amount of work that has been achieved as a direct result of the funding is immense. We've added a huge amounts of new functionality, resolved nearly 2,000 tickets, and redesigned & refined large parts of the project.\n\n\nIn order to continue driving REST framework forward, we'll shortly be announcing a new set of funding plans. Follow \n@_tomchristie\n to keep up to date with these announcements, and be among the first set of sign ups.\n\n\nWe strongly believe that collaboratively funded software development yields outstanding results for a relatively low investment-per-head. If you or your company use REST framework commercially, then we would strongly urge you to participate in this latest funding drive, and help us continue to build an increasingly polished & professional product.\n\n\n\n\nRelease notes\n\n\nSignificant new functionality in the 3.3 release includes:\n\n\n\n\nFilters presented as HTML controls in the browsable API.\n\n\nA \nforms API\n, allowing serializers to be rendered as HTML forms.\n\n\nDjango 1.9 support.\n\n\nA \nJSONField\n serializer field\n, corresponding to Django 1.9's Postgres \nJSONField\n model field.\n\n\nBrowsable API support \nvia AJAX\n, rather than server side request overloading.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExample of the new filter controls\n\n\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThis release drops support for Django 1.5 and 1.6. Django 1.7, 1.8 or 1.9 are now required.\n\n\nThis brings our supported versions into line with Django's \ncurrently supported versions\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThe AJAX based support for the browsable API means that there are a number of internal cleanups in the \nrequest\n class. For the vast majority of developers this should largely remain transparent:\n\n\n\n\nTo support form based \nPUT\n and \nDELETE\n, or to support form content types such as JSON, you should now use the \nAJAX forms\n javascript library. This replaces the previous 'method and content type overloading' that required significant internal complexity to the request class.\n\n\nThe \naccept\n query parameter is no longer supported by the default content negotiation class. If you require it then you'll need to \nuse a custom content negotiation class\n.\n\n\nThe custom \nHTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE\n header is no longer supported by default. If you require it then you'll need to \nuse custom middleware\n.\n\n\n\n\nThe following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly deprecated, and has now been removed entirely, in line with the deprecation policy.\n\n\n\n\nview.paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nview.page_query_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.paginate_by_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.max_paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nModelSerializer\n and \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n classes should now include either a \nfields\n or \nexclude\n option, although the \nfields = '__all__'\n shortcut may be used. Failing to include either of these two options is currently pending deprecation, and will be removed entirely in the 3.5 release. This behavior brings \nModelSerializer\n more closely in line with Django's \nModelForm\n behavior.",
             "title": "3.3 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#django-rest-framework-33", 
-            "text": "The 3.3 release marks the final work in the Kickstarter funded series. We'd like to offer a final resounding  thank you  to all our wonderful sponsors and supporters.  The amount of work that has been achieved as a direct result of the funding is immense. We've added a huge amounts of new functionality, resolved nearly 2,000 tickets, and redesigned   refined large parts of the project.  In order to continue driving REST framework forward, we'll shortly be announcing a new set of funding plans. Follow  @_tomchristie  to keep up to date with these announcements, and be among the first set of sign ups.  We strongly believe that collaboratively funded software development yields outstanding results for a relatively low investment-per-head. If you or your company use REST framework commercially, then we would strongly urge you to participate in this latest funding drive, and help us continue to build an increasingly polished   professional product.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#django-rest-framework-33",
+            "text": "The 3.3 release marks the final work in the Kickstarter funded series. We'd like to offer a final resounding  thank you  to all our wonderful sponsors and supporters.  The amount of work that has been achieved as a direct result of the funding is immense. We've added a huge amounts of new functionality, resolved nearly 2,000 tickets, and redesigned & refined large parts of the project.  In order to continue driving REST framework forward, we'll shortly be announcing a new set of funding plans. Follow  @_tomchristie  to keep up to date with these announcements, and be among the first set of sign ups.  We strongly believe that collaboratively funded software development yields outstanding results for a relatively low investment-per-head. If you or your company use REST framework commercially, then we would strongly urge you to participate in this latest funding drive, and help us continue to build an increasingly polished & professional product.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#release-notes", 
-            "text": "Significant new functionality in the 3.3 release includes:   Filters presented as HTML controls in the browsable API.  A  forms API , allowing serializers to be rendered as HTML forms.  Django 1.9 support.  A  JSONField  serializer field , corresponding to Django 1.9's Postgres  JSONField  model field.  Browsable API support  via AJAX , rather than server side request overloading.    Example of the new filter controls", 
+            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#release-notes",
+            "text": "Significant new functionality in the 3.3 release includes:   Filters presented as HTML controls in the browsable API.  A  forms API , allowing serializers to be rendered as HTML forms.  Django 1.9 support.  A  JSONField  serializer field , corresponding to Django 1.9's Postgres  JSONField  model field.  Browsable API support  via AJAX , rather than server side request overloading.    Example of the new filter controls",
             "title": "Release notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#supported-versions", 
-            "text": "This release drops support for Django 1.5 and 1.6. Django 1.7, 1.8 or 1.9 are now required.  This brings our supported versions into line with Django's  currently supported versions", 
+            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#supported-versions",
+            "text": "This release drops support for Django 1.5 and 1.6. Django 1.7, 1.8 or 1.9 are now required.  This brings our supported versions into line with Django's  currently supported versions",
             "title": "Supported versions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "The AJAX based support for the browsable API means that there are a number of internal cleanups in the  request  class. For the vast majority of developers this should largely remain transparent:   To support form based  PUT  and  DELETE , or to support form content types such as JSON, you should now use the  AJAX forms  javascript library. This replaces the previous 'method and content type overloading' that required significant internal complexity to the request class.  The  accept  query parameter is no longer supported by the default content negotiation class. If you require it then you'll need to  use a custom content negotiation class .  The custom  HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE  header is no longer supported by default. If you require it then you'll need to  use custom middleware .   The following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly deprecated, and has now been removed entirely, in line with the deprecation policy.   view.paginate_by  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  view.page_query_param  - Use  paginator.page_query_param  instead.  view.paginate_by_param  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  view.max_paginate_by  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  settings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.   The  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  classes should now include either a  fields  or  exclude  option, although the  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used. Failing to include either of these two options is currently pending deprecation, and will be removed entirely in the 3.5 release. This behavior brings  ModelSerializer  more closely in line with Django's  ModelForm  behavior.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.3-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "The AJAX based support for the browsable API means that there are a number of internal cleanups in the  request  class. For the vast majority of developers this should largely remain transparent:   To support form based  PUT  and  DELETE , or to support form content types such as JSON, you should now use the  AJAX forms  javascript library. This replaces the previous 'method and content type overloading' that required significant internal complexity to the request class.  The  accept  query parameter is no longer supported by the default content negotiation class. If you require it then you'll need to  use a custom content negotiation class .  The custom  HTTP_X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE  header is no longer supported by default. If you require it then you'll need to  use custom middleware .   The following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly deprecated, and has now been removed entirely, in line with the deprecation policy.   view.paginate_by  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  view.page_query_param  - Use  paginator.page_query_param  instead.  view.paginate_by_param  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  view.max_paginate_by  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  settings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.   The  ModelSerializer  and  HyperlinkedModelSerializer  classes should now include either a  fields  or  exclude  option, although the  fields = '__all__'  shortcut may be used. Failing to include either of these two options is currently pending deprecation, and will be removed entirely in the 3.5 release. This behavior brings  ModelSerializer  more closely in line with Django's  ModelForm  behavior.",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/", 
-            "text": "Django REST framework 3.2\n\n\nThe 3.2 release is the first version to include an admin interface for the browsable API.\n\n\n\n\nThis interface is intended to act as a more user-friendly interface to the API. It can be used either as a replacement to the existing \nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n, or used together with it, allowing you to switch between the two styles as required.\n\n\nWe've also fixed a huge number of issues, and made numerous cleanups and improvements.\n\n\nOver the course of the 3.1.x series we've \nresolved nearly 600 tickets\n on our GitHub issue tracker. This means we're currently running at a rate of \nclosing around 100 issues or pull requests per month\n.\n\n\nNone of this would have been possible without the support of our wonderful Kickstarter backers. If you're looking for a job in Django development we'd strongly recommend taking \na look through our sponsors\n and finding out who's hiring.\n\n\nAdminRenderer\n\n\nTo include \nAdminRenderer\n simply add it to your settings:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.AdminRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer'\n    ],\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nThere are some limitations to the \nAdminRenderer\n, in particular it is not yet able to handle list or dictionary inputs, as we do not have any HTML form fields that support those.\n\n\nAlso note that this is an initial release and we do not yet have a public API for modifying the behavior or documentation on overriding the templates.\n\n\nThe idea is to get this released to users early, so we can start getting feedback and release a more fully featured version in 3.3.\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThis release drops support for Django 1.4.\n\n\nOur supported Django versions are now 1.5.6+, 1.6.3+, 1.7 and 1.8.\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThere are no new deprecations in 3.2, although a number of existing deprecations have now escalated in line with our deprecation policy.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.DATA\n was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of \nrequest.data\n instead.\n\n\nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of \nrequest.query_params\n instead.\n\n\nThe following \nModelSerializer.Meta\n options have now been removed: \nwrite_only_fields\n, \nview_name\n, \nlookup_field\n. Use the more general \nextra_kwargs\n option instead.\n\n\n\n\nThe following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly in 'pending deprecation', and has now escalated to 'deprecated'. They will continue to function but will raise errors.\n\n\n\n\nview.paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nview.page_query_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.paginate_by_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.max_paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\n\n\nModifications to list behaviors\n\n\nThere are a couple of bug fixes that are worth calling out as they introduce differing behavior.\n\n\nThese are a little subtle and probably won't affect most users, but are worth understanding before upgrading your project.\n\n\nManyToMany fields and blank=True\n\n\nWe've now added an \nallow_empty\n argument, which can be used with \nListSerializer\n, or with  \nmany=True\n relationships. This is \nTrue\n by default, but can be set to \nFalse\n if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.\n\n\nAs a follow-up to this we are now able to properly mirror the behavior of Django's \nModelForm\n with respect to how many-to-many fields are validated.\n\n\nPreviously a many-to-many field on a model would map to a serializer field that would allow either empty or non-empty list inputs. Now, a many-to-many field will map to a serializer field that requires at least one input, unless the model field has \nblank=True\n set.\n\n\nHere's what the mapping looks like in practice:\n\n\n\n\nmodels.ManyToManyField()\n \u2192 \nserializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, allow_empty=False)\n\n\nmodels.ManyToManyField(blank=True)\n \u2192 \nserializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n\n\n\nThe upshot is this: If you have many to many fields in your models, then make sure you've included the argument \nblank=True\n if you want to allow empty inputs in the equivalent \nModelSerializer\n fields.\n\n\nList fields and allow_null\n\n\nWhen using \nallow_null\n with \nListField\n or a nested \nmany=True\n serializer the previous behavior was to allow \nnull\n values as items in the list. The behavior is now to allow \nnull\n values instead of the list.\n\n\nFor example, take the following field:\n\n\nNestedSerializer(many=True, allow_null=True)\n\n\n\nPreviously the validation behavior would be:\n\n\n\n\n[{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]\n is \nvalid\n.\n\n\nnull\n is \ninvalid\n.\n\n\n\n\nOur validation behavior as of 3.2.0 is now:\n\n\n\n\n[{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]\n is \ninvalid\n.\n\n\nnull\n is \nvalid\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf you want to allow \nnull\n child items, you'll need to instead specify \nallow_null\n on the child class, using an explicit \nListField\n instead of \nmany=True\n. For example:\n\n\nListField(child=NestedSerializer(allow_null=True))\n\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nThe 3.3 release is currently planned for the start of October, and will be the last Kickstarter-funded release.\n\n\nThis release is planned to include:\n\n\n\n\nSearch and filtering controls in the browsable API and admin interface.\n\n\nImprovements and public API for the admin interface.\n\n\nImprovements and public API for our templated HTML forms and fields.\n\n\nNested object and list support in HTML forms.\n\n\n\n\nThanks once again to all our sponsors and supporters.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/",
+            "text": "Django REST framework 3.2\n\n\nThe 3.2 release is the first version to include an admin interface for the browsable API.\n\n\n\n\nThis interface is intended to act as a more user-friendly interface to the API. It can be used either as a replacement to the existing \nBrowsableAPIRenderer\n, or used together with it, allowing you to switch between the two styles as required.\n\n\nWe've also fixed a huge number of issues, and made numerous cleanups and improvements.\n\n\nOver the course of the 3.1.x series we've \nresolved nearly 600 tickets\n on our GitHub issue tracker. This means we're currently running at a rate of \nclosing around 100 issues or pull requests per month\n.\n\n\nNone of this would have been possible without the support of our wonderful Kickstarter backers. If you're looking for a job in Django development we'd strongly recommend taking \na look through our sponsors\n and finding out who's hiring.\n\n\nAdminRenderer\n\n\nTo include \nAdminRenderer\n simply add it to your settings:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.AdminRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer'\n    ],\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}\n\n\n\nThere are some limitations to the \nAdminRenderer\n, in particular it is not yet able to handle list or dictionary inputs, as we do not have any HTML form fields that support those.\n\n\nAlso note that this is an initial release and we do not yet have a public API for modifying the behavior or documentation on overriding the templates.\n\n\nThe idea is to get this released to users early, so we can start getting feedback and release a more fully featured version in 3.3.\n\n\nSupported versions\n\n\nThis release drops support for Django 1.4.\n\n\nOur supported Django versions are now 1.5.6+, 1.6.3+, 1.7 and 1.8.\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThere are no new deprecations in 3.2, although a number of existing deprecations have now escalated in line with our deprecation policy.\n\n\n\n\nrequest.DATA\n was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of \nrequest.data\n instead.\n\n\nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of \nrequest.query_params\n instead.\n\n\nThe following \nModelSerializer.Meta\n options have now been removed: \nwrite_only_fields\n, \nview_name\n, \nlookup_field\n. Use the more general \nextra_kwargs\n option instead.\n\n\n\n\nThe following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly in 'pending deprecation', and has now escalated to 'deprecated'. They will continue to function but will raise errors.\n\n\n\n\nview.paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nview.page_query_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.paginate_by_param\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nview.max_paginate_by\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.page_size\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n - Use \npaginator.page_size_query_param\n instead.\n\n\nsettings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY\n - Use \npaginator.max_page_size\n instead.\n\n\n\n\nModifications to list behaviors\n\n\nThere are a couple of bug fixes that are worth calling out as they introduce differing behavior.\n\n\nThese are a little subtle and probably won't affect most users, but are worth understanding before upgrading your project.\n\n\nManyToMany fields and blank=True\n\n\nWe've now added an \nallow_empty\n argument, which can be used with \nListSerializer\n, or with  \nmany=True\n relationships. This is \nTrue\n by default, but can be set to \nFalse\n if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.\n\n\nAs a follow-up to this we are now able to properly mirror the behavior of Django's \nModelForm\n with respect to how many-to-many fields are validated.\n\n\nPreviously a many-to-many field on a model would map to a serializer field that would allow either empty or non-empty list inputs. Now, a many-to-many field will map to a serializer field that requires at least one input, unless the model field has \nblank=True\n set.\n\n\nHere's what the mapping looks like in practice:\n\n\n\n\nmodels.ManyToManyField()\n \u2192 \nserializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, allow_empty=False)\n\n\nmodels.ManyToManyField(blank=True)\n \u2192 \nserializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)\n\n\n\n\nThe upshot is this: If you have many to many fields in your models, then make sure you've included the argument \nblank=True\n if you want to allow empty inputs in the equivalent \nModelSerializer\n fields.\n\n\nList fields and allow_null\n\n\nWhen using \nallow_null\n with \nListField\n or a nested \nmany=True\n serializer the previous behavior was to allow \nnull\n values as items in the list. The behavior is now to allow \nnull\n values instead of the list.\n\n\nFor example, take the following field:\n\n\nNestedSerializer(many=True, allow_null=True)\n\n\n\nPreviously the validation behavior would be:\n\n\n\n\n[{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]\n is \nvalid\n.\n\n\nnull\n is \ninvalid\n.\n\n\n\n\nOur validation behavior as of 3.2.0 is now:\n\n\n\n\n[{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]\n is \ninvalid\n.\n\n\nnull\n is \nvalid\n.\n\n\n\n\nIf you want to allow \nnull\n child items, you'll need to instead specify \nallow_null\n on the child class, using an explicit \nListField\n instead of \nmany=True\n. For example:\n\n\nListField(child=NestedSerializer(allow_null=True))\n\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nThe 3.3 release is currently planned for the start of October, and will be the last Kickstarter-funded release.\n\n\nThis release is planned to include:\n\n\n\n\nSearch and filtering controls in the browsable API and admin interface.\n\n\nImprovements and public API for the admin interface.\n\n\nImprovements and public API for our templated HTML forms and fields.\n\n\nNested object and list support in HTML forms.\n\n\n\n\nThanks once again to all our sponsors and supporters.",
             "title": "3.2 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#django-rest-framework-32", 
-            "text": "The 3.2 release is the first version to include an admin interface for the browsable API.   This interface is intended to act as a more user-friendly interface to the API. It can be used either as a replacement to the existing  BrowsableAPIRenderer , or used together with it, allowing you to switch between the two styles as required.  We've also fixed a huge number of issues, and made numerous cleanups and improvements.  Over the course of the 3.1.x series we've  resolved nearly 600 tickets  on our GitHub issue tracker. This means we're currently running at a rate of  closing around 100 issues or pull requests per month .  None of this would have been possible without the support of our wonderful Kickstarter backers. If you're looking for a job in Django development we'd strongly recommend taking  a look through our sponsors  and finding out who's hiring.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#django-rest-framework-32",
+            "text": "The 3.2 release is the first version to include an admin interface for the browsable API.   This interface is intended to act as a more user-friendly interface to the API. It can be used either as a replacement to the existing  BrowsableAPIRenderer , or used together with it, allowing you to switch between the two styles as required.  We've also fixed a huge number of issues, and made numerous cleanups and improvements.  Over the course of the 3.1.x series we've  resolved nearly 600 tickets  on our GitHub issue tracker. This means we're currently running at a rate of  closing around 100 issues or pull requests per month .  None of this would have been possible without the support of our wonderful Kickstarter backers. If you're looking for a job in Django development we'd strongly recommend taking  a look through our sponsors  and finding out who's hiring.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.2"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#adminrenderer", 
-            "text": "To include  AdminRenderer  simply add it to your settings:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.AdminRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer'\n    ],\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  There are some limitations to the  AdminRenderer , in particular it is not yet able to handle list or dictionary inputs, as we do not have any HTML form fields that support those.  Also note that this is an initial release and we do not yet have a public API for modifying the behavior or documentation on overriding the templates.  The idea is to get this released to users early, so we can start getting feedback and release a more fully featured version in 3.3.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#adminrenderer",
+            "text": "To include  AdminRenderer  simply add it to your settings:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.AdminRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer'\n    ],\n    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',\n    'PAGE_SIZE': 100\n}  There are some limitations to the  AdminRenderer , in particular it is not yet able to handle list or dictionary inputs, as we do not have any HTML form fields that support those.  Also note that this is an initial release and we do not yet have a public API for modifying the behavior or documentation on overriding the templates.  The idea is to get this released to users early, so we can start getting feedback and release a more fully featured version in 3.3.",
             "title": "AdminRenderer"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#supported-versions", 
-            "text": "This release drops support for Django 1.4.  Our supported Django versions are now 1.5.6+, 1.6.3+, 1.7 and 1.8.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#supported-versions",
+            "text": "This release drops support for Django 1.4.  Our supported Django versions are now 1.5.6+, 1.6.3+, 1.7 and 1.8.",
             "title": "Supported versions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "There are no new deprecations in 3.2, although a number of existing deprecations have now escalated in line with our deprecation policy.   request.DATA  was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of  request.data  instead.  request.QUERY_PARAMS  was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of  request.query_params  instead.  The following  ModelSerializer.Meta  options have now been removed:  write_only_fields ,  view_name ,  lookup_field . Use the more general  extra_kwargs  option instead.   The following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly in 'pending deprecation', and has now escalated to 'deprecated'. They will continue to function but will raise errors.   view.paginate_by  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  view.page_query_param  - Use  paginator.page_query_param  instead.  view.paginate_by_param  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  view.max_paginate_by  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  settings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "There are no new deprecations in 3.2, although a number of existing deprecations have now escalated in line with our deprecation policy.   request.DATA  was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of  request.data  instead.  request.QUERY_PARAMS  was put on the deprecation path in 3.0. It has now been removed and its usage will result in an error. Use the more pythonic style of  request.query_params  instead.  The following  ModelSerializer.Meta  options have now been removed:  write_only_fields ,  view_name ,  lookup_field . Use the more general  extra_kwargs  option instead.   The following pagination view attributes and settings have been moved into attributes on the pagination class since 3.1. Their usage was formerly in 'pending deprecation', and has now escalated to 'deprecated'. They will continue to function but will raise errors.   view.paginate_by  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  view.page_query_param  - Use  paginator.page_query_param  instead.  view.paginate_by_param  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  view.max_paginate_by  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.page_size  instead.  settings.PAGINATE_BY_PARAM  - Use  paginator.page_size_query_param  instead.  settings.MAX_PAGINATE_BY  - Use  paginator.max_page_size  instead.",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#modifications-to-list-behaviors", 
-            "text": "There are a couple of bug fixes that are worth calling out as they introduce differing behavior.  These are a little subtle and probably won't affect most users, but are worth understanding before upgrading your project.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#modifications-to-list-behaviors",
+            "text": "There are a couple of bug fixes that are worth calling out as they introduce differing behavior.  These are a little subtle and probably won't affect most users, but are worth understanding before upgrading your project.",
             "title": "Modifications to list behaviors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#manytomany-fields-and-blanktrue", 
-            "text": "We've now added an  allow_empty  argument, which can be used with  ListSerializer , or with   many=True  relationships. This is  True  by default, but can be set to  False  if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.  As a follow-up to this we are now able to properly mirror the behavior of Django's  ModelForm  with respect to how many-to-many fields are validated.  Previously a many-to-many field on a model would map to a serializer field that would allow either empty or non-empty list inputs. Now, a many-to-many field will map to a serializer field that requires at least one input, unless the model field has  blank=True  set.  Here's what the mapping looks like in practice:   models.ManyToManyField()  \u2192  serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, allow_empty=False)  models.ManyToManyField(blank=True)  \u2192  serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)   The upshot is this: If you have many to many fields in your models, then make sure you've included the argument  blank=True  if you want to allow empty inputs in the equivalent  ModelSerializer  fields.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#manytomany-fields-and-blanktrue",
+            "text": "We've now added an  allow_empty  argument, which can be used with  ListSerializer , or with   many=True  relationships. This is  True  by default, but can be set to  False  if you want to disallow empty lists as valid input.  As a follow-up to this we are now able to properly mirror the behavior of Django's  ModelForm  with respect to how many-to-many fields are validated.  Previously a many-to-many field on a model would map to a serializer field that would allow either empty or non-empty list inputs. Now, a many-to-many field will map to a serializer field that requires at least one input, unless the model field has  blank=True  set.  Here's what the mapping looks like in practice:   models.ManyToManyField()  \u2192  serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, allow_empty=False)  models.ManyToManyField(blank=True)  \u2192  serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)   The upshot is this: If you have many to many fields in your models, then make sure you've included the argument  blank=True  if you want to allow empty inputs in the equivalent  ModelSerializer  fields.",
             "title": "ManyToMany fields and blank=True"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#list-fields-and-allow_null", 
-            "text": "When using  allow_null  with  ListField  or a nested  many=True  serializer the previous behavior was to allow  null  values as items in the list. The behavior is now to allow  null  values instead of the list.  For example, take the following field:  NestedSerializer(many=True, allow_null=True)  Previously the validation behavior would be:   [{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]  is  valid .  null  is  invalid .   Our validation behavior as of 3.2.0 is now:   [{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]  is  invalid .  null  is  valid .   If you want to allow  null  child items, you'll need to instead specify  allow_null  on the child class, using an explicit  ListField  instead of  many=True . For example:  ListField(child=NestedSerializer(allow_null=True))", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#list-fields-and-allow_null",
+            "text": "When using  allow_null  with  ListField  or a nested  many=True  serializer the previous behavior was to allow  null  values as items in the list. The behavior is now to allow  null  values instead of the list.  For example, take the following field:  NestedSerializer(many=True, allow_null=True)  Previously the validation behavior would be:   [{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]  is  valid .  null  is  invalid .   Our validation behavior as of 3.2.0 is now:   [{\u2026}, null, {\u2026}]  is  invalid .  null  is  valid .   If you want to allow  null  child items, you'll need to instead specify  allow_null  on the child class, using an explicit  ListField  instead of  many=True . For example:  ListField(child=NestedSerializer(allow_null=True))",
             "title": "List fields and allow_null"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "The 3.3 release is currently planned for the start of October, and will be the last Kickstarter-funded release.  This release is planned to include:   Search and filtering controls in the browsable API and admin interface.  Improvements and public API for the admin interface.  Improvements and public API for our templated HTML forms and fields.  Nested object and list support in HTML forms.   Thanks once again to all our sponsors and supporters.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.2-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "The 3.3 release is currently planned for the start of October, and will be the last Kickstarter-funded release.  This release is planned to include:   Search and filtering controls in the browsable API and admin interface.  Improvements and public API for the admin interface.  Improvements and public API for our templated HTML forms and fields.  Nested object and list support in HTML forms.   Thanks once again to all our sponsors and supporters.",
             "title": "What's next?"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/", 
-            "text": "Django REST framework 3.1\n\n\nThe 3.1 release is an intermediate step in the Kickstarter project releases, and includes a range of new functionality.\n\n\nSome highlights include:\n\n\n\n\nA super-smart cursor pagination scheme.\n\n\nAn improved pagination API, supporting header or in-body pagination styles.\n\n\nPagination controls rendering in the browsable API.\n\n\nBetter support for API versioning.\n\n\nBuilt-in internationalization support.\n\n\nSupport for Django 1.8's \nHStoreField\n and \nArrayField\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPagination\n\n\nThe pagination API has been improved, making it both easier to use, and more powerful.\n\n\nA guide to the headline features follows. For full details, see \nthe pagination documentation\n.\n\n\nNote that as a result of this work a number of settings keys and generic view attributes are now moved to pending deprecation. Controlling pagination styles is now largely handled by overriding a pagination class and modifying its configuration attributes.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nPAGINATE_BY\n settings key will continue to work but is now pending deprecation. The more obviously named \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key should now be used instead.\n\n\nThe \nPAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n, \nMAX_PAGINATE_BY\n settings keys will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.\n\n\nThe \npaginate_by\n, \npage_query_param\n, \npaginate_by_param\n and \nmax_paginate_by\n generic view attributes will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.\n\n\nThe \npagination_serializer_class\n view attribute and \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS\n settings key \nare no longer valid\n. The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and you'll need to instead override the \nget_paginated_response\n method on a pagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.\n\n\n\n\nNew pagination schemes.\n\n\nUntil now, there has only been a single built-in pagination style in REST framework. We now have page, limit/offset and cursor based schemes included by default.\n\n\nThe cursor based pagination scheme is particularly smart, and is a better approach for clients iterating through large or frequently changing result sets. The scheme supports paging against non-unique indexes, by using both cursor and limit/offset information. It also allows for both forward and reverse cursor pagination. Much credit goes to David Cramer for \nthis blog post\n on the subject.\n\n\nPagination controls in the browsable API.\n\n\nPaginated results now include controls that render directly in the browsable API. If you're using the page or limit/offset style, then you'll see a page based control displayed in the browsable API:\n\n\n\n\nThe cursor based pagination renders a more simple style of control:\n\n\n\n\nSupport for header-based pagination.\n\n\nThe pagination API was previously only able to alter the pagination style in the body of the response. The API now supports being able to write pagination information in response headers, making it possible to use pagination schemes that use the \nLink\n or \nContent-Range\n headers.\n\n\nFor more information, see the \ncustom pagination styles\n documentation.\n\n\n\n\nVersioning\n\n\nWe've made it \neasier to build versioned APIs\n. Built-in schemes for versioning include both URL based and Accept header based variations.\n\n\nWhen using a URL based scheme, hyperlinked serializers will resolve relationships to the same API version as used on the incoming request.\n\n\nFor example, when using \nNamespaceVersioning\n, and the following hyperlinked serializer:\n\n\nclass AccountsSerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Accounts\n        fields = ('account_name', 'users')\n\n\n\nThe output representation would match the version used on the incoming request. Like so:\n\n\nGET http://example.org/v2/accounts/10  # Version 'v2'\n\n{\n    \"account_name\": \"europa\",\n    \"users\": [\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/12\",  # Version 'v2'\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/54\",\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/87\"\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nInternationalization\n\n\nREST framework now includes a built-in set of translations, and \nsupports internationalized error responses\n. This allows you to either change the default language, or to allow clients to specify the language via the \nAccept-Language\n header.\n\n\nYou can change the default language by using the standard Django \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"\n\n\n\nYou can turn on per-request language requests by adding \nLocalMiddleware\n to your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting:\n\n\nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]\n\n\n\nWhen per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the \nAccept-Language\n header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:\n\n\nRequest\n\n\nGET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org\n\n\n\nResponse\n\n\nHTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"\n}\n\n\n\nNote that the structure of the error responses is still the same. We still have a \ndetail\n key in the response. If needed you can modify this behavior too, by using a \ncustom exception handler\n.\n\n\nWe include built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.\n\n\nThe full list of supported languages can be found on our \nTransifex project page\n.\n\n\nIf you only wish to support a subset of the supported languages, use Django's standard \nLANGUAGES\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]\n\n\n\nFor more details, see the \ninternationalization documentation\n.\n\n\nMany thanks to \nCraig Blaszczyk\n for helping push this through.\n\n\n\n\nNew field types\n\n\nDjango 1.8's new \nArrayField\n, \nHStoreField\n and \nUUIDField\n are now all fully supported.\n\n\nThis work also means that we now have both \nserializers.DictField()\n, and \nserializers.ListField()\n types, allowing you to express and validate a wider set of representations.\n\n\nIf you're building a new 1.8 project, then you should probably consider using \nUUIDField\n as the primary keys for all your models. This style will work automatically with hyperlinked serializers, returning URLs in the following style:\n\n\nhttp://example.org/api/purchases/9b1a433f-e90d-4948-848b-300fdc26365d\n\n\n\n\n\nModelSerializer API\n\n\nThe serializer redesign in 3.0 did not include any public API for modifying how ModelSerializer classes automatically generate a set of fields from a given mode class. We've now re-introduced an API for this, allowing you to create new ModelSerializer base classes that behave differently, such as using a different default style for relationships.\n\n\nFor more information, see the documentation on \ncustomizing field mappings\n for ModelSerializer classes.\n\n\n\n\nMoving packages out of core\n\n\nWe've now moved a number of packages out of the core of REST framework, and into separately installable packages. If you're currently using these you don't need to worry, you simply need to \npip install\n the new packages, and change any import paths.\n\n\nWe're making this change in order to help distribute the maintenance workload, and keep better focus of the core essentials of the framework.\n\n\nThe change also means we can be more flexible with which external packages we recommend. For example, the excellently maintained \nDjango OAuth toolkit\n has now been promoted as our recommended option for integrating OAuth support.\n\n\nThe following packages are now moved out of core and should be separately installed:\n\n\n\n\nOAuth - \ndjangorestframework-oauth\n\n\nXML - \ndjangorestframework-xml\n\n\nYAML - \ndjangorestframework-yaml\n\n\nJSONP - \ndjangorestframework-jsonp\n\n\n\n\nIt's worth reiterating that this change in policy shouldn't mean any work in your codebase other than adding a new requirement and modifying some import paths. For example to install XML rendering, you would now do:\n\n\npip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nAnd modify your settings, like so:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer'\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nThanks go to the latest member of our maintenance team, \nJos\u00e9 Padilla\n, for handling this work and taking on ownership of these packages.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThe \nrequest.DATA\n, \nrequest.FILES\n and \nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n attributes move from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use \nrequest.data\n and \nrequest.query_params\n instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.\n\n\nThe ModelSerializer Meta options for \nwrite_only_fields\n, \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n are also moved from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use \nextra_kwargs\n instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.\n\n\nAll these attributes and options will still work in 3.1, but their usage will raise a warning. They will be fully removed in 3.2.\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nThe next focus will be on HTML renderings of API output and will include:\n\n\n\n\nHTML form rendering of serializers.\n\n\nFiltering controls built-in to the browsable API.\n\n\nAn alternative admin-style interface.\n\n\n\n\nThis will either be made as a single 3.2 release, or split across two separate releases, with the HTML forms and filter controls coming in 3.2, and the admin-style interface coming in a 3.3 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/",
+            "text": "Django REST framework 3.1\n\n\nThe 3.1 release is an intermediate step in the Kickstarter project releases, and includes a range of new functionality.\n\n\nSome highlights include:\n\n\n\n\nA super-smart cursor pagination scheme.\n\n\nAn improved pagination API, supporting header or in-body pagination styles.\n\n\nPagination controls rendering in the browsable API.\n\n\nBetter support for API versioning.\n\n\nBuilt-in internationalization support.\n\n\nSupport for Django 1.8's \nHStoreField\n and \nArrayField\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPagination\n\n\nThe pagination API has been improved, making it both easier to use, and more powerful.\n\n\nA guide to the headline features follows. For full details, see \nthe pagination documentation\n.\n\n\nNote that as a result of this work a number of settings keys and generic view attributes are now moved to pending deprecation. Controlling pagination styles is now largely handled by overriding a pagination class and modifying its configuration attributes.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nPAGINATE_BY\n settings key will continue to work but is now pending deprecation. The more obviously named \nPAGE_SIZE\n settings key should now be used instead.\n\n\nThe \nPAGINATE_BY_PARAM\n, \nMAX_PAGINATE_BY\n settings keys will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.\n\n\nThe \npaginate_by\n, \npage_query_param\n, \npaginate_by_param\n and \nmax_paginate_by\n generic view attributes will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.\n\n\nThe \npagination_serializer_class\n view attribute and \nDEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS\n settings key \nare no longer valid\n. The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and you'll need to instead override the \nget_paginated_response\n method on a pagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.\n\n\n\n\nNew pagination schemes.\n\n\nUntil now, there has only been a single built-in pagination style in REST framework. We now have page, limit/offset and cursor based schemes included by default.\n\n\nThe cursor based pagination scheme is particularly smart, and is a better approach for clients iterating through large or frequently changing result sets. The scheme supports paging against non-unique indexes, by using both cursor and limit/offset information. It also allows for both forward and reverse cursor pagination. Much credit goes to David Cramer for \nthis blog post\n on the subject.\n\n\nPagination controls in the browsable API.\n\n\nPaginated results now include controls that render directly in the browsable API. If you're using the page or limit/offset style, then you'll see a page based control displayed in the browsable API:\n\n\n\n\nThe cursor based pagination renders a more simple style of control:\n\n\n\n\nSupport for header-based pagination.\n\n\nThe pagination API was previously only able to alter the pagination style in the body of the response. The API now supports being able to write pagination information in response headers, making it possible to use pagination schemes that use the \nLink\n or \nContent-Range\n headers.\n\n\nFor more information, see the \ncustom pagination styles\n documentation.\n\n\n\n\nVersioning\n\n\nWe've made it \neasier to build versioned APIs\n. Built-in schemes for versioning include both URL based and Accept header based variations.\n\n\nWhen using a URL based scheme, hyperlinked serializers will resolve relationships to the same API version as used on the incoming request.\n\n\nFor example, when using \nNamespaceVersioning\n, and the following hyperlinked serializer:\n\n\nclass AccountsSerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Accounts\n        fields = ('account_name', 'users')\n\n\n\nThe output representation would match the version used on the incoming request. Like so:\n\n\nGET http://example.org/v2/accounts/10  # Version 'v2'\n\n{\n    \"account_name\": \"europa\",\n    \"users\": [\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/12\",  # Version 'v2'\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/54\",\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/87\"\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nInternationalization\n\n\nREST framework now includes a built-in set of translations, and \nsupports internationalized error responses\n. This allows you to either change the default language, or to allow clients to specify the language via the \nAccept-Language\n header.\n\n\nYou can change the default language by using the standard Django \nLANGUAGE_CODE\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"\n\n\n\nYou can turn on per-request language requests by adding \nLocalMiddleware\n to your \nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES\n setting:\n\n\nMIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]\n\n\n\nWhen per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the \nAccept-Language\n header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:\n\n\nRequest\n\n\nGET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org\n\n\n\nResponse\n\n\nHTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"\n}\n\n\n\nNote that the structure of the error responses is still the same. We still have a \ndetail\n key in the response. If needed you can modify this behavior too, by using a \ncustom exception handler\n.\n\n\nWe include built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.\n\n\nThe full list of supported languages can be found on our \nTransifex project page\n.\n\n\nIf you only wish to support a subset of the supported languages, use Django's standard \nLANGUAGES\n setting:\n\n\nLANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]\n\n\n\nFor more details, see the \ninternationalization documentation\n.\n\n\nMany thanks to \nCraig Blaszczyk\n for helping push this through.\n\n\n\n\nNew field types\n\n\nDjango 1.8's new \nArrayField\n, \nHStoreField\n and \nUUIDField\n are now all fully supported.\n\n\nThis work also means that we now have both \nserializers.DictField()\n, and \nserializers.ListField()\n types, allowing you to express and validate a wider set of representations.\n\n\nIf you're building a new 1.8 project, then you should probably consider using \nUUIDField\n as the primary keys for all your models. This style will work automatically with hyperlinked serializers, returning URLs in the following style:\n\n\nhttp://example.org/api/purchases/9b1a433f-e90d-4948-848b-300fdc26365d\n\n\n\n\n\nModelSerializer API\n\n\nThe serializer redesign in 3.0 did not include any public API for modifying how ModelSerializer classes automatically generate a set of fields from a given mode class. We've now re-introduced an API for this, allowing you to create new ModelSerializer base classes that behave differently, such as using a different default style for relationships.\n\n\nFor more information, see the documentation on \ncustomizing field mappings\n for ModelSerializer classes.\n\n\n\n\nMoving packages out of core\n\n\nWe've now moved a number of packages out of the core of REST framework, and into separately installable packages. If you're currently using these you don't need to worry, you simply need to \npip install\n the new packages, and change any import paths.\n\n\nWe're making this change in order to help distribute the maintenance workload, and keep better focus of the core essentials of the framework.\n\n\nThe change also means we can be more flexible with which external packages we recommend. For example, the excellently maintained \nDjango OAuth toolkit\n has now been promoted as our recommended option for integrating OAuth support.\n\n\nThe following packages are now moved out of core and should be separately installed:\n\n\n\n\nOAuth - \ndjangorestframework-oauth\n\n\nXML - \ndjangorestframework-xml\n\n\nYAML - \ndjangorestframework-yaml\n\n\nJSONP - \ndjangorestframework-jsonp\n\n\n\n\nIt's worth reiterating that this change in policy shouldn't mean any work in your codebase other than adding a new requirement and modifying some import paths. For example to install XML rendering, you would now do:\n\n\npip install djangorestframework-xml\n\n\n\nAnd modify your settings, like so:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer'\n    ]\n}\n\n\n\nThanks go to the latest member of our maintenance team, \nJos\u00e9 Padilla\n, for handling this work and taking on ownership of these packages.\n\n\n\n\nDeprecations\n\n\nThe \nrequest.DATA\n, \nrequest.FILES\n and \nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n attributes move from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use \nrequest.data\n and \nrequest.query_params\n instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.\n\n\nThe ModelSerializer Meta options for \nwrite_only_fields\n, \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n are also moved from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use \nextra_kwargs\n instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.\n\n\nAll these attributes and options will still work in 3.1, but their usage will raise a warning. They will be fully removed in 3.2.\n\n\n\n\nWhat's next?\n\n\nThe next focus will be on HTML renderings of API output and will include:\n\n\n\n\nHTML form rendering of serializers.\n\n\nFiltering controls built-in to the browsable API.\n\n\nAn alternative admin-style interface.\n\n\n\n\nThis will either be made as a single 3.2 release, or split across two separate releases, with the HTML forms and filter controls coming in 3.2, and the admin-style interface coming in a 3.3 release.",
             "title": "3.1 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#django-rest-framework-31", 
-            "text": "The 3.1 release is an intermediate step in the Kickstarter project releases, and includes a range of new functionality.  Some highlights include:   A super-smart cursor pagination scheme.  An improved pagination API, supporting header or in-body pagination styles.  Pagination controls rendering in the browsable API.  Better support for API versioning.  Built-in internationalization support.  Support for Django 1.8's  HStoreField  and  ArrayField .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#django-rest-framework-31",
+            "text": "The 3.1 release is an intermediate step in the Kickstarter project releases, and includes a range of new functionality.  Some highlights include:   A super-smart cursor pagination scheme.  An improved pagination API, supporting header or in-body pagination styles.  Pagination controls rendering in the browsable API.  Better support for API versioning.  Built-in internationalization support.  Support for Django 1.8's  HStoreField  and  ArrayField .",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.1"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#pagination", 
-            "text": "The pagination API has been improved, making it both easier to use, and more powerful.  A guide to the headline features follows. For full details, see  the pagination documentation .  Note that as a result of this work a number of settings keys and generic view attributes are now moved to pending deprecation. Controlling pagination styles is now largely handled by overriding a pagination class and modifying its configuration attributes.   The  PAGINATE_BY  settings key will continue to work but is now pending deprecation. The more obviously named  PAGE_SIZE  settings key should now be used instead.  The  PAGINATE_BY_PARAM ,  MAX_PAGINATE_BY  settings keys will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.  The  paginate_by ,  page_query_param ,  paginate_by_param  and  max_paginate_by  generic view attributes will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.  The  pagination_serializer_class  view attribute and  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS  settings key  are no longer valid . The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and you'll need to instead override the  get_paginated_response  method on a pagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#pagination",
+            "text": "The pagination API has been improved, making it both easier to use, and more powerful.  A guide to the headline features follows. For full details, see  the pagination documentation .  Note that as a result of this work a number of settings keys and generic view attributes are now moved to pending deprecation. Controlling pagination styles is now largely handled by overriding a pagination class and modifying its configuration attributes.   The  PAGINATE_BY  settings key will continue to work but is now pending deprecation. The more obviously named  PAGE_SIZE  settings key should now be used instead.  The  PAGINATE_BY_PARAM ,  MAX_PAGINATE_BY  settings keys will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.  The  paginate_by ,  page_query_param ,  paginate_by_param  and  max_paginate_by  generic view attributes will continue to work but are now pending deprecation, in favor of setting configuration attributes on the configured pagination class.  The  pagination_serializer_class  view attribute and  DEFAULT_PAGINATION_SERIALIZER_CLASS  settings key  are no longer valid . The pagination API does not use serializers to determine the output format, and you'll need to instead override the  get_paginated_response  method on a pagination class in order to specify how the output format is controlled.",
             "title": "Pagination"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#new-pagination-schemes", 
-            "text": "Until now, there has only been a single built-in pagination style in REST framework. We now have page, limit/offset and cursor based schemes included by default.  The cursor based pagination scheme is particularly smart, and is a better approach for clients iterating through large or frequently changing result sets. The scheme supports paging against non-unique indexes, by using both cursor and limit/offset information. It also allows for both forward and reverse cursor pagination. Much credit goes to David Cramer for  this blog post  on the subject.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#new-pagination-schemes",
+            "text": "Until now, there has only been a single built-in pagination style in REST framework. We now have page, limit/offset and cursor based schemes included by default.  The cursor based pagination scheme is particularly smart, and is a better approach for clients iterating through large or frequently changing result sets. The scheme supports paging against non-unique indexes, by using both cursor and limit/offset information. It also allows for both forward and reverse cursor pagination. Much credit goes to David Cramer for  this blog post  on the subject.",
             "title": "New pagination schemes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#pagination-controls-in-the-browsable-api", 
-            "text": "Paginated results now include controls that render directly in the browsable API. If you're using the page or limit/offset style, then you'll see a page based control displayed in the browsable API:   The cursor based pagination renders a more simple style of control:", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#pagination-controls-in-the-browsable-api",
+            "text": "Paginated results now include controls that render directly in the browsable API. If you're using the page or limit/offset style, then you'll see a page based control displayed in the browsable API:   The cursor based pagination renders a more simple style of control:",
             "title": "Pagination controls in the browsable API."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#support-for-header-based-pagination", 
-            "text": "The pagination API was previously only able to alter the pagination style in the body of the response. The API now supports being able to write pagination information in response headers, making it possible to use pagination schemes that use the  Link  or  Content-Range  headers.  For more information, see the  custom pagination styles  documentation.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#support-for-header-based-pagination",
+            "text": "The pagination API was previously only able to alter the pagination style in the body of the response. The API now supports being able to write pagination information in response headers, making it possible to use pagination schemes that use the  Link  or  Content-Range  headers.  For more information, see the  custom pagination styles  documentation.",
             "title": "Support for header-based pagination."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#versioning", 
-            "text": "We've made it  easier to build versioned APIs . Built-in schemes for versioning include both URL based and Accept header based variations.  When using a URL based scheme, hyperlinked serializers will resolve relationships to the same API version as used on the incoming request.  For example, when using  NamespaceVersioning , and the following hyperlinked serializer:  class AccountsSerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Accounts\n        fields = ('account_name', 'users')  The output representation would match the version used on the incoming request. Like so:  GET http://example.org/v2/accounts/10  # Version 'v2'\n\n{\n    \"account_name\": \"europa\",\n    \"users\": [\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/12\",  # Version 'v2'\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/54\",\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/87\"\n    ]\n}", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#versioning",
+            "text": "We've made it  easier to build versioned APIs . Built-in schemes for versioning include both URL based and Accept header based variations.  When using a URL based scheme, hyperlinked serializers will resolve relationships to the same API version as used on the incoming request.  For example, when using  NamespaceVersioning , and the following hyperlinked serializer:  class AccountsSerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Accounts\n        fields = ('account_name', 'users')  The output representation would match the version used on the incoming request. Like so:  GET http://example.org/v2/accounts/10  # Version 'v2'\n\n{\n    \"account_name\": \"europa\",\n    \"users\": [\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/12\",  # Version 'v2'\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/54\",\n        \"http://example.org/v2/users/87\"\n    ]\n}",
             "title": "Versioning"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#internationalization", 
-            "text": "REST framework now includes a built-in set of translations, and  supports internationalized error responses . This allows you to either change the default language, or to allow clients to specify the language via the  Accept-Language  header.  You can change the default language by using the standard Django  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting:  LANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"  You can turn on per-request language requests by adding  LocalMiddleware  to your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting:  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]  When per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the  Accept-Language  header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:  Request  GET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org  Response  HTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"\n}  Note that the structure of the error responses is still the same. We still have a  detail  key in the response. If needed you can modify this behavior too, by using a  custom exception handler .  We include built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.  The full list of supported languages can be found on our  Transifex project page .  If you only wish to support a subset of the supported languages, use Django's standard  LANGUAGES  setting:  LANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]  For more details, see the  internationalization documentation .  Many thanks to  Craig Blaszczyk  for helping push this through.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#internationalization",
+            "text": "REST framework now includes a built-in set of translations, and  supports internationalized error responses . This allows you to either change the default language, or to allow clients to specify the language via the  Accept-Language  header.  You can change the default language by using the standard Django  LANGUAGE_CODE  setting:  LANGUAGE_CODE = \"es-es\"  You can turn on per-request language requests by adding  LocalMiddleware  to your  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES  setting:  MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [\n    ...\n    'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'\n]  When per-request internationalization is enabled, client requests will respect the  Accept-Language  header where possible. For example, let's make a request for an unsupported media type:  Request  GET /api/users HTTP/1.1\nAccept: application/xml\nAccept-Language: es-es\nHost: example.org  Response  HTTP/1.0 406 NOT ACCEPTABLE\n\n{\n    \"detail\": \"No se ha podido satisfacer la solicitud de cabecera de Accept.\"\n}  Note that the structure of the error responses is still the same. We still have a  detail  key in the response. If needed you can modify this behavior too, by using a  custom exception handler .  We include built-in translations both for standard exception cases, and for serializer validation errors.  The full list of supported languages can be found on our  Transifex project page .  If you only wish to support a subset of the supported languages, use Django's standard  LANGUAGES  setting:  LANGUAGES = [\n    ('de', _('German')),\n    ('en', _('English')),\n]  For more details, see the  internationalization documentation .  Many thanks to  Craig Blaszczyk  for helping push this through.",
             "title": "Internationalization"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#new-field-types", 
-            "text": "Django 1.8's new  ArrayField ,  HStoreField  and  UUIDField  are now all fully supported.  This work also means that we now have both  serializers.DictField() , and  serializers.ListField()  types, allowing you to express and validate a wider set of representations.  If you're building a new 1.8 project, then you should probably consider using  UUIDField  as the primary keys for all your models. This style will work automatically with hyperlinked serializers, returning URLs in the following style:  http://example.org/api/purchases/9b1a433f-e90d-4948-848b-300fdc26365d", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#new-field-types",
+            "text": "Django 1.8's new  ArrayField ,  HStoreField  and  UUIDField  are now all fully supported.  This work also means that we now have both  serializers.DictField() , and  serializers.ListField()  types, allowing you to express and validate a wider set of representations.  If you're building a new 1.8 project, then you should probably consider using  UUIDField  as the primary keys for all your models. This style will work automatically with hyperlinked serializers, returning URLs in the following style:  http://example.org/api/purchases/9b1a433f-e90d-4948-848b-300fdc26365d",
             "title": "New field types"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#modelserializer-api", 
-            "text": "The serializer redesign in 3.0 did not include any public API for modifying how ModelSerializer classes automatically generate a set of fields from a given mode class. We've now re-introduced an API for this, allowing you to create new ModelSerializer base classes that behave differently, such as using a different default style for relationships.  For more information, see the documentation on  customizing field mappings  for ModelSerializer classes.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#modelserializer-api",
+            "text": "The serializer redesign in 3.0 did not include any public API for modifying how ModelSerializer classes automatically generate a set of fields from a given mode class. We've now re-introduced an API for this, allowing you to create new ModelSerializer base classes that behave differently, such as using a different default style for relationships.  For more information, see the documentation on  customizing field mappings  for ModelSerializer classes.",
             "title": "ModelSerializer API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#moving-packages-out-of-core", 
-            "text": "We've now moved a number of packages out of the core of REST framework, and into separately installable packages. If you're currently using these you don't need to worry, you simply need to  pip install  the new packages, and change any import paths.  We're making this change in order to help distribute the maintenance workload, and keep better focus of the core essentials of the framework.  The change also means we can be more flexible with which external packages we recommend. For example, the excellently maintained  Django OAuth toolkit  has now been promoted as our recommended option for integrating OAuth support.  The following packages are now moved out of core and should be separately installed:   OAuth -  djangorestframework-oauth  XML -  djangorestframework-xml  YAML -  djangorestframework-yaml  JSONP -  djangorestframework-jsonp   It's worth reiterating that this change in policy shouldn't mean any work in your codebase other than adding a new requirement and modifying some import paths. For example to install XML rendering, you would now do:  pip install djangorestframework-xml  And modify your settings, like so:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer'\n    ]\n}  Thanks go to the latest member of our maintenance team,  Jos\u00e9 Padilla , for handling this work and taking on ownership of these packages.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#moving-packages-out-of-core",
+            "text": "We've now moved a number of packages out of the core of REST framework, and into separately installable packages. If you're currently using these you don't need to worry, you simply need to  pip install  the new packages, and change any import paths.  We're making this change in order to help distribute the maintenance workload, and keep better focus of the core essentials of the framework.  The change also means we can be more flexible with which external packages we recommend. For example, the excellently maintained  Django OAuth toolkit  has now been promoted as our recommended option for integrating OAuth support.  The following packages are now moved out of core and should be separately installed:   OAuth -  djangorestframework-oauth  XML -  djangorestframework-xml  YAML -  djangorestframework-yaml  JSONP -  djangorestframework-jsonp   It's worth reiterating that this change in policy shouldn't mean any work in your codebase other than adding a new requirement and modifying some import paths. For example to install XML rendering, you would now do:  pip install djangorestframework-xml  And modify your settings, like so:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [\n        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',\n        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',\n        'rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer'\n    ]\n}  Thanks go to the latest member of our maintenance team,  Jos\u00e9 Padilla , for handling this work and taking on ownership of these packages.",
             "title": "Moving packages out of core"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#deprecations", 
-            "text": "The  request.DATA ,  request.FILES  and  request.QUERY_PARAMS  attributes move from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use  request.data  and  request.query_params  instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.  The ModelSerializer Meta options for  write_only_fields ,  view_name  and  lookup_field  are also moved from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use  extra_kwargs  instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.  All these attributes and options will still work in 3.1, but their usage will raise a warning. They will be fully removed in 3.2.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#deprecations",
+            "text": "The  request.DATA ,  request.FILES  and  request.QUERY_PARAMS  attributes move from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use  request.data  and  request.query_params  instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.  The ModelSerializer Meta options for  write_only_fields ,  view_name  and  lookup_field  are also moved from pending deprecation, to deprecated. Use  extra_kwargs  instead, as discussed in the 3.0 release notes.  All these attributes and options will still work in 3.1, but their usage will raise a warning. They will be fully removed in 3.2.",
             "title": "Deprecations"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#whats-next", 
-            "text": "The next focus will be on HTML renderings of API output and will include:   HTML form rendering of serializers.  Filtering controls built-in to the browsable API.  An alternative admin-style interface.   This will either be made as a single 3.2 release, or split across two separate releases, with the HTML forms and filter controls coming in 3.2, and the admin-style interface coming in a 3.3 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.1-announcement/#whats-next",
+            "text": "The next focus will be on HTML renderings of API output and will include:   HTML form rendering of serializers.  Filtering controls built-in to the browsable API.  An alternative admin-style interface.   This will either be made as a single 3.2 release, or split across two separate releases, with the HTML forms and filter controls coming in 3.2, and the admin-style interface coming in a 3.3 release.",
             "title": "What's next?"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/", 
-            "text": "Django REST framework 3.0\n\n\nThe 3.0 release of Django REST framework is the result of almost four years of iteration and refinement. It comprehensively addresses some of the previous remaining design issues in serializers, fields and the generic views.\n\n\nThis release is incremental in nature. There \nare\n some breaking API changes, and upgrading \nwill\n require you to read the release notes carefully, but the migration path should otherwise be relatively straightforward.\n\n\nThe difference in quality of the REST framework API and implementation should make writing, maintaining and debugging your application far easier.\n\n\n3.0 is the first of three releases that have been funded by our recent \nKickstarter campaign\n.\n\n\nAs ever, a huge thank you to our many \nwonderful sponsors\n. If you're looking for a Django gig, and want to work with smart community-minded folks, you should probably check out that list and see who's hiring.\n\n\n\n\nNew features\n\n\nNotable features of this new release include:\n\n\n\n\nPrintable representations on serializers that allow you to inspect exactly what fields are present on the instance.\n\n\nSimple model serializers that are vastly easier to understand and debug, and that make it easy to switch between the implicit \nModelSerializer\n class and the explicit \nSerializer\n class.\n\n\nA new \nBaseSerializer\n class, making it easier to write serializers for alternative storage backends, or to completely customize your serialization and validation logic.\n\n\nA cleaner fields API including new classes such as \nListField\n and \nMultipleChoiceField\n.\n\n\nSuper simple default implementations\n for the generic views.\n\n\nSupport for overriding how validation errors are handled by your API.\n\n\nA metadata API that allows you to customize how \nOPTIONS\n requests are handled by your API.\n\n\nA more compact JSON output with unicode style encoding turned on by default.\n\n\nTemplated based HTML form rendering for serializers. This will be finalized as  public API in the upcoming 3.1 release.\n\n\n\n\nSignificant new functionality continues to be planned for the 3.1 and 3.2 releases. These releases will correspond to the two \nKickstarter stretch goals\n - \"Feature improvements\" and \"Admin interface\". Further 3.x releases will present simple upgrades, without the same level of fundamental API changes necessary for the 3.0 release.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework: Under the hood.\n\n\nThis talk from the \nDjango: Under the Hood\n event in Amsterdam, Nov 2014, gives some good background context on the design decisions behind 3.0.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelow is an in-depth guide to the API changes and migration notes for 3.0.\n\n\nRequest objects\n\n\nThe \n.data\n and \n.query_params\n properties.\n\n\nThe usage of \nrequest.DATA\n and \nrequest.FILES\n is now pending deprecation in favor of a single \nrequest.data\n attribute that contains \nall\n the parsed data.\n\n\nHaving separate attributes is reasonable for web applications that only ever parse url-encoded or multipart requests, but makes less sense for the general-purpose request parsing that REST framework supports.\n\n\nYou may now pass all the request data to a serializer class in a single argument:\n\n\n# Do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.data)\n\n\n\nInstead of passing the files argument separately:\n\n\n# Don't do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.DATA, files=request.FILES)\n\n\n\nThe usage of \nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n is now pending deprecation in favor of the lowercased \nrequest.query_params\n.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\nSingle-step object creation.\n\n\nPreviously the serializers used a two-step object creation, as follows:\n\n\n\n\nValidating the data would create an object instance. This instance would be available as \nserializer.object\n.\n\n\nCalling \nserializer.save()\n would then save the object instance to the database.\n\n\n\n\nThis style is in-line with how the \nModelForm\n class works in Django, but is problematic for a number of reasons:\n\n\n\n\nSome data, such as many-to-many relationships, cannot be added to the object instance until after it has been saved. This type of data needed to be hidden in some undocumented state on the object instance, or kept as state on the serializer instance so that it could be used when \n.save()\n is called.\n\n\nInstantiating model instances directly means that you cannot use model manager classes for instance creation, e.g. \nExampleModel.objects.create(...)\n. Manager classes are an excellent layer at which to enforce business logic and application-level data constraints.\n\n\nThe two step process makes it unclear where to put deserialization logic. For example, should extra attributes such as the current user get added to the instance during object creation or during object save?\n\n\n\n\nWe now use single-step object creation, like so:\n\n\n\n\nValidating the data makes the cleaned data available as \nserializer.validated_data\n.\n\n\nCalling \nserializer.save()\n then saves and returns the new object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThe resulting API changes are further detailed below.\n\n\nThe \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nThe \n.restore_object()\n method is now removed, and we instead have two separate methods, \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n. These methods work slightly different to the previous \n.restore_object()\n.\n\n\nWhen using the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods you should both create \nand save\n the object instance. This is in contrast to the previous \n.restore_object()\n behavior that would instantiate the object but not save it.\n\n\nThese methods also replace the optional \n.save_object()\n method, which no longer exists.\n\n\nThe following example from the tutorial previously used \nrestore_object()\n to handle both creating and updating object instances.\n\n\ndef restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n    if instance:\n        # Update existing instance\n        instance.title = attrs.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = attrs.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = attrs.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = attrs.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = attrs.get('style', instance.style)\n        return instance\n\n    # Create new instance\n    return Snippet(**attrs)\n\n\n\nThis would now be split out into two separate methods.\n\n\ndef update(self, instance, validated_data):\n    instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n    instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n    instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n    instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n    instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n    instance.save()\n    return instance\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nNote that these methods should return the newly created object instance.\n\n\nUse \n.validated_data\n instead of \n.object\n.\n\n\nYou must now use the \n.validated_data\n attribute if you need to inspect the data before saving, rather than using the \n.object\n attribute, which no longer exists.\n\n\nFor example the following code \nis no longer valid\n:\n\n\nif serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.object.name  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.object.user = request.user  # Include the user when saving.\n    serializer.save()\n\n\n\nInstead of using \n.object\n to inspect a partially constructed instance, you would now use \n.validated_data\n to inspect the cleaned incoming values. Also you can't set extra attributes on the instance directly, but instead pass them to the \n.save()\n method as keyword arguments.\n\n\nThe corresponding code would now look like this:\n\n\nif serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.validated_data['name']  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.save(user=request.user)  # Include the user when saving.\n\n\n\nUsing \n.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\nThe \n.is_valid()\n method now takes an optional boolean flag, \nraise_exception\n.\n\n\nCalling \n.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n will cause a \nValidationError\n to be raised if the serializer data contains validation errors. This error will be handled by REST framework's default exception handler, allowing you to remove error response handling from your view code.\n\n\nThe handling and formatting of error responses may be altered globally by using the \nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n settings key.\n\n\nThis change also means it's now possible to alter the style of error responses used by the built-in generic views, without having to include mixin classes or other overrides.\n\n\nUsing \nserializers.ValidationError\n.\n\n\nPreviously \nserializers.ValidationError\n error was simply a synonym for \ndjango.core.exceptions.ValidationError\n. This has now been altered so that it inherits from the standard \nAPIException\n base class.\n\n\nThe reason behind this is that Django's \nValidationError\n class is intended for use with HTML forms and its API makes using it slightly awkward with nested validation errors that can occur in serializers.\n\n\nFor most users this change shouldn't require any updates to your codebase, but it is worth ensuring that whenever raising validation errors you should prefer using the \nserializers.ValidationError\n exception class, and not Django's built-in exception.\n\n\nWe strongly recommend that you use the namespaced import style of \nimport serializers\n and not \nfrom serializers import ValidationError\n in order to avoid any potential confusion.\n\n\nChange to \nvalidate_\nfield_name\n.\n\n\nThe \nvalidate_\nfield_name\n method hooks that can be attached to serializer classes change their signature slightly and return type. Previously these would take a dictionary of all incoming data, and a key representing the field name, and would return a dictionary including the validated data for that field:\n\n\ndef validate_score(self, attrs, source):\n    if attrs['score'] % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return attrs\n\n\n\nThis is now simplified slightly, and the method hooks simply take the value to be validated, and return the validated value.\n\n\ndef validate_score(self, value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return value\n\n\n\nAny ad-hoc validation that applies to more than one field should go in the \n.validate(self, attrs)\n method as usual.\n\n\nBecause \n.validate_\nfield_name\n would previously accept the complete dictionary of attributes, it could be used to validate a field depending on the input in another field. Now if you need to do this you should use \n.validate()\n instead.\n\n\nYou can either return \nnon_field_errors\n from the validate method by raising a simple \nValidationError\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'non_field_errors': ['A non field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError('A non field error')\n\n\n\nAlternatively if you want the errors to be against a specific field, use a dictionary of when instantiating the \nValidationError\n, like so:\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'my_field': ['A field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError({'my_field': 'A field error'})\n\n\n\nThis ensures you can still write validation that compares all the input fields, but that marks the error against a particular field.\n\n\nRemoval of \ntransform_\nfield_name\n.\n\n\nThe under-used \ntransform_\nfield_name\n on serializer classes is no longer provided. Instead you should just override \nto_representation()\n if you need to apply any modifications to the representation style.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef to_representation(self, instance):\n    ret = super(UserSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret\n\n\n\nDropping the extra point of API means there's now only one right way to do things. This helps with repetition and reinforcement of the core API, rather than having multiple differing approaches.\n\n\nIf you absolutely need to preserve \ntransform_\nfield_name\n behavior, for example, in order to provide a simpler 2.x to 3.0 upgrade, you can use a mixin, or serializer base class that add the behavior back in. For example:\n\n\nclass BaseModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom ModelSerializer class that preserves 2.x style `transform_\nfield_name\n` behavior.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, instance):\n        ret = super(BaseModelSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n        for key, value in ret.items():\n            method = getattr(self, 'transform_' + key, None)\n            if method is not None:\n                ret[key] = method(value)\n        return ret\n\n\n\nDifferences between ModelSerializer validation and ModelForm.\n\n\nThis change also means that we no longer use the \n.full_clean()\n method on model instances, but instead perform all validation explicitly on the serializer. This gives a cleaner separation, and ensures that there's no automatic validation behavior on \nModelSerializer\n classes that can't also be easily replicated on regular \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nFor the most part this change should be transparent. Field validation and uniqueness checks will still be run as normal, but the implementation is a little different.\n\n\nThe one difference that you do need to note is that the \n.clean()\n method will not be called as part of serializer validation, as it would be if using a \nModelForm\n. Use the serializer \n.validate()\n method to perform a final validation step on incoming data where required.\n\n\nThere may be some cases where you really do need to keep validation logic in the model \n.clean()\n method, and cannot instead separate it into the serializer \n.validate()\n. You can do so by explicitly instantiating a model instance in the \n.validate()\n method.\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    instance = ExampleModel(**attrs)\n    instance.clean()\n    return attrs\n\n\n\nAgain, you really should look at properly separating the validation logic out of the model method if possible, but the above might be useful in some backwards compatibility cases, or for an easy migration path.\n\n\nWritable nested serialization.\n\n\nREST framework 2.x attempted to automatically support writable nested serialization, but the behavior was complex and non-obvious. Attempting to automatically handle these case is problematic:\n\n\n\n\nThere can be complex dependencies involved in order of saving multiple related model instances.\n\n\nIt's unclear what behavior the user should expect when related models are passed \nNone\n data.\n\n\nIt's unclear how the user should expect to-many relationships to handle updates, creations and deletions of multiple records.\n\n\n\n\nUsing the \ndepth\n option on \nModelSerializer\n will now create \nread-only nested serializers\n by default.\n\n\nIf you try to use a writable nested serializer without writing a custom \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n method you'll see an assertion error when you attempt to save the serializer. For example:\n\n\n class ProfileSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n\n     class Meta:\n\n         model = Profile\n\n         fields = ('address', 'phone')\n\n\n\n class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n\n     profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n     class Meta:\n\n         model = User\n\n         fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n\n\n data = {\n\n     'username': 'lizzy',\n\n     'email': 'lizzy@example.com',\n\n     'profile': {'address': '123 Acacia Avenue', 'phone': '01273 100200'}\n\n }\n\n\n\n serializer = UserSerializer(data=data)\n\n serializer.save()\nAssertionError: The `.create()` method does not support nested writable fields by default. Write an explicit `.create()` method for serializer `UserSerializer`, or set `read_only=True` on nested serializer fields.\n\n\n\nTo use writable nested serialization you'll want to declare a nested field on the serializer class, and write the \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n methods explicitly.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user\n\n\n\nThe single-step object creation makes this far simpler and more obvious than the previous \n.restore_object()\n behavior.\n\n\nPrintable serializer representations.\n\n\nSerializer instances now support a printable representation that allows you to inspect the fields present on the instance.\n\n\nFor instance, given the following example model:\n\n\nclass LocationRating(models.Model):\n    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = models.IntegerField()\n    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User)\n\n\n\nLet's create a simple \nModelSerializer\n class corresponding to the \nLocationRating\n model.\n\n\nclass LocationRatingSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = LocationRating\n\n\n\nWe can now inspect the serializer representation in the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n...\n\n\n serializer = LocationRatingSerializer()\n\n print(serializer)  # Or use `print serializer` in Python 2.x\nLocationRatingSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    location = CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = IntegerField()\n    created_by = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nThe \nextra_kwargs\n option.\n\n\nThe \nwrite_only_fields\n option on \nModelSerializer\n has been moved to \nPendingDeprecation\n and replaced with a more generic \nextra_kwargs\n.\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n                'is_admin': {'write_only': True}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    is_admin = serializers.BooleanField(write_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n\n\n\nThe \nread_only_fields\n option remains as a convenient shortcut for the more common case.\n\n\nChanges to \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n options have been moved to \nPendingDeprecation\n. They are no longer required, as you can use the \nextra_kwargs\n argument instead:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'lookup_field': 'uuid'}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='mymodel-detail',\n        lookup_field='uuid'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n\n\n\nFields for model methods and properties.\n\n\nWith \nModelSerializer\n you can now specify field names in the \nfields\n option that refer to model methods or properties. For example, suppose you have the following model:\n\n\nclass Invitation(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField()\n    to_email = models.EmailField()\n    message = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n\n    def expiry_date(self):\n        return self.created + datetime.timedelta(days=30)\n\n\n\nYou can include \nexpiry_date\n as a field option on a \nModelSerializer\n class.\n\n\nclass InvitationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Invitation\n        fields = ('to_email', 'message', 'expiry_date')\n\n\n\nThese fields will be mapped to \nserializers.ReadOnlyField()\n instances.\n\n\n serializer = InvitationSerializer()\n\n print repr(serializer)\nInvitationSerializer():\n    to_email = EmailField(max_length=75)\n    message = CharField(max_length=1000)\n    expiry_date = ReadOnlyField()\n\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class.\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class has now been added, and allows you to create base serializer classes for only accepting multiple inputs.\n\n\nclass MultipleUserSerializer(ListSerializer):\n    child = UserSerializer()\n\n\n\nYou can also still use the \nmany=True\n argument to serializer classes. It's worth noting that \nmany=True\n argument transparently creates a \nListSerializer\n instance, allowing the validation logic for list and non-list data to be cleanly separated in the REST framework codebase.\n\n\nYou will typically want to \ncontinue to use the existing \nmany=True\n flag\n rather than declaring \nListSerializer\n classes explicitly, but declaring the classes explicitly can be useful if you need to write custom \ncreate\n or \nupdate\n methods for bulk updates, or provide for other custom behavior.\n\n\nSee also the new \nListField\n class, which validates input in the same way, but does not include the serializer interfaces of \n.is_valid()\n, \n.data\n, \n.save()\n and so on.\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class.\n\n\nREST framework now includes a simple \nBaseSerializer\n class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.\n\n\nThis class implements the same basic API as the \nSerializer\n class:\n\n\n\n\n.data\n - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.\n\n\n.is_valid()\n - Deserializes and validates incoming data.\n\n\n.validated_data\n - Returns the validated incoming data.\n\n\n.errors\n - Returns an errors during validation.\n\n\n.save()\n - Persists the validated data into an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThere are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:\n\n\n\n\n.to_representation()\n - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.\n\n\n.to_internal_value()\n - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.\n\n\n.create()\n and \n.update()\n - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.\n\n\n\n\nBecause this class provides the same interface as the \nSerializer\n class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular \nSerializer\n or \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe only difference you'll notice when doing so is the \nBaseSerializer\n classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.\n\n\nRead-only \nBaseSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nTo implement a read-only serializer using the \nBaseSerializer\n class, we just need to override the \n.to_representation()\n method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:\n\n\nclass HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()\n\n\n\nIt's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting \nHighScore\n instances into primitive data types.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n\n\nWe can now use this class to serialize single \nHighScore\n instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nOr use it to serialize multiple instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nRead-write \nBaseSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nTo create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a \n.to_internal_value()\n method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a \nValidationError\n if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.\n\n\nOnce you've implemented \n.to_internal_value()\n, the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use \n.is_valid()\n, \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n.\n\n\nIf you want to also support \n.save()\n you'll need to also implement either or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nHere's a complete example of our previous \nHighScoreSerializer\n, that's been updated to support both read and write operations.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) \n 10:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nCreating new generic serializers with \nBaseSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.\n\n\nThe following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.\n\n\nclass ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)\n\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields\n\n\nThe \nField\n and \nReadOnly\n field classes.\n\n\nThere are some minor tweaks to the field base classes.\n\n\nPreviously we had these two base classes:\n\n\n\n\nField\n as the base class for read-only fields. A default implementation was included for serializing data.\n\n\nWritableField\n as the base class for read-write fields.\n\n\n\n\nWe now use the following:\n\n\n\n\nField\n is the base class for all fields. It does not include any default implementation for either serializing or deserializing data.\n\n\nReadOnlyField\n is a concrete implementation for read-only fields that simply returns the attribute value without modification.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrequired\n, \nallow_null\n, \nallow_blank\n and \ndefault\n arguments.\n\n\nREST framework now has more explicit and clear control over validating empty values for fields.\n\n\nPreviously the meaning of the \nrequired=False\n keyword argument was underspecified. In practice its use meant that a field could either be not included in the input, or it could be included, but be \nNone\n or the empty string.\n\n\nWe now have a better separation, with separate \nrequired\n, \nallow_null\n and \nallow_blank\n arguments.\n\n\nThe following set of arguments are used to control validation of empty values:\n\n\n\n\nrequired=False\n: The value does not need to be present in the input, and will not be passed to \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n if it is not seen.\n\n\ndefault=\nvalue\n: The value does not need to be present in the input, and a default value will be passed to \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n if it is not seen.\n\n\nallow_null=True\n: \nNone\n is a valid input.\n\n\nallow_blank=True\n: \n''\n is valid input. For \nCharField\n and subclasses only.\n\n\n\n\nTypically you'll want to use \nrequired=False\n if the corresponding model field has a default value, and additionally set either \nallow_null=True\n or \nallow_blank=True\n if required.\n\n\nThe \ndefault\n argument is also available and always implies that the field is not required to be in the input. It is unnecessary to use the \nrequired\n argument when a default is specified, and doing so will result in an error.\n\n\nCoercing output types.\n\n\nThe previous field implementations did not forcibly coerce returned values into the correct type in many cases. For example, an \nIntegerField\n would return a string output if the attribute value was a string. We now more strictly coerce to the correct return type, leading to more constrained and expected behavior.\n\n\nRemoval of \n.validate()\n.\n\n\nThe \n.validate()\n method is now removed from field classes. This method was in any case undocumented and not public API. You should instead simply override \nto_internal_value()\n.\n\n\nclass UppercaseCharField(serializers.CharField):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        value = super(UppercaseCharField, self).to_internal_value(data)\n        if value != value.upper():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError('The input should be uppercase only.')\n        return value\n\n\n\nPreviously validation errors could be raised in either \n.to_native()\n or \n.validate()\n, making it non-obvious which should be used. Providing only a single point of API ensures more repetition and reinforcement of the core API.\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class.\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class has now been added. This field validates list input. It takes a \nchild\n keyword argument which is used to specify the field used to validate each item in the list. For example:\n\n\nscores = ListField(child=IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100))\n\n\n\nYou can also use a declarative style to create new subclasses of \nListField\n, like this:\n\n\nclass ScoresField(ListField):\n    child = IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n\n\n\nWe can now use the \nScoresField\n class inside another serializer:\n\n\nscores = ScoresField()\n\n\n\nSee also the new \nListSerializer\n class, which validates input in the same way, but also includes the serializer interfaces of \n.is_valid()\n, \n.data\n, \n.save()\n and so on.\n\n\nThe \nChoiceField\n class may now accept a flat list.\n\n\nThe \nChoiceField\n class may now accept a list of choices in addition to the existing style of using a list of pairs of \n(name, display_value)\n. The following is now valid:\n\n\ncolor = ChoiceField(choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'])\n\n\n\nThe \nMultipleChoiceField\n class.\n\n\nThe \nMultipleChoiceField\n class has been added. This field acts like \nChoiceField\n, but returns a set, which may include none, one or many of the valid choices.\n\n\nChanges to the custom field API.\n\n\nThe \nfrom_native(self, value)\n and \nto_native(self, data)\n method names have been replaced with the more obviously named \nto_internal_value(self, data)\n and \nto_representation(self, value)\n.\n\n\nThe \nfield_from_native()\n and \nfield_to_native()\n methods are removed. Previously you could use these methods if you wanted to customise the behaviour in a way that did not simply lookup the field value from the object. For example...\n\n\ndef field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):\n    \"\"\"A custom read-only field that returns the class name.\"\"\"\n    return obj.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nNow if you need to access the entire object you'll instead need to override one or both of the following:\n\n\n\n\nUse \nget_attribute\n to modify the attribute value passed to \nto_representation()\n.\n\n\nUse \nget_value\n to modify the data value passed \nto_internal_value()\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_attribute(self, obj):\n    # Pass the entire object through to `to_representation()`,\n    # instead of the standard attribute lookup.\n    return obj\n\ndef to_representation(self, value):\n    return value.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nExplicit \nqueryset\n required on relational fields.\n\n\nPreviously relational fields that were explicitly declared on a serializer class could omit the queryset argument if (and only if) they were declared on a \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThis code \nwould be valid\n in \n2.4.3\n:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nHowever this code \nwould not be valid\n in \n3.0\n:\n\n\n# Missing `queryset`\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n        # ...\n\n\n\nThe queryset argument is now always required for writable relational fields.\nThis removes some magic and makes it easier and more obvious to move between implicit \nModelSerializer\n classes and explicit \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        slug_field='name',\n        queryset=Organization.objects.all()\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument is only ever required for writable fields, and is not required or valid for fields with \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nOptional argument to \nSerializerMethodField\n.\n\n\nThe argument to \nSerializerMethodField\n is now optional, and defaults to \nget_\nfield_name\n. For example the following is valid:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # `method_name='get_billing_details'` by default.\n    billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    def get_billing_details(self, account):\n        return calculate_billing(account)\n\n\n\nIn order to ensure a consistent code style an assertion error will be raised if you include a redundant method name argument that matches the default method name. For example, the following code \nwill raise an error\n:\n\n\nbilling_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField('get_billing_details')\n\n\n\nEnforcing consistent \nsource\n usage.\n\n\nI've see several codebases that unnecessarily include the \nsource\n argument, setting it to the same value as the field name. This usage is redundant and confusing, making it less obvious that \nsource\n is usually not required.\n\n\nThe following usage will \nnow raise an error\n:\n\n\nemail = serializers.EmailField(source='email')\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueValidator\n and \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n classes.\n\n\nREST framework now provides new validators that allow you to ensure field uniqueness, while still using a completely explicit \nSerializer\n class instead of using \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nUniqueValidator\n should be applied to a serializer field, and takes a single \nqueryset\n argument.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nclass OrganizationSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='organization_detail')\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    name = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        validators=UniqueValidator(queryset=Organization.objects.all())\n    )\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n should be applied to a serializer, and takes a \nqueryset\n argument and a \nfields\n argument which should be a list or tuple of field names.\n\n\nclass RaceResultSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    category = serializers.ChoiceField(['5k', '10k'])\n    position = serializers.IntegerField()\n    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        validators = [UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=RaceResult.objects.all(),\n            fields=('category', 'position')\n        )]\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueForDateValidator\n classes.\n\n\nREST framework also now includes explicit validator classes for validating the \nunique_for_date\n, \nunique_for_month\n, and \nunique_for_year\n model field constraints. These are used internally instead of calling into \nModel.full_clean()\n.\n\n\nThese classes are documented in the \nValidators\n section of the documentation.\n\n\n\n\nGeneric views\n\n\nSimplification of view logic.\n\n\nThe view logic for the default method handlers has been significantly simplified, due to the new serializers API.\n\n\nChanges to pre/post save hooks.\n\n\nThe \npre_save\n and \npost_save\n hooks no longer exist, but are replaced with \nperform_create(self, serializer)\n and \nperform_update(self, serializer)\n.\n\n\nThese methods should save the object instance by calling \nserializer.save()\n, adding in any additional arguments as required. They may also perform any custom pre-save or post-save behavior.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    # Include the owner attribute directly, rather than from request data.\n    instance = serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n    # Perform a custom post-save action.\n    send_email(instance.to_email, instance.message)\n\n\n\nThe \npre_delete\n and \npost_delete\n hooks no longer exist, and are replaced with \n.perform_destroy(self, instance)\n, which should delete the instance and perform any custom actions.\n\n\ndef perform_destroy(self, instance):\n    # Perform a custom pre-delete action.\n    send_deletion_alert(user=instance.created_by, deleted=instance)\n    # Delete the object instance.\n    instance.delete()\n\n\n\nRemoval of view attributes.\n\n\nThe \n.object\n and \n.object_list\n attributes are no longer set on the view instance. Treating views as mutable object instances that store state during the processing of the view tends to be poor design, and can lead to obscure flow logic.\n\n\nI would personally recommend that developers treat view instances as immutable objects in their application code.\n\n\nPUT as create.\n\n\nAllowing \nPUT\n as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning \n404\n responses.\n\n\nBoth styles \"\nPUT\n as 404\" and \"\nPUT\n as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but we've now opted for the 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.\n\n\nIf you need to restore the previous behavior you may want to include \nthis \nAllowPUTAsCreateMixin\n class\n as a mixin to your views.\n\n\nCustomizing error responses.\n\n\nThe generic views now raise \nValidationFailed\n exception for invalid data. This exception is then dealt with by the exception handler, rather than the view returning a \n400 Bad Request\n response directly.\n\n\nThis change means that you can now easily customize the style of error responses across your entire API, without having to modify any of the generic views.\n\n\n\n\nThe metadata API\n\n\nBehavior for dealing with \nOPTIONS\n requests was previously built directly into the class-based views. This has now been properly separated out into a Metadata API that allows the same pluggable style as other API policies in REST framework.\n\n\nThis makes it far easier to use a different style for \nOPTIONS\n responses throughout your API, and makes it possible to create third-party metadata policies.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers as HTML forms\n\n\nREST framework 3.0 includes templated HTML form rendering for serializers.\n\n\nThis API should not yet be considered finalized, and will only be promoted to public API for the 3.1 release.\n\n\nSignificant changes that you do need to be aware of include:\n\n\n\n\nNested HTML forms are now supported, for example, a \nUserSerializer\n with a nested \nProfileSerializer\n will now render a nested \nfieldset\n when used in the browsable API.\n\n\nNested lists of HTML forms are not yet supported, but are planned for 3.1.\n\n\nBecause we now use templated HTML form generation, \nthe \nwidget\n option is no longer available for serializer fields\n. You can instead control the template that is used for a given field, by using the \nstyle\n dictionary.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nstyle\n keyword argument for serializer fields.\n\n\nThe \nstyle\n keyword argument can be used to pass through additional information from a serializer field, to the renderer class. In particular, the \nHTMLFormRenderer\n uses the \nbase_template\n key to determine which template to render the field with.\n\n\nFor example, to use a \ntextarea\n control instead of the default \ninput\n control, you would use the following\u2026\n\n\nadditional_notes = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nSimilarly, to use a radio button control instead of the default \nselect\n control, you would use the following\u2026\n\n\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'blue', 'green'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nThis API should be considered provisional, and there may be minor alterations with the incoming 3.1 release.\n\n\n\n\nAPI style\n\n\nThere are some improvements in the default style we use in our API responses.\n\n\nUnicode JSON by default.\n\n\nUnicode JSON is now the default. The \nUnicodeJSONRenderer\n class no longer exists, and the \nUNICODE_JSON\n setting has been added. To revert this behavior use the new setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UNICODE_JSON': False\n}\n\n\n\nCompact JSON by default.\n\n\nWe now output compact JSON in responses by default. For example, we return:\n\n\n{\"email\":\"amy@example.com\",\"is_admin\":true}\n\n\n\nInstead of the following:\n\n\n{\"email\": \"amy@example.com\", \"is_admin\": true}\n\n\n\nThe \nCOMPACT_JSON\n setting has been added, and can be used to revert this behavior if needed:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COMPACT_JSON': False\n}\n\n\n\nFile fields as URLs\n\n\nThe \nFileField\n and \nImageField\n classes are now represented as URLs by default. You should ensure you set Django's \nstandard \nMEDIA_URL\n setting\n appropriately, and ensure your application \nserves the uploaded files\n.\n\n\nYou can revert this behavior, and display filenames in the representation by using the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': False\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also modify serializer fields individually, using the \nuse_url\n argument:\n\n\nuploaded_file = serializers.FileField(use_url=False)\n\n\n\nAlso note that you should pass the \nrequest\n object to the serializer as context when instantiating it, so that a fully qualified URL can be returned. Returned URLs will then be of the form \nhttps://example.com/url_path/filename.txt\n. For example:\n\n\ncontext = {'request': request}\nserializer = ExampleSerializer(instance, context=context)\nreturn Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nIf the request is omitted from the context, the returned URLs will be of the form \n/url_path/filename.txt\n.\n\n\nThrottle headers using \nRetry-After\n.\n\n\nThe custom \nX-Throttle-Wait-Second\n header has now been dropped in favor of the standard \nRetry-After\n header. You can revert this behavior if needed by writing a custom exception handler for your application.\n\n\nDate and time objects as ISO-8601 strings in serializer data.\n\n\nDate and Time objects are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as \nDate\n, \nTime\n and \nDateTime\n objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.\n\n\nYou can modify this behavior globally by settings the existing \nDATE_FORMAT\n, \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n and \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings keys. Setting these values to \nNone\n instead of their default value of \n'iso-8601'\n will result in native objects being returned in serializer data.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Return native `Date` and `Time` objects in `serializer.data`\n    'DATETIME_FORMAT': None\n    'DATE_FORMAT': None\n    'TIME_FORMAT': None\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also modify serializer fields individually, using the \ndate_format\n, \ntime_format\n and \ndatetime_format\n arguments:\n\n\n# Return `DateTime` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\ncreated = serializers.DateTimeField(format=None)\n\n\n\nDecimals as strings in serializer data.\n\n\nDecimals are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as \nDecimal\n objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.\n\n\nYou can modify this behavior globally by using the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n settings key.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': False\n}\n\n\n\nOr modify it on an individual serializer field, using the \ncoerce_to_string\n keyword argument.\n\n\n# Return `Decimal` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\namount = serializers.DecimalField(\n    max_digits=10,\n    decimal_places=2,\n    coerce_to_string=False\n)\n\n\n\nThe default JSON renderer will return float objects for un-coerced \nDecimal\n instances. This allows you to easily switch between string or float representations for decimals depending on your API design needs.\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous notes\n\n\n\n\nThe serializer \nChoiceField\n does not currently display nested choices, as was the case in 2.4. This will be address as part of 3.1.\n\n\nDue to the new templated form rendering, the 'widget' option is no longer valid. This means there's no easy way of using third party \"autocomplete\" widgets for rendering select inputs that contain a large number of choices. You'll either need to use a regular select or a plain text input. We may consider addressing this in 3.1 or 3.2 if there's sufficient demand.\n\n\nSome of the default validation error messages were rewritten and might no longer be pre-translated. You can still \ncreate language files with Django\n if you wish to localize them.\n\n\nAPIException\n subclasses could previously take any arbitrary type in the \ndetail\n argument. These exceptions now use translatable text strings, and as a result call \nforce_text\n on the \ndetail\n argument, which \nmust be a string\n. If you need complex arguments to an \nAPIException\n class, you should subclass it and override the \n__init__()\n method. Typically you'll instead want to use a custom exception handler to provide for non-standard error responses.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat's coming next\n\n\n3.0 is an incremental release, and there are several upcoming features that will build on the baseline improvements that it makes.\n\n\nThe 3.1 release is planned to address improvements in the following components:\n\n\n\n\nPublic API for using serializers as HTML forms.\n\n\nRequest parsing, mediatypes \n the implementation of the browsable API.\n\n\nIntroduction of a new pagination API.\n\n\nBetter support for API versioning.\n\n\n\n\nThe 3.2 release is planned to introduce an alternative admin-style interface to the browsable API.\n\n\nYou can follow development on the GitHub site, where we use \nmilestones to indicate planning timescales\n.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/",
+            "text": "Django REST framework 3.0\n\n\nThe 3.0 release of Django REST framework is the result of almost four years of iteration and refinement. It comprehensively addresses some of the previous remaining design issues in serializers, fields and the generic views.\n\n\nThis release is incremental in nature. There \nare\n some breaking API changes, and upgrading \nwill\n require you to read the release notes carefully, but the migration path should otherwise be relatively straightforward.\n\n\nThe difference in quality of the REST framework API and implementation should make writing, maintaining and debugging your application far easier.\n\n\n3.0 is the first of three releases that have been funded by our recent \nKickstarter campaign\n.\n\n\nAs ever, a huge thank you to our many \nwonderful sponsors\n. If you're looking for a Django gig, and want to work with smart community-minded folks, you should probably check out that list and see who's hiring.\n\n\n\n\nNew features\n\n\nNotable features of this new release include:\n\n\n\n\nPrintable representations on serializers that allow you to inspect exactly what fields are present on the instance.\n\n\nSimple model serializers that are vastly easier to understand and debug, and that make it easy to switch between the implicit \nModelSerializer\n class and the explicit \nSerializer\n class.\n\n\nA new \nBaseSerializer\n class, making it easier to write serializers for alternative storage backends, or to completely customize your serialization and validation logic.\n\n\nA cleaner fields API including new classes such as \nListField\n and \nMultipleChoiceField\n.\n\n\nSuper simple default implementations\n for the generic views.\n\n\nSupport for overriding how validation errors are handled by your API.\n\n\nA metadata API that allows you to customize how \nOPTIONS\n requests are handled by your API.\n\n\nA more compact JSON output with unicode style encoding turned on by default.\n\n\nTemplated based HTML form rendering for serializers. This will be finalized as  public API in the upcoming 3.1 release.\n\n\n\n\nSignificant new functionality continues to be planned for the 3.1 and 3.2 releases. These releases will correspond to the two \nKickstarter stretch goals\n - \"Feature improvements\" and \"Admin interface\". Further 3.x releases will present simple upgrades, without the same level of fundamental API changes necessary for the 3.0 release.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework: Under the hood.\n\n\nThis talk from the \nDjango: Under the Hood\n event in Amsterdam, Nov 2014, gives some good background context on the design decisions behind 3.0.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelow is an in-depth guide to the API changes and migration notes for 3.0.\n\n\nRequest objects\n\n\nThe \n.data\n and \n.query_params\n properties.\n\n\nThe usage of \nrequest.DATA\n and \nrequest.FILES\n is now pending deprecation in favor of a single \nrequest.data\n attribute that contains \nall\n the parsed data.\n\n\nHaving separate attributes is reasonable for web applications that only ever parse url-encoded or multipart requests, but makes less sense for the general-purpose request parsing that REST framework supports.\n\n\nYou may now pass all the request data to a serializer class in a single argument:\n\n\n# Do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.data)\n\n\n\nInstead of passing the files argument separately:\n\n\n# Don't do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.DATA, files=request.FILES)\n\n\n\nThe usage of \nrequest.QUERY_PARAMS\n is now pending deprecation in favor of the lowercased \nrequest.query_params\n.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers\n\n\nSingle-step object creation.\n\n\nPreviously the serializers used a two-step object creation, as follows:\n\n\n\n\nValidating the data would create an object instance. This instance would be available as \nserializer.object\n.\n\n\nCalling \nserializer.save()\n would then save the object instance to the database.\n\n\n\n\nThis style is in-line with how the \nModelForm\n class works in Django, but is problematic for a number of reasons:\n\n\n\n\nSome data, such as many-to-many relationships, cannot be added to the object instance until after it has been saved. This type of data needed to be hidden in some undocumented state on the object instance, or kept as state on the serializer instance so that it could be used when \n.save()\n is called.\n\n\nInstantiating model instances directly means that you cannot use model manager classes for instance creation, e.g. \nExampleModel.objects.create(...)\n. Manager classes are an excellent layer at which to enforce business logic and application-level data constraints.\n\n\nThe two step process makes it unclear where to put deserialization logic. For example, should extra attributes such as the current user get added to the instance during object creation or during object save?\n\n\n\n\nWe now use single-step object creation, like so:\n\n\n\n\nValidating the data makes the cleaned data available as \nserializer.validated_data\n.\n\n\nCalling \nserializer.save()\n then saves and returns the new object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThe resulting API changes are further detailed below.\n\n\nThe \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nThe \n.restore_object()\n method is now removed, and we instead have two separate methods, \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n. These methods work slightly different to the previous \n.restore_object()\n.\n\n\nWhen using the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods you should both create \nand save\n the object instance. This is in contrast to the previous \n.restore_object()\n behavior that would instantiate the object but not save it.\n\n\nThese methods also replace the optional \n.save_object()\n method, which no longer exists.\n\n\nThe following example from the tutorial previously used \nrestore_object()\n to handle both creating and updating object instances.\n\n\ndef restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n    if instance:\n        # Update existing instance\n        instance.title = attrs.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = attrs.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = attrs.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = attrs.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = attrs.get('style', instance.style)\n        return instance\n\n    # Create new instance\n    return Snippet(**attrs)\n\n\n\nThis would now be split out into two separate methods.\n\n\ndef update(self, instance, validated_data):\n    instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n    instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n    instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n    instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n    instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n    instance.save()\n    return instance\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nNote that these methods should return the newly created object instance.\n\n\nUse \n.validated_data\n instead of \n.object\n.\n\n\nYou must now use the \n.validated_data\n attribute if you need to inspect the data before saving, rather than using the \n.object\n attribute, which no longer exists.\n\n\nFor example the following code \nis no longer valid\n:\n\n\nif serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.object.name  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.object.user = request.user  # Include the user when saving.\n    serializer.save()\n\n\n\nInstead of using \n.object\n to inspect a partially constructed instance, you would now use \n.validated_data\n to inspect the cleaned incoming values. Also you can't set extra attributes on the instance directly, but instead pass them to the \n.save()\n method as keyword arguments.\n\n\nThe corresponding code would now look like this:\n\n\nif serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.validated_data['name']  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.save(user=request.user)  # Include the user when saving.\n\n\n\nUsing \n.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n\n\nThe \n.is_valid()\n method now takes an optional boolean flag, \nraise_exception\n.\n\n\nCalling \n.is_valid(raise_exception=True)\n will cause a \nValidationError\n to be raised if the serializer data contains validation errors. This error will be handled by REST framework's default exception handler, allowing you to remove error response handling from your view code.\n\n\nThe handling and formatting of error responses may be altered globally by using the \nEXCEPTION_HANDLER\n settings key.\n\n\nThis change also means it's now possible to alter the style of error responses used by the built-in generic views, without having to include mixin classes or other overrides.\n\n\nUsing \nserializers.ValidationError\n.\n\n\nPreviously \nserializers.ValidationError\n error was simply a synonym for \ndjango.core.exceptions.ValidationError\n. This has now been altered so that it inherits from the standard \nAPIException\n base class.\n\n\nThe reason behind this is that Django's \nValidationError\n class is intended for use with HTML forms and its API makes using it slightly awkward with nested validation errors that can occur in serializers.\n\n\nFor most users this change shouldn't require any updates to your codebase, but it is worth ensuring that whenever raising validation errors you should prefer using the \nserializers.ValidationError\n exception class, and not Django's built-in exception.\n\n\nWe strongly recommend that you use the namespaced import style of \nimport serializers\n and not \nfrom serializers import ValidationError\n in order to avoid any potential confusion.\n\n\nChange to \nvalidate_\n.\n\n\nThe \nvalidate_\n method hooks that can be attached to serializer classes change their signature slightly and return type. Previously these would take a dictionary of all incoming data, and a key representing the field name, and would return a dictionary including the validated data for that field:\n\n\ndef validate_score(self, attrs, source):\n    if attrs['score'] % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return attrs\n\n\n\nThis is now simplified slightly, and the method hooks simply take the value to be validated, and return the validated value.\n\n\ndef validate_score(self, value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return value\n\n\n\nAny ad-hoc validation that applies to more than one field should go in the \n.validate(self, attrs)\n method as usual.\n\n\nBecause \n.validate_\n would previously accept the complete dictionary of attributes, it could be used to validate a field depending on the input in another field. Now if you need to do this you should use \n.validate()\n instead.\n\n\nYou can either return \nnon_field_errors\n from the validate method by raising a simple \nValidationError\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'non_field_errors': ['A non field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError('A non field error')\n\n\n\nAlternatively if you want the errors to be against a specific field, use a dictionary of when instantiating the \nValidationError\n, like so:\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'my_field': ['A field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError({'my_field': 'A field error'})\n\n\n\nThis ensures you can still write validation that compares all the input fields, but that marks the error against a particular field.\n\n\nRemoval of \ntransform_\n.\n\n\nThe under-used \ntransform_\n on serializer classes is no longer provided. Instead you should just override \nto_representation()\n if you need to apply any modifications to the representation style.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef to_representation(self, instance):\n    ret = super(UserSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret\n\n\n\nDropping the extra point of API means there's now only one right way to do things. This helps with repetition and reinforcement of the core API, rather than having multiple differing approaches.\n\n\nIf you absolutely need to preserve \ntransform_\n behavior, for example, in order to provide a simpler 2.x to 3.0 upgrade, you can use a mixin, or serializer base class that add the behavior back in. For example:\n\n\nclass BaseModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom ModelSerializer class that preserves 2.x style `transform_` behavior.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, instance):\n        ret = super(BaseModelSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n        for key, value in ret.items():\n            method = getattr(self, 'transform_' + key, None)\n            if method is not None:\n                ret[key] = method(value)\n        return ret\n\n\n\nDifferences between ModelSerializer validation and ModelForm.\n\n\nThis change also means that we no longer use the \n.full_clean()\n method on model instances, but instead perform all validation explicitly on the serializer. This gives a cleaner separation, and ensures that there's no automatic validation behavior on \nModelSerializer\n classes that can't also be easily replicated on regular \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nFor the most part this change should be transparent. Field validation and uniqueness checks will still be run as normal, but the implementation is a little different.\n\n\nThe one difference that you do need to note is that the \n.clean()\n method will not be called as part of serializer validation, as it would be if using a \nModelForm\n. Use the serializer \n.validate()\n method to perform a final validation step on incoming data where required.\n\n\nThere may be some cases where you really do need to keep validation logic in the model \n.clean()\n method, and cannot instead separate it into the serializer \n.validate()\n. You can do so by explicitly instantiating a model instance in the \n.validate()\n method.\n\n\ndef validate(self, attrs):\n    instance = ExampleModel(**attrs)\n    instance.clean()\n    return attrs\n\n\n\nAgain, you really should look at properly separating the validation logic out of the model method if possible, but the above might be useful in some backwards compatibility cases, or for an easy migration path.\n\n\nWritable nested serialization.\n\n\nREST framework 2.x attempted to automatically support writable nested serialization, but the behavior was complex and non-obvious. Attempting to automatically handle these case is problematic:\n\n\n\n\nThere can be complex dependencies involved in order of saving multiple related model instances.\n\n\nIt's unclear what behavior the user should expect when related models are passed \nNone\n data.\n\n\nIt's unclear how the user should expect to-many relationships to handle updates, creations and deletions of multiple records.\n\n\n\n\nUsing the \ndepth\n option on \nModelSerializer\n will now create \nread-only nested serializers\n by default.\n\n\nIf you try to use a writable nested serializer without writing a custom \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n method you'll see an assertion error when you attempt to save the serializer. For example:\n\n\n>>> class ProfileSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = Profile\n>>>         fields = ('address', 'phone')\n>>>\n>>> class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n>>>     profile = ProfileSerializer()\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = User\n>>>         fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n>>>\n>>> data = {\n>>>     'username': 'lizzy',\n>>>     'email': 'lizzy@example.com',\n>>>     'profile': {'address': '123 Acacia Avenue', 'phone': '01273 100200'}\n>>> }\n>>>\n>>> serializer = UserSerializer(data=data)\n>>> serializer.save()\nAssertionError: The `.create()` method does not support nested writable fields by default. Write an explicit `.create()` method for serializer `UserSerializer`, or set `read_only=True` on nested serializer fields.\n\n\n\nTo use writable nested serialization you'll want to declare a nested field on the serializer class, and write the \ncreate()\n and/or \nupdate()\n methods explicitly.\n\n\nclass UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user\n\n\n\nThe single-step object creation makes this far simpler and more obvious than the previous \n.restore_object()\n behavior.\n\n\nPrintable serializer representations.\n\n\nSerializer instances now support a printable representation that allows you to inspect the fields present on the instance.\n\n\nFor instance, given the following example model:\n\n\nclass LocationRating(models.Model):\n    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = models.IntegerField()\n    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User)\n\n\n\nLet's create a simple \nModelSerializer\n class corresponding to the \nLocationRating\n model.\n\n\nclass LocationRatingSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = LocationRating\n\n\n\nWe can now inspect the serializer representation in the Django shell, using \npython manage.py shell\n...\n\n\n>>> serializer = LocationRatingSerializer()\n>>> print(serializer)  # Or use `print serializer` in Python 2.x\nLocationRatingSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    location = CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = IntegerField()\n    created_by = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())\n\n\n\nThe \nextra_kwargs\n option.\n\n\nThe \nwrite_only_fields\n option on \nModelSerializer\n has been moved to \nPendingDeprecation\n and replaced with a more generic \nextra_kwargs\n.\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n                'is_admin': {'write_only': True}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    is_admin = serializers.BooleanField(write_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n\n\n\nThe \nread_only_fields\n option remains as a convenient shortcut for the more common case.\n\n\nChanges to \nHyperlinkedModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nview_name\n and \nlookup_field\n options have been moved to \nPendingDeprecation\n. They are no longer required, as you can use the \nextra_kwargs\n argument instead:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'lookup_field': 'uuid'}\n        }\n\n\n\nAlternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:\n\n\nclass MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='mymodel-detail',\n        lookup_field='uuid'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n\n\n\nFields for model methods and properties.\n\n\nWith \nModelSerializer\n you can now specify field names in the \nfields\n option that refer to model methods or properties. For example, suppose you have the following model:\n\n\nclass Invitation(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField()\n    to_email = models.EmailField()\n    message = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n\n    def expiry_date(self):\n        return self.created + datetime.timedelta(days=30)\n\n\n\nYou can include \nexpiry_date\n as a field option on a \nModelSerializer\n class.\n\n\nclass InvitationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Invitation\n        fields = ('to_email', 'message', 'expiry_date')\n\n\n\nThese fields will be mapped to \nserializers.ReadOnlyField()\n instances.\n\n\n>>> serializer = InvitationSerializer()\n>>> print repr(serializer)\nInvitationSerializer():\n    to_email = EmailField(max_length=75)\n    message = CharField(max_length=1000)\n    expiry_date = ReadOnlyField()\n\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class.\n\n\nThe \nListSerializer\n class has now been added, and allows you to create base serializer classes for only accepting multiple inputs.\n\n\nclass MultipleUserSerializer(ListSerializer):\n    child = UserSerializer()\n\n\n\nYou can also still use the \nmany=True\n argument to serializer classes. It's worth noting that \nmany=True\n argument transparently creates a \nListSerializer\n instance, allowing the validation logic for list and non-list data to be cleanly separated in the REST framework codebase.\n\n\nYou will typically want to \ncontinue to use the existing \nmany=True\n flag\n rather than declaring \nListSerializer\n classes explicitly, but declaring the classes explicitly can be useful if you need to write custom \ncreate\n or \nupdate\n methods for bulk updates, or provide for other custom behavior.\n\n\nSee also the new \nListField\n class, which validates input in the same way, but does not include the serializer interfaces of \n.is_valid()\n, \n.data\n, \n.save()\n and so on.\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class.\n\n\nREST framework now includes a simple \nBaseSerializer\n class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.\n\n\nThis class implements the same basic API as the \nSerializer\n class:\n\n\n\n\n.data\n - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.\n\n\n.is_valid()\n - Deserializes and validates incoming data.\n\n\n.validated_data\n - Returns the validated incoming data.\n\n\n.errors\n - Returns an errors during validation.\n\n\n.save()\n - Persists the validated data into an object instance.\n\n\n\n\nThere are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:\n\n\n\n\n.to_representation()\n - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.\n\n\n.to_internal_value()\n - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.\n\n\n.create()\n and \n.update()\n - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.\n\n\n\n\nBecause this class provides the same interface as the \nSerializer\n class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular \nSerializer\n or \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe only difference you'll notice when doing so is the \nBaseSerializer\n classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.\n\n\nRead-only \nBaseSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nTo implement a read-only serializer using the \nBaseSerializer\n class, we just need to override the \n.to_representation()\n method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:\n\n\nclass HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()\n\n\n\nIt's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting \nHighScore\n instances into primitive data types.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n\n\nWe can now use this class to serialize single \nHighScore\n instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nOr use it to serialize multiple instances:\n\n\n@api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nRead-write \nBaseSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nTo create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a \n.to_internal_value()\n method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a \nValidationError\n if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.\n\n\nOnce you've implemented \n.to_internal_value()\n, the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use \n.is_valid()\n, \n.validated_data\n and \n.errors\n.\n\n\nIf you want to also support \n.save()\n you'll need to also implement either or both of the \n.create()\n and \n.update()\n methods.\n\n\nHere's a complete example of our previous \nHighScoreSerializer\n, that's been updated to support both read and write operations.\n\n\nclass HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) > 10:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)\n\n\n\nCreating new generic serializers with \nBaseSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nBaseSerializer\n class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.\n\n\nThe following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.\n\n\nclass ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)\n\n\n\n\n\nSerializer fields\n\n\nThe \nField\n and \nReadOnly\n field classes.\n\n\nThere are some minor tweaks to the field base classes.\n\n\nPreviously we had these two base classes:\n\n\n\n\nField\n as the base class for read-only fields. A default implementation was included for serializing data.\n\n\nWritableField\n as the base class for read-write fields.\n\n\n\n\nWe now use the following:\n\n\n\n\nField\n is the base class for all fields. It does not include any default implementation for either serializing or deserializing data.\n\n\nReadOnlyField\n is a concrete implementation for read-only fields that simply returns the attribute value without modification.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nrequired\n, \nallow_null\n, \nallow_blank\n and \ndefault\n arguments.\n\n\nREST framework now has more explicit and clear control over validating empty values for fields.\n\n\nPreviously the meaning of the \nrequired=False\n keyword argument was underspecified. In practice its use meant that a field could either be not included in the input, or it could be included, but be \nNone\n or the empty string.\n\n\nWe now have a better separation, with separate \nrequired\n, \nallow_null\n and \nallow_blank\n arguments.\n\n\nThe following set of arguments are used to control validation of empty values:\n\n\n\n\nrequired=False\n: The value does not need to be present in the input, and will not be passed to \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n if it is not seen.\n\n\ndefault=\n: The value does not need to be present in the input, and a default value will be passed to \n.create()\n or \n.update()\n if it is not seen.\n\n\nallow_null=True\n: \nNone\n is a valid input.\n\n\nallow_blank=True\n: \n''\n is valid input. For \nCharField\n and subclasses only.\n\n\n\n\nTypically you'll want to use \nrequired=False\n if the corresponding model field has a default value, and additionally set either \nallow_null=True\n or \nallow_blank=True\n if required.\n\n\nThe \ndefault\n argument is also available and always implies that the field is not required to be in the input. It is unnecessary to use the \nrequired\n argument when a default is specified, and doing so will result in an error.\n\n\nCoercing output types.\n\n\nThe previous field implementations did not forcibly coerce returned values into the correct type in many cases. For example, an \nIntegerField\n would return a string output if the attribute value was a string. We now more strictly coerce to the correct return type, leading to more constrained and expected behavior.\n\n\nRemoval of \n.validate()\n.\n\n\nThe \n.validate()\n method is now removed from field classes. This method was in any case undocumented and not public API. You should instead simply override \nto_internal_value()\n.\n\n\nclass UppercaseCharField(serializers.CharField):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        value = super(UppercaseCharField, self).to_internal_value(data)\n        if value != value.upper():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError('The input should be uppercase only.')\n        return value\n\n\n\nPreviously validation errors could be raised in either \n.to_native()\n or \n.validate()\n, making it non-obvious which should be used. Providing only a single point of API ensures more repetition and reinforcement of the core API.\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class.\n\n\nThe \nListField\n class has now been added. This field validates list input. It takes a \nchild\n keyword argument which is used to specify the field used to validate each item in the list. For example:\n\n\nscores = ListField(child=IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100))\n\n\n\nYou can also use a declarative style to create new subclasses of \nListField\n, like this:\n\n\nclass ScoresField(ListField):\n    child = IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)\n\n\n\nWe can now use the \nScoresField\n class inside another serializer:\n\n\nscores = ScoresField()\n\n\n\nSee also the new \nListSerializer\n class, which validates input in the same way, but also includes the serializer interfaces of \n.is_valid()\n, \n.data\n, \n.save()\n and so on.\n\n\nThe \nChoiceField\n class may now accept a flat list.\n\n\nThe \nChoiceField\n class may now accept a list of choices in addition to the existing style of using a list of pairs of \n(name, display_value)\n. The following is now valid:\n\n\ncolor = ChoiceField(choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'])\n\n\n\nThe \nMultipleChoiceField\n class.\n\n\nThe \nMultipleChoiceField\n class has been added. This field acts like \nChoiceField\n, but returns a set, which may include none, one or many of the valid choices.\n\n\nChanges to the custom field API.\n\n\nThe \nfrom_native(self, value)\n and \nto_native(self, data)\n method names have been replaced with the more obviously named \nto_internal_value(self, data)\n and \nto_representation(self, value)\n.\n\n\nThe \nfield_from_native()\n and \nfield_to_native()\n methods are removed. Previously you could use these methods if you wanted to customise the behaviour in a way that did not simply lookup the field value from the object. For example...\n\n\ndef field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):\n    \"\"\"A custom read-only field that returns the class name.\"\"\"\n    return obj.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nNow if you need to access the entire object you'll instead need to override one or both of the following:\n\n\n\n\nUse \nget_attribute\n to modify the attribute value passed to \nto_representation()\n.\n\n\nUse \nget_value\n to modify the data value passed \nto_internal_value()\n.\n\n\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef get_attribute(self, obj):\n    # Pass the entire object through to `to_representation()`,\n    # instead of the standard attribute lookup.\n    return obj\n\ndef to_representation(self, value):\n    return value.__class__.__name__\n\n\n\nExplicit \nqueryset\n required on relational fields.\n\n\nPreviously relational fields that were explicitly declared on a serializer class could omit the queryset argument if (and only if) they were declared on a \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThis code \nwould be valid\n in \n2.4.3\n:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nHowever this code \nwould not be valid\n in \n3.0\n:\n\n\n# Missing `queryset`\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n        # ...\n\n\n\nThe queryset argument is now always required for writable relational fields.\nThis removes some magic and makes it easier and more obvious to move between implicit \nModelSerializer\n classes and explicit \nSerializer\n classes.\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        slug_field='name',\n        queryset=Organization.objects.all()\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account\n\n\n\nThe \nqueryset\n argument is only ever required for writable fields, and is not required or valid for fields with \nread_only=True\n.\n\n\nOptional argument to \nSerializerMethodField\n.\n\n\nThe argument to \nSerializerMethodField\n is now optional, and defaults to \nget_\n. For example the following is valid:\n\n\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # `method_name='get_billing_details'` by default.\n    billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    def get_billing_details(self, account):\n        return calculate_billing(account)\n\n\n\nIn order to ensure a consistent code style an assertion error will be raised if you include a redundant method name argument that matches the default method name. For example, the following code \nwill raise an error\n:\n\n\nbilling_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField('get_billing_details')\n\n\n\nEnforcing consistent \nsource\n usage.\n\n\nI've see several codebases that unnecessarily include the \nsource\n argument, setting it to the same value as the field name. This usage is redundant and confusing, making it less obvious that \nsource\n is usually not required.\n\n\nThe following usage will \nnow raise an error\n:\n\n\nemail = serializers.EmailField(source='email')\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueValidator\n and \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n classes.\n\n\nREST framework now provides new validators that allow you to ensure field uniqueness, while still using a completely explicit \nSerializer\n class instead of using \nModelSerializer\n.\n\n\nThe \nUniqueValidator\n should be applied to a serializer field, and takes a single \nqueryset\n argument.\n\n\nfrom rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nclass OrganizationSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='organization_detail')\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    name = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        validators=UniqueValidator(queryset=Organization.objects.all())\n    )\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueTogetherValidator\n should be applied to a serializer, and takes a \nqueryset\n argument and a \nfields\n argument which should be a list or tuple of field names.\n\n\nclass RaceResultSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    category = serializers.ChoiceField(['5k', '10k'])\n    position = serializers.IntegerField()\n    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        validators = [UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=RaceResult.objects.all(),\n            fields=('category', 'position')\n        )]\n\n\n\nThe \nUniqueForDateValidator\n classes.\n\n\nREST framework also now includes explicit validator classes for validating the \nunique_for_date\n, \nunique_for_month\n, and \nunique_for_year\n model field constraints. These are used internally instead of calling into \nModel.full_clean()\n.\n\n\nThese classes are documented in the \nValidators\n section of the documentation.\n\n\n\n\nGeneric views\n\n\nSimplification of view logic.\n\n\nThe view logic for the default method handlers has been significantly simplified, due to the new serializers API.\n\n\nChanges to pre/post save hooks.\n\n\nThe \npre_save\n and \npost_save\n hooks no longer exist, but are replaced with \nperform_create(self, serializer)\n and \nperform_update(self, serializer)\n.\n\n\nThese methods should save the object instance by calling \nserializer.save()\n, adding in any additional arguments as required. They may also perform any custom pre-save or post-save behavior.\n\n\nFor example:\n\n\ndef perform_create(self, serializer):\n    # Include the owner attribute directly, rather than from request data.\n    instance = serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n    # Perform a custom post-save action.\n    send_email(instance.to_email, instance.message)\n\n\n\nThe \npre_delete\n and \npost_delete\n hooks no longer exist, and are replaced with \n.perform_destroy(self, instance)\n, which should delete the instance and perform any custom actions.\n\n\ndef perform_destroy(self, instance):\n    # Perform a custom pre-delete action.\n    send_deletion_alert(user=instance.created_by, deleted=instance)\n    # Delete the object instance.\n    instance.delete()\n\n\n\nRemoval of view attributes.\n\n\nThe \n.object\n and \n.object_list\n attributes are no longer set on the view instance. Treating views as mutable object instances that store state during the processing of the view tends to be poor design, and can lead to obscure flow logic.\n\n\nI would personally recommend that developers treat view instances as immutable objects in their application code.\n\n\nPUT as create.\n\n\nAllowing \nPUT\n as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning \n404\n responses.\n\n\nBoth styles \"\nPUT\n as 404\" and \"\nPUT\n as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but we've now opted for the 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.\n\n\nIf you need to restore the previous behavior you may want to include \nthis \nAllowPUTAsCreateMixin\n class\n as a mixin to your views.\n\n\nCustomizing error responses.\n\n\nThe generic views now raise \nValidationFailed\n exception for invalid data. This exception is then dealt with by the exception handler, rather than the view returning a \n400 Bad Request\n response directly.\n\n\nThis change means that you can now easily customize the style of error responses across your entire API, without having to modify any of the generic views.\n\n\n\n\nThe metadata API\n\n\nBehavior for dealing with \nOPTIONS\n requests was previously built directly into the class-based views. This has now been properly separated out into a Metadata API that allows the same pluggable style as other API policies in REST framework.\n\n\nThis makes it far easier to use a different style for \nOPTIONS\n responses throughout your API, and makes it possible to create third-party metadata policies.\n\n\n\n\nSerializers as HTML forms\n\n\nREST framework 3.0 includes templated HTML form rendering for serializers.\n\n\nThis API should not yet be considered finalized, and will only be promoted to public API for the 3.1 release.\n\n\nSignificant changes that you do need to be aware of include:\n\n\n\n\nNested HTML forms are now supported, for example, a \nUserSerializer\n with a nested \nProfileSerializer\n will now render a nested \nfieldset\n when used in the browsable API.\n\n\nNested lists of HTML forms are not yet supported, but are planned for 3.1.\n\n\nBecause we now use templated HTML form generation, \nthe \nwidget\n option is no longer available for serializer fields\n. You can instead control the template that is used for a given field, by using the \nstyle\n dictionary.\n\n\n\n\nThe \nstyle\n keyword argument for serializer fields.\n\n\nThe \nstyle\n keyword argument can be used to pass through additional information from a serializer field, to the renderer class. In particular, the \nHTMLFormRenderer\n uses the \nbase_template\n key to determine which template to render the field with.\n\n\nFor example, to use a \ntextarea\n control instead of the default \ninput\n control, you would use the following\u2026\n\n\nadditional_notes = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nSimilarly, to use a radio button control instead of the default \nselect\n control, you would use the following\u2026\n\n\ncolor_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'blue', 'green'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)\n\n\n\nThis API should be considered provisional, and there may be minor alterations with the incoming 3.1 release.\n\n\n\n\nAPI style\n\n\nThere are some improvements in the default style we use in our API responses.\n\n\nUnicode JSON by default.\n\n\nUnicode JSON is now the default. The \nUnicodeJSONRenderer\n class no longer exists, and the \nUNICODE_JSON\n setting has been added. To revert this behavior use the new setting:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UNICODE_JSON': False\n}\n\n\n\nCompact JSON by default.\n\n\nWe now output compact JSON in responses by default. For example, we return:\n\n\n{\"email\":\"amy@example.com\",\"is_admin\":true}\n\n\n\nInstead of the following:\n\n\n{\"email\": \"amy@example.com\", \"is_admin\": true}\n\n\n\nThe \nCOMPACT_JSON\n setting has been added, and can be used to revert this behavior if needed:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COMPACT_JSON': False\n}\n\n\n\nFile fields as URLs\n\n\nThe \nFileField\n and \nImageField\n classes are now represented as URLs by default. You should ensure you set Django's \nstandard \nMEDIA_URL\n setting\n appropriately, and ensure your application \nserves the uploaded files\n.\n\n\nYou can revert this behavior, and display filenames in the representation by using the \nUPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL\n settings key:\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': False\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also modify serializer fields individually, using the \nuse_url\n argument:\n\n\nuploaded_file = serializers.FileField(use_url=False)\n\n\n\nAlso note that you should pass the \nrequest\n object to the serializer as context when instantiating it, so that a fully qualified URL can be returned. Returned URLs will then be of the form \nhttps://example.com/url_path/filename.txt\n. For example:\n\n\ncontext = {'request': request}\nserializer = ExampleSerializer(instance, context=context)\nreturn Response(serializer.data)\n\n\n\nIf the request is omitted from the context, the returned URLs will be of the form \n/url_path/filename.txt\n.\n\n\nThrottle headers using \nRetry-After\n.\n\n\nThe custom \nX-Throttle-Wait-Second\n header has now been dropped in favor of the standard \nRetry-After\n header. You can revert this behavior if needed by writing a custom exception handler for your application.\n\n\nDate and time objects as ISO-8601 strings in serializer data.\n\n\nDate and Time objects are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as \nDate\n, \nTime\n and \nDateTime\n objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.\n\n\nYou can modify this behavior globally by settings the existing \nDATE_FORMAT\n, \nDATETIME_FORMAT\n and \nTIME_FORMAT\n settings keys. Setting these values to \nNone\n instead of their default value of \n'iso-8601'\n will result in native objects being returned in serializer data.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Return native `Date` and `Time` objects in `serializer.data`\n    'DATETIME_FORMAT': None\n    'DATE_FORMAT': None\n    'TIME_FORMAT': None\n}\n\n\n\nYou can also modify serializer fields individually, using the \ndate_format\n, \ntime_format\n and \ndatetime_format\n arguments:\n\n\n# Return `DateTime` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\ncreated = serializers.DateTimeField(format=None)\n\n\n\nDecimals as strings in serializer data.\n\n\nDecimals are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as \nDecimal\n objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.\n\n\nYou can modify this behavior globally by using the \nCOERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING\n settings key.\n\n\nREST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': False\n}\n\n\n\nOr modify it on an individual serializer field, using the \ncoerce_to_string\n keyword argument.\n\n\n# Return `Decimal` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\namount = serializers.DecimalField(\n    max_digits=10,\n    decimal_places=2,\n    coerce_to_string=False\n)\n\n\n\nThe default JSON renderer will return float objects for un-coerced \nDecimal\n instances. This allows you to easily switch between string or float representations for decimals depending on your API design needs.\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous notes\n\n\n\n\nThe serializer \nChoiceField\n does not currently display nested choices, as was the case in 2.4. This will be address as part of 3.1.\n\n\nDue to the new templated form rendering, the 'widget' option is no longer valid. This means there's no easy way of using third party \"autocomplete\" widgets for rendering select inputs that contain a large number of choices. You'll either need to use a regular select or a plain text input. We may consider addressing this in 3.1 or 3.2 if there's sufficient demand.\n\n\nSome of the default validation error messages were rewritten and might no longer be pre-translated. You can still \ncreate language files with Django\n if you wish to localize them.\n\n\nAPIException\n subclasses could previously take any arbitrary type in the \ndetail\n argument. These exceptions now use translatable text strings, and as a result call \nforce_text\n on the \ndetail\n argument, which \nmust be a string\n. If you need complex arguments to an \nAPIException\n class, you should subclass it and override the \n__init__()\n method. Typically you'll instead want to use a custom exception handler to provide for non-standard error responses.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat's coming next\n\n\n3.0 is an incremental release, and there are several upcoming features that will build on the baseline improvements that it makes.\n\n\nThe 3.1 release is planned to address improvements in the following components:\n\n\n\n\nPublic API for using serializers as HTML forms.\n\n\nRequest parsing, mediatypes & the implementation of the browsable API.\n\n\nIntroduction of a new pagination API.\n\n\nBetter support for API versioning.\n\n\n\n\nThe 3.2 release is planned to introduce an alternative admin-style interface to the browsable API.\n\n\nYou can follow development on the GitHub site, where we use \nmilestones to indicate planning timescales\n.",
             "title": "3.0 Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#django-rest-framework-30", 
-            "text": "The 3.0 release of Django REST framework is the result of almost four years of iteration and refinement. It comprehensively addresses some of the previous remaining design issues in serializers, fields and the generic views.  This release is incremental in nature. There  are  some breaking API changes, and upgrading  will  require you to read the release notes carefully, but the migration path should otherwise be relatively straightforward.  The difference in quality of the REST framework API and implementation should make writing, maintaining and debugging your application far easier.  3.0 is the first of three releases that have been funded by our recent  Kickstarter campaign .  As ever, a huge thank you to our many  wonderful sponsors . If you're looking for a Django gig, and want to work with smart community-minded folks, you should probably check out that list and see who's hiring.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#django-rest-framework-30",
+            "text": "The 3.0 release of Django REST framework is the result of almost four years of iteration and refinement. It comprehensively addresses some of the previous remaining design issues in serializers, fields and the generic views.  This release is incremental in nature. There  are  some breaking API changes, and upgrading  will  require you to read the release notes carefully, but the migration path should otherwise be relatively straightforward.  The difference in quality of the REST framework API and implementation should make writing, maintaining and debugging your application far easier.  3.0 is the first of three releases that have been funded by our recent  Kickstarter campaign .  As ever, a huge thank you to our many  wonderful sponsors . If you're looking for a Django gig, and want to work with smart community-minded folks, you should probably check out that list and see who's hiring.",
             "title": "Django REST framework 3.0"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#new-features", 
-            "text": "Notable features of this new release include:   Printable representations on serializers that allow you to inspect exactly what fields are present on the instance.  Simple model serializers that are vastly easier to understand and debug, and that make it easy to switch between the implicit  ModelSerializer  class and the explicit  Serializer  class.  A new  BaseSerializer  class, making it easier to write serializers for alternative storage backends, or to completely customize your serialization and validation logic.  A cleaner fields API including new classes such as  ListField  and  MultipleChoiceField .  Super simple default implementations  for the generic views.  Support for overriding how validation errors are handled by your API.  A metadata API that allows you to customize how  OPTIONS  requests are handled by your API.  A more compact JSON output with unicode style encoding turned on by default.  Templated based HTML form rendering for serializers. This will be finalized as  public API in the upcoming 3.1 release.   Significant new functionality continues to be planned for the 3.1 and 3.2 releases. These releases will correspond to the two  Kickstarter stretch goals  - \"Feature improvements\" and \"Admin interface\". Further 3.x releases will present simple upgrades, without the same level of fundamental API changes necessary for the 3.0 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#new-features",
+            "text": "Notable features of this new release include:   Printable representations on serializers that allow you to inspect exactly what fields are present on the instance.  Simple model serializers that are vastly easier to understand and debug, and that make it easy to switch between the implicit  ModelSerializer  class and the explicit  Serializer  class.  A new  BaseSerializer  class, making it easier to write serializers for alternative storage backends, or to completely customize your serialization and validation logic.  A cleaner fields API including new classes such as  ListField  and  MultipleChoiceField .  Super simple default implementations  for the generic views.  Support for overriding how validation errors are handled by your API.  A metadata API that allows you to customize how  OPTIONS  requests are handled by your API.  A more compact JSON output with unicode style encoding turned on by default.  Templated based HTML form rendering for serializers. This will be finalized as  public API in the upcoming 3.1 release.   Significant new functionality continues to be planned for the 3.1 and 3.2 releases. These releases will correspond to the two  Kickstarter stretch goals  - \"Feature improvements\" and \"Admin interface\". Further 3.x releases will present simple upgrades, without the same level of fundamental API changes necessary for the 3.0 release.",
             "title": "New features"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#rest-framework-under-the-hood", 
-            "text": "This talk from the  Django: Under the Hood  event in Amsterdam, Nov 2014, gives some good background context on the design decisions behind 3.0.    Below is an in-depth guide to the API changes and migration notes for 3.0.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#rest-framework-under-the-hood",
+            "text": "This talk from the  Django: Under the Hood  event in Amsterdam, Nov 2014, gives some good background context on the design decisions behind 3.0.    Below is an in-depth guide to the API changes and migration notes for 3.0.",
             "title": "REST framework: Under the hood."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#request-objects", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#request-objects",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Request objects"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-data-and-query_params-properties", 
-            "text": "The usage of  request.DATA  and  request.FILES  is now pending deprecation in favor of a single  request.data  attribute that contains  all  the parsed data.  Having separate attributes is reasonable for web applications that only ever parse url-encoded or multipart requests, but makes less sense for the general-purpose request parsing that REST framework supports.  You may now pass all the request data to a serializer class in a single argument:  # Do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.data)  Instead of passing the files argument separately:  # Don't do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.DATA, files=request.FILES)  The usage of  request.QUERY_PARAMS  is now pending deprecation in favor of the lowercased  request.query_params .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-data-and-query_params-properties",
+            "text": "The usage of  request.DATA  and  request.FILES  is now pending deprecation in favor of a single  request.data  attribute that contains  all  the parsed data.  Having separate attributes is reasonable for web applications that only ever parse url-encoded or multipart requests, but makes less sense for the general-purpose request parsing that REST framework supports.  You may now pass all the request data to a serializer class in a single argument:  # Do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.data)  Instead of passing the files argument separately:  # Don't do this...\nExampleSerializer(data=request.DATA, files=request.FILES)  The usage of  request.QUERY_PARAMS  is now pending deprecation in favor of the lowercased  request.query_params .",
             "title": "The .data and .query_params properties."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializers", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializers",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Serializers"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#single-step-object-creation", 
-            "text": "Previously the serializers used a two-step object creation, as follows:   Validating the data would create an object instance. This instance would be available as  serializer.object .  Calling  serializer.save()  would then save the object instance to the database.   This style is in-line with how the  ModelForm  class works in Django, but is problematic for a number of reasons:   Some data, such as many-to-many relationships, cannot be added to the object instance until after it has been saved. This type of data needed to be hidden in some undocumented state on the object instance, or kept as state on the serializer instance so that it could be used when  .save()  is called.  Instantiating model instances directly means that you cannot use model manager classes for instance creation, e.g.  ExampleModel.objects.create(...) . Manager classes are an excellent layer at which to enforce business logic and application-level data constraints.  The two step process makes it unclear where to put deserialization logic. For example, should extra attributes such as the current user get added to the instance during object creation or during object save?   We now use single-step object creation, like so:   Validating the data makes the cleaned data available as  serializer.validated_data .  Calling  serializer.save()  then saves and returns the new object instance.   The resulting API changes are further detailed below.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#single-step-object-creation",
+            "text": "Previously the serializers used a two-step object creation, as follows:   Validating the data would create an object instance. This instance would be available as  serializer.object .  Calling  serializer.save()  would then save the object instance to the database.   This style is in-line with how the  ModelForm  class works in Django, but is problematic for a number of reasons:   Some data, such as many-to-many relationships, cannot be added to the object instance until after it has been saved. This type of data needed to be hidden in some undocumented state on the object instance, or kept as state on the serializer instance so that it could be used when  .save()  is called.  Instantiating model instances directly means that you cannot use model manager classes for instance creation, e.g.  ExampleModel.objects.create(...) . Manager classes are an excellent layer at which to enforce business logic and application-level data constraints.  The two step process makes it unclear where to put deserialization logic. For example, should extra attributes such as the current user get added to the instance during object creation or during object save?   We now use single-step object creation, like so:   Validating the data makes the cleaned data available as  serializer.validated_data .  Calling  serializer.save()  then saves and returns the new object instance.   The resulting API changes are further detailed below.",
             "title": "Single-step object creation."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-create-and-update-methods", 
-            "text": "The  .restore_object()  method is now removed, and we instead have two separate methods,  .create()  and  .update() . These methods work slightly different to the previous  .restore_object() .  When using the  .create()  and  .update()  methods you should both create  and save  the object instance. This is in contrast to the previous  .restore_object()  behavior that would instantiate the object but not save it.  These methods also replace the optional  .save_object()  method, which no longer exists.  The following example from the tutorial previously used  restore_object()  to handle both creating and updating object instances.  def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n    if instance:\n        # Update existing instance\n        instance.title = attrs.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = attrs.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = attrs.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = attrs.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = attrs.get('style', instance.style)\n        return instance\n\n    # Create new instance\n    return Snippet(**attrs)  This would now be split out into two separate methods.  def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n    instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n    instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n    instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n    instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n    instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n    instance.save()\n    return instance\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)  Note that these methods should return the newly created object instance.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-create-and-update-methods",
+            "text": "The  .restore_object()  method is now removed, and we instead have two separate methods,  .create()  and  .update() . These methods work slightly different to the previous  .restore_object() .  When using the  .create()  and  .update()  methods you should both create  and save  the object instance. This is in contrast to the previous  .restore_object()  behavior that would instantiate the object but not save it.  These methods also replace the optional  .save_object()  method, which no longer exists.  The following example from the tutorial previously used  restore_object()  to handle both creating and updating object instances.  def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n    if instance:\n        # Update existing instance\n        instance.title = attrs.get('title', instance.title)\n        instance.code = attrs.get('code', instance.code)\n        instance.linenos = attrs.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n        instance.language = attrs.get('language', instance.language)\n        instance.style = attrs.get('style', instance.style)\n        return instance\n\n    # Create new instance\n    return Snippet(**attrs)  This would now be split out into two separate methods.  def update(self, instance, validated_data):\n    instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)\n    instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)\n    instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)\n    instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)\n    instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)\n    instance.save()\n    return instance\n\ndef create(self, validated_data):\n    return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)  Note that these methods should return the newly created object instance.",
             "title": "The .create() and .update() methods."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#use-validated_data-instead-of-object", 
-            "text": "You must now use the  .validated_data  attribute if you need to inspect the data before saving, rather than using the  .object  attribute, which no longer exists.  For example the following code  is no longer valid :  if serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.object.name  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.object.user = request.user  # Include the user when saving.\n    serializer.save()  Instead of using  .object  to inspect a partially constructed instance, you would now use  .validated_data  to inspect the cleaned incoming values. Also you can't set extra attributes on the instance directly, but instead pass them to the  .save()  method as keyword arguments.  The corresponding code would now look like this:  if serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.validated_data['name']  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.save(user=request.user)  # Include the user when saving.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#use-validated_data-instead-of-object",
+            "text": "You must now use the  .validated_data  attribute if you need to inspect the data before saving, rather than using the  .object  attribute, which no longer exists.  For example the following code  is no longer valid :  if serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.object.name  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.object.user = request.user  # Include the user when saving.\n    serializer.save()  Instead of using  .object  to inspect a partially constructed instance, you would now use  .validated_data  to inspect the cleaned incoming values. Also you can't set extra attributes on the instance directly, but instead pass them to the  .save()  method as keyword arguments.  The corresponding code would now look like this:  if serializer.is_valid():\n    name = serializer.validated_data['name']  # Inspect validated field data.\n    logging.info('Creating ticket \"%s\"' % name)\n    serializer.save(user=request.user)  # Include the user when saving.",
             "title": "Use .validated_data instead of .object."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#using-is_validraise_exceptiontrue", 
-            "text": "The  .is_valid()  method now takes an optional boolean flag,  raise_exception .  Calling  .is_valid(raise_exception=True)  will cause a  ValidationError  to be raised if the serializer data contains validation errors. This error will be handled by REST framework's default exception handler, allowing you to remove error response handling from your view code.  The handling and formatting of error responses may be altered globally by using the  EXCEPTION_HANDLER  settings key.  This change also means it's now possible to alter the style of error responses used by the built-in generic views, without having to include mixin classes or other overrides.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#using-is_validraise_exceptiontrue",
+            "text": "The  .is_valid()  method now takes an optional boolean flag,  raise_exception .  Calling  .is_valid(raise_exception=True)  will cause a  ValidationError  to be raised if the serializer data contains validation errors. This error will be handled by REST framework's default exception handler, allowing you to remove error response handling from your view code.  The handling and formatting of error responses may be altered globally by using the  EXCEPTION_HANDLER  settings key.  This change also means it's now possible to alter the style of error responses used by the built-in generic views, without having to include mixin classes or other overrides.",
             "title": "Using .is_valid(raise_exception=True)"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#using-serializersvalidationerror", 
-            "text": "Previously  serializers.ValidationError  error was simply a synonym for  django.core.exceptions.ValidationError . This has now been altered so that it inherits from the standard  APIException  base class.  The reason behind this is that Django's  ValidationError  class is intended for use with HTML forms and its API makes using it slightly awkward with nested validation errors that can occur in serializers.  For most users this change shouldn't require any updates to your codebase, but it is worth ensuring that whenever raising validation errors you should prefer using the  serializers.ValidationError  exception class, and not Django's built-in exception.  We strongly recommend that you use the namespaced import style of  import serializers  and not  from serializers import ValidationError  in order to avoid any potential confusion.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#using-serializersvalidationerror",
+            "text": "Previously  serializers.ValidationError  error was simply a synonym for  django.core.exceptions.ValidationError . This has now been altered so that it inherits from the standard  APIException  base class.  The reason behind this is that Django's  ValidationError  class is intended for use with HTML forms and its API makes using it slightly awkward with nested validation errors that can occur in serializers.  For most users this change shouldn't require any updates to your codebase, but it is worth ensuring that whenever raising validation errors you should prefer using the  serializers.ValidationError  exception class, and not Django's built-in exception.  We strongly recommend that you use the namespaced import style of  import serializers  and not  from serializers import ValidationError  in order to avoid any potential confusion.",
             "title": "Using serializers.ValidationError."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#change-to-validate_ltfield_namegt", 
-            "text": "The  validate_ field_name  method hooks that can be attached to serializer classes change their signature slightly and return type. Previously these would take a dictionary of all incoming data, and a key representing the field name, and would return a dictionary including the validated data for that field:  def validate_score(self, attrs, source):\n    if attrs['score'] % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return attrs  This is now simplified slightly, and the method hooks simply take the value to be validated, and return the validated value.  def validate_score(self, value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return value  Any ad-hoc validation that applies to more than one field should go in the  .validate(self, attrs)  method as usual.  Because  .validate_ field_name  would previously accept the complete dictionary of attributes, it could be used to validate a field depending on the input in another field. Now if you need to do this you should use  .validate()  instead.  You can either return  non_field_errors  from the validate method by raising a simple  ValidationError  def validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'non_field_errors': ['A non field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError('A non field error')  Alternatively if you want the errors to be against a specific field, use a dictionary of when instantiating the  ValidationError , like so:  def validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'my_field': ['A field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError({'my_field': 'A field error'})  This ensures you can still write validation that compares all the input fields, but that marks the error against a particular field.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#change-to-validate_field_name",
+            "text": "The  validate_  method hooks that can be attached to serializer classes change their signature slightly and return type. Previously these would take a dictionary of all incoming data, and a key representing the field name, and would return a dictionary including the validated data for that field:  def validate_score(self, attrs, source):\n    if attrs['score'] % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return attrs  This is now simplified slightly, and the method hooks simply take the value to be validated, and return the validated value.  def validate_score(self, value):\n    if value % 10 != 0:\n        raise serializers.ValidationError('This field should be a multiple of ten.')\n    return value  Any ad-hoc validation that applies to more than one field should go in the  .validate(self, attrs)  method as usual.  Because  .validate_  would previously accept the complete dictionary of attributes, it could be used to validate a field depending on the input in another field. Now if you need to do this you should use  .validate()  instead.  You can either return  non_field_errors  from the validate method by raising a simple  ValidationError  def validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'non_field_errors': ['A non field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError('A non field error')  Alternatively if you want the errors to be against a specific field, use a dictionary of when instantiating the  ValidationError , like so:  def validate(self, attrs):\n    # serializer.errors == {'my_field': ['A field error']}\n    raise serializers.ValidationError({'my_field': 'A field error'})  This ensures you can still write validation that compares all the input fields, but that marks the error against a particular field.",
             "title": "Change to validate_<field_name>."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-transform_ltfield_namegt", 
-            "text": "The under-used  transform_ field_name  on serializer classes is no longer provided. Instead you should just override  to_representation()  if you need to apply any modifications to the representation style.  For example:  def to_representation(self, instance):\n    ret = super(UserSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret  Dropping the extra point of API means there's now only one right way to do things. This helps with repetition and reinforcement of the core API, rather than having multiple differing approaches.  If you absolutely need to preserve  transform_ field_name  behavior, for example, in order to provide a simpler 2.x to 3.0 upgrade, you can use a mixin, or serializer base class that add the behavior back in. For example:  class BaseModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom ModelSerializer class that preserves 2.x style `transform_ field_name ` behavior.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, instance):\n        ret = super(BaseModelSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n        for key, value in ret.items():\n            method = getattr(self, 'transform_' + key, None)\n            if method is not None:\n                ret[key] = method(value)\n        return ret", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-transform_field_name",
+            "text": "The under-used  transform_  on serializer classes is no longer provided. Instead you should just override  to_representation()  if you need to apply any modifications to the representation style.  For example:  def to_representation(self, instance):\n    ret = super(UserSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n    ret['username'] = ret['username'].lower()\n    return ret  Dropping the extra point of API means there's now only one right way to do things. This helps with repetition and reinforcement of the core API, rather than having multiple differing approaches.  If you absolutely need to preserve  transform_  behavior, for example, in order to provide a simpler 2.x to 3.0 upgrade, you can use a mixin, or serializer base class that add the behavior back in. For example:  class BaseModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A custom ModelSerializer class that preserves 2.x style `transform_` behavior.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, instance):\n        ret = super(BaseModelSerializer, self).to_representation(instance)\n        for key, value in ret.items():\n            method = getattr(self, 'transform_' + key, None)\n            if method is not None:\n                ret[key] = method(value)\n        return ret",
             "title": "Removal of transform_<field_name>."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#differences-between-modelserializer-validation-and-modelform", 
-            "text": "This change also means that we no longer use the  .full_clean()  method on model instances, but instead perform all validation explicitly on the serializer. This gives a cleaner separation, and ensures that there's no automatic validation behavior on  ModelSerializer  classes that can't also be easily replicated on regular  Serializer  classes.  For the most part this change should be transparent. Field validation and uniqueness checks will still be run as normal, but the implementation is a little different.  The one difference that you do need to note is that the  .clean()  method will not be called as part of serializer validation, as it would be if using a  ModelForm . Use the serializer  .validate()  method to perform a final validation step on incoming data where required.  There may be some cases where you really do need to keep validation logic in the model  .clean()  method, and cannot instead separate it into the serializer  .validate() . You can do so by explicitly instantiating a model instance in the  .validate()  method.  def validate(self, attrs):\n    instance = ExampleModel(**attrs)\n    instance.clean()\n    return attrs  Again, you really should look at properly separating the validation logic out of the model method if possible, but the above might be useful in some backwards compatibility cases, or for an easy migration path.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#differences-between-modelserializer-validation-and-modelform",
+            "text": "This change also means that we no longer use the  .full_clean()  method on model instances, but instead perform all validation explicitly on the serializer. This gives a cleaner separation, and ensures that there's no automatic validation behavior on  ModelSerializer  classes that can't also be easily replicated on regular  Serializer  classes.  For the most part this change should be transparent. Field validation and uniqueness checks will still be run as normal, but the implementation is a little different.  The one difference that you do need to note is that the  .clean()  method will not be called as part of serializer validation, as it would be if using a  ModelForm . Use the serializer  .validate()  method to perform a final validation step on incoming data where required.  There may be some cases where you really do need to keep validation logic in the model  .clean()  method, and cannot instead separate it into the serializer  .validate() . You can do so by explicitly instantiating a model instance in the  .validate()  method.  def validate(self, attrs):\n    instance = ExampleModel(**attrs)\n    instance.clean()\n    return attrs  Again, you really should look at properly separating the validation logic out of the model method if possible, but the above might be useful in some backwards compatibility cases, or for an easy migration path.",
             "title": "Differences between ModelSerializer validation and ModelForm."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#writable-nested-serialization", 
-            "text": "REST framework 2.x attempted to automatically support writable nested serialization, but the behavior was complex and non-obvious. Attempting to automatically handle these case is problematic:   There can be complex dependencies involved in order of saving multiple related model instances.  It's unclear what behavior the user should expect when related models are passed  None  data.  It's unclear how the user should expect to-many relationships to handle updates, creations and deletions of multiple records.   Using the  depth  option on  ModelSerializer  will now create  read-only nested serializers  by default.  If you try to use a writable nested serializer without writing a custom  create()  and/or  update()  method you'll see an assertion error when you attempt to save the serializer. For example:   class ProfileSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):      class Meta:          model = Profile          fields = ('address', 'phone')   class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):      profile = ProfileSerializer()      class Meta:          model = User          fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')   data = {      'username': 'lizzy',      'email': 'lizzy@example.com',      'profile': {'address': '123 Acacia Avenue', 'phone': '01273 100200'}  }   serializer = UserSerializer(data=data)  serializer.save()\nAssertionError: The `.create()` method does not support nested writable fields by default. Write an explicit `.create()` method for serializer `UserSerializer`, or set `read_only=True` on nested serializer fields.  To use writable nested serialization you'll want to declare a nested field on the serializer class, and write the  create()  and/or  update()  methods explicitly.  class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user  The single-step object creation makes this far simpler and more obvious than the previous  .restore_object()  behavior.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#writable-nested-serialization",
+            "text": "REST framework 2.x attempted to automatically support writable nested serialization, but the behavior was complex and non-obvious. Attempting to automatically handle these case is problematic:   There can be complex dependencies involved in order of saving multiple related model instances.  It's unclear what behavior the user should expect when related models are passed  None  data.  It's unclear how the user should expect to-many relationships to handle updates, creations and deletions of multiple records.   Using the  depth  option on  ModelSerializer  will now create  read-only nested serializers  by default.  If you try to use a writable nested serializer without writing a custom  create()  and/or  update()  method you'll see an assertion error when you attempt to save the serializer. For example:  >>> class ProfileSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = Profile\n>>>         fields = ('address', 'phone')\n>>>\n>>> class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n>>>     profile = ProfileSerializer()\n>>>     class Meta:\n>>>         model = User\n>>>         fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n>>>\n>>> data = {\n>>>     'username': 'lizzy',\n>>>     'email': 'lizzy@example.com',\n>>>     'profile': {'address': '123 Acacia Avenue', 'phone': '01273 100200'}\n>>> }\n>>>\n>>> serializer = UserSerializer(data=data)\n>>> serializer.save()\nAssertionError: The `.create()` method does not support nested writable fields by default. Write an explicit `.create()` method for serializer `UserSerializer`, or set `read_only=True` on nested serializer fields.  To use writable nested serialization you'll want to declare a nested field on the serializer class, and write the  create()  and/or  update()  methods explicitly.  class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    profile = ProfileSerializer()\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = User\n        fields = ('username', 'email', 'profile')\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        profile_data = validated_data.pop('profile')\n        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)\n        Profile.objects.create(user=user, **profile_data)\n        return user  The single-step object creation makes this far simpler and more obvious than the previous  .restore_object()  behavior.",
             "title": "Writable nested serialization."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#printable-serializer-representations", 
-            "text": "Serializer instances now support a printable representation that allows you to inspect the fields present on the instance.  For instance, given the following example model:  class LocationRating(models.Model):\n    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = models.IntegerField()\n    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User)  Let's create a simple  ModelSerializer  class corresponding to the  LocationRating  model.  class LocationRatingSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = LocationRating  We can now inspect the serializer representation in the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell ...   serializer = LocationRatingSerializer()  print(serializer)  # Or use `print serializer` in Python 2.x\nLocationRatingSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    location = CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = IntegerField()\n    created_by = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#printable-serializer-representations",
+            "text": "Serializer instances now support a printable representation that allows you to inspect the fields present on the instance.  For instance, given the following example model:  class LocationRating(models.Model):\n    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = models.IntegerField()\n    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User)  Let's create a simple  ModelSerializer  class corresponding to the  LocationRating  model.  class LocationRatingSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = LocationRating  We can now inspect the serializer representation in the Django shell, using  python manage.py shell ...  >>> serializer = LocationRatingSerializer()\n>>> print(serializer)  # Or use `print serializer` in Python 2.x\nLocationRatingSerializer():\n    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)\n    location = CharField(max_length=100)\n    rating = IntegerField()\n    created_by = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())",
             "title": "Printable serializer representations."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-extra_kwargs-option", 
-            "text": "The  write_only_fields  option on  ModelSerializer  has been moved to  PendingDeprecation  and replaced with a more generic  extra_kwargs .  class MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n                'is_admin': {'write_only': True}\n        }  Alternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:  class MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    is_admin = serializers.BooleanField(write_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')  The  read_only_fields  option remains as a convenient shortcut for the more common case.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-extra_kwargs-option",
+            "text": "The  write_only_fields  option on  ModelSerializer  has been moved to  PendingDeprecation  and replaced with a more generic  extra_kwargs .  class MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n                'is_admin': {'write_only': True}\n        }  Alternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:  class MySerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):\n    is_admin = serializers.BooleanField(write_only=True)\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('id', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')  The  read_only_fields  option remains as a convenient shortcut for the more common case.",
             "title": "The extra_kwargs option."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-hyperlinkedmodelserializer", 
-            "text": "The  view_name  and  lookup_field  options have been moved to  PendingDeprecation . They are no longer required, as you can use the  extra_kwargs  argument instead:  class MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'lookup_field': 'uuid'}\n        }  Alternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:  class MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='mymodel-detail',\n        lookup_field='uuid'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-hyperlinkedmodelserializer",
+            "text": "The  view_name  and  lookup_field  options have been moved to  PendingDeprecation . They are no longer required, as you can use the  extra_kwargs  argument instead:  class MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')\n        extra_kwargs = {\n            'url': {'lookup_field': 'uuid'}\n        }  Alternatively, specify the field explicitly on the serializer class:  class MySerializer(serializer.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(\n        view_name='mymodel-detail',\n        lookup_field='uuid'\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = MyModel\n        fields = ('url', 'email', 'notes', 'is_admin')",
             "title": "Changes to HyperlinkedModelSerializer."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#fields-for-model-methods-and-properties", 
-            "text": "With  ModelSerializer  you can now specify field names in the  fields  option that refer to model methods or properties. For example, suppose you have the following model:  class Invitation(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField()\n    to_email = models.EmailField()\n    message = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n\n    def expiry_date(self):\n        return self.created + datetime.timedelta(days=30)  You can include  expiry_date  as a field option on a  ModelSerializer  class.  class InvitationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Invitation\n        fields = ('to_email', 'message', 'expiry_date')  These fields will be mapped to  serializers.ReadOnlyField()  instances.   serializer = InvitationSerializer()  print repr(serializer)\nInvitationSerializer():\n    to_email = EmailField(max_length=75)\n    message = CharField(max_length=1000)\n    expiry_date = ReadOnlyField()", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#fields-for-model-methods-and-properties",
+            "text": "With  ModelSerializer  you can now specify field names in the  fields  option that refer to model methods or properties. For example, suppose you have the following model:  class Invitation(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField()\n    to_email = models.EmailField()\n    message = models.CharField(max_length=1000)\n\n    def expiry_date(self):\n        return self.created + datetime.timedelta(days=30)  You can include  expiry_date  as a field option on a  ModelSerializer  class.  class InvitationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    class Meta:\n        model = Invitation\n        fields = ('to_email', 'message', 'expiry_date')  These fields will be mapped to  serializers.ReadOnlyField()  instances.  >>> serializer = InvitationSerializer()\n>>> print repr(serializer)\nInvitationSerializer():\n    to_email = EmailField(max_length=75)\n    message = CharField(max_length=1000)\n    expiry_date = ReadOnlyField()",
             "title": "Fields for model methods and properties."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-listserializer-class", 
-            "text": "The  ListSerializer  class has now been added, and allows you to create base serializer classes for only accepting multiple inputs.  class MultipleUserSerializer(ListSerializer):\n    child = UserSerializer()  You can also still use the  many=True  argument to serializer classes. It's worth noting that  many=True  argument transparently creates a  ListSerializer  instance, allowing the validation logic for list and non-list data to be cleanly separated in the REST framework codebase.  You will typically want to  continue to use the existing  many=True  flag  rather than declaring  ListSerializer  classes explicitly, but declaring the classes explicitly can be useful if you need to write custom  create  or  update  methods for bulk updates, or provide for other custom behavior.  See also the new  ListField  class, which validates input in the same way, but does not include the serializer interfaces of  .is_valid() ,  .data ,  .save()  and so on.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-listserializer-class",
+            "text": "The  ListSerializer  class has now been added, and allows you to create base serializer classes for only accepting multiple inputs.  class MultipleUserSerializer(ListSerializer):\n    child = UserSerializer()  You can also still use the  many=True  argument to serializer classes. It's worth noting that  many=True  argument transparently creates a  ListSerializer  instance, allowing the validation logic for list and non-list data to be cleanly separated in the REST framework codebase.  You will typically want to  continue to use the existing  many=True  flag  rather than declaring  ListSerializer  classes explicitly, but declaring the classes explicitly can be useful if you need to write custom  create  or  update  methods for bulk updates, or provide for other custom behavior.  See also the new  ListField  class, which validates input in the same way, but does not include the serializer interfaces of  .is_valid() ,  .data ,  .save()  and so on.",
             "title": "The ListSerializer class."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-baseserializer-class", 
-            "text": "REST framework now includes a simple  BaseSerializer  class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.  This class implements the same basic API as the  Serializer  class:   .data  - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.  .is_valid()  - Deserializes and validates incoming data.  .validated_data  - Returns the validated incoming data.  .errors  - Returns an errors during validation.  .save()  - Persists the validated data into an object instance.   There are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:   .to_representation()  - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.  .to_internal_value()  - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.  .create()  and  .update()  - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.   Because this class provides the same interface as the  Serializer  class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular  Serializer  or  ModelSerializer .  The only difference you'll notice when doing so is the  BaseSerializer  classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-baseserializer-class",
+            "text": "REST framework now includes a simple  BaseSerializer  class that can be used to easily support alternative serialization and deserialization styles.  This class implements the same basic API as the  Serializer  class:   .data  - Returns the outgoing primitive representation.  .is_valid()  - Deserializes and validates incoming data.  .validated_data  - Returns the validated incoming data.  .errors  - Returns an errors during validation.  .save()  - Persists the validated data into an object instance.   There are four methods that can be overridden, depending on what functionality you want the serializer class to support:   .to_representation()  - Override this to support serialization, for read operations.  .to_internal_value()  - Override this to support deserialization, for write operations.  .create()  and  .update()  - Override either or both of these to support saving instances.   Because this class provides the same interface as the  Serializer  class, you can use it with the existing generic class-based views exactly as you would for a regular  Serializer  or  ModelSerializer .  The only difference you'll notice when doing so is the  BaseSerializer  classes will not generate HTML forms in the browsable API. This is because the data they return does not include all the field information that would allow each field to be rendered into a suitable HTML input.",
             "title": "The BaseSerializer class."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#read-only-baseserializer-classes", 
-            "text": "To implement a read-only serializer using the  BaseSerializer  class, we just need to override the  .to_representation()  method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:  class HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()  It's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting  HighScore  instances into primitive data types.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }  We can now use this class to serialize single  HighScore  instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)  Or use it to serialize multiple instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#read-only-baseserializer-classes",
+            "text": "To implement a read-only serializer using the  BaseSerializer  class, we just need to override the  .to_representation()  method. Let's take a look at an example using a simple Django model:  class HighScore(models.Model):\n    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)\n    player_name = models.CharField(max_length=10)\n    score = models.IntegerField()  It's simple to create a read-only serializer for converting  HighScore  instances into primitive data types.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }  We can now use this class to serialize single  HighScore  instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef high_score(request, pk):\n    instance = HighScore.objects.get(pk=pk)\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(instance)\n    return Response(serializer.data)  Or use it to serialize multiple instances:  @api_view(['GET'])\ndef all_high_scores(request):\n    queryset = HighScore.objects.order_by('-score')\n    serializer = HighScoreSerializer(queryset, many=True)\n    return Response(serializer.data)",
             "title": "Read-only BaseSerializer classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#read-write-baseserializer-classes", 
-            "text": "To create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a  .to_internal_value()  method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a  ValidationError  if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.  Once you've implemented  .to_internal_value() , the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use  .is_valid() ,  .validated_data  and  .errors .  If you want to also support  .save()  you'll need to also implement either or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods.  Here's a complete example of our previous  HighScoreSerializer , that's been updated to support both read and write operations.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name)   10:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#read-write-baseserializer-classes",
+            "text": "To create a read-write serializer we first need to implement a  .to_internal_value()  method. This method returns the validated values that will be used to construct the object instance, and may raise a  ValidationError  if the supplied data is in an incorrect format.  Once you've implemented  .to_internal_value() , the basic validation API will be available on the serializer, and you will be able to use  .is_valid() ,  .validated_data  and  .errors .  If you want to also support  .save()  you'll need to also implement either or both of the  .create()  and  .update()  methods.  Here's a complete example of our previous  HighScoreSerializer , that's been updated to support both read and write operations.  class HighScoreSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        score = data.get('score')\n        player_name = data.get('player_name')\n\n        # Perform the data validation.\n        if not score:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'score': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if not player_name:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'This field is required.'\n            })\n        if len(player_name) > 10:\n            raise ValidationError({\n                'player_name': 'May not be more than 10 characters.'\n            })\n\n        # Return the validated values. This will be available as\n        # the `.validated_data` property.\n        return {\n            'score': int(score),\n            'player_name': player_name\n        }\n\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        return {\n            'score': obj.score,\n            'player_name': obj.player_name\n        }\n\n    def create(self, validated_data):\n        return HighScore.objects.create(**validated_data)",
             "title": "Read-write BaseSerializer classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#creating-new-generic-serializers-with-baseserializer", 
-            "text": "The  BaseSerializer  class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.  The following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.  class ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#creating-new-generic-serializers-with-baseserializer",
+            "text": "The  BaseSerializer  class is also useful if you want to implement new generic serializer classes for dealing with particular serialization styles, or for integrating with alternative storage backends.  The following class is an example of a generic serializer that can handle coercing arbitrary objects into primitive representations.  class ObjectSerializer(serializers.BaseSerializer):\n    \"\"\"\n    A read-only serializer that coerces arbitrary complex objects\n    into primitive representations.\n    \"\"\"\n    def to_representation(self, obj):\n        for attribute_name in dir(obj):\n            attribute = getattr(obj, attribute_name)\n            if attribute_name('_'):\n                # Ignore private attributes.\n                pass\n            elif hasattr(attribute, '__call__'):\n                # Ignore methods and other callables.\n                pass\n            elif isinstance(attribute, (str, int, bool, float, type(None))):\n                # Primitive types can be passed through unmodified.\n                output[attribute_name] = attribute\n            elif isinstance(attribute, list):\n                # Recursively deal with items in lists.\n                output[attribute_name] = [\n                    self.to_representation(item) for item in attribute\n                ]\n            elif isinstance(attribute, dict):\n                # Recursively deal with items in dictionaries.\n                output[attribute_name] = {\n                    str(key): self.to_representation(value)\n                    for key, value in attribute.items()\n                }\n            else:\n                # Force anything else to its string representation.\n                output[attribute_name] = str(attribute)",
             "title": "Creating new generic serializers with BaseSerializer."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializer-fields", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializer-fields",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Serializer fields"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-field-and-readonly-field-classes", 
-            "text": "There are some minor tweaks to the field base classes.  Previously we had these two base classes:   Field  as the base class for read-only fields. A default implementation was included for serializing data.  WritableField  as the base class for read-write fields.   We now use the following:   Field  is the base class for all fields. It does not include any default implementation for either serializing or deserializing data.  ReadOnlyField  is a concrete implementation for read-only fields that simply returns the attribute value without modification.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-field-and-readonly-field-classes",
+            "text": "There are some minor tweaks to the field base classes.  Previously we had these two base classes:   Field  as the base class for read-only fields. A default implementation was included for serializing data.  WritableField  as the base class for read-write fields.   We now use the following:   Field  is the base class for all fields. It does not include any default implementation for either serializing or deserializing data.  ReadOnlyField  is a concrete implementation for read-only fields that simply returns the attribute value without modification.",
             "title": "The Field and ReadOnly field classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-required-allow_null-allow_blank-and-default-arguments", 
-            "text": "REST framework now has more explicit and clear control over validating empty values for fields.  Previously the meaning of the  required=False  keyword argument was underspecified. In practice its use meant that a field could either be not included in the input, or it could be included, but be  None  or the empty string.  We now have a better separation, with separate  required ,  allow_null  and  allow_blank  arguments.  The following set of arguments are used to control validation of empty values:   required=False : The value does not need to be present in the input, and will not be passed to  .create()  or  .update()  if it is not seen.  default= value : The value does not need to be present in the input, and a default value will be passed to  .create()  or  .update()  if it is not seen.  allow_null=True :  None  is a valid input.  allow_blank=True :  ''  is valid input. For  CharField  and subclasses only.   Typically you'll want to use  required=False  if the corresponding model field has a default value, and additionally set either  allow_null=True  or  allow_blank=True  if required.  The  default  argument is also available and always implies that the field is not required to be in the input. It is unnecessary to use the  required  argument when a default is specified, and doing so will result in an error.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-required-allow_null-allow_blank-and-default-arguments",
+            "text": "REST framework now has more explicit and clear control over validating empty values for fields.  Previously the meaning of the  required=False  keyword argument was underspecified. In practice its use meant that a field could either be not included in the input, or it could be included, but be  None  or the empty string.  We now have a better separation, with separate  required ,  allow_null  and  allow_blank  arguments.  The following set of arguments are used to control validation of empty values:   required=False : The value does not need to be present in the input, and will not be passed to  .create()  or  .update()  if it is not seen.  default= : The value does not need to be present in the input, and a default value will be passed to  .create()  or  .update()  if it is not seen.  allow_null=True :  None  is a valid input.  allow_blank=True :  ''  is valid input. For  CharField  and subclasses only.   Typically you'll want to use  required=False  if the corresponding model field has a default value, and additionally set either  allow_null=True  or  allow_blank=True  if required.  The  default  argument is also available and always implies that the field is not required to be in the input. It is unnecessary to use the  required  argument when a default is specified, and doing so will result in an error.",
             "title": "The required, allow_null, allow_blank and default arguments."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#coercing-output-types", 
-            "text": "The previous field implementations did not forcibly coerce returned values into the correct type in many cases. For example, an  IntegerField  would return a string output if the attribute value was a string. We now more strictly coerce to the correct return type, leading to more constrained and expected behavior.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#coercing-output-types",
+            "text": "The previous field implementations did not forcibly coerce returned values into the correct type in many cases. For example, an  IntegerField  would return a string output if the attribute value was a string. We now more strictly coerce to the correct return type, leading to more constrained and expected behavior.",
             "title": "Coercing output types."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-validate", 
-            "text": "The  .validate()  method is now removed from field classes. This method was in any case undocumented and not public API. You should instead simply override  to_internal_value() .  class UppercaseCharField(serializers.CharField):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        value = super(UppercaseCharField, self).to_internal_value(data)\n        if value != value.upper():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError('The input should be uppercase only.')\n        return value  Previously validation errors could be raised in either  .to_native()  or  .validate() , making it non-obvious which should be used. Providing only a single point of API ensures more repetition and reinforcement of the core API.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-validate",
+            "text": "The  .validate()  method is now removed from field classes. This method was in any case undocumented and not public API. You should instead simply override  to_internal_value() .  class UppercaseCharField(serializers.CharField):\n    def to_internal_value(self, data):\n        value = super(UppercaseCharField, self).to_internal_value(data)\n        if value != value.upper():\n            raise serializers.ValidationError('The input should be uppercase only.')\n        return value  Previously validation errors could be raised in either  .to_native()  or  .validate() , making it non-obvious which should be used. Providing only a single point of API ensures more repetition and reinforcement of the core API.",
             "title": "Removal of .validate()."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-listfield-class", 
-            "text": "The  ListField  class has now been added. This field validates list input. It takes a  child  keyword argument which is used to specify the field used to validate each item in the list. For example:  scores = ListField(child=IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100))  You can also use a declarative style to create new subclasses of  ListField , like this:  class ScoresField(ListField):\n    child = IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)  We can now use the  ScoresField  class inside another serializer:  scores = ScoresField()  See also the new  ListSerializer  class, which validates input in the same way, but also includes the serializer interfaces of  .is_valid() ,  .data ,  .save()  and so on.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-listfield-class",
+            "text": "The  ListField  class has now been added. This field validates list input. It takes a  child  keyword argument which is used to specify the field used to validate each item in the list. For example:  scores = ListField(child=IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100))  You can also use a declarative style to create new subclasses of  ListField , like this:  class ScoresField(ListField):\n    child = IntegerField(min_value=0, max_value=100)  We can now use the  ScoresField  class inside another serializer:  scores = ScoresField()  See also the new  ListSerializer  class, which validates input in the same way, but also includes the serializer interfaces of  .is_valid() ,  .data ,  .save()  and so on.",
             "title": "The ListField class."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-choicefield-class-may-now-accept-a-flat-list", 
-            "text": "The  ChoiceField  class may now accept a list of choices in addition to the existing style of using a list of pairs of  (name, display_value) . The following is now valid:  color = ChoiceField(choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'])", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-choicefield-class-may-now-accept-a-flat-list",
+            "text": "The  ChoiceField  class may now accept a list of choices in addition to the existing style of using a list of pairs of  (name, display_value) . The following is now valid:  color = ChoiceField(choices=['red', 'green', 'blue'])",
             "title": "The ChoiceField class may now accept a flat list."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-multiplechoicefield-class", 
-            "text": "The  MultipleChoiceField  class has been added. This field acts like  ChoiceField , but returns a set, which may include none, one or many of the valid choices.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-multiplechoicefield-class",
+            "text": "The  MultipleChoiceField  class has been added. This field acts like  ChoiceField , but returns a set, which may include none, one or many of the valid choices.",
             "title": "The MultipleChoiceField class."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-the-custom-field-api", 
-            "text": "The  from_native(self, value)  and  to_native(self, data)  method names have been replaced with the more obviously named  to_internal_value(self, data)  and  to_representation(self, value) .  The  field_from_native()  and  field_to_native()  methods are removed. Previously you could use these methods if you wanted to customise the behaviour in a way that did not simply lookup the field value from the object. For example...  def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):\n    \"\"\"A custom read-only field that returns the class name.\"\"\"\n    return obj.__class__.__name__  Now if you need to access the entire object you'll instead need to override one or both of the following:   Use  get_attribute  to modify the attribute value passed to  to_representation() .  Use  get_value  to modify the data value passed  to_internal_value() .   For example:  def get_attribute(self, obj):\n    # Pass the entire object through to `to_representation()`,\n    # instead of the standard attribute lookup.\n    return obj\n\ndef to_representation(self, value):\n    return value.__class__.__name__", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-the-custom-field-api",
+            "text": "The  from_native(self, value)  and  to_native(self, data)  method names have been replaced with the more obviously named  to_internal_value(self, data)  and  to_representation(self, value) .  The  field_from_native()  and  field_to_native()  methods are removed. Previously you could use these methods if you wanted to customise the behaviour in a way that did not simply lookup the field value from the object. For example...  def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):\n    \"\"\"A custom read-only field that returns the class name.\"\"\"\n    return obj.__class__.__name__  Now if you need to access the entire object you'll instead need to override one or both of the following:   Use  get_attribute  to modify the attribute value passed to  to_representation() .  Use  get_value  to modify the data value passed  to_internal_value() .   For example:  def get_attribute(self, obj):\n    # Pass the entire object through to `to_representation()`,\n    # instead of the standard attribute lookup.\n    return obj\n\ndef to_representation(self, value):\n    return value.__class__.__name__",
             "title": "Changes to the custom field API."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#explicit-queryset-required-on-relational-fields", 
-            "text": "Previously relational fields that were explicitly declared on a serializer class could omit the queryset argument if (and only if) they were declared on a  ModelSerializer .  This code  would be valid  in  2.4.3 :  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  However this code  would not be valid  in  3.0 :  # Missing `queryset`\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n        # ...  The queryset argument is now always required for writable relational fields.\nThis removes some magic and makes it easier and more obvious to move between implicit  ModelSerializer  classes and explicit  Serializer  classes.  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        slug_field='name',\n        queryset=Organization.objects.all()\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  The  queryset  argument is only ever required for writable fields, and is not required or valid for fields with  read_only=True .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#explicit-queryset-required-on-relational-fields",
+            "text": "Previously relational fields that were explicitly declared on a serializer class could omit the queryset argument if (and only if) they were declared on a  ModelSerializer .  This code  would be valid  in  2.4.3 :  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  However this code  would not be valid  in  3.0 :  # Missing `queryset`\nclass AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(slug_field='name')\n\n    def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None):\n        # ...  The queryset argument is now always required for writable relational fields.\nThis removes some magic and makes it easier and more obvious to move between implicit  ModelSerializer  classes and explicit  Serializer  classes.  class AccountSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):\n    organizations = serializers.SlugRelatedField(\n        slug_field='name',\n        queryset=Organization.objects.all()\n    )\n\n    class Meta:\n        model = Account  The  queryset  argument is only ever required for writable fields, and is not required or valid for fields with  read_only=True .",
             "title": "Explicit queryset required on relational fields."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#optional-argument-to-serializermethodfield", 
-            "text": "The argument to  SerializerMethodField  is now optional, and defaults to  get_ field_name . For example the following is valid:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # `method_name='get_billing_details'` by default.\n    billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    def get_billing_details(self, account):\n        return calculate_billing(account)  In order to ensure a consistent code style an assertion error will be raised if you include a redundant method name argument that matches the default method name. For example, the following code  will raise an error :  billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField('get_billing_details')", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#optional-argument-to-serializermethodfield",
+            "text": "The argument to  SerializerMethodField  is now optional, and defaults to  get_ . For example the following is valid:  class AccountSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    # `method_name='get_billing_details'` by default.\n    billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField()\n\n    def get_billing_details(self, account):\n        return calculate_billing(account)  In order to ensure a consistent code style an assertion error will be raised if you include a redundant method name argument that matches the default method name. For example, the following code  will raise an error :  billing_details = serializers.SerializerMethodField('get_billing_details')",
             "title": "Optional argument to SerializerMethodField."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#enforcing-consistent-source-usage", 
-            "text": "I've see several codebases that unnecessarily include the  source  argument, setting it to the same value as the field name. This usage is redundant and confusing, making it less obvious that  source  is usually not required.  The following usage will  now raise an error :  email = serializers.EmailField(source='email')", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#enforcing-consistent-source-usage",
+            "text": "I've see several codebases that unnecessarily include the  source  argument, setting it to the same value as the field name. This usage is redundant and confusing, making it less obvious that  source  is usually not required.  The following usage will  now raise an error :  email = serializers.EmailField(source='email')",
             "title": "Enforcing consistent source usage."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-uniquevalidator-and-uniquetogethervalidator-classes", 
-            "text": "REST framework now provides new validators that allow you to ensure field uniqueness, while still using a completely explicit  Serializer  class instead of using  ModelSerializer .  The  UniqueValidator  should be applied to a serializer field, and takes a single  queryset  argument.  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nclass OrganizationSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='organization_detail')\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    name = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        validators=UniqueValidator(queryset=Organization.objects.all())\n    )  The  UniqueTogetherValidator  should be applied to a serializer, and takes a  queryset  argument and a  fields  argument which should be a list or tuple of field names.  class RaceResultSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    category = serializers.ChoiceField(['5k', '10k'])\n    position = serializers.IntegerField()\n    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        validators = [UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=RaceResult.objects.all(),\n            fields=('category', 'position')\n        )]", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-uniquevalidator-and-uniquetogethervalidator-classes",
+            "text": "REST framework now provides new validators that allow you to ensure field uniqueness, while still using a completely explicit  Serializer  class instead of using  ModelSerializer .  The  UniqueValidator  should be applied to a serializer field, and takes a single  queryset  argument.  from rest_framework import serializers\nfrom rest_framework.validators import UniqueValidator\n\nclass OrganizationSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='organization_detail')\n    created = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True)\n    name = serializers.CharField(\n        max_length=100,\n        validators=UniqueValidator(queryset=Organization.objects.all())\n    )  The  UniqueTogetherValidator  should be applied to a serializer, and takes a  queryset  argument and a  fields  argument which should be a list or tuple of field names.  class RaceResultSerializer(serializers.Serializer):\n    category = serializers.ChoiceField(['5k', '10k'])\n    position = serializers.IntegerField()\n    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)\n\n    class Meta:\n        validators = [UniqueTogetherValidator(\n            queryset=RaceResult.objects.all(),\n            fields=('category', 'position')\n        )]",
             "title": "The UniqueValidator and UniqueTogetherValidator classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-uniquefordatevalidator-classes", 
-            "text": "REST framework also now includes explicit validator classes for validating the  unique_for_date ,  unique_for_month , and  unique_for_year  model field constraints. These are used internally instead of calling into  Model.full_clean() .  These classes are documented in the  Validators  section of the documentation.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-uniquefordatevalidator-classes",
+            "text": "REST framework also now includes explicit validator classes for validating the  unique_for_date ,  unique_for_month , and  unique_for_year  model field constraints. These are used internally instead of calling into  Model.full_clean() .  These classes are documented in the  Validators  section of the documentation.",
             "title": "The UniqueForDateValidator classes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#generic-views", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#generic-views",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Generic views"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#simplification-of-view-logic", 
-            "text": "The view logic for the default method handlers has been significantly simplified, due to the new serializers API.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#simplification-of-view-logic",
+            "text": "The view logic for the default method handlers has been significantly simplified, due to the new serializers API.",
             "title": "Simplification of view logic."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-prepost-save-hooks", 
-            "text": "The  pre_save  and  post_save  hooks no longer exist, but are replaced with  perform_create(self, serializer)  and  perform_update(self, serializer) .  These methods should save the object instance by calling  serializer.save() , adding in any additional arguments as required. They may also perform any custom pre-save or post-save behavior.  For example:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    # Include the owner attribute directly, rather than from request data.\n    instance = serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n    # Perform a custom post-save action.\n    send_email(instance.to_email, instance.message)  The  pre_delete  and  post_delete  hooks no longer exist, and are replaced with  .perform_destroy(self, instance) , which should delete the instance and perform any custom actions.  def perform_destroy(self, instance):\n    # Perform a custom pre-delete action.\n    send_deletion_alert(user=instance.created_by, deleted=instance)\n    # Delete the object instance.\n    instance.delete()", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#changes-to-prepost-save-hooks",
+            "text": "The  pre_save  and  post_save  hooks no longer exist, but are replaced with  perform_create(self, serializer)  and  perform_update(self, serializer) .  These methods should save the object instance by calling  serializer.save() , adding in any additional arguments as required. They may also perform any custom pre-save or post-save behavior.  For example:  def perform_create(self, serializer):\n    # Include the owner attribute directly, rather than from request data.\n    instance = serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)\n    # Perform a custom post-save action.\n    send_email(instance.to_email, instance.message)  The  pre_delete  and  post_delete  hooks no longer exist, and are replaced with  .perform_destroy(self, instance) , which should delete the instance and perform any custom actions.  def perform_destroy(self, instance):\n    # Perform a custom pre-delete action.\n    send_deletion_alert(user=instance.created_by, deleted=instance)\n    # Delete the object instance.\n    instance.delete()",
             "title": "Changes to pre/post save hooks."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-view-attributes", 
-            "text": "The  .object  and  .object_list  attributes are no longer set on the view instance. Treating views as mutable object instances that store state during the processing of the view tends to be poor design, and can lead to obscure flow logic.  I would personally recommend that developers treat view instances as immutable objects in their application code.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#removal-of-view-attributes",
+            "text": "The  .object  and  .object_list  attributes are no longer set on the view instance. Treating views as mutable object instances that store state during the processing of the view tends to be poor design, and can lead to obscure flow logic.  I would personally recommend that developers treat view instances as immutable objects in their application code.",
             "title": "Removal of view attributes."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#put-as-create", 
-            "text": "Allowing  PUT  as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning  404  responses.  Both styles \" PUT  as 404\" and \" PUT  as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but we've now opted for the 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.  If you need to restore the previous behavior you may want to include  this  AllowPUTAsCreateMixin  class  as a mixin to your views.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#put-as-create",
+            "text": "Allowing  PUT  as create operations is problematic, as it necessarily exposes information about the existence or non-existence of objects. It's also not obvious that transparently allowing re-creating of previously deleted instances is necessarily a better default behavior than simply returning  404  responses.  Both styles \" PUT  as 404\" and \" PUT  as create\" can be valid in different circumstances, but we've now opted for the 404 behavior as the default, due to it being simpler and more obvious.  If you need to restore the previous behavior you may want to include  this  AllowPUTAsCreateMixin  class  as a mixin to your views.",
             "title": "PUT as create."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#customizing-error-responses", 
-            "text": "The generic views now raise  ValidationFailed  exception for invalid data. This exception is then dealt with by the exception handler, rather than the view returning a  400 Bad Request  response directly.  This change means that you can now easily customize the style of error responses across your entire API, without having to modify any of the generic views.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#customizing-error-responses",
+            "text": "The generic views now raise  ValidationFailed  exception for invalid data. This exception is then dealt with by the exception handler, rather than the view returning a  400 Bad Request  response directly.  This change means that you can now easily customize the style of error responses across your entire API, without having to modify any of the generic views.",
             "title": "Customizing error responses."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-metadata-api", 
-            "text": "Behavior for dealing with  OPTIONS  requests was previously built directly into the class-based views. This has now been properly separated out into a Metadata API that allows the same pluggable style as other API policies in REST framework.  This makes it far easier to use a different style for  OPTIONS  responses throughout your API, and makes it possible to create third-party metadata policies.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-metadata-api",
+            "text": "Behavior for dealing with  OPTIONS  requests was previously built directly into the class-based views. This has now been properly separated out into a Metadata API that allows the same pluggable style as other API policies in REST framework.  This makes it far easier to use a different style for  OPTIONS  responses throughout your API, and makes it possible to create third-party metadata policies.",
             "title": "The metadata API"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializers-as-html-forms", 
-            "text": "REST framework 3.0 includes templated HTML form rendering for serializers.  This API should not yet be considered finalized, and will only be promoted to public API for the 3.1 release.  Significant changes that you do need to be aware of include:   Nested HTML forms are now supported, for example, a  UserSerializer  with a nested  ProfileSerializer  will now render a nested  fieldset  when used in the browsable API.  Nested lists of HTML forms are not yet supported, but are planned for 3.1.  Because we now use templated HTML form generation,  the  widget  option is no longer available for serializer fields . You can instead control the template that is used for a given field, by using the  style  dictionary.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#serializers-as-html-forms",
+            "text": "REST framework 3.0 includes templated HTML form rendering for serializers.  This API should not yet be considered finalized, and will only be promoted to public API for the 3.1 release.  Significant changes that you do need to be aware of include:   Nested HTML forms are now supported, for example, a  UserSerializer  with a nested  ProfileSerializer  will now render a nested  fieldset  when used in the browsable API.  Nested lists of HTML forms are not yet supported, but are planned for 3.1.  Because we now use templated HTML form generation,  the  widget  option is no longer available for serializer fields . You can instead control the template that is used for a given field, by using the  style  dictionary.",
             "title": "Serializers as HTML forms"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-style-keyword-argument-for-serializer-fields", 
-            "text": "The  style  keyword argument can be used to pass through additional information from a serializer field, to the renderer class. In particular, the  HTMLFormRenderer  uses the  base_template  key to determine which template to render the field with.  For example, to use a  textarea  control instead of the default  input  control, you would use the following\u2026  additional_notes = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)  Similarly, to use a radio button control instead of the default  select  control, you would use the following\u2026  color_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'blue', 'green'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)  This API should be considered provisional, and there may be minor alterations with the incoming 3.1 release.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#the-style-keyword-argument-for-serializer-fields",
+            "text": "The  style  keyword argument can be used to pass through additional information from a serializer field, to the renderer class. In particular, the  HTMLFormRenderer  uses the  base_template  key to determine which template to render the field with.  For example, to use a  textarea  control instead of the default  input  control, you would use the following\u2026  additional_notes = serializers.CharField(\n    style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'}\n)  Similarly, to use a radio button control instead of the default  select  control, you would use the following\u2026  color_channel = serializers.ChoiceField(\n    choices=['red', 'blue', 'green'],\n    style={'base_template': 'radio.html'}\n)  This API should be considered provisional, and there may be minor alterations with the incoming 3.1 release.",
             "title": "The style keyword argument for serializer fields."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#api-style", 
-            "text": "There are some improvements in the default style we use in our API responses.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#api-style",
+            "text": "There are some improvements in the default style we use in our API responses.",
             "title": "API style"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#unicode-json-by-default", 
-            "text": "Unicode JSON is now the default. The  UnicodeJSONRenderer  class no longer exists, and the  UNICODE_JSON  setting has been added. To revert this behavior use the new setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UNICODE_JSON': False\n}", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#unicode-json-by-default",
+            "text": "Unicode JSON is now the default. The  UnicodeJSONRenderer  class no longer exists, and the  UNICODE_JSON  setting has been added. To revert this behavior use the new setting:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UNICODE_JSON': False\n}",
             "title": "Unicode JSON by default."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#compact-json-by-default", 
-            "text": "We now output compact JSON in responses by default. For example, we return:  {\"email\":\"amy@example.com\",\"is_admin\":true}  Instead of the following:  {\"email\": \"amy@example.com\", \"is_admin\": true}  The  COMPACT_JSON  setting has been added, and can be used to revert this behavior if needed:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COMPACT_JSON': False\n}", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#compact-json-by-default",
+            "text": "We now output compact JSON in responses by default. For example, we return:  {\"email\":\"amy@example.com\",\"is_admin\":true}  Instead of the following:  {\"email\": \"amy@example.com\", \"is_admin\": true}  The  COMPACT_JSON  setting has been added, and can be used to revert this behavior if needed:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COMPACT_JSON': False\n}",
             "title": "Compact JSON by default."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#file-fields-as-urls", 
-            "text": "The  FileField  and  ImageField  classes are now represented as URLs by default. You should ensure you set Django's  standard  MEDIA_URL  setting  appropriately, and ensure your application  serves the uploaded files .  You can revert this behavior, and display filenames in the representation by using the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': False\n}  You can also modify serializer fields individually, using the  use_url  argument:  uploaded_file = serializers.FileField(use_url=False)  Also note that you should pass the  request  object to the serializer as context when instantiating it, so that a fully qualified URL can be returned. Returned URLs will then be of the form  https://example.com/url_path/filename.txt . For example:  context = {'request': request}\nserializer = ExampleSerializer(instance, context=context)\nreturn Response(serializer.data)  If the request is omitted from the context, the returned URLs will be of the form  /url_path/filename.txt .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#file-fields-as-urls",
+            "text": "The  FileField  and  ImageField  classes are now represented as URLs by default. You should ensure you set Django's  standard  MEDIA_URL  setting  appropriately, and ensure your application  serves the uploaded files .  You can revert this behavior, and display filenames in the representation by using the  UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL  settings key:  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': False\n}  You can also modify serializer fields individually, using the  use_url  argument:  uploaded_file = serializers.FileField(use_url=False)  Also note that you should pass the  request  object to the serializer as context when instantiating it, so that a fully qualified URL can be returned. Returned URLs will then be of the form  https://example.com/url_path/filename.txt . For example:  context = {'request': request}\nserializer = ExampleSerializer(instance, context=context)\nreturn Response(serializer.data)  If the request is omitted from the context, the returned URLs will be of the form  /url_path/filename.txt .",
             "title": "File fields as URLs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#throttle-headers-using-retry-after", 
-            "text": "The custom  X-Throttle-Wait-Second  header has now been dropped in favor of the standard  Retry-After  header. You can revert this behavior if needed by writing a custom exception handler for your application.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#throttle-headers-using-retry-after",
+            "text": "The custom  X-Throttle-Wait-Second  header has now been dropped in favor of the standard  Retry-After  header. You can revert this behavior if needed by writing a custom exception handler for your application.",
             "title": "Throttle headers using Retry-After."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#date-and-time-objects-as-iso-8601-strings-in-serializer-data", 
-            "text": "Date and Time objects are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as  Date ,  Time  and  DateTime  objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.  You can modify this behavior globally by settings the existing  DATE_FORMAT ,  DATETIME_FORMAT  and  TIME_FORMAT  settings keys. Setting these values to  None  instead of their default value of  'iso-8601'  will result in native objects being returned in serializer data.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Return native `Date` and `Time` objects in `serializer.data`\n    'DATETIME_FORMAT': None\n    'DATE_FORMAT': None\n    'TIME_FORMAT': None\n}  You can also modify serializer fields individually, using the  date_format ,  time_format  and  datetime_format  arguments:  # Return `DateTime` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\ncreated = serializers.DateTimeField(format=None)", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#date-and-time-objects-as-iso-8601-strings-in-serializer-data",
+            "text": "Date and Time objects are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as  Date ,  Time  and  DateTime  objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.  You can modify this behavior globally by settings the existing  DATE_FORMAT ,  DATETIME_FORMAT  and  TIME_FORMAT  settings keys. Setting these values to  None  instead of their default value of  'iso-8601'  will result in native objects being returned in serializer data.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    # Return native `Date` and `Time` objects in `serializer.data`\n    'DATETIME_FORMAT': None\n    'DATE_FORMAT': None\n    'TIME_FORMAT': None\n}  You can also modify serializer fields individually, using the  date_format ,  time_format  and  datetime_format  arguments:  # Return `DateTime` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\ncreated = serializers.DateTimeField(format=None)",
             "title": "Date and time objects as ISO-8601 strings in serializer data."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#decimals-as-strings-in-serializer-data", 
-            "text": "Decimals are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as  Decimal  objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.  You can modify this behavior globally by using the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  settings key.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': False\n}  Or modify it on an individual serializer field, using the  coerce_to_string  keyword argument.  # Return `Decimal` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\namount = serializers.DecimalField(\n    max_digits=10,\n    decimal_places=2,\n    coerce_to_string=False\n)  The default JSON renderer will return float objects for un-coerced  Decimal  instances. This allows you to easily switch between string or float representations for decimals depending on your API design needs.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#decimals-as-strings-in-serializer-data",
+            "text": "Decimals are now coerced to strings by default in the serializer output. Previously they were returned as  Decimal  objects, and later coerced to strings by the renderer.  You can modify this behavior globally by using the  COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING  settings key.  REST_FRAMEWORK = {\n    'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': False\n}  Or modify it on an individual serializer field, using the  coerce_to_string  keyword argument.  # Return `Decimal` instances in `serializer.data`, not strings.\namount = serializers.DecimalField(\n    max_digits=10,\n    decimal_places=2,\n    coerce_to_string=False\n)  The default JSON renderer will return float objects for un-coerced  Decimal  instances. This allows you to easily switch between string or float representations for decimals depending on your API design needs.",
             "title": "Decimals as strings in serializer data."
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#miscellaneous-notes", 
-            "text": "The serializer  ChoiceField  does not currently display nested choices, as was the case in 2.4. This will be address as part of 3.1.  Due to the new templated form rendering, the 'widget' option is no longer valid. This means there's no easy way of using third party \"autocomplete\" widgets for rendering select inputs that contain a large number of choices. You'll either need to use a regular select or a plain text input. We may consider addressing this in 3.1 or 3.2 if there's sufficient demand.  Some of the default validation error messages were rewritten and might no longer be pre-translated. You can still  create language files with Django  if you wish to localize them.  APIException  subclasses could previously take any arbitrary type in the  detail  argument. These exceptions now use translatable text strings, and as a result call  force_text  on the  detail  argument, which  must be a string . If you need complex arguments to an  APIException  class, you should subclass it and override the  __init__()  method. Typically you'll instead want to use a custom exception handler to provide for non-standard error responses.", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#miscellaneous-notes",
+            "text": "The serializer  ChoiceField  does not currently display nested choices, as was the case in 2.4. This will be address as part of 3.1.  Due to the new templated form rendering, the 'widget' option is no longer valid. This means there's no easy way of using third party \"autocomplete\" widgets for rendering select inputs that contain a large number of choices. You'll either need to use a regular select or a plain text input. We may consider addressing this in 3.1 or 3.2 if there's sufficient demand.  Some of the default validation error messages were rewritten and might no longer be pre-translated. You can still  create language files with Django  if you wish to localize them.  APIException  subclasses could previously take any arbitrary type in the  detail  argument. These exceptions now use translatable text strings, and as a result call  force_text  on the  detail  argument, which  must be a string . If you need complex arguments to an  APIException  class, you should subclass it and override the  __init__()  method. Typically you'll instead want to use a custom exception handler to provide for non-standard error responses.",
             "title": "Miscellaneous notes"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#whats-coming-next", 
-            "text": "3.0 is an incremental release, and there are several upcoming features that will build on the baseline improvements that it makes.  The 3.1 release is planned to address improvements in the following components:   Public API for using serializers as HTML forms.  Request parsing, mediatypes   the implementation of the browsable API.  Introduction of a new pagination API.  Better support for API versioning.   The 3.2 release is planned to introduce an alternative admin-style interface to the browsable API.  You can follow development on the GitHub site, where we use  milestones to indicate planning timescales .", 
+            "location": "/community/3.0-announcement/#whats-coming-next",
+            "text": "3.0 is an incremental release, and there are several upcoming features that will build on the baseline improvements that it makes.  The 3.1 release is planned to address improvements in the following components:   Public API for using serializers as HTML forms.  Request parsing, mediatypes & the implementation of the browsable API.  Introduction of a new pagination API.  Better support for API versioning.   The 3.2 release is planned to introduce an alternative admin-style interface to the browsable API.  You can follow development on the GitHub site, where we use  milestones to indicate planning timescales .",
             "title": "What's coming next"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/", 
-            "text": "Kickstarting Django REST framework 3\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\nIn order to continue to drive the project forward, I'm launching a Kickstarter campaign to help fund the development of a major new release - Django REST framework 3.\n\n\nProject details\n\n\nThis new release will allow us to comprehensively address some of the shortcomings of the framework, and will aim to include the following:\n\n\n\n\nFaster, simpler and easier-to-use serializers.\n\n\nAn alternative admin-style interface for the browsable API.\n\n\nSearch and filtering controls made accessible in the browsable API.\n\n\nAlternative API pagination styles.\n\n\nDocumentation around API versioning.\n\n\nTriage of outstanding tickets.\n\n\nImproving the ongoing quality and maintainability of the project.\n\n\n\n\nFull details are available now on the \nproject page\n.\n\n\nIf you're interested in helping make sustainable open source development a reality please \nvisit the Kickstarter page\n and consider funding the project.\n\n\nI can't wait to see where this takes us!\n\n\nMany thanks to everyone for your support so far,\n\n\nTom Christie :)\n\n\n\n\nSponsors\n\n\nWe've now blazed way past all our goals, with a staggering \u00a330,000 (~$50,000), meaning I'll be in a position to work on the project significantly beyond what we'd originally planned for. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all the wonderful companies and individuals who have been backing the project so generously, and making this possible.\n\n\n\n\nPlatinum sponsors\n\n\nOur platinum sponsors have each made a hugely substantial contribution to the future development of Django REST framework, and I simply can't thank them enough.\n\n\n\n\nEventbrite\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDivio\n\n\nLulu\n\n\nPotato\n\n\nWiredrive\n\n\nCyan\n\n\nRunscope\n\n\nSimple Energy\n\n\nVOKAL Interactive\n\n\nPurple Bit\n\n\nKuwaitNET\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGold sponsors\n\n\nOur gold sponsors include companies large and small. Many thanks for their significant funding of the project and their commitment to sustainable open-source development.\n\n\n\n\nLaterPay\n\n\nSchuberg Philis\n\n\nProReNata AB\n\n\nSGA Websites\n\n\nSirono\n\n\nVinta Software Studio\n\n\nRapasso\n\n\nMirus Research\n\n\nHipo\n\n\nByte\n\n\nLightning Kite\n\n\nOpbeat\n\n\nKoordinates\n\n\nPulsecode Inc.\n\n\nSinging Horse Studio Ltd.\n\n\nHeroku\n\n\nRheinwerk Verlag\n\n\nSecurity Compass\n\n\nDjango Software Foundation\n\n\nHipflask\n\n\nCrate\n\n\nCryptico Corp\n\n\nNextHub\n\n\nCompile\n\n\nWusaWork\n\n\nEnvision Linux\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSilver sponsors\n\n\nThe serious financial contribution that our silver sponsors have made is very much appreciated. I'd like to say a particular thank\nyou to individuals who have chosen to privately support the project at this level.\n\n\n\n\nIMT Computer Services\n\n\nWildfish\n\n\nThermondo GmbH\n\n\nProvidenz\n\n\nalwaysdata.com\n\n\nTriggered Messaging\n\n\nPushPull Technology Ltd\n\n\nTranscode\n\n\nGarfo\n\n\nShippo\n\n\nGizmag\n\n\nTivix\n\n\nSafari\n\n\nBright Loop\n\n\nABA Systems\n\n\nbeefarm.ru\n\n\nVzzual.com\n\n\nInfinite Code\n\n\nCrossword Tracker\n\n\nPkgFarm\n\n\nLife. The Game.\n\n\nBlimp\n\n\nPathwright\n\n\nFluxility\n\n\nTeonite\n\n\nTrackMaven\n\n\nPhurba\n\n\nNephila\n\n\nAditium\n\n\nOpenEye Scientific Software\n\n\nHolvi\n\n\nCantemo\n\n\nMakeSpace\n\n\nAX Semantics\n\n\nISL\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividual backers\n: Paul Hallett, \nPaul Whipp\n, Dylan Roy, Jannis Leidel, \nXavier Ordoquy\n, \nJohannes Spielmann\n, \nRob Spectre\n, \nChris Heisel\n, Marwan Alsabbagh, Haris Ali, Tuomas Toivonen.\n\n\n\n\nAdvocates\n\n\nThe following individuals made a significant financial contribution to the development of Django REST framework 3, for which I can only offer a huge, warm and sincere thank you!\n\n\nIndividual backers\n: Jure Cuhalev, Kevin Brolly, Ferenc Szalai, Dougal Matthews, Stefan Foulis, Carlos Hernando, Alen Mujezinovic, Ross Crawford-d'Heureuse, George Kappel, Alasdair Nicol, John Carr, Steve Winton, Trey, Manuel Miranda, David Horn, Vince Mi, Daniel Sears, Jamie Matthews, Ryan Currah, Marty Kemka, Scott Nixon, Moshin Elahi, Kevin Campbell, Jose Antonio Leiva Izquierdo, Kevin Stone, Andrew Godwin, Tijs Teulings, Roger Boardman, Xavier Antoviaque, Darian Moody, Lujeni, Jon Dugan, Wiley Kestner, Daniel C. Silverstein, Daniel Hahler, Subodh Nijsure, Philipp Weidenhiller, Yusuke Muraoka, Danny Roa, Reto Aebersold, Kyle Getrost, D\u00e9c\u00e9bal Hormuz, James Dacosta, Matt Long, Mauro Rocco, Tyrel Souza, Ryan Campbell, Ville Jyrkk\u00e4, Charalampos Papaloizou, Nikolai R\u00f8ed Kristiansen, Antoni Aloy L\u00f3pez, Celia Oakley, Micha\u0142 Krawczak, Ivan VenOsdel, Tim Watts, Martin Warne, Nicola Jordan, Ryan Kaskel.\n\n\nCorporate backers\n: Savannah Informatics, Prism Skylabs, Musical Operating Devices.\n\n\n\n\nSupporters\n\n\nThere were also almost 300 further individuals choosing to help fund the project at other levels or choosing to give anonymously. Again, thank you, thank you, thank you!", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/",
+            "text": "Kickstarting Django REST framework 3\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\nIn order to continue to drive the project forward, I'm launching a Kickstarter campaign to help fund the development of a major new release - Django REST framework 3.\n\n\nProject details\n\n\nThis new release will allow us to comprehensively address some of the shortcomings of the framework, and will aim to include the following:\n\n\n\n\nFaster, simpler and easier-to-use serializers.\n\n\nAn alternative admin-style interface for the browsable API.\n\n\nSearch and filtering controls made accessible in the browsable API.\n\n\nAlternative API pagination styles.\n\n\nDocumentation around API versioning.\n\n\nTriage of outstanding tickets.\n\n\nImproving the ongoing quality and maintainability of the project.\n\n\n\n\nFull details are available now on the \nproject page\n.\n\n\nIf you're interested in helping make sustainable open source development a reality please \nvisit the Kickstarter page\n and consider funding the project.\n\n\nI can't wait to see where this takes us!\n\n\nMany thanks to everyone for your support so far,\n\n\nTom Christie :)\n\n\n\n\nSponsors\n\n\nWe've now blazed way past all our goals, with a staggering \u00a330,000 (~$50,000), meaning I'll be in a position to work on the project significantly beyond what we'd originally planned for. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all the wonderful companies and individuals who have been backing the project so generously, and making this possible.\n\n\n\n\nPlatinum sponsors\n\n\nOur platinum sponsors have each made a hugely substantial contribution to the future development of Django REST framework, and I simply can't thank them enough.\n\n\n\n\nEventbrite\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDivio\n\n\nLulu\n\n\nPotato\n\n\nWiredrive\n\n\nCyan\n\n\nRunscope\n\n\nSimple Energy\n\n\nVOKAL Interactive\n\n\nPurple Bit\n\n\nKuwaitNET\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGold sponsors\n\n\nOur gold sponsors include companies large and small. Many thanks for their significant funding of the project and their commitment to sustainable open-source development.\n\n\n\n\nLaterPay\n\n\nSchuberg Philis\n\n\nProReNata AB\n\n\nSGA Websites\n\n\nSirono\n\n\nVinta Software Studio\n\n\nRapasso\n\n\nMirus Research\n\n\nHipo\n\n\nByte\n\n\nLightning Kite\n\n\nOpbeat\n\n\nKoordinates\n\n\nPulsecode Inc.\n\n\nSinging Horse Studio Ltd.\n\n\nHeroku\n\n\nRheinwerk Verlag\n\n\nSecurity Compass\n\n\nDjango Software Foundation\n\n\nHipflask\n\n\nCrate\n\n\nCryptico Corp\n\n\nNextHub\n\n\nCompile\n\n\nWusaWork\n\n\nEnvision Linux\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSilver sponsors\n\n\nThe serious financial contribution that our silver sponsors have made is very much appreciated. I'd like to say a particular thank\u00a0you to individuals who have chosen to privately support the project at this level.\n\n\n\n\nIMT Computer Services\n\n\nWildfish\n\n\nThermondo GmbH\n\n\nProvidenz\n\n\nalwaysdata.com\n\n\nTriggered Messaging\n\n\nPushPull Technology Ltd\n\n\nTranscode\n\n\nGarfo\n\n\nShippo\n\n\nGizmag\n\n\nTivix\n\n\nSafari\n\n\nBright Loop\n\n\nABA Systems\n\n\nbeefarm.ru\n\n\nVzzual.com\n\n\nInfinite Code\n\n\nCrossword Tracker\n\n\nPkgFarm\n\n\nLife. The Game.\n\n\nBlimp\n\n\nPathwright\n\n\nFluxility\n\n\nTeonite\n\n\nTrackMaven\n\n\nPhurba\n\n\nNephila\n\n\nAditium\n\n\nOpenEye Scientific Software\n\n\nHolvi\n\n\nCantemo\n\n\nMakeSpace\n\n\nAX Semantics\n\n\nISL\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividual backers\n: Paul Hallett, \nPaul Whipp\n, Dylan Roy, Jannis Leidel, \nXavier Ordoquy\n, \nJohannes Spielmann\n, \nRob Spectre\n, \nChris Heisel\n, Marwan Alsabbagh, Haris Ali, Tuomas Toivonen.\n\n\n\n\nAdvocates\n\n\nThe following individuals made a significant financial contribution to the development of Django REST framework 3, for which I can only offer a huge, warm and sincere thank you!\n\n\nIndividual backers\n: Jure Cuhalev, Kevin Brolly, Ferenc Szalai, Dougal Matthews, Stefan Foulis, Carlos Hernando, Alen Mujezinovic, Ross Crawford-d'Heureuse, George Kappel, Alasdair Nicol, John Carr, Steve Winton, Trey, Manuel Miranda, David Horn, Vince Mi, Daniel Sears, Jamie Matthews, Ryan Currah, Marty Kemka, Scott Nixon, Moshin Elahi, Kevin Campbell, Jose Antonio Leiva Izquierdo, Kevin Stone, Andrew Godwin, Tijs Teulings, Roger Boardman, Xavier Antoviaque, Darian Moody, Lujeni, Jon Dugan, Wiley Kestner, Daniel C. Silverstein, Daniel Hahler, Subodh Nijsure, Philipp Weidenhiller, Yusuke Muraoka, Danny Roa, Reto Aebersold, Kyle Getrost, D\u00e9c\u00e9bal Hormuz, James Dacosta, Matt Long, Mauro Rocco, Tyrel Souza, Ryan Campbell, Ville Jyrkk\u00e4, Charalampos Papaloizou, Nikolai R\u00f8ed Kristiansen, Antoni Aloy L\u00f3pez, Celia Oakley, Micha\u0142 Krawczak, Ivan VenOsdel, Tim Watts, Martin Warne, Nicola Jordan, Ryan Kaskel.\n\n\nCorporate backers\n: Savannah Informatics, Prism Skylabs, Musical Operating Devices.\n\n\n\n\nSupporters\n\n\nThere were also almost 300 further individuals choosing to help fund the project at other levels or choosing to give anonymously. Again, thank you, thank you, thank you!",
             "title": "Kickstarter Announcement"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#kickstarting-django-rest-framework-3", 
-            "text": "In order to continue to drive the project forward, I'm launching a Kickstarter campaign to help fund the development of a major new release - Django REST framework 3.", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#kickstarting-django-rest-framework-3",
+            "text": "In order to continue to drive the project forward, I'm launching a Kickstarter campaign to help fund the development of a major new release - Django REST framework 3.",
             "title": "Kickstarting Django REST framework 3"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#project-details", 
-            "text": "This new release will allow us to comprehensively address some of the shortcomings of the framework, and will aim to include the following:   Faster, simpler and easier-to-use serializers.  An alternative admin-style interface for the browsable API.  Search and filtering controls made accessible in the browsable API.  Alternative API pagination styles.  Documentation around API versioning.  Triage of outstanding tickets.  Improving the ongoing quality and maintainability of the project.   Full details are available now on the  project page .  If you're interested in helping make sustainable open source development a reality please  visit the Kickstarter page  and consider funding the project.  I can't wait to see where this takes us!  Many thanks to everyone for your support so far,  Tom Christie :)", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#project-details",
+            "text": "This new release will allow us to comprehensively address some of the shortcomings of the framework, and will aim to include the following:   Faster, simpler and easier-to-use serializers.  An alternative admin-style interface for the browsable API.  Search and filtering controls made accessible in the browsable API.  Alternative API pagination styles.  Documentation around API versioning.  Triage of outstanding tickets.  Improving the ongoing quality and maintainability of the project.   Full details are available now on the  project page .  If you're interested in helping make sustainable open source development a reality please  visit the Kickstarter page  and consider funding the project.  I can't wait to see where this takes us!  Many thanks to everyone for your support so far,  Tom Christie :)",
             "title": "Project details"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#sponsors", 
-            "text": "We've now blazed way past all our goals, with a staggering \u00a330,000 (~$50,000), meaning I'll be in a position to work on the project significantly beyond what we'd originally planned for. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all the wonderful companies and individuals who have been backing the project so generously, and making this possible.", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#sponsors",
+            "text": "We've now blazed way past all our goals, with a staggering \u00a330,000 (~$50,000), meaning I'll be in a position to work on the project significantly beyond what we'd originally planned for. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to all the wonderful companies and individuals who have been backing the project so generously, and making this possible.",
             "title": "Sponsors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#platinum-sponsors", 
-            "text": "Our platinum sponsors have each made a hugely substantial contribution to the future development of Django REST framework, and I simply can't thank them enough.   Eventbrite    Divio  Lulu  Potato  Wiredrive  Cyan  Runscope  Simple Energy  VOKAL Interactive  Purple Bit  KuwaitNET", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#platinum-sponsors",
+            "text": "Our platinum sponsors have each made a hugely substantial contribution to the future development of Django REST framework, and I simply can't thank them enough.   Eventbrite    Divio  Lulu  Potato  Wiredrive  Cyan  Runscope  Simple Energy  VOKAL Interactive  Purple Bit  KuwaitNET",
             "title": "Platinum sponsors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#gold-sponsors", 
-            "text": "Our gold sponsors include companies large and small. Many thanks for their significant funding of the project and their commitment to sustainable open-source development.   LaterPay  Schuberg Philis  ProReNata AB  SGA Websites  Sirono  Vinta Software Studio  Rapasso  Mirus Research  Hipo  Byte  Lightning Kite  Opbeat  Koordinates  Pulsecode Inc.  Singing Horse Studio Ltd.  Heroku  Rheinwerk Verlag  Security Compass  Django Software Foundation  Hipflask  Crate  Cryptico Corp  NextHub  Compile  WusaWork  Envision Linux", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#gold-sponsors",
+            "text": "Our gold sponsors include companies large and small. Many thanks for their significant funding of the project and their commitment to sustainable open-source development.   LaterPay  Schuberg Philis  ProReNata AB  SGA Websites  Sirono  Vinta Software Studio  Rapasso  Mirus Research  Hipo  Byte  Lightning Kite  Opbeat  Koordinates  Pulsecode Inc.  Singing Horse Studio Ltd.  Heroku  Rheinwerk Verlag  Security Compass  Django Software Foundation  Hipflask  Crate  Cryptico Corp  NextHub  Compile  WusaWork  Envision Linux",
             "title": "Gold sponsors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#silver-sponsors", 
-            "text": "The serious financial contribution that our silver sponsors have made is very much appreciated. I'd like to say a particular thank you to individuals who have chosen to privately support the project at this level.   IMT Computer Services  Wildfish  Thermondo GmbH  Providenz  alwaysdata.com  Triggered Messaging  PushPull Technology Ltd  Transcode  Garfo  Shippo  Gizmag  Tivix  Safari  Bright Loop  ABA Systems  beefarm.ru  Vzzual.com  Infinite Code  Crossword Tracker  PkgFarm  Life. The Game.  Blimp  Pathwright  Fluxility  Teonite  TrackMaven  Phurba  Nephila  Aditium  OpenEye Scientific Software  Holvi  Cantemo  MakeSpace  AX Semantics  ISL    Individual backers : Paul Hallett,  Paul Whipp , Dylan Roy, Jannis Leidel,  Xavier Ordoquy ,  Johannes Spielmann ,  Rob Spectre ,  Chris Heisel , Marwan Alsabbagh, Haris Ali, Tuomas Toivonen.", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#silver-sponsors",
+            "text": "The serious financial contribution that our silver sponsors have made is very much appreciated. I'd like to say a particular thank\u00a0you to individuals who have chosen to privately support the project at this level.   IMT Computer Services  Wildfish  Thermondo GmbH  Providenz  alwaysdata.com  Triggered Messaging  PushPull Technology Ltd  Transcode  Garfo  Shippo  Gizmag  Tivix  Safari  Bright Loop  ABA Systems  beefarm.ru  Vzzual.com  Infinite Code  Crossword Tracker  PkgFarm  Life. The Game.  Blimp  Pathwright  Fluxility  Teonite  TrackMaven  Phurba  Nephila  Aditium  OpenEye Scientific Software  Holvi  Cantemo  MakeSpace  AX Semantics  ISL    Individual backers : Paul Hallett,  Paul Whipp , Dylan Roy, Jannis Leidel,  Xavier Ordoquy ,  Johannes Spielmann ,  Rob Spectre ,  Chris Heisel , Marwan Alsabbagh, Haris Ali, Tuomas Toivonen.",
             "title": "Silver sponsors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#advocates", 
-            "text": "The following individuals made a significant financial contribution to the development of Django REST framework 3, for which I can only offer a huge, warm and sincere thank you!  Individual backers : Jure Cuhalev, Kevin Brolly, Ferenc Szalai, Dougal Matthews, Stefan Foulis, Carlos Hernando, Alen Mujezinovic, Ross Crawford-d'Heureuse, George Kappel, Alasdair Nicol, John Carr, Steve Winton, Trey, Manuel Miranda, David Horn, Vince Mi, Daniel Sears, Jamie Matthews, Ryan Currah, Marty Kemka, Scott Nixon, Moshin Elahi, Kevin Campbell, Jose Antonio Leiva Izquierdo, Kevin Stone, Andrew Godwin, Tijs Teulings, Roger Boardman, Xavier Antoviaque, Darian Moody, Lujeni, Jon Dugan, Wiley Kestner, Daniel C. Silverstein, Daniel Hahler, Subodh Nijsure, Philipp Weidenhiller, Yusuke Muraoka, Danny Roa, Reto Aebersold, Kyle Getrost, D\u00e9c\u00e9bal Hormuz, James Dacosta, Matt Long, Mauro Rocco, Tyrel Souza, Ryan Campbell, Ville Jyrkk\u00e4, Charalampos Papaloizou, Nikolai R\u00f8ed Kristiansen, Antoni Aloy L\u00f3pez, Celia Oakley, Micha\u0142 Krawczak, Ivan VenOsdel, Tim Watts, Martin Warne, Nicola Jordan, Ryan Kaskel.  Corporate backers : Savannah Informatics, Prism Skylabs, Musical Operating Devices.", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#advocates",
+            "text": "The following individuals made a significant financial contribution to the development of Django REST framework 3, for which I can only offer a huge, warm and sincere thank you!  Individual backers : Jure Cuhalev, Kevin Brolly, Ferenc Szalai, Dougal Matthews, Stefan Foulis, Carlos Hernando, Alen Mujezinovic, Ross Crawford-d'Heureuse, George Kappel, Alasdair Nicol, John Carr, Steve Winton, Trey, Manuel Miranda, David Horn, Vince Mi, Daniel Sears, Jamie Matthews, Ryan Currah, Marty Kemka, Scott Nixon, Moshin Elahi, Kevin Campbell, Jose Antonio Leiva Izquierdo, Kevin Stone, Andrew Godwin, Tijs Teulings, Roger Boardman, Xavier Antoviaque, Darian Moody, Lujeni, Jon Dugan, Wiley Kestner, Daniel C. Silverstein, Daniel Hahler, Subodh Nijsure, Philipp Weidenhiller, Yusuke Muraoka, Danny Roa, Reto Aebersold, Kyle Getrost, D\u00e9c\u00e9bal Hormuz, James Dacosta, Matt Long, Mauro Rocco, Tyrel Souza, Ryan Campbell, Ville Jyrkk\u00e4, Charalampos Papaloizou, Nikolai R\u00f8ed Kristiansen, Antoni Aloy L\u00f3pez, Celia Oakley, Micha\u0142 Krawczak, Ivan VenOsdel, Tim Watts, Martin Warne, Nicola Jordan, Ryan Kaskel.  Corporate backers : Savannah Informatics, Prism Skylabs, Musical Operating Devices.",
             "title": "Advocates"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#supporters", 
-            "text": "There were also almost 300 further individuals choosing to help fund the project at other levels or choosing to give anonymously. Again, thank you, thank you, thank you!", 
+            "location": "/community/kickstarter-announcement/#supporters",
+            "text": "There were also almost 300 further individuals choosing to help fund the project at other levels or choosing to give anonymously. Again, thank you, thank you, thank you!",
             "title": "Supporters"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/", 
-            "text": "Mozilla Grant\n\n\nWe have recently been \nawarded a Mozilla grant\n, in order to fund the next major releases of REST framework. This work will focus on seamless client-side integration by introducing supporting client libraries that are able to dynamically interact with REST framework APIs. The framework will provide for either hypermedia or schema endpoints, which will expose the available interface for the client libraries to interact with.\n\n\nAdditionally, we will be building on the realtime support that Django Channels provides, supporting and documenting how to build realtime APIs with REST framework. Again, this will include supporting work in the associated client libraries, making it easier to build richly interactive applications.\n\n\nThe \nCore API\n project will provide the foundations for our client library support, and will allow us to support interaction using a wide range of schemas and hypermedia formats. It's worth noting that these client libraries won't be tightly coupled to solely REST framework APIs either, and will be able to interact with \nany\n API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia format.\n\n\nSpecifically, the work includes:\n\n\nClient libraries\n\n\nThis work will include built-in schema and hypermedia support, allowing dynamic client libraries to interact with the API. I'll also be releasing both Python and Javascript client libraries, plus a command-line client, a new tutorial section, and further documentation.\n\n\n\n\nClient library support in REST framework.\n\n\nSchema \n hypermedia support for REST framework APIs.\n\n\nA test client, allowing you to write tests that emulate a client library interacting with your API.\n\n\nNew tutorial sections on using client libraries to interact with REST framework APIs.\n\n\nPython client library.\n\n\nJavaScript client library.\n\n\nCommand line client.\n\n\n\n\nRealtime APIs\n\n\nThe next goal is to build on the realtime support offered by Django Channels, adding support \n documentation for building realtime API endpoints.\n\n\n\n\nSupport for API subscription endpoints, using REST framework and Django Channels.\n\n\nNew tutorial section on building realtime API endpoints with REST framework.\n\n\nRealtime support in the Python \n Javascript client libraries.\n\n\n\n\nAccountability\n\n\nIn order to ensure that I can be fully focused on trying to secure a sustainable\n\n well-funded open source business I will be leaving my current role at \nDabApps\n\nat the end of May 2016.\n\n\nI have formed a UK limited company, \nEncode\n, which will\nact as the business entity behind REST framework. I will be issuing monthly reports\nfrom Encode on progress both towards the Mozilla grant, and for development time\nfunded via the \nREST framework paid plans\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n    \nStay up to date, with our monthly progress reports...\n\n\n\n    \nEmail Address \n\n    \n\n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n        \n\n    \n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);", 
+            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/",
+            "text": "Mozilla Grant\n\n\nWe have recently been \nawarded a Mozilla grant\n, in order to fund the next major releases of REST framework. This work will focus on seamless client-side integration by introducing supporting client libraries that are able to dynamically interact with REST framework APIs. The framework will provide for either hypermedia or schema endpoints, which will expose the available interface for the client libraries to interact with.\n\n\nAdditionally, we will be building on the realtime support that Django Channels provides, supporting and documenting how to build realtime APIs with REST framework. Again, this will include supporting work in the associated client libraries, making it easier to build richly interactive applications.\n\n\nThe \nCore API\n project will provide the foundations for our client library support, and will allow us to support interaction using a wide range of schemas and hypermedia formats. It's worth noting that these client libraries won't be tightly coupled to solely REST framework APIs either, and will be able to interact with \nany\n API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia format.\n\n\nSpecifically, the work includes:\n\n\nClient libraries\n\n\nThis work will include built-in schema and hypermedia support, allowing dynamic client libraries to interact with the API. I'll also be releasing both Python and Javascript client libraries, plus a command-line client, a new tutorial section, and further documentation.\n\n\n\n\nClient library support in REST framework.\n\n\nSchema & hypermedia support for REST framework APIs.\n\n\nA test client, allowing you to write tests that emulate a client library interacting with your API.\n\n\nNew tutorial sections on using client libraries to interact with REST framework APIs.\n\n\nPython client library.\n\n\nJavaScript client library.\n\n\nCommand line client.\n\n\n\n\nRealtime APIs\n\n\nThe next goal is to build on the realtime support offered by Django Channels, adding support & documentation for building realtime API endpoints.\n\n\n\n\nSupport for API subscription endpoints, using REST framework and Django Channels.\n\n\nNew tutorial section on building realtime API endpoints with REST framework.\n\n\nRealtime support in the Python & Javascript client libraries.\n\n\n\n\nAccountability\n\n\nIn order to ensure that I can be fully focused on trying to secure a sustainable\n& well-funded open source business I will be leaving my current role at \nDabApps\n\nat the end of May 2016.\n\n\nI have formed a UK limited company, \nEncode\n, which will\nact as the business entity behind REST framework. I will be issuing monthly reports\nfrom Encode on progress both towards the Mozilla grant, and for development time\nfunded via the \nREST framework paid plans\n.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n    \nStay up to date, with our monthly progress reports...\n\n\n\n    \nEmail Address \n\n    \n\n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n        \n\n    \n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);",
             "title": "Mozilla Grant"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#mozilla-grant", 
-            "text": "We have recently been  awarded a Mozilla grant , in order to fund the next major releases of REST framework. This work will focus on seamless client-side integration by introducing supporting client libraries that are able to dynamically interact with REST framework APIs. The framework will provide for either hypermedia or schema endpoints, which will expose the available interface for the client libraries to interact with.  Additionally, we will be building on the realtime support that Django Channels provides, supporting and documenting how to build realtime APIs with REST framework. Again, this will include supporting work in the associated client libraries, making it easier to build richly interactive applications.  The  Core API  project will provide the foundations for our client library support, and will allow us to support interaction using a wide range of schemas and hypermedia formats. It's worth noting that these client libraries won't be tightly coupled to solely REST framework APIs either, and will be able to interact with  any  API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia format.  Specifically, the work includes:", 
+            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#mozilla-grant",
+            "text": "We have recently been  awarded a Mozilla grant , in order to fund the next major releases of REST framework. This work will focus on seamless client-side integration by introducing supporting client libraries that are able to dynamically interact with REST framework APIs. The framework will provide for either hypermedia or schema endpoints, which will expose the available interface for the client libraries to interact with.  Additionally, we will be building on the realtime support that Django Channels provides, supporting and documenting how to build realtime APIs with REST framework. Again, this will include supporting work in the associated client libraries, making it easier to build richly interactive applications.  The  Core API  project will provide the foundations for our client library support, and will allow us to support interaction using a wide range of schemas and hypermedia formats. It's worth noting that these client libraries won't be tightly coupled to solely REST framework APIs either, and will be able to interact with  any  API that exposes a supported schema or hypermedia format.  Specifically, the work includes:",
             "title": "Mozilla Grant"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#client-libraries", 
-            "text": "This work will include built-in schema and hypermedia support, allowing dynamic client libraries to interact with the API. I'll also be releasing both Python and Javascript client libraries, plus a command-line client, a new tutorial section, and further documentation.   Client library support in REST framework.  Schema   hypermedia support for REST framework APIs.  A test client, allowing you to write tests that emulate a client library interacting with your API.  New tutorial sections on using client libraries to interact with REST framework APIs.  Python client library.  JavaScript client library.  Command line client.", 
+            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#client-libraries",
+            "text": "This work will include built-in schema and hypermedia support, allowing dynamic client libraries to interact with the API. I'll also be releasing both Python and Javascript client libraries, plus a command-line client, a new tutorial section, and further documentation.   Client library support in REST framework.  Schema & hypermedia support for REST framework APIs.  A test client, allowing you to write tests that emulate a client library interacting with your API.  New tutorial sections on using client libraries to interact with REST framework APIs.  Python client library.  JavaScript client library.  Command line client.",
             "title": "Client libraries"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#realtime-apis", 
-            "text": "The next goal is to build on the realtime support offered by Django Channels, adding support   documentation for building realtime API endpoints.   Support for API subscription endpoints, using REST framework and Django Channels.  New tutorial section on building realtime API endpoints with REST framework.  Realtime support in the Python   Javascript client libraries.", 
+            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#realtime-apis",
+            "text": "The next goal is to build on the realtime support offered by Django Channels, adding support & documentation for building realtime API endpoints.   Support for API subscription endpoints, using REST framework and Django Channels.  New tutorial section on building realtime API endpoints with REST framework.  Realtime support in the Python & Javascript client libraries.",
             "title": "Realtime APIs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#accountability", 
-            "text": "In order to ensure that I can be fully focused on trying to secure a sustainable  well-funded open source business I will be leaving my current role at  DabApps \nat the end of May 2016.  I have formed a UK limited company,  Encode , which will\nact as the business entity behind REST framework. I will be issuing monthly reports\nfrom Encode on progress both towards the Mozilla grant, and for development time\nfunded via the  REST framework paid plans .    \n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /", 
+            "location": "/community/mozilla-grant/#accountability",
+            "text": "In order to ensure that I can be fully focused on trying to secure a sustainable\n& well-funded open source business I will be leaving my current role at  DabApps \nat the end of May 2016.  I have formed a UK limited company,  Encode , which will\nact as the business entity behind REST framework. I will be issuing monthly reports\nfrom Encode on progress both towards the Mozilla grant, and for development time\nfunded via the  REST framework paid plans .    \n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /",
             "title": "Accountability"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/", 
-            "text": "// Imperfect, but easier to fit in with the existing docs build.\n// Hyperlinks should point directly to the \"fund.\" subdomain, but this'll\n// handle the nav bar links without requiring any docs build changes for the moment.\nif (window.location.hostname == \"www.django-rest-framework.org\") {\n    window.location.replace(\"https://fund.django-rest-framework.org/topics/funding/\");\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n.promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n.chart {\n    background-color: #e3e3e3;\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fff 0, #e3e3e3 100%);\n    border: 1px solid #E6E6E6;\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px 0px rgba(181, 181, 181, 0.3);\n    padding: 40px 0px 5px;\n    position: relative;\n    text-align: center;\n    width: 97%;\n    min-height: 255px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: 37px;\n    margin-bottom: 20px\n}\n.quantity {\n    text-align: center\n}\n.dollar {\n    font-size: 19px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: -18px;\n}\n.price {\n    font-size: 49px;\n}\n.period {\n    font-size: 17px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: -8px;\n    margin-left: 4px;\n}\n.plan-name {\n    text-align: center;\n    font-size: 20px;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    color: #777;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;\n    padding-bottom: 15px;\n    width: 90%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    margin-top: 8px;\n}\n.specs {\n    margin-top: 20px;\n    min-height: 130px;\n}\n.specs.freelancer {\n    min-height: 0px;\n}\n.spec {\n    font-size: 15px;\n    color: #474747;\n    text-align: center;\n    font-weight: 300;\n    margin-bottom: 13px;\n}\n.variable {\n    color: #1FBEE7;\n    font-weight: 400;\n}\nform.signup {\n    margin-top: 35px\n}\n.clear-promo {\n    padding-top: 30px\n}\n#main-content h1:first-of-type {\n    margin: 0 0 50px;\n    font-size: 60px;\n    font-weight: 200;\n    text-align: center\n}\n#main-content {\n    padding-top: 10px; line-height: 23px\n}\n#main-content li {\n    line-height: 23px\n}\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan.\n\n\nWe believe that collaboratively funded software can offer outstanding returns on investment, by encouraging our users to collectively share the cost of development.\n\n\nSigning up for a paid plan will:\n\n\n\n\nDirectly contribute to faster releases, more features, and higher quality software.\n\n\nAllow more time to be invested in documentation, issue triage, and community support.\n\n\nSafeguard the future development of REST framework.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework continues to be open-source and permissively licensed, but we firmly believe it is in the commercial best-interest for users of the project to invest in its ongoing development.\n\n\n\n\nWhat funding has enabled so far\n\n\n\n\nThe \n3.4\n and \n3.5\n releases, including schema generation for both Swagger and RAML, a Python client library, a Command Line client, and addressing of a large number of outstanding issues.\n\n\nThe \n3.6\n release, including  JavaScript client library, and API documentation, complete with auto-generated code samples.\n\n\nThe \n3.7 release\n, made possible due to our collaborative funding model, focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.\n\n\nThe recent \n3.8 release\n.\n\n\nTom Christie, the creator of Django REST framework, working on the project full-time.\n\n\nAround 80-90 issues and pull requests closed per month since Tom Christie started working on the project full-time.\n\n\nA community \n operations manager position part-time for 4 months, helping mature the business and grow sponsorship.\n\n\nContracting development time for the work on the JavaScript client library and API documentation tooling.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat future funding will enable\n\n\n\n\nRealtime API support, using WebSockets. This will consist of documentation and support for using REST framework together with Django Channels, plus integrating WebSocket support into the client libraries.\n\n\nBetter authentication defaults, possibly bringing JWT \n CORs support into the core package.\n\n\nSecuring the community \n operations manager position long-term.\n\n\nOpening up and securing a part-time position to focus on ticket triage and resolution.\n\n\nPaying for development time on building API client libraries in a range of programming languages. These would be integrated directly into the upcoming API documentation.\n\n\n\n\nSign up for a paid plan today, and help ensure that REST framework becomes a sustainable, full-time funded project.\n\n\n\n\nWhat our sponsors and users say\n\n\n\n\nAs a developer, Django REST framework feels like an obvious and natural extension to all the great things that make up Django and it's community. Getting started is easy while providing simple abstractions which makes it flexible and customizable. Contributing and supporting Django REST framework helps ensure its future and one way or another it also helps Django, and the Python ecosystem.\n\n\n Jos\u00e9 Padilla, Django REST framework contributor\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe number one feature of the Python programming language is its community. Such a community is only possible because of the Open Source nature of the language and all the culture that comes from it. Building great Open Source projects require great minds. Given that, we at Vinta are not only proud to sponsor the team behind DRF but we also recognize the ROI that comes from it.\n\n\n Filipe Ximenes, Vinta Software\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIt's really awesome that this project continues to endure. The code base is top notch and the maintainers are committed to the highest level of quality.\nDRF is one of the core reasons why Django is top choice among web frameworks today. In my opinion, it sets the standard for rest frameworks for the development community at large.\n\n\n Andrew Conti, Django REST framework user\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividual plan\n\n\nThis subscription is recommended for individuals with an interest in seeing REST framework continue to\nimprove.\n\n\nIf you are using REST framework as a full-time employee, consider recommending that your company takes out a \ncorporate\nplan\n.\n\n\n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.personal1 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nIndividual\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                Credited on the site\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n            \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBilling is monthly and you can cancel at any time.\n\n\n\n\nCorporate plans\n\n\nThese subscriptions are recommended for companies and organizations using REST framework either publicly or privately.\n\n\nIn exchange for funding you'll also receive advertising space on our site, allowing you to \npromote your company or product to many tens of thousands of developers worldwide\n.\n\n\nOur professional and premium plans also include \npriority support\n. At any time your engineers can escalate an issue or discussion group thread, and we'll ensure it gets a guaranteed response within the next working day.\n\n\n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate1 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nBasic\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nFunding page\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate2 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nProfessional\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nSidebar\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nPriority support\n for your engineers\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate3 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nPremium\n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n                            Support ongoing development\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                \nHomepage\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nSidebar\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nPriority support\n for your engineers\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n            \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBilling is monthly and you can cancel at any time.\n\n\nOnce you've signed up, we will contact you via email and arrange your ad placements on the site.\n\n\nFor further enquires please contact \nfunding@django-rest-framework.org\n.\n\n\n\n\nAccountability\n\n\nIn an effort to keep the project as transparent as possible, we are releasing \nmonthly progress reports\n and regularly include financial reports and cost breakdowns.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n    \nStay up to date, with our monthly progress reports...\n\n\n\n    \nEmail Address \n\n    \n\n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n        \n\n    \n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFrequently asked questions\n\n\nQ: Can you issue monthly invoices?\n\nA: Yes, we are happy to issue monthly invoices. Please just \nemail us\n and let us know who to issue the invoice to (name and address) and which email address to send it to each month.\n\n\nQ: Does sponsorship include VAT?\n\nA: Sponsorship is VAT exempt.\n\n\nQ: Do I have to sign up for a certain time period?\n\nA: No, we appreciate your support for any time period that is convenient for you. Also, you can cancel your sponsorship anytime.\n\n\nQ: Can I pay yearly? Can I pay upfront fox X amount of months at a time?\n\nA: We are currently only set up to accept monthly payments. However, if you'd like to support Django REST framework and you can only do yearly/upfront payments, we are happy to work with you and figure out a convenient solution.\n\n\nQ: Are you only looking for corporate sponsors?\n\nA: No, we value individual sponsors just as much as corporate sponsors and appreciate any kind of support.\n\n\n\n\nOur sponsors", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/",
+            "text": "// Imperfect, but easier to fit in with the existing docs build.\n// Hyperlinks should point directly to the \"fund.\" subdomain, but this'll\n// handle the nav bar links without requiring any docs build changes for the moment.\nif (window.location.hostname == \"www.django-rest-framework.org\") {\n    window.location.replace(\"https://fund.django-rest-framework.org/topics/funding/\");\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n.promo li a {\n    float: left;\n    width: 130px;\n    height: 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    margin: 10px 30px;\n    padding: 150px 0 0 0;\n    background-position: 0 50%;\n    background-size: 130px auto;\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\n    font-size: 120%;\n    color: black;\n}\n.promo li {\n    list-style: none;\n}\n.chart {\n    background-color: #e3e3e3;\n    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #fff 0, #e3e3e3 100%);\n    border: 1px solid #E6E6E6;\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    box-shadow: 0px 0px 2px 0px rgba(181, 181, 181, 0.3);\n    padding: 40px 0px 5px;\n    position: relative;\n    text-align: center;\n    width: 97%;\n    min-height: 255px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: 37px;\n    margin-bottom: 20px\n}\n.quantity {\n    text-align: center\n}\n.dollar {\n    font-size: 19px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: -18px;\n}\n.price {\n    font-size: 49px;\n}\n.period {\n    font-size: 17px;\n    position: relative;\n    top: -8px;\n    margin-left: 4px;\n}\n.plan-name {\n    text-align: center;\n    font-size: 20px;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    color: #777;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;\n    padding-bottom: 15px;\n    width: 90%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    margin-top: 8px;\n}\n.specs {\n    margin-top: 20px;\n    min-height: 130px;\n}\n.specs.freelancer {\n    min-height: 0px;\n}\n.spec {\n    font-size: 15px;\n    color: #474747;\n    text-align: center;\n    font-weight: 300;\n    margin-bottom: 13px;\n}\n.variable {\n    color: #1FBEE7;\n    font-weight: 400;\n}\nform.signup {\n    margin-top: 35px\n}\n.clear-promo {\n    padding-top: 30px\n}\n#main-content h1:first-of-type {\n    margin: 0 0 50px;\n    font-size: 60px;\n    font-weight: 200;\n    text-align: center\n}\n#main-content {\n    padding-top: 10px; line-height: 23px\n}\n#main-content li {\n    line-height: 23px\n}\n\n\n\n\nFunding\n\n\nIf you use REST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan.\n\n\nWe believe that collaboratively funded software can offer outstanding returns on investment, by encouraging our users to collectively share the cost of development.\n\n\nSigning up for a paid plan will:\n\n\n\n\nDirectly contribute to faster releases, more features, and higher quality software.\n\n\nAllow more time to be invested in documentation, issue triage, and community support.\n\n\nSafeguard the future development of REST framework.\n\n\n\n\nREST framework continues to be open-source and permissively licensed, but we firmly believe it is in the commercial best-interest for users of the project to invest in its ongoing development.\n\n\n\n\nWhat funding has enabled so far\n\n\n\n\nThe \n3.4\n and \n3.5\n releases, including schema generation for both Swagger and RAML, a Python client library, a Command Line client, and addressing of a large number of outstanding issues.\n\n\nThe \n3.6\n release, including  JavaScript client library, and API documentation, complete with auto-generated code samples.\n\n\nThe \n3.7 release\n, made possible due to our collaborative funding model, focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.\n\n\nThe recent \n3.8 release\n.\n\n\nTom Christie, the creator of Django REST framework, working on the project full-time.\n\n\nAround 80-90 issues and pull requests closed per month since Tom Christie started working on the project full-time.\n\n\nA community & operations manager position part-time for 4 months, helping mature the business and grow sponsorship.\n\n\nContracting development time for the work on the JavaScript client library and API documentation tooling.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat future funding will enable\n\n\n\n\nRealtime API support, using WebSockets. This will consist of documentation and support for using REST framework together with Django Channels, plus integrating WebSocket support into the client libraries.\n\n\nBetter authentication defaults, possibly bringing JWT & CORs support into the core package.\n\n\nSecuring the community & operations manager position long-term.\n\n\nOpening up and securing a part-time position to focus on ticket triage and resolution.\n\n\nPaying for development time on building API client libraries in a range of programming languages. These would be integrated directly into the upcoming API documentation.\n\n\n\n\nSign up for a paid plan today, and help ensure that REST framework becomes a sustainable, full-time funded project.\n\n\n\n\nWhat our sponsors and users say\n\n\n\n\nAs a developer, Django REST framework feels like an obvious and natural extension to all the great things that make up Django and it's community. Getting started is easy while providing simple abstractions which makes it flexible and customizable. Contributing and supporting Django REST framework helps ensure its future and one way or another it also helps Django, and the Python ecosystem.\n\n\n\u2014 Jos\u00e9 Padilla, Django REST framework contributor\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nThe number one feature of the Python programming language is its community. Such a community is only possible because of the Open Source nature of the language and all the culture that comes from it. Building great Open Source projects require great minds. Given that, we at Vinta are not only proud to sponsor the team behind DRF but we also recognize the ROI that comes from it.\n\n\n\u2014 Filipe Ximenes, Vinta Software\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nIt's really awesome that this project continues to endure. The code base is top notch and the maintainers are committed to the highest level of quality.\nDRF is one of the core reasons why Django is top choice among web frameworks today. In my opinion, it sets the standard for rest frameworks for the development community at large.\n\n\n\u2014 Andrew Conti, Django REST framework user\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndividual plan\n\n\nThis subscription is recommended for individuals with an interest in seeing REST framework continue to\u00a0improve.\n\n\nIf you are using REST framework as a full-time employee, consider recommending that your company takes out a \ncorporate\u00a0plan\n.\n\n\n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.personal1 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nIndividual\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                Credited on the site\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n            \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBilling is monthly and you can cancel at any time.\n\n\n\n\nCorporate plans\n\n\nThese subscriptions are recommended for companies and organizations using REST framework either publicly or privately.\n\n\nIn exchange for funding you'll also receive advertising space on our site, allowing you to \npromote your company or product to many tens of thousands of developers worldwide\n.\n\n\nOur professional and premium plans also include \npriority support\n. At any time your engineers can escalate an issue or discussion group thread, and we'll ensure it gets a guaranteed response within the next working day.\n\n\n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate1 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nBasic\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nFunding page\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate2 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nProfessional\n\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                Support ongoing development\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nSidebar\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nPriority support\n for your engineers\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n                \n\n                    \n\n                        \n\n                            \n{{ symbol }}\n\n                            \n{{ rates.corporate3 }}\n\n                            \n/month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %}\n\n                        \n\n                        \nPremium\n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n                            Support ongoing development\n                        \n\n                            \n\n                                \nHomepage\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nSidebar\n ad placement\n                            \n\n                            \n\n                                \nPriority support\n for your engineers\n                            \n\n                        \n\n                        \n\n  \n\n  \n\n\n\n                    \n\n                \n\n            \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBilling is monthly and you can cancel at any time.\n\n\nOnce you've signed up, we will contact you via email and arrange your ad placements on the site.\n\n\nFor further enquires please contact \nfunding@django-rest-framework.org\n.\n\n\n\n\nAccountability\n\n\nIn an effort to keep the project as transparent as possible, we are releasing \nmonthly progress reports\n and regularly include financial reports and cost breakdowns.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    \n\n    \nStay up to date, with our monthly progress reports...\n\n\n\n    \nEmail Address \n\n    \n\n\n\n    \n\n        \n\n        \n\n    \n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true);\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFrequently asked questions\n\n\nQ: Can you issue monthly invoices?\n\nA: Yes, we are happy to issue monthly invoices. Please just \nemail us\n and let us know who to issue the invoice to (name and address) and which email address to send it to each month.\n\n\nQ: Does sponsorship include VAT?\n\nA: Sponsorship is VAT exempt.\n\n\nQ: Do I have to sign up for a certain time period?\n\nA: No, we appreciate your support for any time period that is convenient for you. Also, you can cancel your sponsorship anytime.\n\n\nQ: Can I pay yearly? Can I pay upfront fox X amount of months at a time?\n\nA: We are currently only set up to accept monthly payments. However, if you'd like to support Django REST framework and you can only do yearly/upfront payments, we are happy to work with you and figure out a convenient solution.\n\n\nQ: Are you only looking for corporate sponsors?\n\nA: No, we value individual sponsors just as much as corporate sponsors and appreciate any kind of support.\n\n\n\n\nOur sponsors",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#funding", 
-            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan.  We believe that collaboratively funded software can offer outstanding returns on investment, by encouraging our users to collectively share the cost of development.  Signing up for a paid plan will:   Directly contribute to faster releases, more features, and higher quality software.  Allow more time to be invested in documentation, issue triage, and community support.  Safeguard the future development of REST framework.   REST framework continues to be open-source and permissively licensed, but we firmly believe it is in the commercial best-interest for users of the project to invest in its ongoing development.", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#funding",
+            "text": "If you use REST framework commercially we strongly encourage you to invest in its continued development by signing up for a paid plan.  We believe that collaboratively funded software can offer outstanding returns on investment, by encouraging our users to collectively share the cost of development.  Signing up for a paid plan will:   Directly contribute to faster releases, more features, and higher quality software.  Allow more time to be invested in documentation, issue triage, and community support.  Safeguard the future development of REST framework.   REST framework continues to be open-source and permissively licensed, but we firmly believe it is in the commercial best-interest for users of the project to invest in its ongoing development.",
             "title": "Funding"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#what-funding-has-enabled-so-far", 
-            "text": "The  3.4  and  3.5  releases, including schema generation for both Swagger and RAML, a Python client library, a Command Line client, and addressing of a large number of outstanding issues.  The  3.6  release, including  JavaScript client library, and API documentation, complete with auto-generated code samples.  The  3.7 release , made possible due to our collaborative funding model, focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.  The recent  3.8 release .  Tom Christie, the creator of Django REST framework, working on the project full-time.  Around 80-90 issues and pull requests closed per month since Tom Christie started working on the project full-time.  A community   operations manager position part-time for 4 months, helping mature the business and grow sponsorship.  Contracting development time for the work on the JavaScript client library and API documentation tooling.", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#what-funding-has-enabled-so-far",
+            "text": "The  3.4  and  3.5  releases, including schema generation for both Swagger and RAML, a Python client library, a Command Line client, and addressing of a large number of outstanding issues.  The  3.6  release, including  JavaScript client library, and API documentation, complete with auto-generated code samples.  The  3.7 release , made possible due to our collaborative funding model, focuses on improvements to schema generation and the interactive API documentation.  The recent  3.8 release .  Tom Christie, the creator of Django REST framework, working on the project full-time.  Around 80-90 issues and pull requests closed per month since Tom Christie started working on the project full-time.  A community & operations manager position part-time for 4 months, helping mature the business and grow sponsorship.  Contracting development time for the work on the JavaScript client library and API documentation tooling.",
             "title": "What funding has enabled so far"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#what-future-funding-will-enable", 
-            "text": "Realtime API support, using WebSockets. This will consist of documentation and support for using REST framework together with Django Channels, plus integrating WebSocket support into the client libraries.  Better authentication defaults, possibly bringing JWT   CORs support into the core package.  Securing the community   operations manager position long-term.  Opening up and securing a part-time position to focus on ticket triage and resolution.  Paying for development time on building API client libraries in a range of programming languages. These would be integrated directly into the upcoming API documentation.   Sign up for a paid plan today, and help ensure that REST framework becomes a sustainable, full-time funded project.", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#what-future-funding-will-enable",
+            "text": "Realtime API support, using WebSockets. This will consist of documentation and support for using REST framework together with Django Channels, plus integrating WebSocket support into the client libraries.  Better authentication defaults, possibly bringing JWT & CORs support into the core package.  Securing the community & operations manager position long-term.  Opening up and securing a part-time position to focus on ticket triage and resolution.  Paying for development time on building API client libraries in a range of programming languages. These would be integrated directly into the upcoming API documentation.   Sign up for a paid plan today, and help ensure that REST framework becomes a sustainable, full-time funded project.",
             "title": "What future funding will enable"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#what-our-sponsors-and-users-say", 
-            "text": "As a developer, Django REST framework feels like an obvious and natural extension to all the great things that make up Django and it's community. Getting started is easy while providing simple abstractions which makes it flexible and customizable. Contributing and supporting Django REST framework helps ensure its future and one way or another it also helps Django, and the Python ecosystem.   Jos\u00e9 Padilla, Django REST framework contributor     The number one feature of the Python programming language is its community. Such a community is only possible because of the Open Source nature of the language and all the culture that comes from it. Building great Open Source projects require great minds. Given that, we at Vinta are not only proud to sponsor the team behind DRF but we also recognize the ROI that comes from it.   Filipe Ximenes, Vinta Software     It's really awesome that this project continues to endure. The code base is top notch and the maintainers are committed to the highest level of quality.\nDRF is one of the core reasons why Django is top choice among web frameworks today. In my opinion, it sets the standard for rest frameworks for the development community at large.   Andrew Conti, Django REST framework user", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#what-our-sponsors-and-users-say",
+            "text": "As a developer, Django REST framework feels like an obvious and natural extension to all the great things that make up Django and it's community. Getting started is easy while providing simple abstractions which makes it flexible and customizable. Contributing and supporting Django REST framework helps ensure its future and one way or another it also helps Django, and the Python ecosystem.  \u2014 Jos\u00e9 Padilla, Django REST framework contributor   \u00a0   The number one feature of the Python programming language is its community. Such a community is only possible because of the Open Source nature of the language and all the culture that comes from it. Building great Open Source projects require great minds. Given that, we at Vinta are not only proud to sponsor the team behind DRF but we also recognize the ROI that comes from it.  \u2014 Filipe Ximenes, Vinta Software   \u00a0   It's really awesome that this project continues to endure. The code base is top notch and the maintainers are committed to the highest level of quality.\nDRF is one of the core reasons why Django is top choice among web frameworks today. In my opinion, it sets the standard for rest frameworks for the development community at large.  \u2014 Andrew Conti, Django REST framework user",
             "title": "What our sponsors and users say"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#individual-plan", 
-            "text": "This subscription is recommended for individuals with an interest in seeing REST framework continue to improve.  If you are using REST framework as a full-time employee, consider recommending that your company takes out a  corporate plan .  \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.personal1 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Individual \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                Credited on the site\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n               Billing is monthly and you can cancel at any time.", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#individual-plan",
+            "text": "This subscription is recommended for individuals with an interest in seeing REST framework continue to\u00a0improve.  If you are using REST framework as a full-time employee, consider recommending that your company takes out a  corporate\u00a0plan .  \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.personal1 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Individual \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                Credited on the site\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n               Billing is monthly and you can cancel at any time.",
             "title": "Individual plan"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#corporate-plans", 
-            "text": "These subscriptions are recommended for companies and organizations using REST framework either publicly or privately.  In exchange for funding you'll also receive advertising space on our site, allowing you to  promote your company or product to many tens of thousands of developers worldwide .  Our professional and premium plans also include  priority support . At any time your engineers can escalate an issue or discussion group thread, and we'll ensure it gets a guaranteed response within the next working day.  \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate1 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Basic \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                 Funding page  ad placement\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate2 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Professional \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                 Sidebar  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Priority support  for your engineers\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate3 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Premium \n                         \n                         \n                            Support ongoing development\n                         \n                             \n                                 Homepage  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Sidebar  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Priority support  for your engineers\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n               Billing is monthly and you can cancel at any time.  Once you've signed up, we will contact you via email and arrange your ad placements on the site.  For further enquires please contact  funding@django-rest-framework.org .", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#corporate-plans",
+            "text": "These subscriptions are recommended for companies and organizations using REST framework either publicly or privately.  In exchange for funding you'll also receive advertising space on our site, allowing you to  promote your company or product to many tens of thousands of developers worldwide .  Our professional and premium plans also include  priority support . At any time your engineers can escalate an issue or discussion group thread, and we'll ensure it gets a guaranteed response within the next working day.  \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate1 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Basic \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                 Funding page  ad placement\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate2 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Professional \n                         \n                             \n                                Support ongoing development\n                             \n                             \n                                 Sidebar  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Priority support  for your engineers\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n                 \n                     \n                         \n                             {{ symbol }} \n                             {{ rates.corporate3 }} \n                             /month{% if vat %} +VAT{% endif %} \n                         \n                         Premium \n                         \n                         \n                            Support ongoing development\n                         \n                             \n                                 Homepage  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Sidebar  ad placement\n                             \n                             \n                                 Priority support  for your engineers\n                             \n                         \n                         \n   \n    \n                     \n                 \n               Billing is monthly and you can cancel at any time.  Once you've signed up, we will contact you via email and arrange your ad placements on the site.  For further enquires please contact  funding@django-rest-framework.org .",
             "title": "Corporate plans"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#accountability", 
-            "text": "In an effort to keep the project as transparent as possible, we are releasing  monthly progress reports  and regularly include financial reports and cost breakdowns.    \n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#accountability",
+            "text": "In an effort to keep the project as transparent as possible, we are releasing  monthly progress reports  and regularly include financial reports and cost breakdowns.    \n    #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }\n    / Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block.\n       We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. /",
             "title": "Accountability"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#frequently-asked-questions", 
-            "text": "Q: Can you issue monthly invoices? \nA: Yes, we are happy to issue monthly invoices. Please just  email us  and let us know who to issue the invoice to (name and address) and which email address to send it to each month.  Q: Does sponsorship include VAT? \nA: Sponsorship is VAT exempt.  Q: Do I have to sign up for a certain time period? \nA: No, we appreciate your support for any time period that is convenient for you. Also, you can cancel your sponsorship anytime.  Q: Can I pay yearly? Can I pay upfront fox X amount of months at a time? \nA: We are currently only set up to accept monthly payments. However, if you'd like to support Django REST framework and you can only do yearly/upfront payments, we are happy to work with you and figure out a convenient solution.  Q: Are you only looking for corporate sponsors? \nA: No, we value individual sponsors just as much as corporate sponsors and appreciate any kind of support.", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#frequently-asked-questions",
+            "text": "Q: Can you issue monthly invoices? \nA: Yes, we are happy to issue monthly invoices. Please just  email us  and let us know who to issue the invoice to (name and address) and which email address to send it to each month.  Q: Does sponsorship include VAT? \nA: Sponsorship is VAT exempt.  Q: Do I have to sign up for a certain time period? \nA: No, we appreciate your support for any time period that is convenient for you. Also, you can cancel your sponsorship anytime.  Q: Can I pay yearly? Can I pay upfront fox X amount of months at a time? \nA: We are currently only set up to accept monthly payments. However, if you'd like to support Django REST framework and you can only do yearly/upfront payments, we are happy to work with you and figure out a convenient solution.  Q: Are you only looking for corporate sponsors? \nA: No, we value individual sponsors just as much as corporate sponsors and appreciate any kind of support.",
             "title": "Frequently asked questions"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/funding/#our-sponsors", 
-            "text": "", 
+            "location": "/community/funding/#our-sponsors",
+            "text": "",
             "title": "Our sponsors"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/jobs/", 
-            "text": "Jobs\n\n\nLooking for a new Django REST Framework related role? On this site we provide a list of job resources that may be helpful. It's also worth checking out if any of \nour sponsors are hiring\n.\n\n\nPlaces to look for Django REST Framework Jobs\n\n\n\n\nhttps://www.djangoproject.com/community/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://www.python.org/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://djangogigs.com\n\n\nhttps://djangojobs.net/jobs/\n\n\nhttp://djangojobbers.com\n\n\nhttps://www.indeed.com/q-Django-jobs.html\n\n\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/jobs/developer-jobs-using-django\n\n\nhttps://www.upwork.com/o/jobs/browse/skill/django-framework/\n\n\nhttps://www.technojobs.co.uk/django-jobs\n\n\nhttps://remoteok.io/remote-django-jobs\n\n\nhttps://www.remotepython.com/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://weworkcontract.com/python-contract-jobs\n\n\n\n\nKnow of any other great resources for Django REST Framework jobs that are missing in our list? Please \nsubmit a pull request\n or \nemail us\n.\n\n\nWonder how else you can help? One of the best ways you can help Django REST Framework is to ask interviewers if their company is signed up for \nREST Framework sponsorship\n yet.", 
+            "location": "/community/jobs/",
+            "text": "Jobs\n\n\nLooking for a new Django REST Framework related role? On this site we provide a list of job resources that may be helpful. It's also worth checking out if any of \nour sponsors are hiring\n.\n\n\nPlaces to look for Django REST Framework Jobs\n\n\n\n\nhttps://www.djangoproject.com/community/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://www.python.org/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://djangogigs.com\n\n\nhttps://djangojobs.net/jobs/\n\n\nhttp://djangojobbers.com\n\n\nhttps://www.indeed.com/q-Django-jobs.html\n\n\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/jobs/developer-jobs-using-django\n\n\nhttps://www.upwork.com/o/jobs/browse/skill/django-framework/\n\n\nhttps://www.technojobs.co.uk/django-jobs\n\n\nhttps://remoteok.io/remote-django-jobs\n\n\nhttps://www.remotepython.com/jobs/\n\n\nhttps://weworkcontract.com/python-contract-jobs\n\n\n\n\nKnow of any other great resources for Django REST Framework jobs that are missing in our list? Please \nsubmit a pull request\n or \nemail us\n.\n\n\nWonder how else you can help? One of the best ways you can help Django REST Framework is to ask interviewers if their company is signed up for \nREST Framework sponsorship\n yet.",
             "title": "Jobs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/jobs/#jobs", 
-            "text": "Looking for a new Django REST Framework related role? On this site we provide a list of job resources that may be helpful. It's also worth checking out if any of  our sponsors are hiring .", 
+            "location": "/community/jobs/#jobs",
+            "text": "Looking for a new Django REST Framework related role? On this site we provide a list of job resources that may be helpful. It's also worth checking out if any of  our sponsors are hiring .",
             "title": "Jobs"
-        }, 
+        },
         {
-            "location": "/community/jobs/#places-to-look-for-django-rest-framework-jobs", 
-            "text": "https://www.djangoproject.com/community/jobs/  https://www.python.org/jobs/  https://djangogigs.com  https://djangojobs.net/jobs/  http://djangojobbers.com  https://www.indeed.com/q-Django-jobs.html  https://stackoverflow.com/jobs/developer-jobs-using-django  https://www.upwork.com/o/jobs/browse/skill/django-framework/  https://www.technojobs.co.uk/django-jobs  https://remoteok.io/remote-django-jobs  https://www.remotepython.com/jobs/  https://weworkcontract.com/python-contract-jobs   Know of any other great resources for Django REST Framework jobs that are missing in our list? Please  submit a pull request  or  email us .  Wonder how else you can help? One of the best ways you can help Django REST Framework is to ask interviewers if their company is signed up for  REST Framework sponsorship  yet.", 
+            "location": "/community/jobs/#places-to-look-for-django-rest-framework-jobs",
+            "text": "https://www.djangoproject.com/community/jobs/  https://www.python.org/jobs/  https://djangogigs.com  https://djangojobs.net/jobs/  http://djangojobbers.com  https://www.indeed.com/q-Django-jobs.html  https://stackoverflow.com/jobs/developer-jobs-using-django  https://www.upwork.com/o/jobs/browse/skill/django-framework/  https://www.technojobs.co.uk/django-jobs  https://remoteok.io/remote-django-jobs  https://www.remotepython.com/jobs/  https://weworkcontract.com/python-contract-jobs   Know of any other great resources for Django REST Framework jobs that are missing in our list? Please  submit a pull request  or  email us .  Wonder how else you can help? One of the best ways you can help Django REST Framework is to ask interviewers if their company is signed up for  REST Framework sponsorship  yet.",
             "title": "Places to look for Django REST Framework Jobs"
         }
     ]
diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
index 440d6001c..9f32a1153 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
     
@@ -13,49 +13,49 @@
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/quickstart/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/1-serialization/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/2-requests-and-responses/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/3-class-based-views/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/4-authentication-and-permissions/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/6-viewsets-and-routers/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//tutorial/7-schemas-and-client-libraries/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
@@ -65,169 +65,169 @@
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/requests/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/responses/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/views/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/generic-views/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/viewsets/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/routers/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/parsers/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/renderers/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/serializers/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/fields/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/relations/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/validators/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/authentication/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/permissions/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/caching/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/throttling/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/filtering/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/pagination/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/versioning/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/content-negotiation/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/metadata/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/schemas/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/format-suffixes/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/reverse/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/exceptions/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/status-codes/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/testing/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//api-guide/settings/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
@@ -237,49 +237,49 @@
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/documenting-your-api/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/api-clients/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/internationalization/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/ajax-csrf-cors/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/html-and-forms/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/browser-enhancements/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/browsable-api/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//topics/rest-hypermedia-hateoas/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
@@ -289,115 +289,115 @@
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/tutorials-and-resources/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/third-party-packages/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/contributing/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/project-management/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/release-notes/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.9-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.8-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.7-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.6-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.5-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.4-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.3-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.2-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.1-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/3.0-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/kickstarter-announcement/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/mozilla-grant/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/funding/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
     
      https://www.django-rest-framework.org//community/jobs/
-     2018-10-18
+     2018-11-15
      daily
     
         
diff --git a/topics/documenting-your-api/index.html b/topics/documenting-your-api/index.html
index c6e932b19..3c0f02cc2 100644
--- a/topics/documenting-your-api/index.html
+++ b/topics/documenting-your-api/index.html
@@ -595,18 +595,6 @@ response bodies, enum/pattern/min/max validators, form parameters, etc. - and to
 generation tools like swagger-codegen.
    
 
    This also translates into a very useful interactive documentation viewer in the form of swagger-ui:
    
 
    Screenshot - drf-yasg
    
-
    DRF OpenAPI
    
-
    DRF OpenAPI bridges the gap between OpenAPI specification and tool chain with the schema exposed
-out-of-the-box by Django Rest Framework. Its goals are:
    
-
      
-
    • To be dropped into any existing DRF project without any code change necessary.
      • 
-
    • Provide clear disctinction between request schema and response schema.
      • 
-
    • Provide a versioning mechanism for each schema. Support defining schema by version range syntax, e.g. >1.0, <=2.0
      • 
-
    • Support multiple response codes, not just 200
      • 
-
    • All this information should be bound to view methods, not view classes.
      • 
-
    
-
    It also tries to stay current with the maturing schema generation mechanism provided by DRF.
    
-
    Screenshot - DRF OpenAPI
    
 
    
 
    DRF Docs
    
 
    DRF Docs allows you to document Web APIs made with Django REST Framework and it is authored by Emmanouil Konstantinidis. It's made to work out of the box and its setup should not take more than a couple of minutes. Complete documentation can be found on the website while there is also a demo available for people to see what it looks like. Live API Endpoints allow you to utilize the endpoints from within the documentation in a neat way.
    
diff --git a/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/index.html b/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/index.html
index 6a5ff13bb..83617e083 100644
--- a/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/index.html
+++ b/tutorial/5-relationships-and-hyperlinked-apis/index.html
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
 
  • Our snippet and user serializers include 'url' fields that by default will refer to '{model_name}-detail', which in this case will be 'snippet-detail' and 'user-detail'.
    • 
 
 
    After adding all those names into our URLconf, our final snippets/urls.py file should look like this:
    
-
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
+
    from django.urls import path
 from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns
 from snippets import views