Merge pull request #636 from tomchristie/2.2

2.2 Release

.travis.yml

@@ -3,16 +3,30 @@ language: python
 python:
   - "2.6"
   - "2.7"
+  - "3.2"
+  - "3.3"
 
 env:
-  - DJANGO=https://github.com/django/django/zipball/master
-  - DJANGO=django==1.4.3 --use-mirrors
-  - DJANGO=django==1.3.5 --use-mirrors
+  - DJANGO=https://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.5c1/tarball/
+  - DJANGO="django==1.4.3 --use-mirrors"
+  - DJANGO="django==1.3.5 --use-mirrors"
 
 install:
   - pip install $DJANGO
-  - pip install django-filter==0.5.4 --use-mirrors
+  - "if [[ ${TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION::1} != '3' ]]; then pip install django-filter==0.5.4 --use-mirrors; fi"
+  - "if [[ ${TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION::1} == '3' ]]; then pip install https://github.com/alex/django-filter/tarball/master; fi"
   - export PYTHONPATH=.
 
 script:
   - python rest_framework/runtests/runtests.py
+
+matrix:
+  exclude:
+    - python: "3.2"
+      env: DJANGO="django==1.4.3 --use-mirrors"
+    - python: "3.2"
+      env: DJANGO="django==1.3.5 --use-mirrors"
+    - python: "3.3"
+      env: DJANGO="django==1.4.3 --use-mirrors"
+    - python: "3.3"
+      env: DJANGO="django==1.3.5 --use-mirrors"

README.md

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 
 **Full documentation for REST framework is available on [http://django-rest-framework.org][docs].**
 
-Note that this is the 2.0 version of REST framework.  If you are looking for earlier versions please see the [0.4.x branch][0.4] on GitHub.
-
 ---
 
 # Overview
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ There is also a sandbox API you can use for testing purposes, [available here][s
 
 # Requirements
 
-* Python (2.6, 2.7)
+* Python (2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3)
 * Django (1.3, 1.4, 1.5)
 
 **Optional:**

docs/index.md

@@ -11,12 +11,6 @@
 
 **A toolkit for building well-connected, self-describing Web APIs.**
 
----
-
-**Note**: This documentation is for the 2.0 version of REST framework.  If you are looking for earlier versions please see the [0.4.x branch][0.4] on GitHub.
-
----
-
 Django REST framework is a lightweight library that makes it easy to build Web APIs.  It is designed as a modular and easy to customize architecture, based on Django's class based views.
 
 Web APIs built using REST framework are fully self-describing and web browseable - a huge useability win for your developers.  It also supports a wide range of media types, authentication and permission policies out of the box.
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ There is also a sandbox API you can use for testing purposes, [available here][s
 
 REST framework requires the following:
 
-* Python (2.6, 2.7)
+* Python (2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3)
 * Django (1.3, 1.4, 1.5)
 
 The following packages are optional:

docs/topics/2.2-release-notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# REST framework 2.2 release notes
+
+The 2.2 release represents an important point for REST framework, with the addition of Python 3 support, and the introduction of an official deprecation policy.
+
+## Python 3 support
+
+Thanks to some fantastic work from [Xavier Ordoquy][xordoquy], Django REST framework 2.2 now supports Python 3.  You'll need to be running Django 1.5, and it's worth keeping in mind that Django's Python 3 support is currently [considered experimental][django-python-3].
+
+Django 1.6's Python 3 support is expected to be officially labeled as 'production-ready'.
+
+If you want to start ensuring that your own projects are Python 3 ready, we can highly recommend Django's [Porting to Python 3][porting-python-3] documentation.
+
+## Deprecation policy
+
+We've now introduced an official deprecation policy, which is in line with [Django's deprecation policy][django-deprecation-policy].  This policy will make it easy for you to continue to track the latest, greatest version of REST framework.
+
+The timeline for deprecation works as follows:
+
+* Version 2.2 introduces some API changes as detailed in the release notes.  It remains fully backwards compatible with 2.1, but will raise `PendingDeprecationWarning` warnings if you use bits API that are  due to be deprecated.  These warnings are silent by default, but can be explicitly enabled when you're ready to start migrating any required changes.  For example if you start running your tests using `python -Wd manage.py test`, you'll be warned of any API changes you need to make.
+
+* Version 2.3 will escalate these warnings to `DeprecationWarning`, which is loud by default.
+
+* Version 2.4 will remove the deprecated bits of API entirely.
+
+Note that in line with Django's policy, any parts of the framework not mentioned in the documentation should generally be considered private API, and may be subject to change.
+
+## Community
+
+As of the 2.2 merge, we've also hit an impressive milestone.  The number of committers listed in [the credits][credits], is now at over **one hundred individuals**.  Each name on that list represents at least one merged pull request, however large or small.
+
+Our [mailing list][mailing-list] and #restframework IRC channel are also very active, and we've got a really impressive rate of development both on REST framework itself, and on third party packages such as the great [django-rest-framework-docs][django-rest-framework-docs] package from [Marc Gibbons][marcgibbons].
+
+## API changes
+
+The 2.2 release makes a few changes to the serializer fields API, in order to make it more consistent, simple, and easier to use.
+
+### Cleaner to-many related fields
+
+The `ManyRelatedField()` style is being deprecated in favor of a new `RelatedField(many=True)` syntax.
+
+For example, if a user is associated with multiple questions, which we want to represent using a primary key relationship, we might use something like the following: 
+
+    class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
+        questions = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)
+
+        class Meta:
+            fields = ('username', 'questions')
+
+The new syntax is cleaner and more obvious, and the change will also make the documentation cleaner, simplify the internal API, and make writing custom relational fields easier.
+
+The change also applies to serializers.  If you have a nested serializer, you should start using `many=True` for to-many relationships.  For example, a serializer representation of an Album that can contain many Tracks might look something like this:
+
+    class TrackSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):
+        class Meta:
+            model = Track
+            fields = ('name', 'duration')
+    
+    class AlbumSerializer(serializer.ModelSerializer):
+        tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)
+        
+        class Meta:
+            model = Album
+            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')
+
+Additionally, the change also applies when serializing or deserializing data.  For example to serialize a queryset of models you should now use the `many=True` flag.
+
+    serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)
+    serializer.data
+
+This more explicit behavior on serializing and deserializing data [makes integration with non-ORM backends such as MongoDB easier][564], as instances to be serialized can include the `__iter__` method, without incorrectly triggering list-based serialization, or requiring workarounds.
+
+The implicit to-many behavior on serializers, and the `ManyRelatedField` style classes will continue to function, but will raise a `PendingDeprecationWarning`, which can be made visible using the `-Wd` flag.
+
+### Cleaner optional relationships
+
+Serializer relationships for nullable Foreign Keys will change from using the current `null=True` flag, to instead using `required=False`.
+
+This is in line both with the rest of the serializer fields API, and with Django's `Form` and `ModelForm` API.
+
+Using `required` throughout the serializers API means you won't need to consider if a particular field should take `blank` or `null` arguments instead of `required`, and also means there will be more consistent behavior for how fields are treated when they are not present in the incoming data. 
+
+The `null=True` argument will continue to function, and will imply `required=False`, but will raise a `PendingDeprecationWarning`.
+
+### Cleaner CharField syntax
+
+The `CharField` API previously took an optional `blank=True` argument, which was intended to differentiate between null CharField input, and blank CharField input.
+
+In keeping with Django's CharField API, REST framework's `CharField` will only ever return the empty string, for missing or `None` inputs.  The `blank` flag will no longer be in use, and you should instead just use the `required=<bool>` flag.
+
+The `blank` keyword argument will continue to function, but will raise a `PendingDeprecationWarning`.
+
+[xordoquy]: https://github.com/xordoquy
+[django-python-3]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/install/#can-i-use-django-with-python-3
+[porting-python-3]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/python3/
+[django-deprecation-policy]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/release-process/#internal-release-deprecation-policy
+[credits]: http://django-rest-framework.org/topics/credits.html
+[mailing-list]: https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/django-rest-framework
+[django-rest-framework-docs]: https://github.com/marcgibbons/django-rest-framework-docs
+[marcgibbons]: https://github.com/marcgibbons/
+[issues]: https://github.com/tomchristie/django-rest-framework/issues
+[564]: https://github.com/tomchristie/django-rest-framework/issues/564

docs/topics/credits.md

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ The following people have helped make REST framework great.
 * Michał Jaworski - [swistakm]
 * Andrea de Marco - [z4r]
 * Fernando Rocha - [fernandogrd]
+* Xavier Ordoquy - [xordoquy]
 
 Many thanks to everyone who's contributed to the project.
 
@@ -237,3 +238,4 @@ You can also contact [@_tomchristie][twitter] directly on twitter.
 [swistakm]: https://github.com/swistakm
 [z4r]: https://github.com/z4r
 [fernandogrd]: https://github.com/fernandogrd
+[xordoquy]: https://github.com/xordoquy

rest_framework/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 __version__ = '2.1.17'
 
 VERSION = __version__  # synonym
+
+# Header encoding (see RFC5987)
+HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING = 'iso-8859-1'

rest_framework/authentication.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 """
 Provides a set of pluggable authentication policies.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
-from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode, DjangoUnicodeDecodeError
-from rest_framework import exceptions
+from django.utils.encoding import DjangoUnicodeDecodeError
+from rest_framework import exceptions, HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING
 from rest_framework.compat import CsrfViewMiddleware
 from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
 import base64
@@ -41,22 +41,25 @@ class BasicAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
         Returns a `User` if a correct username and password have been supplied
         using HTTP Basic authentication.  Otherwise returns `None`.
         """
-        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', '').split()
+        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
+        if type(auth) == type(''):
+            # Work around django test client oddness
+            auth = auth.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)
+        auth = auth.split()
 
-        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != "basic":
+        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
             return None
 
         if len(auth) != 2:
             raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('Invalid basic header')
 
         try:
-            auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).partition(':')
-        except TypeError:
+            auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING).partition(':')
+        except (TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
             raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('Invalid basic header')
 
         try:
-            userid = smart_unicode(auth_parts[0])
-            password = smart_unicode(auth_parts[2])
+            userid, password = auth_parts[0], auth_parts[2]
         except DjangoUnicodeDecodeError:
             raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('Invalid basic header')
 

rest_framework/authtoken/models.py

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class Token(models.Model):
         return super(Token, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def generate_key(self):
-        unique = str(uuid.uuid4())
-        return hmac.new(unique, digestmod=sha1).hexdigest()
+        unique = uuid.uuid4()
+        return hmac.new(unique.bytes, digestmod=sha1).hexdigest()
 
     def __unicode__(self):
         return self.key

rest_framework/compat.py

@@ -3,14 +3,35 @@ The `compat` module provides support for backwards compatibility with older
 versions of django/python, and compatibility wrappers around optional packages.
 """
 # flake8: noqa
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 import django
 
+# Try to import six from Django, fallback to included `six`.
+try:
+    from django.utils import six
+except:
+    from rest_framework import six
+
 # location of patterns, url, include changes in 1.4 onwards
 try:
     from django.conf.urls import patterns, url, include
 except:
     from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, url, include
 
+# Handle django.utils.encoding rename:
+# smart_unicode -> smart_text
+# force_unicode -> force_text
+try:
+    from django.utils.encoding import smart_text
+except ImportError:
+    from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode as smart_text
+try:
+    from django.utils.encoding import force_text
+except ImportError:
+    from django.utils.encoding import force_unicode as force_text
+
+
 # django-filter is optional
 try:
     import django_filters
@@ -20,9 +41,18 @@ except:
 
 # cStringIO only if it's available, otherwise StringIO
 try:
-    import cStringIO as StringIO
+    import cStringIO.StringIO as StringIO
 except ImportError:
-    import StringIO
+    StringIO = six.StringIO
+
+BytesIO = six.BytesIO
+
+
+# urlparse compat import (Required because it changed in python 3.x)
+try:
+    from urllib import parse as urlparse
+except ImportError:
+    import urlparse
 
 
 # Try to import PIL in either of the two ways it can end up installed.
@@ -54,7 +84,7 @@ else:
     try:
         from django.contrib.auth.models import User
     except ImportError:
-        raise ImportError(u"User model is not to be found.")
+        raise ImportError("User model is not to be found.")
 
 
 # First implementation of Django class-based views did not include head method
@@ -75,11 +105,11 @@ else:
             # sanitize keyword arguments
             for key in initkwargs:
                 if key in cls.http_method_names:
-                    raise TypeError(u"You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
-                                    u"keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
+                    raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
+                                    "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                                     % (key, cls.__name__))
                 if not hasattr(cls, key):
-                    raise TypeError(u"%s() received an invalid keyword %r" % (
+                    raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r" % (
                         cls.__name__, key))
 
             def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -110,7 +140,6 @@ else:
     import re
     import random
     import logging
-    import urlparse
 
     from django.conf import settings
     from django.core.urlresolvers import get_callable
@@ -152,7 +181,8 @@ else:
         randrange = random.SystemRandom().randrange
     else:
         randrange = random.randrange
-    _MAX_CSRF_KEY = 18446744073709551616L     # 2 << 63
+
+    _MAX_CSRF_KEY = 18446744073709551616      # 2 << 63
 
     REASON_NO_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - no Referer."
     REASON_BAD_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - %s does not match %s."
@@ -396,3 +426,12 @@ try:
     from xml.etree import ParseError as ETParseError
 except ImportError:  # python < 2.7
     ETParseError = None
+
+
+# XMLParser only takes an encoding arg from >= 2.7
+def ET_XMLParser(encoding=None):
+    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
+    try:
+        return ET.XMLParser(encoding=encoding)
+    except TypeError:
+        return ET.XMLParser()

rest_framework/decorators.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
 import types
 
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ def api_view(http_method_names):
     def decorator(func):
 
         WrappedAPIView = type(
-            'WrappedAPIView',
+            six.PY3 and 'WrappedAPIView' or b'WrappedAPIView',
             (APIView,),
             {'__doc__': func.__doc__}
         )

rest_framework/exceptions.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Handled exceptions raised by REST framework.
 In addition Django's built in 403 and 404 exceptions are handled.
 (`django.http.Http404` and `django.core.exceptions.PermissionDenied`)
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from rest_framework import status
 
 

rest_framework/fields.py

@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 import copy
 import datetime
 import inspect
 import re
 import warnings
 
-from io import BytesIO
-
 from django.core import validators
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.conf import settings
 from django import forms
 from django.forms import widgets
-from django.utils.encoding import is_protected_type, smart_unicode
+from django.utils.encoding import is_protected_type
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 from rest_framework.compat import parse_date, parse_datetime
 from rest_framework.compat import timezone
+from rest_framework.compat import BytesIO
+from rest_framework.compat import six
+from rest_framework.compat import smart_text
 
 
 def is_simple_callable(obj):
@@ -32,7 +35,8 @@ class Field(object):
     creation_counter = 0
     empty = ''
     type_name = None
-    _use_files = None
+    partial = False
+    use_files = False
     form_field_class = forms.CharField
 
     def __init__(self, source=None):
@@ -53,7 +57,8 @@ class Field(object):
         self.parent = parent
         self.root = parent.root or parent
         self.context = self.root.context
-        if self.root.partial:
+        self.partial = self.root.partial
+        if self.partial:
             self.required = False
 
     def field_from_native(self, data, files, field_name, into):
@@ -93,11 +98,11 @@ class Field(object):
 
         if is_protected_type(value):
             return value
-        elif hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, (dict, basestring)):
+        elif hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, (dict, six.string_types)):
             return [self.to_native(item) for item in value]
         elif isinstance(value, dict):
             return dict(map(self.to_native, (k, v)) for k, v in value.items())
-        return smart_unicode(value)
+        return smart_text(value)
 
     def attributes(self):
         """
@@ -124,6 +129,13 @@ class WritableField(Field):
                  validators=[], error_messages=None, widget=None,
                  default=None, blank=None):
 
+        # 'blank' is to be deprecated in favor of 'required'
+        if blank is not None:
+            warnings.warn('The `blank` keyword argument is due to deprecated. '
+                          'Use the `required` keyword argument instead.',
+                          PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            required = not(blank)
+
         super(WritableField, self).__init__(source=source)
 
         self.read_only = read_only
@@ -141,7 +153,6 @@ class WritableField(Field):
 
         self.validators = self.default_validators + validators
         self.default = default if default is not None else self.default
-        self.blank = blank
 
         # Widgets are ony used for HTML forms.
         widget = widget or self.widget
@@ -180,13 +191,13 @@ class WritableField(Field):
             return
 
         try:
-            if self._use_files:
+            if self.use_files:
                 files = files or {}
                 native = files[field_name]
             else:
                 native = data[field_name]
         except KeyError:
-            if self.default is not None and not self.root.partial:
+            if self.default is not None and not self.partial:
                 # Note: partial updates shouldn't set defaults
                 native = self.default
             else:
@@ -258,7 +269,7 @@ class BooleanField(WritableField):
     form_field_class = forms.BooleanField
     widget = widgets.CheckboxInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _(u"'%s' value must be either True or False."),
+        'invalid': _("'%s' value must be either True or False."),
     }
     empty = False
 
@@ -287,20 +298,10 @@ class CharField(WritableField):
         if max_length is not None:
             self.validators.append(validators.MaxLengthValidator(max_length))
 
-    def validate(self, value):
-        """
-        Validates that the value is supplied (if required).
-        """
-        # if empty string and allow blank
-        if self.blank and not value:
-            return
-        else:
-            super(CharField, self).validate(value)
-
     def from_native(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, basestring) or value is None:
+        if isinstance(value, six.string_types) or value is None:
             return value
-        return smart_unicode(value)
+        return smart_text(value)
 
 
 class URLField(CharField):
@@ -325,7 +326,8 @@ class ChoiceField(WritableField):
     form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
     widget = widgets.Select
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _('Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices.'),
+        'invalid_choice': _('Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of '
+                            'the available choices.'),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, choices=(), *args, **kwargs):
@@ -359,10 +361,10 @@ class ChoiceField(WritableField):
             if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
                 # This is an optgroup, so look inside the group for options
                 for k2, v2 in v:
-                    if value == smart_unicode(k2):
+                    if value == smart_text(k2):
                         return True
             else:
-                if value == smart_unicode(k) or value == k:
+                if value == smart_text(k) or value == k:
                     return True
         return False
 
@@ -402,7 +404,7 @@ class RegexField(CharField):
         return self._regex
 
     def _set_regex(self, regex):
-        if isinstance(regex, basestring):
+        if isinstance(regex, six.string_types):
             regex = re.compile(regex)
         self._regex = regex
         if hasattr(self, '_regex_validator') and self._regex_validator in self.validators:
@@ -425,10 +427,10 @@ class DateField(WritableField):
     form_field_class = forms.DateField
 
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _(u"'%s' value has an invalid date format. It must be "
-                     u"in YYYY-MM-DD format."),
-        'invalid_date': _(u"'%s' value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) "
-                          u"but it is an invalid date."),
+        'invalid': _("'%s' value has an invalid date format. It must be "
+                     "in YYYY-MM-DD format."),
+        'invalid_date': _("'%s' value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) "
+                          "but it is an invalid date."),
     }
     empty = None
 
@@ -464,13 +466,13 @@ class DateTimeField(WritableField):
     form_field_class = forms.DateTimeField
 
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _(u"'%s' value has an invalid format. It must be in "
-                     u"YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format."),
-        'invalid_date': _(u"'%s' value has the correct format "
-                          u"(YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."),
-        'invalid_datetime': _(u"'%s' value has the correct format "
-                              u"(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) "
-                              u"but it is an invalid date/time."),
+        'invalid': _("'%s' value has an invalid format. It must be in "
+                     "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format."),
+        'invalid_date': _("'%s' value has the correct format "
+                          "(YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."),
+        'invalid_datetime': _("'%s' value has the correct format "
+                              "(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) "
+                              "but it is an invalid date/time."),
     }
     empty = None
 
@@ -487,8 +489,8 @@ class DateTimeField(WritableField):
                 # local time. This won't work during DST change, but we can't
                 # do much about it, so we let the exceptions percolate up the
                 # call stack.
-                warnings.warn(u"DateTimeField received a naive datetime (%s)"
-                              u" while time zone support is active." % value,
+                warnings.warn("DateTimeField received a naive datetime (%s)"
+                              " while time zone support is active." % value,
                               RuntimeWarning)
                 default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
                 value = timezone.make_aware(value, default_timezone)
@@ -564,7 +566,7 @@ class FloatField(WritableField):
 
 
 class FileField(WritableField):
-    _use_files = True
+    use_files = True
     type_name = 'FileField'
     form_field_class = forms.FileField
     widget = widgets.FileInput
@@ -608,11 +610,12 @@ class FileField(WritableField):
 
 
 class ImageField(FileField):
-    _use_files = True
+    use_files = True
     form_field_class = forms.ImageField
 
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_image': _("Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was either not an image or a corrupted image."),
+        'invalid_image': _("Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was "
+                           "either not an image or a corrupted image."),
     }
 
     def from_native(self, data):

rest_framework/filters.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from rest_framework.compat import django_filters
 
 FilterSet = django_filters and django_filters.FilterSet or None
@@ -54,6 +55,6 @@ class DjangoFilterBackend(BaseFilterBackend):
         filter_class = self.get_filter_class(view)
 
         if filter_class:
-            return filter_class(request.GET, queryset=queryset)
+            return filter_class(request.QUERY_PARAMS, queryset=queryset)
 
         return queryset

rest_framework/generics.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Generic views that provide commonly needed behaviour.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from rest_framework import views, mixins
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
 from django.views.generic.detail import SingleObjectMixin

rest_framework/mixins.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Basic building blocks for generic class based views.
 We don't bind behaviour to http method handlers yet,
 which allows mixin classes to be composed in interesting ways.
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.http import Http404
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.response import Response
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ class ListModelMixin(object):
     List a queryset.
     Should be mixed in with `MultipleObjectAPIView`.
     """
-    empty_error = u"Empty list and '%(class_name)s.allow_empty' is False."
+    empty_error = "Empty list and '%(class_name)s.allow_empty' is False."
 
     def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         queryset = self.get_queryset()

rest_framework/negotiation.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.http import Http404
 from rest_framework import exceptions
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class DefaultContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):
         """
         # Allow URL style format override.  eg. "?format=json
         format_query_param = self.settings.URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE
-        format = format_suffix or request.GET.get(format_query_param)
+        format = format_suffix or request.QUERY_PARAMS.get(format_query_param)
 
         if format:
             renderers = self.filter_renderers(renderers, format)
@@ -80,5 +81,5 @@ class DefaultContentNegotiation(BaseContentNegotiation):
         Allows URL style accept override.  eg. "?accept=application/json"
         """
         header = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT', '*/*')
-        header = request.GET.get(self.settings.URL_ACCEPT_OVERRIDE, header)
+        header = request.QUERY_PARAMS.get(self.settings.URL_ACCEPT_OVERRIDE, header)
         return [token.strip() for token in header.split(',')]

rest_framework/pagination.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.templatetags.rest_framework import replace_query_param
 

rest_framework/parsers.py

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ Parsers are used to parse the content of incoming HTTP requests.
 They give us a generic way of being able to handle various media types
 on the request, such as form content or json encoded data.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.http import QueryDict
 from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParser as DjangoMultiPartParser
 from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParserError
-from rest_framework.compat import yaml, ETParseError
+from rest_framework.compat import yaml, ETParseError, ET_XMLParser
 from rest_framework.exceptions import ParseError
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
 from xml.parsers.expat import ExpatError
 import json
@@ -54,10 +56,14 @@ class JSONParser(BaseParser):
         `data` will be an object which is the parsed content of the response.
         `files` will always be `None`.
         """
+        parser_context = parser_context or {}
+        encoding = parser_context.get('encoding', settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
+
         try:
-            return json.load(stream)
-        except ValueError, exc:
-            raise ParseError('JSON parse error - %s' % unicode(exc))
+            data = stream.read().decode(encoding)
+            return json.loads(data)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise ParseError('JSON parse error - %s' % six.text_type(exc))
 
 
 class YAMLParser(BaseParser):
@@ -74,10 +80,14 @@ class YAMLParser(BaseParser):
         `data` will be an object which is the parsed content of the response.
         `files` will always be `None`.
         """
+        parser_context = parser_context or {}
+        encoding = parser_context.get('encoding', settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
+
         try:
-            return yaml.safe_load(stream)
-        except (ValueError, yaml.parser.ParserError), exc:
-            raise ParseError('YAML parse error - %s' % unicode(exc))
+            data = stream.read().decode(encoding)
+            return yaml.safe_load(data)
+        except (ValueError, yaml.parser.ParserError) as exc:
+            raise ParseError('YAML parse error - %s' % six.u(exc))
 
 
 class FormParser(BaseParser):
@@ -94,7 +104,9 @@ class FormParser(BaseParser):
         `data` will be a :class:`QueryDict` containing all the form parameters.
         `files` will always be :const:`None`.
         """
-        data = QueryDict(stream.read())
+        parser_context = parser_context or {}
+        encoding = parser_context.get('encoding', settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
+        data = QueryDict(stream.read(), encoding=encoding)
         return data
 
 
@@ -114,15 +126,16 @@ class MultiPartParser(BaseParser):
         """
         parser_context = parser_context or {}
         request = parser_context['request']
+        encoding = parser_context.get('encoding', settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
         meta = request.META
         upload_handlers = request.upload_handlers
 
         try:
-            parser = DjangoMultiPartParser(meta, stream, upload_handlers)
+            parser = DjangoMultiPartParser(meta, stream, upload_handlers, encoding)
             data, files = parser.parse()
             return DataAndFiles(data, files)
-        except MultiPartParserError, exc:
-            raise ParseError('Multipart form parse error - %s' % unicode(exc))
+        except MultiPartParserError as exc:
+            raise ParseError('Multipart form parse error - %s' % six.u(exc))
 
 
 class XMLParser(BaseParser):
@@ -133,10 +146,13 @@ class XMLParser(BaseParser):
     media_type = 'application/xml'
 
     def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):
+        parser_context = parser_context or {}
+        encoding = parser_context.get('encoding', settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
+        parser = ET_XMLParser(encoding=encoding)
         try:
-            tree = ET.parse(stream)
-        except (ExpatError, ETParseError, ValueError), exc:
-            raise ParseError('XML parse error - %s' % unicode(exc))
+            tree = ET.parse(stream, parser=parser)
+        except (ExpatError, ETParseError, ValueError) as exc:
+            raise ParseError('XML parse error - %s' % six.u(exc))
         data = self._xml_convert(tree.getroot())
 
         return data
@@ -146,7 +162,7 @@ class XMLParser(BaseParser):
         convert the xml `element` into the corresponding python object
         """
 
-        children = element.getchildren()
+        children = list(element)
 
         if len(children) == 0:
             return self._type_convert(element.text)

rest_framework/permissions.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Provides a set of pluggable permission policies.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 SAFE_METHODS = ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS']
 

rest_framework/relations.py

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist, ValidationError
 from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve, get_script_prefix
 from django import forms
 from django.forms import widgets
 from django.forms.models import ModelChoiceIterator
-from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 from rest_framework.fields import Field, WritableField
 from rest_framework.reverse import reverse
-from urlparse import urlparse
+from rest_framework.compat import urlparse
+from rest_framework.compat import smart_text
+import warnings
+
 
 ##### Relational fields #####
 
@@ -17,19 +20,35 @@ class RelatedField(WritableField):
     """
     Base class for related model fields.
 
-    If not overridden, this represents a to-one relationship, using the unicode
-    representation of the target.
+    This represents a relationship using the unicode representation of the target.
     """
     widget = widgets.Select
+    many_widget = widgets.SelectMultiple
+    form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
+    many_form_field_class = forms.MultipleChoiceField
+
     cache_choices = False
     empty_label = None
-    default_read_only = True  # TODO: Remove this
+    read_only = True
+    many = False
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+
+        # 'null' is to be deprecated in favor of 'required'
+        if 'null' in kwargs:
+            warnings.warn('The `null` keyword argument is due to be deprecated. '
+                          'Use the `required` keyword argument instead.',
+                          PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            kwargs['required'] = not kwargs.pop('null')
+
         self.queryset = kwargs.pop('queryset', None)
-        self.null = kwargs.pop('null', False)
+        self.many = kwargs.pop('many', self.many)
+        if self.many:
+            self.widget = self.many_widget
+            self.form_field_class = self.many_form_field_class
+
+        kwargs['read_only'] = kwargs.pop('read_only', self.read_only)
         super(RelatedField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.read_only = kwargs.pop('read_only', self.default_read_only)
 
     def initialize(self, parent, field_name):
         super(RelatedField, self).initialize(parent, field_name)
@@ -48,11 +67,6 @@ class RelatedField(WritableField):
 
     ### We need this stuff to make form choices work...
 
-    # def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
-    #     result = super(RelatedField, self).__deepcopy__(memo)
-    #     result.queryset = result.queryset
-    #     return result
-
     def prepare_value(self, obj):
         return self.to_native(obj)
 
@@ -60,8 +74,8 @@ class RelatedField(WritableField):
         """
         Return a readable representation for use with eg. select widgets.
         """
-        desc = smart_unicode(obj)
-        ident = smart_unicode(self.to_native(obj))
+        desc = smart_text(obj)
+        ident = smart_text(self.to_native(obj))
         if desc == ident:
             return desc
         return "%s - %s" % (desc, ident)
@@ -108,6 +122,9 @@ class RelatedField(WritableField):
 
         if value is None:
             return None
+
+        if self.many:
+            return [self.to_native(item) for item in value.all()]
         return self.to_native(value)
 
     def field_from_native(self, data, files, field_name, into):
@@ -115,65 +132,39 @@ class RelatedField(WritableField):
             return
 
         try:
-            value = data[field_name]
+            if self.many:
+                try:
+                    # Form data
+                    value = data.getlist(field_name)
+                    if value == [''] or value == []:
+                        raise KeyError
+                except AttributeError:
+                    # Non-form data
+                    value = data[field_name]
+            else:
+                value = data[field_name]
         except KeyError:
-            if self.required:
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'])
-            return
+            if self.partial:
+                return
+            value = [] if self.many else None
 
-        if value in (None, '') and not self.null:
-            raise ValidationError('Value may not be null')
-        elif value in (None, '') and self.null:
+        if value in (None, '') and self.required:
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'])
+        elif value in (None, ''):
             into[(self.source or field_name)] = None
+        elif self.many:
+            into[(self.source or field_name)] = [self.from_native(item) for item in value]
         else:
             into[(self.source or field_name)] = self.from_native(value)
 
 
-class ManyRelatedMixin(object):
-    """
-    Mixin to convert a related field to a many related field.
-    """
-    widget = widgets.SelectMultiple
-
-    def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
-        value = getattr(obj, self.source or field_name)
-        return [self.to_native(item) for item in value.all()]
-
-    def field_from_native(self, data, files, field_name, into):
-        if self.read_only:
-            return
-
-        try:
-            # Form data
-            value = data.getlist(self.source or field_name)
-        except:
-            # Non-form data
-            value = data.get(self.source or field_name, [])
-        else:
-            if value == ['']:
-                value = []
-
-        into[field_name] = [self.from_native(item) for item in value]
-
-
-class ManyRelatedField(ManyRelatedMixin, RelatedField):
-    """
-    Base class for related model managers.
-
-    If not overridden, this represents a to-many relationship, using the unicode
-    representations of the target, and is read-only.
-    """
-    pass
-
-
 ### PrimaryKey relationships
 
 class PrimaryKeyRelatedField(RelatedField):
     """
-    Represents a to-one relationship as a pk value.
+    Represents a relationship as a pk value.
     """
-    default_read_only = False
-    form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
+    read_only = False
 
     default_error_messages = {
         'does_not_exist': _("Invalid pk '%s' - object does not exist."),
@@ -188,8 +179,8 @@ class PrimaryKeyRelatedField(RelatedField):
         """
         Return a readable representation for use with eg. select widgets.
         """
-        desc = smart_unicode(obj)
-        ident = smart_unicode(self.to_native(obj.pk))
+        desc = smart_text(obj)
+        ident = smart_text(self.to_native(obj.pk))
         if desc == ident:
             return desc
         return "%s - %s" % (desc, ident)
@@ -205,7 +196,7 @@ class PrimaryKeyRelatedField(RelatedField):
         try:
             return self.queryset.get(pk=data)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
-            msg = self.error_messages['does_not_exist'] % smart_unicode(data)
+            msg = self.error_messages['does_not_exist'] % smart_text(data)
             raise ValidationError(msg)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             received = type(data).__name__
@@ -213,79 +204,42 @@ class PrimaryKeyRelatedField(RelatedField):
             raise ValidationError(msg)
 
     def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
+        if self.many:
+            # To-many relationship
+            try:
+                # Prefer obj.serializable_value for performance reasons
+                queryset = obj.serializable_value(self.source or field_name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # RelatedManager (reverse relationship)
+                queryset = getattr(obj, self.source or field_name)
+
+            # Forward relationship
+            return [self.to_native(item.pk) for item in queryset.all()]
+
+        # To-one relationship
         try:
             # Prefer obj.serializable_value for performance reasons
             pk = obj.serializable_value(self.source or field_name)
         except AttributeError:
             # RelatedObject (reverse relationship)
             try:
-                obj = getattr(obj, self.source or field_name)
+                pk = getattr(obj, self.source or field_name).pk
             except ObjectDoesNotExist:
                 return None
             return self.to_native(obj.pk)
+
         # Forward relationship
         return self.to_native(pk)
 
 
-class ManyPrimaryKeyRelatedField(ManyRelatedField):
-    """
-    Represents a to-many relationship as a pk value.
-    """
-    default_read_only = False
-    form_field_class = forms.MultipleChoiceField
-
-    default_error_messages = {
-        'does_not_exist': _("Invalid pk '%s' - object does not exist."),
-        'incorrect_type': _('Incorrect type.  Expected pk value, received %s.'),
-    }
-
-    def prepare_value(self, obj):
-        return self.to_native(obj.pk)
-
-    def label_from_instance(self, obj):
-        """
-        Return a readable representation for use with eg. select widgets.
-        """
-        desc = smart_unicode(obj)
-        ident = smart_unicode(self.to_native(obj.pk))
-        if desc == ident:
-            return desc
-        return "%s - %s" % (desc, ident)
-
-    def to_native(self, pk):
-        return pk
-
-    def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
-        try:
-            # Prefer obj.serializable_value for performance reasons
-            queryset = obj.serializable_value(self.source or field_name)
-        except AttributeError:
-            # RelatedManager (reverse relationship)
-            queryset = getattr(obj, self.source or field_name)
-            return [self.to_native(item.pk) for item in queryset.all()]
-        # Forward relationship
-        return [self.to_native(item.pk) for item in queryset.all()]
-
-    def from_native(self, data):
-        if self.queryset is None:
-            raise Exception('Writable related fields must include a `queryset` argument')
-
-        try:
-            return self.queryset.get(pk=data)
-        except ObjectDoesNotExist:
-            msg = self.error_messages['does_not_exist'] % smart_unicode(data)
-            raise ValidationError(msg)
-        except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            received = type(data).__name__
-            msg = self.error_messages['incorrect_type'] % received
-            raise ValidationError(msg)
-
 ### Slug relationships
 
 
 class SlugRelatedField(RelatedField):
-    default_read_only = False
-    form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
+    """
+    Represents a relationship using a unique field on the target.
+    """
+    read_only = False
 
     default_error_messages = {
         'does_not_exist': _("Object with %s=%s does not exist."),
@@ -308,27 +262,22 @@ class SlugRelatedField(RelatedField):
             return self.queryset.get(**{self.slug_field: data})
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
             raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['does_not_exist'] %
-                                  (self.slug_field, unicode(data)))
+                                  (self.slug_field, smart_text(data)))
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             msg = self.error_messages['invalid']
             raise ValidationError(msg)
 
 
-class ManySlugRelatedField(ManyRelatedMixin, SlugRelatedField):
-    form_field_class = forms.MultipleChoiceField
-
-
 ### Hyperlinked relationships
 
 class HyperlinkedRelatedField(RelatedField):
     """
-    Represents a to-one relationship, using hyperlinking.
+    Represents a relationship using hyperlinking.
     """
     pk_url_kwarg = 'pk'
     slug_field = 'slug'
     slug_url_kwarg = None  # Defaults to same as `slug_field` unless overridden
-    default_read_only = False
-    form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
+    read_only = False
 
     default_error_messages = {
         'no_match': _('Invalid hyperlink - No URL match'),
@@ -404,7 +353,7 @@ class HyperlinkedRelatedField(RelatedField):
 
         if http_prefix:
             # If needed convert absolute URLs to relative path
-            value = urlparse(value).path
+            value = urlparse.urlparse(value).path
             prefix = get_script_prefix()
             if value.startswith(prefix):
                 value = '/' + value[len(prefix):]
@@ -442,13 +391,6 @@ class HyperlinkedRelatedField(RelatedField):
         return obj
 
 
-class ManyHyperlinkedRelatedField(ManyRelatedMixin, HyperlinkedRelatedField):
-    """
-    Represents a to-many relationship, using hyperlinking.
-    """
-    form_field_class = forms.MultipleChoiceField
-
-
 class HyperlinkedIdentityField(Field):
     """
     Represents the instance, or a property on the instance, using hyperlinking.
@@ -456,6 +398,7 @@ class HyperlinkedIdentityField(Field):
     pk_url_kwarg = 'pk'
     slug_field = 'slug'
     slug_url_kwarg = None  # Defaults to same as `slug_field` unless overridden
+    read_only = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         # TODO: Make view_name mandatory, and have the
@@ -512,3 +455,41 @@ class HyperlinkedIdentityField(Field):
             pass
 
         raise Exception('Could not resolve URL for field using view name "%s"' % view_name)
+
+
+### Old-style many classes for backwards compat
+
+class ManyRelatedField(RelatedField):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn('`ManyRelatedField()` is due to be deprecated. '
+                      'Use `RelatedField(many=True)` instead.',
+                       PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        kwargs['many'] = True
+        super(ManyRelatedField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ManyPrimaryKeyRelatedField(PrimaryKeyRelatedField):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn('`ManyPrimaryKeyRelatedField()` is due to be deprecated. '
+                      'Use `PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True)` instead.',
+                       PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        kwargs['many'] = True
+        super(ManyPrimaryKeyRelatedField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ManySlugRelatedField(SlugRelatedField):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn('`ManySlugRelatedField()` is due to be deprecated. '
+                      'Use `SlugRelatedField(many=True)` instead.',
+                       PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        kwargs['many'] = True
+        super(ManySlugRelatedField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ManyHyperlinkedRelatedField(HyperlinkedRelatedField):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn('`ManyHyperlinkedRelatedField()` is due to be deprecated. '
+                      'Use `HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True)` instead.',
+                       PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        kwargs['many'] = True
+        super(ManyHyperlinkedRelatedField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

rest_framework/renderers.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ on the response, such as JSON encoded data or HTML output.
 
 REST framework also provides an HTML renderer the renders the browsable API.
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 import copy
 import string
 import json
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ class JSONRenderer(BaseRenderer):
         if accepted_media_type:
             # If the media type looks like 'application/json; indent=4',
             # then pretty print the result.
-            base_media_type, params = parse_header(accepted_media_type)
+            base_media_type, params = parse_header(accepted_media_type.encode('ascii'))
             indent = params.get('indent', indent)
             try:
                 indent = max(min(int(indent), 8), 0)
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ class JSONPRenderer(JSONRenderer):
         Determine the name of the callback to wrap around the json output.
         """
         request = renderer_context.get('request', None)
-        params = request and request.GET or {}
+        params = request and request.QUERY_PARAMS or {}
         return params.get(self.callback_parameter, self.default_callback)
 
     def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None):
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ class JSONPRenderer(JSONRenderer):
         callback = self.get_callback(renderer_context)
         json = super(JSONPRenderer, self).render(data, accepted_media_type,
                                                  renderer_context)
-        return u"%s(%s);" % (callback, json)
+        return "%s(%s);" % (callback, json)
 
 
 class XMLRenderer(BaseRenderer):
@@ -333,6 +335,7 @@ class BrowsableAPIRenderer(BaseRenderer):
             kwargs['label'] = k
 
             fields[k] = v.form_field_class(**kwargs)
+
         return fields
 
     def get_form(self, view, method, request):
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ class BrowsableAPIRenderer(BaseRenderer):
 
         # Creating an on the fly form see:
         # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3915024/dynamically-creating-classes-python
-        OnTheFlyForm = type("OnTheFlyForm", (forms.Form,), fields)
+        OnTheFlyForm = type(str("OnTheFlyForm"), (forms.Form,), fields)
         data = (obj is not None) and serializer.data or None
         form_instance = OnTheFlyForm(data)
         return form_instance

rest_framework/request.py

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ The wrapped request then offers a richer API, in particular :
     - full support of PUT method, including support for file uploads
     - form overloading of HTTP method, content type and content
 """
-from StringIO import StringIO
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.http.multipartparser import parse_header
+from rest_framework import HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING
 from rest_framework import exceptions
+from rest_framework.compat import BytesIO
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
 
 
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ def is_form_media_type(media_type):
     """
     Return True if the media type is a valid form media type.
     """
-    base_media_type, params = parse_header(media_type)
+    base_media_type, params = parse_header(media_type.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING))
     return (base_media_type == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' or
             base_media_type == 'multipart/form-data')
 
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ class Request(object):
         if self.parser_context is None:
             self.parser_context = {}
         self.parser_context['request'] = self
+        self.parser_context['encoding'] = request.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
 
     def _default_negotiator(self):
         return api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS()
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ class Request(object):
         elif hasattr(self._request, 'read'):
             self._stream = self._request
         else:
-            self._stream = StringIO(self.raw_post_data)
+            self._stream = BytesIO(self.raw_post_data)
 
     def _perform_form_overloading(self):
         """
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ class Request(object):
             self._CONTENT_PARAM in self._data and
             self._CONTENTTYPE_PARAM in self._data):
             self._content_type = self._data[self._CONTENTTYPE_PARAM]
-            self._stream = StringIO(self._data[self._CONTENT_PARAM])
+            self._stream = BytesIO(self._data[self._CONTENT_PARAM].encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING))
             self._data, self._files = (Empty, Empty)
 
     def _parse(self):

rest_framework/response.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.handlers.wsgi import STATUS_CODE_TEXT
 from django.template.response import SimpleTemplateResponse
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 
 
 class Response(SimpleTemplateResponse):
@@ -22,9 +24,9 @@ class Response(SimpleTemplateResponse):
         self.data = data
         self.template_name = template_name
         self.exception = exception
-        
+
         if headers:
-            for name,value in headers.iteritems():
+            for name, value in six.iteritems(headers):
                 self[name] = value
 
     @property

rest_framework/reverse.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Provide reverse functions that return fully qualified URLs
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse as django_reverse
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 

rest_framework/runtests/runtests.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def main():
     elif len(sys.argv) == 1:
         test_case = ''
     else:
-        print usage()
+        print(usage())
         sys.exit(1)
     failures = test_runner.run_tests(['tests' + test_case])
 

rest_framework/serializers.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import copy
 import datetime
 import types
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.forms import widgets
 from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
 from rest_framework.compat import get_concrete_model
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 
 # Note: We do the following so that users of the framework can use this style:
 #
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ def _get_declared_fields(bases, attrs):
     Note that all fields from the base classes are used.
     """
     fields = [(field_name, attrs.pop(field_name))
-              for field_name, obj in attrs.items()
+              for field_name, obj in list(six.iteritems(attrs))
               if isinstance(obj, Field)]
     fields.sort(key=lambda x: x[1].creation_counter)
 
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ def _get_declared_fields(bases, attrs):
     # in order to maintain the correct order of fields.
     for base in bases[::-1]:
         if hasattr(base, 'base_fields'):
-            fields = base.base_fields.items() + fields
+            fields = list(base.base_fields.items()) + fields
 
     return SortedDict(fields)
 
@@ -95,19 +97,24 @@ class SerializerOptions(object):
 
 
 class BaseSerializer(Field):
+    """
+    This is the Serializer implementation.
+    We need to implement it as `BaseSerializer` due to metaclass magicks.
+    """
     class Meta(object):
         pass
 
     _options_class = SerializerOptions
-    _dict_class = SortedDictWithMetadata  # Set to unsorted dict for backwards compatibility with unsorted implementations.
+    _dict_class = SortedDictWithMetadata
 
     def __init__(self, instance=None, data=None, files=None,
-                 context=None, partial=False, **kwargs):
-        super(BaseSerializer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+                 context=None, partial=False, many=None, source=None):
+        super(BaseSerializer, self).__init__(source=source)
         self.opts = self._options_class(self.Meta)
         self.parent = None
         self.root = None
         self.partial = partial
+        self.many = many
 
         self.context = context or {}
 
@@ -187,22 +194,6 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         """
         return field_name
 
-    def convert_object(self, obj):
-        """
-        Core of serialization.
-        Convert an object into a dictionary of serialized field values.
-        """
-        ret = self._dict_class()
-        ret.fields = {}
-
-        for field_name, field in self.fields.items():
-            field.initialize(parent=self, field_name=field_name)
-            key = self.get_field_key(field_name)
-            value = field.field_to_native(obj, field_name)
-            ret[key] = value
-            ret.fields[key] = field
-        return ret
-
     def restore_fields(self, data, files):
         """
         Core of deserialization, together with `restore_object`.
@@ -211,7 +202,7 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         reverted_data = {}
 
         if data is not None and not isinstance(data, dict):
-            self._errors['non_field_errors'] = [u'Invalid data']
+            self._errors['non_field_errors'] = ['Invalid data']
             return None
 
         for field_name, field in self.fields.items():
@@ -274,19 +265,22 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         """
         Serialize objects -> primitives.
         """
-        # Note: At the moment we have an ugly hack to determine if we should
-        # walk over iterables.  At some point, serializers will require an
-        # explicit `many=True` in order to iterate over a set, and this hack
-        # will disappear.
-        if hasattr(obj, '__iter__') and not isinstance(obj, Page):
-            return [self.convert_object(item) for item in obj]
-        return self.convert_object(obj)
+        ret = self._dict_class()
+        ret.fields = {}
+
+        for field_name, field in self.fields.items():
+            field.initialize(parent=self, field_name=field_name)
+            key = self.get_field_key(field_name)
+            value = field.field_to_native(obj, field_name)
+            ret[key] = value
+            ret.fields[key] = field
+        return ret
 
     def from_native(self, data, files):
         """
         Deserialize primitives -> objects.
         """
-        if hasattr(data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(data, dict):
+        if hasattr(data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(data, (dict, six.text_type)):
             # TODO: error data when deserializing lists
             return [self.from_native(item, None) for item in data]
 
@@ -328,6 +322,13 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         if obj is None:
             return None
 
+        if self.many is not None:
+            many = self.many
+        else:
+            many = hasattr(obj, '__iter__') and not isinstance(obj, Page)
+
+        if many:
+            return [self.to_native(item) for item in obj]
         return self.to_native(obj)
 
     @property
@@ -337,9 +338,20 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         setting self.object if no errors occurred.
         """
         if self._errors is None:
-            obj = self.from_native(self.init_data, self.init_files)
+            data, files = self.init_data, self.init_files
+
+            if self.many is not None:
+                many = self.many
+            else:
+                many = hasattr(data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(data, dict)
+
+            # TODO: error data when deserializing lists
+            if many:
+                ret = [self.from_native(item, None) for item in data]
+            ret = self.from_native(data, files)
+
             if not self._errors:
-                self.object = obj
+                self.object = ret
         return self._errors
 
     def is_valid(self):
@@ -347,8 +359,22 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
 
     @property
     def data(self):
+        """
+        Returns the serialized data on the serializer.
+        """
         if self._data is None:
-            self._data = self.to_native(self.object)
+            obj = self.object
+
+            if self.many is not None:
+                many = self.many
+            else:
+                many = hasattr(obj, '__iter__') and not isinstance(obj, Page)
+
+            if many:
+                self._data = [self.to_native(item) for item in obj]
+            else:
+                self._data = self.to_native(obj)
+
         return self._data
 
     def save(self):
@@ -359,8 +385,8 @@ class BaseSerializer(Field):
         return self.object
 
 
-class Serializer(BaseSerializer):
-    __metaclass__ = SerializerMetaclass
+class Serializer(six.with_metaclass(SerializerMetaclass, BaseSerializer)):
+    pass
 
 
 class ModelSerializerOptions(SerializerOptions):
@@ -443,7 +469,7 @@ class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
         # TODO: filter queryset using:
         # .using(db).complex_filter(self.rel.limit_choices_to)
         kwargs = {
-            'null': model_field.null or model_field.blank,
+            'required': not(model_field.null or model_field.blank),
             'queryset': model_field.rel.to._default_manager
         }
 
@@ -524,7 +550,7 @@ class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
         """
         try:
             instance.full_clean(exclude=self.get_validation_exclusions())
-        except ValidationError, err:
+        except ValidationError as err:
             self._errors = err.message_dict
             return None
         return instance
@@ -560,6 +586,12 @@ class ModelSerializer(Serializer):
         else:
             instance = self.opts.model(**attrs)
 
+        try:
+            instance.full_clean(exclude=self.get_validation_exclusions())
+        except ValidationError as err:
+            self._errors = err.message_dict
+            return None
+
         return instance
 
     def from_native(self, data, files):
@@ -600,6 +632,8 @@ class HyperlinkedModelSerializerOptions(ModelSerializerOptions):
 
 class HyperlinkedModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
     """
+    A subclass of ModelSerializer that uses hyperlinked relationships,
+    instead of primary key relationships.
     """
     _options_class = HyperlinkedModelSerializerOptions
     _default_view_name = '%(model_name)s-detail'
@@ -633,7 +667,7 @@ class HyperlinkedModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
         # .using(db).complex_filter(self.rel.limit_choices_to)
         rel = model_field.rel.to
         kwargs = {
-            'null': model_field.null,
+            'required': not(model_field.null or model_field.blank),
             'queryset': rel._default_manager,
             'view_name': self._get_default_view_name(rel)
         }

rest_framework/settings.py

@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ This module provides the `api_setting` object, that is used to access
 REST framework settings, checking for user settings first, then falling
 back to the defaults.
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.utils import importlib
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 
 
 USER_SETTINGS = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', None)
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ def perform_import(val, setting_name):
     If the given setting is a string import notation,
     then perform the necessary import or imports.
     """
-    if isinstance(val, basestring):
+    if isinstance(val, six.string_types):
         return import_from_string(val, setting_name)
     elif isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
         return [import_from_string(item, setting_name) for item in val]

rest_framework/six.py

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.2.0"
+
+
+# True if we are running on Python 3.
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform == "java":
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+            del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again.
+        delattr(tp, self.name)
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+
+class _MovedItems(types.ModuleType):
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+]
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+moves = sys.modules["django.utils.six.moves"] = _MovedItems("moves")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+
+    _iterkeys = "keys"
+    _itervalues = "values"
+    _iteritems = "items"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+
+    _iterkeys = "iterkeys"
+    _itervalues = "itervalues"
+    _iteritems = "iteritems"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    Iterator = object
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+
+
+def iterkeys(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iterkeys)())
+
+def itervalues(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _itervalues)())
+
+def iteritems(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iteritems)())
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        def int2byte(i):
+            return bytes((i,))
+    else:
+        # This is about 2x faster than the implementation above on 3.2+
+        int2byte = operator.methodcaller("to_bytes", 1, "big")
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+    int2byte = chr
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    import builtins
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, "exec")
+
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+    del builtins
+
+else:
+    def exec_(code, globs=None, locs=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if globs is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            globs = frame.f_globals
+            if locs is None:
+                locs = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif locs is None:
+            locs = globs
+        exec("""exec code in globs, locs""")
+
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
+
+
+### Additional customizations for Django ###
+
+if PY3:
+    _iterlists = "lists"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+else:
+    _iterlists = "iterlists"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+
+
+def iterlists(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a MultiValueDict."""
+    return getattr(d, _iterlists)()
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+add_move(MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread"))
+add_move(MovedModule("_thread", "thread"))

rest_framework/status.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Descriptive HTTP status codes, for code readability.
 See RFC 2616 - http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
 And RFC 6585 - http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6585
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 HTTP_100_CONTINUE = 100
 HTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101

rest_framework/templatetags/rest_framework.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals, absolute_import
 from django import template
 from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
 from django.http import QueryDict
-from django.utils.encoding import force_unicode
 from django.utils.html import escape
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, mark_safe
-from urlparse import urlsplit, urlunsplit
+from rest_framework.compat import urlparse
+from rest_framework.compat import force_text
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 import re
 import string
 
@@ -99,11 +101,11 @@ def replace_query_param(url, key, val):
     Given a URL and a key/val pair, set or replace an item in the query
     parameters of the URL, and return the new URL.
     """
-    (scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment) = urlsplit(url)
+    (scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment) = urlparse.urlsplit(url)
     query_dict = QueryDict(query).copy()
     query_dict[key] = val
     query = query_dict.urlencode()
-    return urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))
+    return urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))
 
 
 # Regex for adding classes to html snippets
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ def add_class(value, css_class):
     In the case of REST Framework, the filter is used to add Bootstrap-specific
     classes to the forms.
     """
-    html = unicode(value)
+    html = six.text_type(value)
     match = class_re.search(html)
     if match:
         m = re.search(r'^%s$|^%s\s|\s%s\s|\s%s$' % (css_class, css_class,
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ def urlize_quoted_links(text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=True, autoescape=Tru
     """
     trim_url = lambda x, limit=trim_url_limit: limit is not None and (len(x) > limit and ('%s...' % x[:max(0, limit - 3)])) or x
     safe_input = isinstance(text, SafeData)
-    words = word_split_re.split(force_unicode(text))
+    words = word_split_re.split(force_text(text))
     nofollow_attr = nofollow and ' rel="nofollow"' or ''
     for i, word in enumerate(words):
         match = None
@@ -249,4 +251,4 @@ def urlize_quoted_links(text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=True, autoescape=Tru
             words[i] = mark_safe(word)
         elif autoescape:
             words[i] = escape(word)
-    return mark_safe(u''.join(words))
+    return mark_safe(''.join(words))

rest_framework/tests/authentication.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.test import Client, TestCase
-
+from rest_framework import HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING
 from rest_framework import permissions
 from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
 from rest_framework.authentication import TokenAuthentication, BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthentication
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
-
 import json
 import base64
 
@@ -42,13 +42,17 @@ class BasicAuthTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_post_form_passing_basic_auth(self):
         """Ensure POSTing json over basic auth with correct credentials passes and does not require CSRF"""
-        auth = 'Basic %s' % base64.encodestring('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password)).strip()
+        credentials = ('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password))
+        base64_credentials = base64.b64encode(credentials.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)
+        auth = 'Basic %s' % base64_credentials
         response = self.csrf_client.post('/basic/', {'example': 'example'}, HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=auth)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_post_json_passing_basic_auth(self):
         """Ensure POSTing form over basic auth with correct credentials passes and does not require CSRF"""
-        auth = 'Basic %s' % base64.encodestring('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password)).strip()
+        credentials = ('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password))
+        base64_credentials = base64.b64encode(credentials.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING)
+        auth = 'Basic %s' % base64_credentials
         response = self.csrf_client.post('/basic/', json.dumps({'example': 'example'}), 'application/json', HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=auth)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -159,7 +163,7 @@ class TokenAuthTests(TestCase):
         response = client.post('/auth-token/',
                                json.dumps({'username': self.username, 'password': self.password}), 'application/json')
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content)['token'], self.key)
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode('ascii'))['token'], self.key)
 
     def test_token_login_json_bad_creds(self):
         """Ensure token login view using JSON POST fails if bad credentials are used."""
@@ -181,4 +185,4 @@ class TokenAuthTests(TestCase):
         response = client.post('/auth-token/',
                                {'username': self.username, 'password': self.password})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content)['token'], self.key)
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode('ascii'))['token'], self.key)

rest_framework/tests/breadcrumbs.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url
 from rest_framework.utils.breadcrumbs import get_breadcrumbs

rest_framework/tests/decorators.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import status
 from rest_framework.response import Response

rest_framework/tests/description.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
 from rest_framework.compat import apply_markdown

rest_framework/tests/fields.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 General serializer field tests.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers

rest_framework/tests/files.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import StringIO
-import datetime
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
-
 from rest_framework import serializers
+from rest_framework.compat import BytesIO
+from rest_framework.compat import six
+import datetime
 
 
 class UploadedFile(object):
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ class UploadedFileSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
 class FileSerializerTests(TestCase):
     def test_create(self):
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
-        file = StringIO.StringIO('stuff')
+        file = BytesIO(six.b('stuff'))
         file.name = 'stuff.txt'
-        file.size = file.len
+        file.size = len(file.getvalue())
         serializer = UploadedFileSerializer(data={'created': now}, files={'file': file})
         uploaded_file = UploadedFile(file=file, created=now)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())

rest_framework/tests/filterset.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from django.test import TestCase

rest_framework/tests/genericrelations.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.generic import GenericRelation, GenericForeignKey
 from django.db import models
@@ -63,8 +64,8 @@ class TestGenericRelations(TestCase):
 
         serializer = BookmarkSerializer(self.bookmark)
         expected = {
-            'tags': [u'django', u'python'],
-            'url': u'https://www.djangoproject.com/'
+            'tags': ['django', 'python'],
+            'url': 'https://www.djangoproject.com/'
         }
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -84,16 +85,16 @@ class TestGenericRelations(TestCase):
         serializer = TagSerializer(Tag.objects.all())
         expected = [
         {
-            'tag': u'django',
-            'tagged_item': u'Bookmark: https://www.djangoproject.com/'
+            'tag': 'django',
+            'tagged_item': 'Bookmark: https://www.djangoproject.com/'
         },
         {
-            'tag': u'python',
-            'tagged_item': u'Bookmark: https://www.djangoproject.com/'
+            'tag': 'python',
+            'tagged_item': 'Bookmark: https://www.djangoproject.com/'
         },
         {
-            'tag': u'reminder',
-            'tagged_item': u'Note: Remember the milk'
+            'tag': 'reminder',
+            'tagged_item': 'Note: Remember the milk'
         }
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)

rest_framework/tests/generics.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-import json
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import generics, serializers, status
 from rest_framework.tests.utils import RequestFactory
 from rest_framework.tests.models import BasicModel, Comment, SlugBasedModel
-
+from rest_framework.compat import six
+import json
 
 factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ class TestRootView(TestCase):
                                content_type='application/json')
         response = self.view(request).render()
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
-        self.assertEquals(response.data, {'id': 4, 'text': u'foobar'})
+        self.assertEquals(response.data, {'id': 4, 'text': 'foobar'})
         created = self.objects.get(id=4)
         self.assertEquals(created.text, 'foobar')
 
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ class TestRootView(TestCase):
                                content_type='application/json')
         response = self.view(request).render()
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
-        self.assertEquals(response.data, {'id': 4, 'text': u'foobar'})
+        self.assertEquals(response.data, {'id': 4, 'text': 'foobar'})
         created = self.objects.get(id=4)
         self.assertEquals(created.text, 'foobar')
 
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ class TestInstanceView(TestCase):
         request = factory.delete('/1')
         response = self.view(request, pk=1).render()
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, '')
+        self.assertEquals(response.content, six.b(''))
         ids = [obj.id for obj in self.objects.all()]
         self.assertEquals(ids, [2, 3])
 

rest_framework/tests/htmlrenderer.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.http import Http404
 from django.test import TestCase
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url
 from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, renderer_classes
 from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer
 from rest_framework.response import Response
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 
 
 @api_view(('GET',))
@@ -68,13 +70,13 @@ class TemplateHTMLRendererTests(TestCase):
     def test_not_found_html_view(self):
         response = self.client.get('/not_found')
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, "404 Not Found")
+        self.assertEquals(response.content, six.b("404 Not Found"))
         self.assertEquals(response['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
 
     def test_permission_denied_html_view(self):
         response = self.client.get('/permission_denied')
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, "403 Forbidden")
+        self.assertEquals(response.content, six.b("403 Forbidden"))
         self.assertEquals(response['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
 
 
@@ -105,11 +107,11 @@ class TemplateHTMLRendererExceptionTests(TestCase):
     def test_not_found_html_view_with_template(self):
         response = self.client.get('/not_found')
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, "404: Not found")
+        self.assertEquals(response.content, six.b("404: Not found"))
         self.assertEquals(response['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
 
     def test_permission_denied_html_view_with_template(self):
         response = self.client.get('/permission_denied')
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEquals(response.content, "403: Permission denied")
+        self.assertEquals(response.content, six.b("403: Permission denied"))
         self.assertEquals(response['Content-Type'], 'text/html')

rest_framework/tests/hyperlinkedserializers.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import json
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory

rest_framework/tests/models.py

@@ -1,35 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.generic import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 
-# from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
-
-
-# class CustomUser(models.Model):
-#     """
-#     A custom user model, which uses a 'through' table for the foreign key
-#     """
-#     username = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-#     groups = models.ManyToManyField(
-#         to=Group, blank=True, null=True, through='UserGroupMap'
-#     )
-
-#     @models.permalink
-#     def get_absolute_url(self):
-#         return ('custom_user', (), {
-#             'pk': self.id
-#     })
-
-
-# class UserGroupMap(models.Model):
-#     user = models.ForeignKey(to=CustomUser)
-#     group = models.ForeignKey(to=Group)
-
-#     @models.permalink
-#     def get_absolute_url(self):
-#         return ('user_group_map', (), {
-#             'pk': self.id
-#         })
 
 def foobar():
     return 'foobar'

rest_framework/tests/modelviews.py

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-# from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url
-# from django.forms import ModelForm
-# from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, User
-# from rest_framework.resources import ModelResource
-# from rest_framework.views import ListOrCreateModelView, InstanceModelView
-# from rest_framework.tests.models import CustomUser
-# from rest_framework.tests.testcases import TestModelsTestCase
-
-
-# class GroupResource(ModelResource):
-#     model = Group
-
-
-# class UserForm(ModelForm):
-#     class Meta:
-#         model = User
-#         exclude = ('last_login', 'date_joined')
-
-
-# class UserResource(ModelResource):
-#     model = User
-#     form = UserForm
-
-
-# class CustomUserResource(ModelResource):
-#     model = CustomUser
-
-# urlpatterns = patterns('',
-#     url(r'^users/$', ListOrCreateModelView.as_view(resource=UserResource), name='users'),
-#     url(r'^users/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$', InstanceModelView.as_view(resource=UserResource)),
-#     url(r'^customusers/$', ListOrCreateModelView.as_view(resource=CustomUserResource), name='customusers'),
-#     url(r'^customusers/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$', InstanceModelView.as_view(resource=CustomUserResource)),
-#     url(r'^groups/$', ListOrCreateModelView.as_view(resource=GroupResource), name='groups'),
-#     url(r'^groups/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$', InstanceModelView.as_view(resource=GroupResource)),
-# )
-
-
-# class ModelViewTests(TestModelsTestCase):
-#     """Test the model views rest_framework provides"""
-#     urls = 'rest_framework.tests.modelviews'
-
-#     def test_creation(self):
-#         """Ensure that a model object can be created"""
-#         self.assertEqual(0, Group.objects.count())
-
-#         response = self.client.post('/groups/', {'name': 'foo'})
-
-#         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 201)
-#         self.assertEqual(1, Group.objects.count())
-#         self.assertEqual('foo', Group.objects.all()[0].name)
-
-#     def test_creation_with_m2m_relation(self):
-#         """Ensure that a model object with a m2m relation can be created"""
-#         group = Group(name='foo')
-#         group.save()
-#         self.assertEqual(0, User.objects.count())
-
-#         response = self.client.post('/users/', {'username': 'bar', 'password': 'baz', 'groups': [group.id]})
-
-#         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 201)
-#         self.assertEqual(1, User.objects.count())
-
-#         user = User.objects.all()[0]
-#         self.assertEqual('bar', user.username)
-#         self.assertEqual('baz', user.password)
-#         self.assertEqual(1, user.groups.count())
-
-#         group = user.groups.all()[0]
-#         self.assertEqual('foo', group.name)
-
-#     def test_creation_with_m2m_relation_through(self):
-#         """
-#         Ensure that a model object with a m2m relation can be created where that
-#         relation uses a through table
-#         """
-#         group = Group(name='foo')
-#         group.save()
-#         self.assertEqual(0, User.objects.count())
-
-#         response = self.client.post('/customusers/', {'username': 'bar', 'groups': [group.id]})
-
-#         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 201)
-#         self.assertEqual(1, CustomUser.objects.count())
-
-#         user = CustomUser.objects.all()[0]
-#         self.assertEqual('bar', user.username)
-#         self.assertEqual(1, user.groups.count())
-
-#         group = user.groups.all()[0]
-#         self.assertEqual('foo', group.name)

rest_framework/tests/negotiation.py

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from rest_framework.negotiation import DefaultContentNegotiation
+from rest_framework.request import Request
+
 
 factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -22,16 +25,16 @@ class TestAcceptedMediaType(TestCase):
         return self.negotiator.select_renderer(request, self.renderers)
 
     def test_client_without_accept_use_renderer(self):
-        request = factory.get('/')
+        request = Request(factory.get('/'))
         accepted_renderer, accepted_media_type = self.select_renderer(request)
         self.assertEquals(accepted_media_type, 'application/json')
 
     def test_client_underspecifies_accept_use_renderer(self):
-        request = factory.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT='*/*')
+        request = Request(factory.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT='*/*'))
         accepted_renderer, accepted_media_type = self.select_renderer(request)
         self.assertEquals(accepted_media_type, 'application/json')
 
     def test_client_overspecifies_accept_use_client(self):
-        request = factory.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json; indent=8')
+        request = Request(factory.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json; indent=8'))
         accepted_renderer, accepted_media_type = self.select_renderer(request)
         self.assertEquals(accepted_media_type, 'application/json; indent=8')

rest_framework/tests/pagination.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from django.core.paginator import Paginator

rest_framework/tests/parsers.py

@@ -1,137 +1,5 @@
-# """
-# ..
-#     >>> from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser
-#     >>> from django.test.client import RequestFactory
-#     >>> from rest_framework.views import View
-#     >>> from StringIO import StringIO
-#     >>> from urllib import urlencode
-#     >>> req = RequestFactory().get('/')
-#     >>> some_view = View()
-#     >>> some_view.request = req  # Make as if this request had been dispatched
-#
-# FormParser
-# ============
-#
-# Data flatening
-# ----------------
-#
-# Here is some example data, which would eventually be sent along with a post request :
-#
-#     >>> inpt = urlencode([
-#     ...     ('key1', 'bla1'),
-#     ...     ('key2', 'blo1'), ('key2', 'blo2'),
-#     ... ])
-#
-# Default behaviour for :class:`parsers.FormParser`, is to return a single value for each parameter :
-#
-#     >>> (data, files) = FormParser(some_view).parse(StringIO(inpt))
-#     >>> data == {'key1': 'bla1', 'key2': 'blo1'}
-#     True
-#
-# However, you can customize this behaviour by subclassing :class:`parsers.FormParser`, and overriding :meth:`parsers.FormParser.is_a_list` :
-#
-#     >>> class MyFormParser(FormParser):
-#     ...
-#     ...     def is_a_list(self, key, val_list):
-#     ...         return len(val_list) > 1
-#
-# This new parser only flattens the lists of parameters that contain a single value.
-#
-#     >>> (data, files) = MyFormParser(some_view).parse(StringIO(inpt))
-#     >>> data == {'key1': 'bla1', 'key2': ['blo1', 'blo2']}
-#     True
-#
-# .. note:: The same functionality is available for :class:`parsers.MultiPartParser`.
-#
-# Submitting an empty list
-# --------------------------
-#
-# When submitting an empty select multiple, like this one ::
-#
-#     <select multiple="multiple" name="key2"></select>
-#
-# The browsers usually strip the parameter completely. A hack to avoid this, and therefore being able to submit an empty select multiple, is to submit a value that tells the server that the list is empty ::
-#
-#     <select multiple="multiple" name="key2"><option value="_empty"></select>
-#
-# :class:`parsers.FormParser` provides the server-side implementation for this hack. Considering the following posted data :
-#
-#     >>> inpt = urlencode([
-#     ...     ('key1', 'blo1'), ('key1', '_empty'),
-#     ...     ('key2', '_empty'),
-#     ... ])
-#
-# :class:`parsers.FormParser` strips the values ``_empty`` from all the lists.
-#
-#     >>> (data, files) = MyFormParser(some_view).parse(StringIO(inpt))
-#     >>> data == {'key1': 'blo1'}
-#     True
-#
-# Oh ... but wait a second, the parameter ``key2`` isn't even supposed to be a list, so the parser just stripped it.
-#
-#     >>> class MyFormParser(FormParser):
-#     ...
-#     ...     def is_a_list(self, key, val_list):
-#     ...         return key == 'key2'
-#     ...
-#     >>> (data, files) = MyFormParser(some_view).parse(StringIO(inpt))
-#     >>> data == {'key1': 'blo1', 'key2': []}
-#     True
-#
-# Better like that. Note that you can configure something else than ``_empty`` for the empty value by setting :attr:`parsers.FormParser.EMPTY_VALUE`.
-# """
-# import httplib, mimetypes
-# from tempfile import TemporaryFile
-# from django.test import TestCase
-# from django.test.client import RequestFactory
-# from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser
-# from rest_framework.views import View
-# from StringIO import StringIO
-#
-# def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, files):
-#     """For testing multipart parser.
-#     fields is a sequence of (name, value) elements for regular form fields.
-#     files is a sequence of (name, filename, value) elements for data to be uploaded as files
-#     Return (content_type, body)."""
-#     BOUNDARY = '----------ThIs_Is_tHe_bouNdaRY_$'
-#     CRLF = '\r\n'
-#     L = []
-#     for (key, value) in fields:
-#         L.append('--' + BOUNDARY)
-#         L.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key)
-#         L.append('')
-#         L.append(value)
-#     for (key, filename, value) in files:
-#         L.append('--' + BOUNDARY)
-#         L.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename))
-#         L.append('Content-Type: %s' % get_content_type(filename))
-#         L.append('')
-#         L.append(value)
-#     L.append('--' + BOUNDARY + '--')
-#     L.append('')
-#     body = CRLF.join(L)
-#     content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY
-#     return content_type, body
-#
-# def get_content_type(filename):
-#     return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or 'application/octet-stream'
-#
-#class TestMultiPartParser(TestCase):
-#    def setUp(self):
-#        self.req = RequestFactory()
-#        self.content_type, self.body = encode_multipart_formdata([('key1', 'val1'), ('key1', 'val2')],
-#        [('file1', 'pic.jpg', 'blablabla'), ('file1', 't.txt', 'blobloblo')])
-#
-#    def test_multipartparser(self):
-#        """Ensure that MultiPartParser can parse multipart/form-data that contains a mix of several files and parameters."""
-#        post_req = RequestFactory().post('/', self.body, content_type=self.content_type)
-#        view = View()
-#        view.request = post_req
-#        (data, files) = MultiPartParser(view).parse(StringIO(self.body))
-#        self.assertEqual(data['key1'], 'val1')
-#        self.assertEqual(files['file1'].read(), 'blablabla')
-
-from StringIO import StringIO
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from rest_framework.compat import StringIO
 from django import forms
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser

rest_framework/tests/relations.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 General tests for relational fields.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers

rest_framework/tests/relations_hyperlink.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url
@@ -74,9 +75,9 @@ class HyperlinkedManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/']},
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/']},
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -84,14 +85,14 @@ class HyperlinkedManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']}
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_many_to_many_update(self):
-        data = {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
+        data = {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
         instance = ManyToManySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -102,14 +103,14 @@ class HyperlinkedManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']},
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
-                {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']},
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
+                {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_many_to_many_update(self):
-        data = {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/']}
+        data = {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/']}
         instance = ManyToManyTarget.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -120,48 +121,48 @@ class HyperlinkedManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']}
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']}
 
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_many_to_many_create(self):
-        data = {'url': '/manytomanysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
+        data = {'url': '/manytomanysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
+            {'url': '/manytomanysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/2/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'targets': ['/manytomanytarget/1/', '/manytomanytarget/3/']}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_many_to_many_create(self):
-        data = {'url': '/manytomanytarget/4/', 'name': u'target-4', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/3/']}
+        data = {'url': '/manytomanytarget/4/', 'name': 'target-4', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/3/']}
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'target-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'target-4')
 
         # Ensure target 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/4/', 'name': u'target-4', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/3/']}
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/2/', '/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/3/', 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/manytomanytarget/4/', 'name': 'target-4', 'sources': ['/manytomanysource/1/', '/manytomanysource/3/']}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -182,9 +183,9 @@ class HyperlinkedForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'}
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -192,13 +193,13 @@ class HyperlinkedForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/2/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/2/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -209,21 +210,21 @@ class HyperlinkedForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'}
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_incorrect_type(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 2}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 2}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Incorrect type.  Expected url string, received int.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['Incorrect type.  Expected url string, received int.']})
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']}
         instance = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.get(pk=2)
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -232,8 +233,8 @@ class HyperlinkedForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         new_serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/2/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/2/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(new_serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -244,54 +245,54 @@ class HyperlinkedForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/2/']},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/2/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'}
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 1 is updated, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/2/'},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/3/', 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/3/', 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']}
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'target-3')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'target-3')
 
         # Ensure target 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/2/']},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
-            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/3/', 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/2/']},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'url': '/foreignkeytarget/3/', 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['/foreignkeysource/1/', '/foreignkeysource/3/']},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_invalid_null(self):
-        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'url': '/foreignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Value may not be null']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['This field is required.']})
 
 
 class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
@@ -310,28 +311,28 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -340,27 +341,27 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected_data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/4/', 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -371,9 +372,9 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -382,8 +383,8 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -394,9 +395,9 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': u'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
-            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/1/', 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/2/', 'name': 'source-2', 'target': '/foreignkeytarget/1/'},
+            {'url': '/nullableforeignkeysource/3/', 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
     # and cannot be arbitrarily set.
 
     # def test_reverse_foreign_key_update(self):
-    #     data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
+    #     data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
     #     instance = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.get(pk=1)
     #     serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
     #     self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -416,8 +417,8 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
     #     queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
     #     serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
     #     expected = [
-    #         {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
-    #         {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+    #         {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
+    #         {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
     #     ]
     #     self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ class HyperlinkedNullableOneToOneTests(TestCase):
         queryset = OneToOneTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableOneToOneTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'url': '/onetoonetarget/1/', 'name': u'target-1', 'nullable_source': '/nullableonetoonesource/1/'},
-            {'url': '/onetoonetarget/2/', 'name': u'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
+            {'url': '/onetoonetarget/1/', 'name': 'target-1', 'nullable_source': '/nullableonetoonesource/1/'},
+            {'url': '/onetoonetarget/2/', 'name': 'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)

rest_framework/tests/relations_nested.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.tests.models import ForeignKeyTarget, ForeignKeySource, NullableForeignKeySource, OneToOneTarget, NullableOneToOneSource
@@ -53,9 +54,9 @@ class ReverseForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1'}},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1'}},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1'}},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1'}},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1'}},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1'}},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -63,12 +64,12 @@ class ReverseForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [
-                {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-                {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-                {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [
+                {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+                {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+                {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 1},
             ]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [
             ]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
@@ -88,9 +89,9 @@ class NestedNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1'}},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1'}},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1'}},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1'}},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ class NestedNullableOneToOneTests(TestCase):
         queryset = OneToOneTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableOneToOneTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'nullable_source': {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1}},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'nullable_source': {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1}},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)

rest_framework/tests/relations_pk.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.tests.models import ManyToManyTarget, ManyToManySource, ForeignKeyTarget, ForeignKeySource, NullableForeignKeySource, OneToOneTarget, NullableOneToOneSource
@@ -56,9 +57,9 @@ class PKManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-                {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': [1]},
-                {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
-                {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
+                {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': [1]},
+                {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
+                {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -66,14 +67,14 @@ class PKManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': [3]}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': [3]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_many_to_many_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
         instance = ManyToManySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -84,14 +85,14 @@ class PKManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-                {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]},
-                {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
-                {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
+                {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]},
+                {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
+                {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_many_to_many_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
         instance = ManyToManyTarget.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -102,47 +103,47 @@ class PKManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': [3]}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': [3]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_many_to_many_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'targets': [1, 3]}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'targets': [1, 3]}
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ManyToManySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'targets': [1]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'targets': [1, 3]},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'targets': [1]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'targets': [1, 2]},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'targets': [1, 2, 3]},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'targets': [1, 3]},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_many_to_many_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'target-4', 'sources': [1, 3]}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'target-4', 'sources': [1, 3]}
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'target-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'target-4')
 
         # Ensure target 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ManyToManyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ManyToManyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': [3]},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'target-4', 'sources': [1, 3]}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [2, 3]},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': [3]},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'target-4', 'sources': [1, 3]}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -161,9 +162,9 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 1}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 1}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -171,13 +172,13 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 2}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 2}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -188,21 +189,21 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 2},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 1}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 2},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 1}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_incorrect_type(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'foo'}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'foo'}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Incorrect type.  Expected pk value, received str.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['Incorrect type.  Expected pk value, received str.']})
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [1, 3]}
+        data = {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [1, 3]}
         instance = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.get(pk=2)
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -211,8 +212,8 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         new_serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1, 2, 3]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(new_serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -223,54 +224,54 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [2]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': [1, 3]},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [2]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': [1, 3]},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': 2}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': 2}
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': 2},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': 2},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': [1, 3]}
+        data = {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': [1, 3]}
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'target-3')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'target-3')
 
         # Ensure target 3 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [2]},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': [1, 3]},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [2]},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': [1, 3]},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_invalid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Value may not be null']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['Value may not be null']})
 
 
 class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
@@ -287,28 +288,28 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -317,27 +318,27 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected_data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -348,9 +349,9 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -359,8 +360,8 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -371,9 +372,9 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 1},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 1},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
     # and cannot be arbitrarily set.
 
     # def test_reverse_foreign_key_update(self):
-    #     data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
+    #     data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]}
     #     instance = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.get(pk=1)
     #     serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
     #     self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -393,8 +394,8 @@ class PKNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
     #     queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
     #     serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
     #     expected = [
-    #         {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
-    #         {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+    #         {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': [1]},
+    #         {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
     #     ]
     #     self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -412,7 +413,7 @@ class PKNullableOneToOneTests(TestCase):
         queryset = OneToOneTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableOneToOneTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'nullable_source': 1},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'nullable_source': 1},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'nullable_source': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)

rest_framework/tests/relations_slug.py

@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-2', 'source-3']},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-2', 'source-3']},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-2'}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-2'}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -66,21 +66,21 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-2'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-2'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_incorrect_type(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 123}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 123}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Object with name=123 does not exist.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['Object with name=123 does not exist.']})
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_update(self):
-        data = {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']}
+        data = {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']}
         instance = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.get(pk=2)
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         new_serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-2', 'source-3']},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-2', 'source-3']},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(new_serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -101,55 +101,55 @@ class PKForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['source-2']},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['source-2']},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': 'target-2'}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': 'target-2'}
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         serializer.is_valid()
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': 'target-2'},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': 'target-2'},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_create(self):
-        data = {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']}
+        data = {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']}
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'target-3')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'target-3')
 
         # Ensure target 3 is added, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = ForeignKeyTarget.objects.all()
         serializer = ForeignKeyTargetSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'target-1', 'sources': ['source-2']},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'target-2', 'sources': []},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'target-3', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'target-1', 'sources': ['source-2']},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'target-2', 'sources': []},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'target-3', 'sources': ['source-1', 'source-3']},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_invalid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = ForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = ForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': [u'Value may not be null']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'target': ['This field is required.']})
 
 
 class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
@@ -166,28 +166,28 @@ class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_create_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -196,27 +196,27 @@ class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
         obj = serializer.save()
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected_data)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, u'source-4')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'source-4')
 
         # Ensure source 4 is created, and everything else is as expected
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 4, 'name': u'source-4', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 4, 'name': 'source-4', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
     def test_foreign_key_update_with_valid_null(self):
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         The emptystring should be interpreted as null in the context
         of relationships.
         """
-        data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': ''}
-        expected_data = {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None}
+        data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': ''}
+        expected_data = {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None}
         instance = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.get(pk=1)
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(instance, data=data)
         self.assertTrue(serializer.is_valid())
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ class SlugNullableForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         queryset = NullableForeignKeySource.objects.all()
         serializer = NullableForeignKeySourceSerializer(queryset)
         expected = [
-            {'id': 1, 'name': u'source-1', 'target': None},
-            {'id': 2, 'name': u'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
-            {'id': 3, 'name': u'source-3', 'target': None}
+            {'id': 1, 'name': 'source-1', 'target': None},
+            {'id': 2, 'name': 'source-2', 'target': 'target-1'},
+            {'id': 3, 'name': 'source-3', 'target': None}
         ]
         self.assertEquals(serializer.data, expected)

rest_framework/tests/renderers.py

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ from rest_framework.renderers import BaseRenderer, JSONRenderer, YAMLRenderer, \
 from rest_framework.parsers import YAMLParser, XMLParser
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
 
-from StringIO import StringIO
+from rest_framework.compat import StringIO
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 DUMMYSTATUS = status.HTTP_200_OK
 DUMMYCONTENT = 'dummycontent'
 
-RENDERER_A_SERIALIZER = lambda x: 'Renderer A: %s' % x
-RENDERER_B_SERIALIZER = lambda x: 'Renderer B: %s' % x
+RENDERER_A_SERIALIZER = lambda x: ('Renderer A: %s' % x).encode('ascii')
+RENDERER_B_SERIALIZER = lambda x: ('Renderer B: %s' % x).encode('ascii')
 
 
 expected_results = [
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class RendererEndToEndTests(TestCase):
         resp = self.client.head('/')
         self.assertEquals(resp.status_code, DUMMYSTATUS)
         self.assertEquals(resp['Content-Type'], RendererA.media_type)
-        self.assertEquals(resp.content, '')
+        self.assertEquals(resp.content, six.b(''))
 
     def test_default_renderer_serializes_content_on_accept_any(self):
         """If the Accept header is set to */* the default renderer should serialize the response."""
@@ -267,7 +268,8 @@ class JSONPRendererTests(TestCase):
                                HTTP_ACCEPT='application/javascript')
         self.assertEquals(resp.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEquals(resp['Content-Type'], 'application/javascript')
-        self.assertEquals(resp.content, 'callback(%s);' % _flat_repr)
+        self.assertEquals(resp.content,
+            ('callback(%s);' % _flat_repr).encode('ascii'))
 
     def test_without_callback_without_json_renderer(self):
         """
@@ -277,7 +279,8 @@ class JSONPRendererTests(TestCase):
                                HTTP_ACCEPT='application/javascript')
         self.assertEquals(resp.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEquals(resp['Content-Type'], 'application/javascript')
-        self.assertEquals(resp.content, 'callback(%s);' % _flat_repr)
+        self.assertEquals(resp.content,
+            ('callback(%s);' % _flat_repr).encode('ascii'))
 
     def test_with_callback(self):
         """
@@ -288,7 +291,8 @@ class JSONPRendererTests(TestCase):
                                HTTP_ACCEPT='application/javascript')
         self.assertEquals(resp.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEquals(resp['Content-Type'], 'application/javascript')
-        self.assertEquals(resp.content, '%s(%s);' % (callback_func, _flat_repr))
+        self.assertEquals(resp.content,
+            ('%s(%s);' % (callback_func, _flat_repr)).encode('ascii'))
 
 
 if yaml:

rest_framework/tests/request.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Tests for content parsing, and form-overloaded content parsing.
 """
-import json
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login, logout
 from django.contrib.sessions.middleware import SessionMiddleware
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ from rest_framework.request import Request
 from rest_framework.response import Response
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
+from rest_framework.compat import six
+import json
 
 
 factory = RequestFactory()
@@ -79,14 +81,14 @@ class TestContentParsing(TestCase):
         data = {'qwerty': 'uiop'}
         request = Request(factory.post('/', data))
         request.parsers = (FormParser(), MultiPartParser())
-        self.assertEqual(request.DATA.items(), data.items())
+        self.assertEqual(list(request.DATA.items()), list(data.items()))
 
     def test_request_DATA_with_text_content(self):
         """
         Ensure request.DATA returns content for POST request with
         non-form content.
         """
-        content = 'qwerty'
+        content = six.b('qwerty')
         content_type = 'text/plain'
         request = Request(factory.post('/', content, content_type=content_type))
         request.parsers = (PlainTextParser(),)
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ class TestContentParsing(TestCase):
         data = {'qwerty': 'uiop'}
         request = Request(factory.post('/', data))
         request.parsers = (FormParser(), MultiPartParser())
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST.items(), data.items())
+        self.assertEqual(list(request.POST.items()), list(data.items()))
 
     def test_standard_behaviour_determines_form_content_PUT(self):
         """
@@ -117,14 +119,14 @@ class TestContentParsing(TestCase):
             request = Request(factory.put('/', data))
 
         request.parsers = (FormParser(), MultiPartParser())
-        self.assertEqual(request.DATA.items(), data.items())
+        self.assertEqual(list(request.DATA.items()), list(data.items()))
 
     def test_standard_behaviour_determines_non_form_content_PUT(self):
         """
         Ensure request.DATA returns content for PUT request with
         non-form content.
         """
-        content = 'qwerty'
+        content = six.b('qwerty')
         content_type = 'text/plain'
         request = Request(factory.put('/', content, content_type=content_type))
         request.parsers = (PlainTextParser(), )

rest_framework/tests/response.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url, include
 from rest_framework.response import Response
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ from rest_framework.renderers import (
     BrowsableAPIRenderer
 )
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
+from rest_framework.compat import six
 
 
 class MockPickleRenderer(BaseRenderer):
@@ -22,8 +24,8 @@ class MockJsonRenderer(BaseRenderer):
 DUMMYSTATUS = status.HTTP_200_OK
 DUMMYCONTENT = 'dummycontent'
 
-RENDERER_A_SERIALIZER = lambda x: 'Renderer A: %s' % x
-RENDERER_B_SERIALIZER = lambda x: 'Renderer B: %s' % x
+RENDERER_A_SERIALIZER = lambda x: ('Renderer A: %s' % x).encode('ascii')
+RENDERER_B_SERIALIZER = lambda x: ('Renderer B: %s' % x).encode('ascii')
 
 
 class RendererA(BaseRenderer):
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ class RendererIntegrationTests(TestCase):
         resp = self.client.head('/')
         self.assertEquals(resp.status_code, DUMMYSTATUS)
         self.assertEquals(resp['Content-Type'], RendererA.media_type)
-        self.assertEquals(resp.content, '')
+        self.assertEquals(resp.content, six.b(''))
 
     def test_default_renderer_serializes_content_on_accept_any(self):
         """If the Accept header is set to */* the default renderer should serialize the response."""

rest_framework/tests/reverse.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url

rest_framework/tests/serializer.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-import datetime
-import pickle
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import serializers
 from rest_framework.tests.models import (HasPositiveIntegerAsChoice, Album, ActionItem, Anchor, BasicModel,
     BlankFieldModel, BlogPost, Book, CallableDefaultValueModel, DefaultValueModel,
     ManyToManyModel, Person, ReadOnlyManyToManyModel, Photo)
+import datetime
+import pickle
 
 
 class SubComment(object):
@@ -200,12 +202,12 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
     def test_create(self):
         serializer = CommentSerializer(data=self.data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': [u'Ensure this value has at most 1000 characters (it has 1001).']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': ['Ensure this value has at most 1000 characters (it has 1001).']})
 
     def test_update(self):
         serializer = CommentSerializer(self.comment, data=self.data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': [u'Ensure this value has at most 1000 characters (it has 1001).']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': ['Ensure this value has at most 1000 characters (it has 1001).']})
 
     def test_update_missing_field(self):
         data = {
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = CommentSerializer(self.comment, data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'email': [u'This field is required.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'email': ['This field is required.']})
 
     def test_missing_bool_with_default(self):
         """Make sure that a boolean value with a 'False' value is not
@@ -234,17 +236,17 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
         data = ['i am', 'a', 'list']
         serializer = CommentSerializer(self.comment, data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': [u'Invalid data']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': ['Invalid data']})
 
         data = 'and i am a string'
         serializer = CommentSerializer(self.comment, data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': [u'Invalid data']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': ['Invalid data']})
 
         data = 42
         serializer = CommentSerializer(self.comment, data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': [u'Invalid data']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': ['Invalid data']})
 
     def test_cross_field_validation(self):
 
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
 
         serializer = CommentSerializerWithCrossFieldValidator(data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': [u'Email address not in content']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'non_field_errors': ['Email address not in content']})
 
     def test_null_is_true_fields(self):
         """
@@ -284,7 +286,7 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = ActionItemSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'title': [u'Ensure this value has at most 200 characters (it has 201).']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'title': ['Ensure this value has at most 200 characters (it has 201).']})
 
     def test_modelserializer_max_length_exceeded_with_custom_restore(self):
         """
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = ActionItemSerializerCustomRestore(data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'title': [u'Ensure this value has at most 200 characters (it has 201).']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'title': ['Ensure this value has at most 200 characters (it has 201).']})
 
     def test_default_modelfield_max_length_exceeded(self):
         data = {
@@ -307,7 +309,7 @@ class ValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = ActionItemSerializer(data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'info': [u'Ensure this value has at most 12 characters (it has 13).']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'info': ['Ensure this value has at most 12 characters (it has 13).']})
 
 
 class CustomValidationTests(TestCase):
@@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ class CustomValidationTests(TestCase):
 
         serializer = self.CommentSerializerWithFieldValidator(data=data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': [u'Test not in value']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': ['Test not in value']})
 
     def test_missing_data(self):
         """
@@ -350,7 +352,7 @@ class CustomValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = self.CommentSerializerWithFieldValidator(data=incomplete_data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': [u'This field is required.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'content': ['This field is required.']})
 
     def test_wrong_data(self):
         """
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ class CustomValidationTests(TestCase):
         }
         serializer = self.CommentSerializerWithFieldValidator(data=wrong_data)
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'email': [u'Enter a valid e-mail address.']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'email': ['Enter a valid e-mail address.']})
 
 
 class PositiveIntegerAsChoiceTests(TestCase):
@@ -383,7 +385,7 @@ class ModelValidationTests(TestCase):
         serializer.save()
         second_serializer = AlbumsSerializer(data={'title': 'a'})
         self.assertFalse(second_serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(second_serializer.errors,  {'title': [u'Album with this Title already exists.']})
+        self.assertEqual(second_serializer.errors,  {'title': ['Album with this Title already exists.']})
 
     def test_foreign_key_with_partial(self):
         """
@@ -421,15 +423,15 @@ class RegexValidationTest(TestCase):
     def test_create_failed(self):
         serializer = BookSerializer(data={'isbn': '1234567890'})
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': [u'isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': ['isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
 
         serializer = BookSerializer(data={'isbn': '12345678901234'})
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': [u'isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': ['isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
 
         serializer = BookSerializer(data={'isbn': 'abcdefghijklm'})
         self.assertFalse(serializer.is_valid())
-        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': [u'isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
+        self.assertEquals(serializer.errors, {'isbn': ['isbn has to be exact 13 numbers']})
 
     def test_create_success(self):
         serializer = BookSerializer(data={'isbn': '1234567890123'})
@@ -536,7 +538,8 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         containing no items, using a representation that does not support
         lists (eg form data).
         """
-        data = {'rel': ''}
+        data = MultiValueDict()
+        data.setlist('rel', [''])
         serializer = self.serializer_class(data=data)
         self.assertEquals(serializer.is_valid(), True)
         instance = serializer.save()
@@ -743,11 +746,11 @@ class RelatedTraversalTest(TestCase):
         serializer = BlogPostSerializer(instance=post)
 
         expected = {
-            'title': u'Test blog post',
+            'title': 'Test blog post',
             'comments': [{
-                'text': u'I love this blog post',
+                'text': 'I love this blog post',
                 'post_owner': {
-                    "name": u"django",
+                    "name": "django",
                     "age": None
                 }
             }]
@@ -782,8 +785,8 @@ class SerializerMethodFieldTests(TestCase):
         serializer = self.serializer_class(source_data)
 
         expected = {
-            'beep': u'hello!',
-            'boop': [u'a', u'b', u'c'],
+            'beep': 'hello!',
+            'boop': ['a', 'b', 'c'],
             'boop_count': 3,
         }
 
@@ -882,8 +885,8 @@ class DepthTest(TestCase):
                 depth = 1
 
         serializer = BlogPostSerializer(instance=post)
-        expected = {'id': 1, 'title': u'Test blog post',
-                    'writer': {'id': 1, 'name': u'django', 'age': 1}}
+        expected = {'id': 1, 'title': 'Test blog post',
+                    'writer': {'id': 1, 'name': 'django', 'age': 1}}
 
         self.assertEqual(serializer.data, expected)
 
@@ -902,8 +905,8 @@ class DepthTest(TestCase):
                 model = BlogPost
 
         serializer = BlogPostSerializer(instance=post)
-        expected = {'id': 1, 'title': u'Test blog post',
-                    'writer': {'id': 1, 'name': u'django', 'age': 1}}
+        expected = {'id': 1, 'title': 'Test blog post',
+                    'writer': {'id': 1, 'name': 'django', 'age': 1}}
 
         self.assertEqual(serializer.data, expected)
 

rest_framework/tests/settings.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for the settings module"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from rest_framework.settings import APISettings, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS

rest_framework/tests/status.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for the status module"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from rest_framework import status
 

rest_framework/tests/testcases.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # http://djangosnippets.org/snippets/1011/
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.db.models import loading

rest_framework/tests/tests.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Force import of all modules in this package in order to get the standard test
 runner to pick up the tests.  Yowzers.
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import os
 
 modules = [filename.rsplit('.', 1)[0]

rest_framework/tests/throttling.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 """
 Tests for the throttling implementations in the permissions module.
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core.cache import cache
-
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
 from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle

rest_framework/tests/urlpatterns.py

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from collections import namedtuple
-
 from django.core import urlresolvers
-
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
-
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url, include
 from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns
 

rest_framework/tests/utils.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory, FakePayload
 from django.test.client import MULTIPART_CONTENT
-from urlparse import urlparse
+from rest_framework.compat import urlparse
 
 
 class RequestFactory(RequestFactory):
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ class RequestFactory(RequestFactory):
 
         patch_data = self._encode_data(data, content_type)
 
-        parsed = urlparse(path)
+        parsed = urlparse.urlparse(path)
         r = {
             'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(patch_data),
             'CONTENT_TYPE':   content_type,

rest_framework/tests/validators.py

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 #         raise errors on unexpected request data"""
 #         content = {'qwerty': 'uiop', 'extra': 'extra'}
 #         validator.allow_unknown_form_fields = True
-#         self.assertEqual({'qwerty': u'uiop'},
+#         self.assertEqual({'qwerty': 'uiop'},
 #                          validator.validate_request(content, None),
 #                          "Resource didn't accept unknown fields.")
 #         validator.allow_unknown_form_fields = False

rest_framework/tests/views.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import copy
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from rest_framework import status
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
 from rest_framework.response import Response
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
 from rest_framework.views import APIView
+import copy
 
 factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class ClassBasedViewIntegrationTests(TestCase):
         request = factory.post('/', 'f00bar', content_type='application/json')
         response = self.view(request)
         expected = {
-            'detail': u'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
+            'detail': 'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
         }
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
         self.assertEquals(sanitise_json_error(response.data), expected)
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class ClassBasedViewIntegrationTests(TestCase):
         request = factory.post('/', form_data)
         response = self.view(request)
         expected = {
-            'detail': u'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
+            'detail': 'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
         }
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
         self.assertEquals(sanitise_json_error(response.data), expected)
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class FunctionBasedViewIntegrationTests(TestCase):
         request = factory.post('/', 'f00bar', content_type='application/json')
         response = self.view(request)
         expected = {
-            'detail': u'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
+            'detail': 'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
         }
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
         self.assertEquals(sanitise_json_error(response.data), expected)
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ class FunctionBasedViewIntegrationTests(TestCase):
         request = factory.post('/', form_data)
         response = self.view(request)
         expected = {
-            'detail': u'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
+            'detail': 'JSON parse error - No JSON object could be decoded'
         }
         self.assertEquals(response.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
         self.assertEquals(sanitise_json_error(response.data), expected)

rest_framework/throttling.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import time
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.cache import cache
 from rest_framework import exceptions
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
+import time
 
 
 class BaseThrottle(object):

rest_framework/urlpatterns.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.core.urlresolvers import RegexURLResolver
 from rest_framework.compat import url, include
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
-from django.core.urlresolvers import RegexURLResolver
 
 
 def apply_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns, suffix_pattern, suffix_required):

rest_framework/urls.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ your authentication settings include `SessionAuthentication`.
         url(r'^auth', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
     )
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from rest_framework.compat import patterns, url
 
 

rest_framework/utils/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.utils.xmlutils import SimplerXMLGenerator
 from rest_framework.compat import StringIO
+from rest_framework.compat import six
+from rest_framework.compat import smart_text
 import re
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ class XMLRenderer():
                 xml.endElement("list-item")
 
         elif isinstance(data, dict):
-            for key, value in data.iteritems():
+            for key, value in six.iteritems(data):
                 xml.startElement(key, {})
                 self._to_xml(xml, value)
                 xml.endElement(key)
@@ -80,10 +82,10 @@ class XMLRenderer():
             pass
 
         else:
-            xml.characters(smart_unicode(data))
+            xml.characters(smart_text(data))
 
     def dict2xml(self, data):
-        stream = StringIO.StringIO()
+        stream = StringIO()
 
         xml = SimplerXMLGenerator(stream, "utf-8")
         xml.startDocument()

rest_framework/utils/breadcrumbs.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve, get_script_prefix
 
 

rest_framework/utils/encoders.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 """
 Helper classes for parsers.
 """
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
+from rest_framework.compat import timezone
+from rest_framework.serializers import DictWithMetadata, SortedDictWithMetadata
 import datetime
 import decimal
 import types
 import json
-from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
-from rest_framework.compat import timezone
-from rest_framework.serializers import DictWithMetadata, SortedDictWithMetadata
 
 
 class JSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):

rest_framework/utils/mediatypes.py

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ Handling of media types, as found in HTTP Content-Type and Accept headers.
 
 See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7
 """
-
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.http.multipartparser import parse_header
+from rest_framework import HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING
 
 
 def media_type_matches(lhs, rhs):
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class _MediaType(object):
         if media_type_str is None:
             media_type_str = ''
         self.orig = media_type_str
-        self.full_type, self.params = parse_header(media_type_str)
+        self.full_type, self.params = parse_header(media_type_str.encode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING))
         self.main_type, sep, self.sub_type = self.full_type.partition('/')
 
     def match(self, other):

rest_framework/views.py

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 """
 Provides an APIView class that is used as the base of all class-based views.
 """
-
-import re
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.http import Http404
 from django.utils.html import escape
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ from rest_framework.compat import View, apply_markdown
 from rest_framework.response import Response
 from rest_framework.request import Request
 from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
+import re
 
 
 def _remove_trailing_string(content, trailing):

setup.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
+#from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from setuptools import setup
 import re
 import os
@@ -45,9 +47,9 @@ version = get_version('rest_framework')
 
 if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
     os.system("python setup.py sdist upload")
-    print "You probably want to also tag the version now:"
-    print "  git tag -a %s -m 'version %s'" % (version, version)
-    print "  git push --tags"
+    print("You probably want to also tag the version now:")
+    print("  git tag -a %s -m 'version %s'" % (version, version))
+    print("  git push --tags")
     sys.exit()
 
 
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ setup(
         'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
         'Operating System :: OS Independent',
         'Programming Language :: Python',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
         'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP',
     ]
 )

tox.ini

@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
 [tox]
 downloadcache = {toxworkdir}/cache/
-envlist = py2.7-django1.5,py2.7-django1.4,py2.7-django1.3,py2.6-django1.5,py2.6-django1.4,py2.6-django1.3
+envlist = py3.3-django1.5,py3.2-django1.5,py2.7-django1.5,py2.7-django1.4,py2.7-django1.3,py2.6-django1.5,py2.6-django1.4,py2.6-django1.3
 
 [testenv]
 commands = {envpython} rest_framework/runtests/runtests.py
 
+[testenv:py3.3-django1.5]
+basepython = python3.3
+deps = https://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.5c1/tarball/
+       https://github.com/alex/django-filter/archive/master.tar.gz
+
+[testenv:py3.2-django1.5]
+basepython = python3.2
+deps = https://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.5c1/tarball/
+       https://github.com/alex/django-filter/archive/master.tar.gz
+
 [testenv:py2.7-django1.5]
 basepython = python2.7
-deps = https://github.com/django/django/zipball/master
+deps = https://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.5c1/tarball/
+       django-filter==0.5.4
+
+[testenv:py2.6-django1.5]
+basepython = python2.6
+deps = https://www.djangoproject.com/download/1.5c1/tarball/
        django-filter==0.5.4
 
 [testenv:py2.7-django1.4]
@@ -15,21 +30,16 @@ basepython = python2.7
 deps = django==1.4.3
        django-filter==0.5.4
 
+[testenv:py2.6-django1.4]
+basepython = python2.6
+deps = django==1.4.3
+       django-filter==0.5.4
+
 [testenv:py2.7-django1.3]
 basepython = python2.7
 deps = django==1.3.5
        django-filter==0.5.4
 
-[testenv:py2.6-django1.5]
-basepython = python2.6
-deps = https://github.com/django/django/zipball/master
-       django-filter==0.5.4
-
-[testenv:py2.6-django1.4]
-basepython = python2.6
-deps = django==1.4.3
-       django-filter==0.5.4
-
 [testenv:py2.6-django1.3]
 basepython = python2.6
 deps = django==1.3.5