""" Renderers are used to serialize a response into specific media types. They give us a generic way of being able to handle various media types on the response, such as JSON encoded data or HTML output. REST framework also provides an HTML renderer that renders the browsable API. """ from __future__ import unicode_literals import base64 import json from collections import OrderedDict from django import forms from django.conf import settings from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured from django.core.paginator import Page from django.http.multipartparser import parse_header from django.template import Template, loader from django.test.client import encode_multipart from django.utils import six from django.utils.html import mark_safe from rest_framework import VERSION, exceptions, serializers, status from rest_framework.compat import ( INDENT_SEPARATORS, LONG_SEPARATORS, SHORT_SEPARATORS, coreapi, pygments_css, template_render ) from rest_framework.exceptions import ParseError from rest_framework.request import is_form_media_type, override_method from rest_framework.settings import api_settings from rest_framework.utils import encoders from rest_framework.utils.breadcrumbs import get_breadcrumbs from rest_framework.utils.field_mapping import ClassLookupDict def zero_as_none(value): return None if value == 0 else value class BaseRenderer(object): """ All renderers should extend this class, setting the `media_type` and `format` attributes, and override the `.render()` method. """ media_type = None format = None charset = 'utf-8' render_style = 'text' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): raise NotImplementedError('Renderer class requires .render() to be implemented') class JSONRenderer(BaseRenderer): """ Renderer which serializes to JSON. """ media_type = 'application/json' format = 'json' encoder_class = encoders.JSONEncoder ensure_ascii = not api_settings.UNICODE_JSON compact = api_settings.COMPACT_JSON # We don't set a charset because JSON is a binary encoding, # that can be encoded as utf-8, utf-16 or utf-32. # See: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt # Also: http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2013/7/19/application-mimetypes-and-encodings/ charset = None def get_indent(self, accepted_media_type, renderer_context): if accepted_media_type: # If the media type looks like 'application/json; indent=4', # then pretty print the result. # Note that we coerce `indent=0` into `indent=None`. base_media_type, params = parse_header(accepted_media_type.encode('ascii')) try: return zero_as_none(max(min(int(params['indent']), 8), 0)) except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError): pass # If 'indent' is provided in the context, then pretty print the result. # E.g. If we're being called by the BrowsableAPIRenderer. return renderer_context.get('indent', None) def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): """ Render `data` into JSON, returning a bytestring. """ if data is None: return bytes() renderer_context = renderer_context or {} indent = self.get_indent(accepted_media_type, renderer_context) if indent is None: separators = SHORT_SEPARATORS if self.compact else LONG_SEPARATORS else: separators = INDENT_SEPARATORS ret = json.dumps( data, cls=self.encoder_class, indent=indent, ensure_ascii=self.ensure_ascii, separators=separators ) # On python 2.x json.dumps() returns bytestrings if ensure_ascii=True, # but if ensure_ascii=False, the return type is underspecified, # and may (or may not) be unicode. # On python 3.x json.dumps() returns unicode strings. if isinstance(ret, six.text_type): # We always fully escape \u2028 and \u2029 to ensure we output JSON # that is a strict javascript subset. If bytes were returned # by json.dumps() then we don't have these characters in any case. # See: http://timelessrepo.com/json-isnt-a-javascript-subset ret = ret.replace('\u2028', '\\u2028').replace('\u2029', '\\u2029') return bytes(ret.encode('utf-8')) return ret class TemplateHTMLRenderer(BaseRenderer): """ An HTML renderer for use with templates. The data supplied to the Response object should be a dictionary that will be used as context for the template. The template name is determined by (in order of preference): 1. An explicit `.template_name` attribute set on the response. 2. An explicit `.template_name` attribute set on this class. 3. The return result of calling `view.get_template_names()`. For example: data = {'users': User.objects.all()} return Response(data, template_name='users.html') For pre-rendered HTML, see StaticHTMLRenderer. """ media_type = 'text/html' format = 'html' template_name = None exception_template_names = [ '%(status_code)s.html', 'api_exception.html' ] charset = 'utf-8' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): """ Renders data to HTML, using Django's standard template rendering. The template name is determined by (in order of preference): 1. An explicit .template_name set on the response. 2. An explicit .template_name set on this class. 3. The return result of calling view.get_template_names(). """ renderer_context = renderer_context or {} view = renderer_context['view'] request = renderer_context['request'] response = renderer_context['response'] if response.exception: template = self.get_exception_template(response) else: template_names = self.get_template_names(response, view) template = self.resolve_template(template_names) if hasattr(self, 'resolve_context'): # Fallback for older versions. context = self.resolve_context(data, request, response) else: context = self.get_template_context(data, renderer_context) return template_render(template, context, request=request) def resolve_template(self, template_names): return loader.select_template(template_names) def get_template_context(self, data, renderer_context): response = renderer_context['response'] if response.exception: data['status_code'] = response.status_code return data def get_template_names(self, response, view): if response.template_name: return [response.template_name] elif self.template_name: return [self.template_name] elif hasattr(view, 'get_template_names'): return view.get_template_names() elif hasattr(view, 'template_name'): return [view.template_name] raise ImproperlyConfigured( 'Returned a template response with no `template_name` attribute set on either the view or response' ) def get_exception_template(self, response): template_names = [name % {'status_code': response.status_code} for name in self.exception_template_names] try: # Try to find an appropriate error template return self.resolve_template(template_names) except Exception: # Fall back to using eg '404 Not Found' return Template('%d %s' % (response.status_code, response.status_text.title())) # Note, subclass TemplateHTMLRenderer simply for the exception behavior class StaticHTMLRenderer(TemplateHTMLRenderer): """ An HTML renderer class that simply returns pre-rendered HTML. The data supplied to the Response object should be a string representing the pre-rendered HTML content. For example: data = 'example' return Response(data) For template rendered HTML, see TemplateHTMLRenderer. """ media_type = 'text/html' format = 'html' charset = 'utf-8' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): renderer_context = renderer_context or {} response = renderer_context.get('response') if response and response.exception: request = renderer_context['request'] template = self.get_exception_template(response) if hasattr(self, 'resolve_context'): context = self.resolve_context(data, request, response) else: context = self.get_template_context(data, renderer_context) return template_render(template, context, request=request) return data class HTMLFormRenderer(BaseRenderer): """ Renderers serializer data into an HTML form. If the serializer was instantiated without an object then this will return an HTML form not bound to any object, otherwise it will return an HTML form with the appropriate initial data populated from the object. Note that rendering of field and form errors is not currently supported. """ media_type = 'text/html' format = 'form' charset = 'utf-8' template_pack = 'rest_framework/vertical/' base_template = 'form.html' default_style = ClassLookupDict({ serializers.Field: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'text' }, serializers.EmailField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'email' }, serializers.URLField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'url' }, serializers.IntegerField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'number' }, serializers.FloatField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'number' }, serializers.DateTimeField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'datetime-local' }, serializers.DateField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'date' }, serializers.TimeField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'time' }, serializers.FileField: { 'base_template': 'input.html', 'input_type': 'file' }, serializers.BooleanField: { 'base_template': 'checkbox.html' }, serializers.ChoiceField: { 'base_template': 'select.html', # Also valid: 'radio.html' }, serializers.MultipleChoiceField: { 'base_template': 'select_multiple.html', # Also valid: 'checkbox_multiple.html' }, serializers.RelatedField: { 'base_template': 'select.html', # Also valid: 'radio.html' }, serializers.ManyRelatedField: { 'base_template': 'select_multiple.html', # Also valid: 'checkbox_multiple.html' }, serializers.Serializer: { 'base_template': 'fieldset.html' }, serializers.ListSerializer: { 'base_template': 'list_fieldset.html' }, serializers.FilePathField: { 'base_template': 'select.html', }, }) def render_field(self, field, parent_style): if isinstance(field._field, serializers.HiddenField): return '' style = dict(self.default_style[field]) style.update(field.style) if 'template_pack' not in style: style['template_pack'] = parent_style.get('template_pack', self.template_pack) style['renderer'] = self # Get a clone of the field with text-only value representation. field = field.as_form_field() if style.get('input_type') == 'datetime-local' and isinstance(field.value, six.text_type): field.value = field.value.rstrip('Z') if 'template' in style: template_name = style['template'] else: template_name = style['template_pack'].strip('/') + '/' + style['base_template'] template = loader.get_template(template_name) context = {'field': field, 'style': style} return template_render(template, context) def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): """ Render serializer data and return an HTML form, as a string. """ renderer_context = renderer_context or {} form = data.serializer style = renderer_context.get('style', {}) if 'template_pack' not in style: style['template_pack'] = self.template_pack style['renderer'] = self template_pack = style['template_pack'].strip('/') template_name = template_pack + '/' + self.base_template template = loader.get_template(template_name) context = { 'form': form, 'style': style } return template_render(template, context) class BrowsableAPIRenderer(BaseRenderer): """ HTML renderer used to self-document the API. """ media_type = 'text/html' format = 'api' template = 'rest_framework/api.html' filter_template = 'rest_framework/filters/base.html' charset = 'utf-8' form_renderer_class = HTMLFormRenderer def get_default_renderer(self, view): """ Return an instance of the first valid renderer. (Don't use another documenting renderer.) """ renderers = [renderer for renderer in view.renderer_classes if not issubclass(renderer, BrowsableAPIRenderer)] non_template_renderers = [renderer for renderer in renderers if not hasattr(renderer, 'get_template_names')] if not renderers: return None elif non_template_renderers: return non_template_renderers[0]() return renderers[0]() def get_content(self, renderer, data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context): """ Get the content as if it had been rendered by the default non-documenting renderer. """ if not renderer: return '[No renderers were found]' renderer_context['indent'] = 4 content = renderer.render(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context) render_style = getattr(renderer, 'render_style', 'text') assert render_style in ['text', 'binary'], 'Expected .render_style ' \ '"text" or "binary", but got "%s"' % render_style if render_style == 'binary': return '[%d bytes of binary content]' % len(content) return content def show_form_for_method(self, view, method, request, obj): """ Returns True if a form should be shown for this method. """ if method not in view.allowed_methods: return # Not a valid method try: view.check_permissions(request) if obj is not None: view.check_object_permissions(request, obj) except exceptions.APIException: return False # Doesn't have permissions return True def _get_serializer(self, serializer_class, view_instance, request, *args, **kwargs): kwargs['context'] = { 'request': request, 'format': self.format, 'view': view_instance } return serializer_class(*args, **kwargs) def get_rendered_html_form(self, data, view, method, request): """ Return a string representing a rendered HTML form, possibly bound to either the input or output data. In the absence of the View having an associated form then return None. """ # See issue #2089 for refactoring this. serializer = getattr(data, 'serializer', None) if serializer and not getattr(serializer, 'many', False): instance = getattr(serializer, 'instance', None) if isinstance(instance, Page): instance = None else: instance = None # If this is valid serializer data, and the form is for the same # HTTP method as was used in the request then use the existing # serializer instance, rather than dynamically creating a new one. if request.method == method and serializer is not None: try: kwargs = {'data': request.data} except ParseError: kwargs = {} existing_serializer = serializer else: kwargs = {} existing_serializer = None with override_method(view, request, method) as request: if not self.show_form_for_method(view, method, request, instance): return if method in ('DELETE', 'OPTIONS'): return True # Don't actually need to return a form has_serializer = getattr(view, 'get_serializer', None) has_serializer_class = getattr(view, 'serializer_class', None) if ( (not has_serializer and not has_serializer_class) or not any(is_form_media_type(parser.media_type) for parser in view.parser_classes) ): return if existing_serializer is not None: try: return self.render_form_for_serializer(existing_serializer) except TypeError: pass if has_serializer: if method in ('PUT', 'PATCH'): serializer = view.get_serializer(instance=instance, **kwargs) else: serializer = view.get_serializer(**kwargs) else: # at this point we must have a serializer_class if method in ('PUT', 'PATCH'): serializer = self._get_serializer(view.serializer_class, view, request, instance=instance, **kwargs) else: serializer = self._get_serializer(view.serializer_class, view, request, **kwargs) return self.render_form_for_serializer(serializer) def render_form_for_serializer(self, serializer): if hasattr(serializer, 'initial_data'): serializer.is_valid() form_renderer = self.form_renderer_class() return form_renderer.render( serializer.data, self.accepted_media_type, {'style': {'template_pack': 'rest_framework/horizontal'}} ) def get_raw_data_form(self, data, view, method, request): """ Returns a form that allows for arbitrary content types to be tunneled via standard HTML forms. (Which are typically application/x-www-form-urlencoded) """ # See issue #2089 for refactoring this. serializer = getattr(data, 'serializer', None) if serializer and not getattr(serializer, 'many', False): instance = getattr(serializer, 'instance', None) if isinstance(instance, Page): instance = None else: instance = None with override_method(view, request, method) as request: # Check permissions if not self.show_form_for_method(view, method, request, instance): return # If possible, serialize the initial content for the generic form default_parser = view.parser_classes[0] renderer_class = getattr(default_parser, 'renderer_class', None) if hasattr(view, 'get_serializer') and renderer_class: # View has a serializer defined and parser class has a # corresponding renderer that can be used to render the data. if method in ('PUT', 'PATCH'): serializer = view.get_serializer(instance=instance) else: serializer = view.get_serializer() # Render the raw data content renderer = renderer_class() accepted = self.accepted_media_type context = self.renderer_context.copy() context['indent'] = 4 data = {k: v for (k, v) in serializer.data.items() if not isinstance(serializer.fields[k], serializers.HiddenField)} content = renderer.render(data, accepted, context) else: content = None # Generate a generic form that includes a content type field, # and a content field. media_types = [parser.media_type for parser in view.parser_classes] choices = [(media_type, media_type) for media_type in media_types] initial = media_types[0] class GenericContentForm(forms.Form): _content_type = forms.ChoiceField( label='Media type', choices=choices, initial=initial, widget=forms.Select(attrs={'data-override': 'content-type'}) ) _content = forms.CharField( label='Content', widget=forms.Textarea(attrs={'data-override': 'content'}), initial=content ) return GenericContentForm() def get_name(self, view): return view.get_view_name() def get_description(self, view, status_code): if status_code in (status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN): return '' return view.get_view_description(html=True) def get_breadcrumbs(self, request): return get_breadcrumbs(request.path, request) def get_filter_form(self, data, view, request): if not hasattr(view, 'get_queryset') or not hasattr(view, 'filter_backends'): return # Infer if this is a list view or not. paginator = getattr(view, 'paginator', None) if isinstance(data, list): pass elif paginator is not None and data is not None: try: paginator.get_results(data) except (TypeError, KeyError): return elif not isinstance(data, list): return queryset = view.get_queryset() elements = [] for backend in view.filter_backends: if hasattr(backend, 'to_html'): html = backend().to_html(request, queryset, view) if html: elements.append(html) if not elements: return template = loader.get_template(self.filter_template) context = {'elements': elements} return template_render(template, context) def get_context(self, data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context): """ Returns the context used to render. """ view = renderer_context['view'] request = renderer_context['request'] response = renderer_context['response'] renderer = self.get_default_renderer(view) raw_data_post_form = self.get_raw_data_form(data, view, 'POST', request) raw_data_put_form = self.get_raw_data_form(data, view, 'PUT', request) raw_data_patch_form = self.get_raw_data_form(data, view, 'PATCH', request) raw_data_put_or_patch_form = raw_data_put_form or raw_data_patch_form response_headers = OrderedDict(sorted(response.items())) renderer_content_type = '' if renderer: renderer_content_type = '%s' % renderer.media_type if renderer.charset: renderer_content_type += ' ;%s' % renderer.charset response_headers['Content-Type'] = renderer_content_type if getattr(view, 'paginator', None) and view.paginator.display_page_controls: paginator = view.paginator else: paginator = None csrf_cookie_name = settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME csrf_header_name = getattr(settings, 'CSRF_HEADER_NAME', 'HTTP_X_CSRFToken') # Fallback for Django 1.8 if csrf_header_name.startswith('HTTP_'): csrf_header_name = csrf_header_name[5:] csrf_header_name = csrf_header_name.replace('_', '-') context = { 'content': self.get_content(renderer, data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context), 'view': view, 'request': request, 'response': response, 'user': request.user, 'description': self.get_description(view, response.status_code), 'name': self.get_name(view), 'version': VERSION, 'paginator': paginator, 'breadcrumblist': self.get_breadcrumbs(request), 'allowed_methods': view.allowed_methods, 'available_formats': [renderer_cls.format for renderer_cls in view.renderer_classes], 'response_headers': response_headers, 'put_form': self.get_rendered_html_form(data, view, 'PUT', request), 'post_form': self.get_rendered_html_form(data, view, 'POST', request), 'delete_form': self.get_rendered_html_form(data, view, 'DELETE', request), 'options_form': self.get_rendered_html_form(data, view, 'OPTIONS', request), 'filter_form': self.get_filter_form(data, view, request), 'raw_data_put_form': raw_data_put_form, 'raw_data_post_form': raw_data_post_form, 'raw_data_patch_form': raw_data_patch_form, 'raw_data_put_or_patch_form': raw_data_put_or_patch_form, 'display_edit_forms': bool(response.status_code != 403), 'api_settings': api_settings, 'csrf_cookie_name': csrf_cookie_name, 'csrf_header_name': csrf_header_name } return context def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): """ Render the HTML for the browsable API representation. """ self.accepted_media_type = accepted_media_type or '' self.renderer_context = renderer_context or {} template = loader.get_template(self.template) context = self.get_context(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context) ret = template_render(template, context, request=renderer_context['request']) # Munge DELETE Response code to allow us to return content # (Do this *after* we've rendered the template so that we include # the normal deletion response code in the output) response = renderer_context['response'] if response.status_code == status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT: response.status_code = status.HTTP_200_OK return ret class AdminRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer): template = 'rest_framework/admin.html' format = 'admin' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): self.accepted_media_type = accepted_media_type or '' self.renderer_context = renderer_context or {} response = renderer_context['response'] request = renderer_context['request'] view = self.renderer_context['view'] if response.status_code == status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST: # Errors still need to display the list or detail information. # The only way we can get at that is to simulate a GET request. self.error_form = self.get_rendered_html_form(data, view, request.method, request) self.error_title = {'POST': 'Create', 'PUT': 'Edit'}.get(request.method, 'Errors') with override_method(view, request, 'GET') as request: response = view.get(request, *view.args, **view.kwargs) data = response.data template = loader.get_template(self.template) context = self.get_context(data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context) ret = template_render(template, context, request=renderer_context['request']) # Creation and deletion should use redirects in the admin style. if response.status_code == status.HTTP_201_CREATED and 'Location' in response: response.status_code = status.HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER response['Location'] = request.build_absolute_uri() ret = '' if response.status_code == status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT: response.status_code = status.HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER try: # Attempt to get the parent breadcrumb URL. response['Location'] = self.get_breadcrumbs(request)[-2][1] except KeyError: # Otherwise reload current URL to get a 'Not Found' page. response['Location'] = request.full_path ret = '' return ret def get_context(self, data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context): """ Render the HTML for the browsable API representation. """ context = super(AdminRenderer, self).get_context( data, accepted_media_type, renderer_context ) paginator = getattr(context['view'], 'paginator', None) if paginator is not None and data is not None: try: results = paginator.get_results(data) except (TypeError, KeyError): results = data else: results = data if results is None: header = {} style = 'detail' elif isinstance(results, list): header = results[0] if results else {} style = 'list' else: header = results style = 'detail' columns = [key for key in header.keys() if key != 'url'] details = [key for key in header.keys() if key != 'url'] context['style'] = style context['columns'] = columns context['details'] = details context['results'] = results context['error_form'] = getattr(self, 'error_form', None) context['error_title'] = getattr(self, 'error_title', None) return context class DocumentationRenderer(BaseRenderer): media_type = 'text/html' format = 'html' charset = 'utf-8' template = 'rest_framework/docs/index.html' code_style = 'emacs' languages = ['shell', 'javascript', 'python'] def get_context(self, data, request): return { 'document': data, 'langs': self.languages, 'code_style': pygments_css(self.code_style), 'request': request } def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): template = loader.get_template(self.template) context = self.get_context(data, renderer_context['request']) return template_render(template, context, request=renderer_context['request']) class SchemaJSRenderer(BaseRenderer): media_type = 'application/javascript' format = 'javascript' charset = 'utf-8' template = 'rest_framework/schema.js' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): codec = coreapi.codecs.CoreJSONCodec() schema = base64.b64encode(codec.encode(data)) template = loader.get_template(self.template) context = {'schema': mark_safe(schema)} request = renderer_context['request'] return template_render(template, context, request=request) class MultiPartRenderer(BaseRenderer): media_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg' format = 'multipart' charset = 'utf-8' BOUNDARY = 'BoUnDaRyStRiNg' def render(self, data, accepted_media_type=None, renderer_context=None): if hasattr(data, 'items'): for key, value in data.items(): assert not isinstance(value, dict), ( "Test data contained a dictionary value for key '%s', " "but multipart uploads do not support nested data. " "You may want to consider using format='json' in this " "test case." % key ) return encode_multipart(self.BOUNDARY, data) class CoreJSONRenderer(BaseRenderer): media_type = 'application/coreapi+json' charset = None format = 'corejson' def __init__(self): assert coreapi, 'Using CoreJSONRenderer, but `coreapi` is not installed.' def render(self, data, media_type=None, renderer_context=None): indent = bool(renderer_context.get('indent', 0)) codec = coreapi.codecs.CoreJSONCodec() return codec.dump(data, indent=indent)