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"""
Serializer fields perform validation on incoming data.
They are very similar to Django's form fields.
"""
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import copy
import datetime
import inspect
import re
import warnings
from decimal import Decimal, DecimalException
from django import forms
from django.core import validators
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.conf import settings
from django.db.models.fields import BLANK_CHOICE_DASH
from django.forms import widgets
from django.utils.encoding import is_protected_type
from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
from django.utils.datastructures import SortedDict
from rest_framework import ISO_8601
from rest_framework.compat import (
timezone, parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_time, BytesIO, six, smart_text,
force_text, is_non_str_iterable
)
from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
def is_simple_callable(obj):
"""
True if the object is a callable that takes no arguments.
"""
function = inspect.isfunction(obj)
method = inspect.ismethod(obj)
if not (function or method):
return False
args, _, _, defaults = inspect.getargspec(obj)
len_args = len(args) if function else len(args) - 1
len_defaults = len(defaults) if defaults else 0
return len_args <= len_defaults
def get_component(obj, attr_name):
"""
Given an object, and an attribute name,
return that attribute on the object.
"""
if isinstance(obj, dict):
val = obj.get(attr_name)
else:
val = getattr(obj, attr_name)
if is_simple_callable(val):
return val()
return val
def readable_datetime_formats(formats):
format = ', '.join(formats).replace(ISO_8601,
'YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm[:ss[.uuuuuu]][+HHMM|-HHMM|Z]')
return humanize_strptime(format)
def readable_date_formats(formats):
format = ', '.join(formats).replace(ISO_8601, 'YYYY[-MM[-DD]]')
return humanize_strptime(format)
def readable_time_formats(formats):
format = ', '.join(formats).replace(ISO_8601, 'hh:mm[:ss[.uuuuuu]]')
return humanize_strptime(format)
def humanize_strptime(format_string):
# Note that we're missing some of the locale specific mappings that
# don't really make sense.
mapping = {
"%Y": "YYYY",
"%y": "YY",
"%m": "MM",
"%b": "[Jan-Dec]",
"%B": "[January-December]",
"%d": "DD",
"%H": "hh",
"%I": "hh", # Requires '%p' to differentiate from '%H'.
"%M": "mm",
"%S": "ss",
"%f": "uuuuuu",
"%a": "[Mon-Sun]",
"%A": "[Monday-Sunday]",
"%p": "[AM|PM]",
"%z": "[+HHMM|-HHMM]"
}
for key, val in mapping.items():
format_string = format_string.replace(key, val)
return format_string
class Field(object):
read_only = True
creation_counter = 0
empty = ''
type_name = None
partial = False
use_files = False
form_field_class = forms.CharField
type_label = 'field'
def __init__(self, source=None, label=None, help_text=None):
self.parent = None
self.creation_counter = Field.creation_counter
Field.creation_counter += 1
self.source = source
if label is not None:
self.label = smart_text(label)
if help_text is not None:
self.help_text = smart_text(help_text)
def initialize(self, parent, field_name):
"""
Called to set up a field prior to field_to_native or field_from_native.
parent - The parent serializer.
model_field - The model field this field corresponds to, if one exists.
"""
self.parent = parent
self.root = parent.root or parent
self.context = self.root.context
self.partial = self.root.partial
if self.partial:
self.required = False
def field_from_native(self, data, files, field_name, into):
"""
Given a dictionary and a field name, updates the dictionary `into`,
with the field and it's deserialized value.
"""
return
def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
"""
Given and object and a field name, returns the value that should be
serialized for that field.
"""
if obj is None:
return self.empty
if self.source == '*':
return self.to_native(obj)
source = self.source or field_name
value = obj
for component in source.split('.'):
value = get_component(value, component)
if value is None:
break
return self.to_native(value)
def to_native(self, value):
"""
Converts the field's value into it's simple representation.
"""
if is_simple_callable(value):
value = value()
if is_protected_type(value):
return value
elif (is_non_str_iterable(value) and
not isinstance(value, (dict, six.string_types))):
return [self.to_native(item) for item in value]
elif isinstance(value, dict):
# Make sure we preserve field ordering, if it exists
ret = SortedDict()
for key, val in value.items():
ret[key] = self.to_native(val)
return ret
return force_text(value)
def attributes(self):
"""
Returns a dictionary of attributes to be used when serializing to xml.
"""
if self.type_name:
return {'type': self.type_name}
return {}
def metadata(self):
metadata = SortedDict()
metadata['type'] = self.type_label
metadata['required'] = getattr(self, 'required', False)
optional_attrs = ['read_only', 'label', 'help_text',
'min_length', 'max_length']
for attr in optional_attrs:
value = getattr(self, attr, None)
if value is not None and value != '':
metadata[attr] = force_text(value, strings_only=True)
return metadata
class WritableField(Field):
"""
Base for read/write fields.
"""
default_validators = []
default_error_messages = {
'required': _('This field is required.'),
'invalid': _('Invalid value.'),
}
widget = widgets.TextInput
default = None
def __init__(self, source=None, label=None, help_text=None,
read_only=False, required=None,
validators=[], error_messages=None, widget=None,
default=None, blank=None):
# 'blank' is to be deprecated in favor of 'required'
if blank is not None:
warnings.warn('The `blank` keyword argument is deprecated. '
'Use the `required` keyword argument instead.',
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
required = not(blank)
super(WritableField, self).__init__(source=source, label=label, help_text=help_text)
self.read_only = read_only
if required is None:
self.required = not(read_only)
else:
assert not (read_only and required), "Cannot set required=True and read_only=True"
self.required = required
messages = {}
for c in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
messages.update(getattr(c, 'default_error_messages', {}))
messages.update(error_messages or {})
self.error_messages = messages
self.validators = self.default_validators + validators
self.default = default if default is not None else self.default
# Widgets are ony used for HTML forms.
widget = widget or self.widget
if isinstance(widget, type):
widget = widget()
self.widget = widget
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
result = copy.copy(self)
memo[id(self)] = result
result.validators = self.validators[:]
return result
def validate(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES and self.required:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'])
def run_validators(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return
errors = []
for v in self.validators:
try:
v(value)
except ValidationError as e:
if hasattr(e, 'code') and e.code in self.error_messages:
message = self.error_messages[e.code]
if e.params:
message = message % e.params
errors.append(message)
else:
errors.extend(e.messages)
if errors:
raise ValidationError(errors)
def field_from_native(self, data, files, field_name, into):
"""
Given a dictionary and a field name, updates the dictionary `into`,
with the field and it's deserialized value.
"""
if self.read_only:
return
try:
if self.use_files:
files = files or {}
native = files[field_name]
else:
native = data[field_name]
except KeyError:
if self.default is not None and not self.partial:
# Note: partial updates shouldn't set defaults
if is_simple_callable(self.default):
native = self.default()
else:
native = self.default
else:
if self.required:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'])
return
value = self.from_native(native)
if self.source == '*':
if value:
into.update(value)
else:
self.validate(value)
self.run_validators(value)
into[self.source or field_name] = value
def from_native(self, value):
"""
Reverts a simple representation back to the field's value.
"""
return value
class ModelField(WritableField):
"""
A generic field that can be used against an arbitrary model field.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
try:
self.model_field = kwargs.pop('model_field')
except KeyError:
raise ValueError("ModelField requires 'model_field' kwarg")
self.min_length = kwargs.pop('min_length',
getattr(self.model_field, 'min_length', None))
self.max_length = kwargs.pop('max_length',
getattr(self.model_field, 'max_length', None))
self.min_value = kwargs.pop('min_value',
getattr(self.model_field, 'min_value', None))
self.max_value = kwargs.pop('max_value',
getattr(self.model_field, 'max_value', None))
super(ModelField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if self.min_length is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MinLengthValidator(self.min_length))
if self.max_length is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MaxLengthValidator(self.max_length))
if self.min_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MinValueValidator(self.min_value))
if self.max_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MaxValueValidator(self.max_value))
def from_native(self, value):
rel = getattr(self.model_field, "rel", None)
if rel is not None:
return rel.to._meta.get_field(rel.field_name).to_python(value)
else:
return self.model_field.to_python(value)
def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
value = self.model_field._get_val_from_obj(obj)
if is_protected_type(value):
return value
return self.model_field.value_to_string(obj)
def attributes(self):
return {
"type": self.model_field.get_internal_type()
}
##### Typed Fields #####
class BooleanField(WritableField):
type_name = 'BooleanField'
type_label = 'boolean'
form_field_class = forms.BooleanField
widget = widgets.CheckboxInput
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("'%s' value must be either True or False."),
}
empty = False
# Note: we set default to `False` in order to fill in missing value not
# supplied by html form. TODO: Fix so that only html form input gets
# this behavior.
default = False
def from_native(self, value):
if value in ('true', 't', 'True', '1'):
return True
if value in ('false', 'f', 'False', '0'):
return False
return bool(value)
class CharField(WritableField):
type_name = 'CharField'
type_label = 'string'
form_field_class = forms.CharField
def __init__(self, max_length=None, min_length=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.max_length, self.min_length = max_length, min_length
super(CharField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if min_length is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MinLengthValidator(min_length))
if max_length is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MaxLengthValidator(max_length))
def from_native(self, value):
if isinstance(value, six.string_types) or value is None:
return value
return smart_text(value)
class URLField(CharField):
type_name = 'URLField'
type_label = 'url'
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
kwargs['validators'] = [validators.URLValidator()]
super(URLField, self).__init__(**kwargs)
class SlugField(CharField):
type_name = 'SlugField'
type_label = 'slug'
form_field_class = forms.SlugField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("Enter a valid 'slug' consisting of letters, numbers,"
" underscores or hyphens."),
}
default_validators = [validators.validate_slug]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SlugField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
class ChoiceField(WritableField):
type_name = 'ChoiceField'
type_label = 'multiple choice'
form_field_class = forms.ChoiceField
widget = widgets.Select
default_error_messages = {
'invalid_choice': _('Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of '
'the available choices.'),
}
def __init__(self, choices=(), *args, **kwargs):
super(ChoiceField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.choices = choices
if not self.required:
self.choices = BLANK_CHOICE_DASH + self.choices
def _get_choices(self):
return self._choices
def _set_choices(self, value):
# Setting choices also sets the choices on the widget.
# choices can be any iterable, but we call list() on it because
# it will be consumed more than once.
self._choices = self.widget.choices = list(value)
choices = property(_get_choices, _set_choices)
def validate(self, value):
"""
Validates that the input is in self.choices.
"""
super(ChoiceField, self).validate(value)
if value and not self.valid_value(value):
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_choice'] % {'value': value})
def valid_value(self, value):
"""
Check to see if the provided value is a valid choice.
"""
for k, v in self.choices:
if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
# This is an optgroup, so look inside the group for options
for k2, v2 in v:
if value == smart_text(k2):
return True
else:
if value == smart_text(k) or value == k:
return True
return False
class EmailField(CharField):
type_name = 'EmailField'
type_label = 'email'
form_field_class = forms.EmailField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _('Enter a valid e-mail address.'),
}
default_validators = [validators.validate_email]
def from_native(self, value):
ret = super(EmailField, self).from_native(value)
if ret is None:
return None
return ret.strip()
class RegexField(CharField):
type_name = 'RegexField'
type_label = 'regex'
form_field_class = forms.RegexField
def __init__(self, regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, *args, **kwargs):
super(RegexField, self).__init__(max_length, min_length, *args, **kwargs)
self.regex = regex
def _get_regex(self):
return self._regex
def _set_regex(self, regex):
if isinstance(regex, six.string_types):
regex = re.compile(regex)
self._regex = regex
if hasattr(self, '_regex_validator') and self._regex_validator in self.validators:
self.validators.remove(self._regex_validator)
self._regex_validator = validators.RegexValidator(regex=regex)
self.validators.append(self._regex_validator)
regex = property(_get_regex, _set_regex)
class DateField(WritableField):
type_name = 'DateField'
type_label = 'date'
widget = widgets.DateInput
form_field_class = forms.DateField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("Date has wrong format. Use one of these formats instead: %s"),
}
empty = None
input_formats = api_settings.DATE_INPUT_FORMATS
format = api_settings.DATE_FORMAT
def __init__(self, input_formats=None, format=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.input_formats = input_formats if input_formats is not None else self.input_formats
self.format = format if format is not None else self.format
super(DateField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def from_native(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
if timezone and settings.USE_TZ and timezone.is_aware(value):
# Convert aware datetimes to the default time zone
# before casting them to dates (#17742).
default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
value = timezone.make_naive(value, default_timezone)
return value.date()
if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
return value
for format in self.input_formats:
if format.lower() == ISO_8601:
try:
parsed = parse_date(value)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
if parsed is not None:
return parsed
else:
try:
parsed = datetime.datetime.strptime(value, format)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
return parsed.date()
msg = self.error_messages['invalid'] % readable_date_formats(self.input_formats)
raise ValidationError(msg)
def to_native(self, value):
if value is None or self.format is None:
return value
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
value = value.date()
if self.format.lower() == ISO_8601:
return value.isoformat()
return value.strftime(self.format)
class DateTimeField(WritableField):
type_name = 'DateTimeField'
type_label = 'datetime'
widget = widgets.DateTimeInput
form_field_class = forms.DateTimeField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("Datetime has wrong format. Use one of these formats instead: %s"),
}
empty = None
input_formats = api_settings.DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS
format = api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT
def __init__(self, input_formats=None, format=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.input_formats = input_formats if input_formats is not None else self.input_formats
self.format = format if format is not None else self.format
super(DateTimeField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def from_native(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
return value
if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
value = datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
if settings.USE_TZ:
# For backwards compatibility, interpret naive datetimes in
# local time. This won't work during DST change, but we can't
# do much about it, so we let the exceptions percolate up the
# call stack.
warnings.warn("DateTimeField received a naive datetime (%s)"
" while time zone support is active." % value,
RuntimeWarning)
default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
value = timezone.make_aware(value, default_timezone)
return value
for format in self.input_formats:
if format.lower() == ISO_8601:
try:
parsed = parse_datetime(value)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
if parsed is not None:
return parsed
else:
try:
parsed = datetime.datetime.strptime(value, format)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
return parsed
msg = self.error_messages['invalid'] % readable_datetime_formats(self.input_formats)
raise ValidationError(msg)
def to_native(self, value):
if value is None or self.format is None:
return value
if self.format.lower() == ISO_8601:
ret = value.isoformat()
if ret.endswith('+00:00'):
ret = ret[:-6] + 'Z'
return ret
return value.strftime(self.format)
class TimeField(WritableField):
type_name = 'TimeField'
type_label = 'time'
widget = widgets.TimeInput
form_field_class = forms.TimeField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("Time has wrong format. Use one of these formats instead: %s"),
}
empty = None
input_formats = api_settings.TIME_INPUT_FORMATS
format = api_settings.TIME_FORMAT
def __init__(self, input_formats=None, format=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.input_formats = input_formats if input_formats is not None else self.input_formats
self.format = format if format is not None else self.format
super(TimeField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def from_native(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
if isinstance(value, datetime.time):
return value
for format in self.input_formats:
if format.lower() == ISO_8601:
try:
parsed = parse_time(value)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
if parsed is not None:
return parsed
else:
try:
parsed = datetime.datetime.strptime(value, format)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
else:
return parsed.time()
msg = self.error_messages['invalid'] % readable_time_formats(self.input_formats)
raise ValidationError(msg)
def to_native(self, value):
if value is None or self.format is None:
return value
if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
value = value.time()
if self.format.lower() == ISO_8601:
return value.isoformat()
return value.strftime(self.format)
class IntegerField(WritableField):
type_name = 'IntegerField'
type_label = 'integer'
form_field_class = forms.IntegerField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _('Enter a whole number.'),
'max_value': _('Ensure this value is less than or equal to %(limit_value)s.'),
'min_value': _('Ensure this value is greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s.'),
}
def __init__(self, max_value=None, min_value=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.max_value, self.min_value = max_value, min_value
super(IntegerField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if max_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MaxValueValidator(max_value))
if min_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MinValueValidator(min_value))
def from_native(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
try:
value = int(str(value))
except (ValueError, TypeError):
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'])
return value
class FloatField(WritableField):
type_name = 'FloatField'
type_label = 'float'
form_field_class = forms.FloatField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("'%s' value must be a float."),
}
def from_native(self, value):
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
try:
return float(value)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
msg = self.error_messages['invalid'] % value
raise ValidationError(msg)
class DecimalField(WritableField):
type_name = 'DecimalField'
type_label = 'decimal'
form_field_class = forms.DecimalField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _('Enter a number.'),
'max_value': _('Ensure this value is less than or equal to %(limit_value)s.'),
'min_value': _('Ensure this value is greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s.'),
'max_digits': _('Ensure that there are no more than %s digits in total.'),
'max_decimal_places': _('Ensure that there are no more than %s decimal places.'),
'max_whole_digits': _('Ensure that there are no more than %s digits before the decimal point.')
}
def __init__(self, max_value=None, min_value=None, max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, *args, **kwargs):
self.max_value, self.min_value = max_value, min_value
self.max_digits, self.decimal_places = max_digits, decimal_places
super(DecimalField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if max_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MaxValueValidator(max_value))
if min_value is not None:
self.validators.append(validators.MinValueValidator(min_value))
def from_native(self, value):
"""
Validates that the input is a decimal number. Returns a Decimal
instance. Returns None for empty values. Ensures that there are no more
than max_digits in the number, and no more than decimal_places digits
after the decimal point.
"""
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
value = smart_text(value).strip()
try:
value = Decimal(value)
except DecimalException:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'])
return value
def validate(self, value):
super(DecimalField, self).validate(value)
if value in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return
# Check for NaN, Inf and -Inf values. We can't compare directly for NaN,
# since it is never equal to itself. However, NaN is the only value that
# isn't equal to itself, so we can use this to identify NaN
if value != value or value == Decimal("Inf") or value == Decimal("-Inf"):
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'])
sign, digittuple, exponent = value.as_tuple()
decimals = abs(exponent)
# digittuple doesn't include any leading zeros.
digits = len(digittuple)
if decimals > digits:
# We have leading zeros up to or past the decimal point. Count
# everything past the decimal point as a digit. We do not count
# 0 before the decimal point as a digit since that would mean
# we would not allow max_digits = decimal_places.
digits = decimals
whole_digits = digits - decimals
if self.max_digits is not None and digits > self.max_digits:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_digits'] % self.max_digits)
if self.decimal_places is not None and decimals > self.decimal_places:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_decimal_places'] % self.decimal_places)
if self.max_digits is not None and self.decimal_places is not None and whole_digits > (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places):
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_whole_digits'] % (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places))
return value
class FileField(WritableField):
use_files = True
type_name = 'FileField'
type_label = 'file upload'
form_field_class = forms.FileField
widget = widgets.FileInput
default_error_messages = {
'invalid': _("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form."),
'missing': _("No file was submitted."),
'empty': _("The submitted file is empty."),
'max_length': _('Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d characters (it has %(length)d).'),
'contradiction': _('Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both.')
}
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.max_length = kwargs.pop('max_length', None)
self.allow_empty_file = kwargs.pop('allow_empty_file', False)
super(FileField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def from_native(self, data):
if data in validators.EMPTY_VALUES:
return None
# UploadedFile objects should have name and size attributes.
try:
file_name = data.name
file_size = data.size
except AttributeError:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'])
if self.max_length is not None and len(file_name) > self.max_length:
error_values = {'max': self.max_length, 'length': len(file_name)}
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_length'] % error_values)
if not file_name:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'])
if not self.allow_empty_file and not file_size:
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['empty'])
return data
def to_native(self, value):
return value.name
class ImageField(FileField):
use_files = True
type_name = 'ImageField'
type_label = 'image upload'
form_field_class = forms.ImageField
default_error_messages = {
'invalid_image': _("Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was "
"either not an image or a corrupted image."),
}
def from_native(self, data):
"""
Checks that the file-upload field data contains a valid image (GIF, JPG,
PNG, possibly others -- whatever the Python Imaging Library supports).
"""
f = super(ImageField, self).from_native(data)
if f is None:
return None
from compat import Image
assert Image is not None, 'PIL must be installed for ImageField support'
# We need to get a file object for PIL. We might have a path or we might
# have to read the data into memory.
if hasattr(data, 'temporary_file_path'):
file = data.temporary_file_path()
else:
if hasattr(data, 'read'):
file = BytesIO(data.read())
else:
file = BytesIO(data['content'])
try:
# load() could spot a truncated JPEG, but it loads the entire
# image in memory, which is a DoS vector. See #3848 and #18520.
# verify() must be called immediately after the constructor.
Image.open(file).verify()
except ImportError:
# Under PyPy, it is possible to import PIL. However, the underlying
# _imaging C module isn't available, so an ImportError will be
# raised. Catch and re-raise.
raise
except Exception: # Python Imaging Library doesn't recognize it as an image
raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_image'])
if hasattr(f, 'seek') and callable(f.seek):
f.seek(0)
return f
class SerializerMethodField(Field):
"""
A field that gets its value by calling a method on the serializer it's attached to.
"""
def __init__(self, method_name):
self.method_name = method_name
super(SerializerMethodField, self).__init__()
def field_to_native(self, obj, field_name):
value = getattr(self.parent, self.method_name)(obj)
return self.to_native(value)
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