django-rest-framework/api-guide/schemas/index.html
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<a class="github" href="https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/tree/master/rest_framework/schemas">
<span class="label label-info">schemas</span>
</a>
<h1 id="schema"><a class="toclink" href="#schema">Schema</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>A machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.</p>
<p>&mdash; Heroku, [JSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API][cite]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>API schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including
generating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that
can interact with your API.</p>
<p>Django REST Framework provides support for automatic generation of
<a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification">OpenAPI</a> schemas.</p>
<h2 id="generating-an-openapi-schema"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-an-openapi-schema">Generating an OpenAPI Schema</a></h2>
<h3 id="install-pyyaml"><a class="toclink" href="#install-pyyaml">Install <code>pyyaml</code></a></h3>
<p>You'll need to install <code>pyyaml</code>, so that you can render your generated schema
into the commonly used YAML-based OpenAPI format.</p>
<pre><code>pip install pyyaml
</code></pre>
<h3 id="generating-a-static-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-a-static-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command">Generating a static schema with the <code>generateschema</code> management command</a></h3>
<p>If your schema is static, you can use the <code>generateschema</code> management command:</p>
<pre><code class="bash">./manage.py generateschema &gt; openapi-schema.yml
</code></pre>
<p>Once you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any
additional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema
generator.</p>
<p>You might want to check your API schema into version control and update it
with each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.</p>
<h3 id="generating-a-dynamic-schema-with-schemaview"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-a-dynamic-schema-with-schemaview">Generating a dynamic schema with <code>SchemaView</code></a></h3>
<p>If you require a dynamic schema, because foreign key choices depend on database
values, for example, you can route a <code>SchemaView</code> that will generate and serve
your schema on demand.</p>
<p>To route a <code>SchemaView</code>, use the <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper.</p>
<p>In <code>urls.py</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="python">from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view
urlpatterns = [
# ...
# Use the `get_schema_view()` helper to add a `SchemaView` to project URLs.
# * `title` and `description` parameters are passed to `SchemaGenerator`.
# * Provide view name for use with `reverse()`.
path('openapi', get_schema_view(
title=&quot;Your Project&quot;,
description=&quot;API for all things …&quot;,
version=&quot;1.0.0&quot;
), name='openapi-schema'),
# ...
]
</code></pre>
<h4 id="get_schema_view"><a class="toclink" href="#get_schema_view"><code>get_schema_view()</code></a></h4>
<p>The <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper takes the following keyword arguments:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>title</code>: May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.</li>
<li><code>description</code>: Longer descriptive text.</li>
<li><code>version</code>: The version of the API.</li>
<li>
<p><code>url</code>: May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.</p>
<pre><code>schema_view = get_schema_view(
title='Server Monitoring API',
url='https://www.example.org/api/'
)
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>urlconf</code>: A string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want
to generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's
<code>ROOT_URLCONF</code> setting.</p>
<pre><code>schema_view = get_schema_view(
title='Server Monitoring API',
url='https://www.example.org/api/',
urlconf='myproject.urls'
)
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>patterns</code>: List of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you
only want the <code>myproject.api</code> urls to be exposed in the schema:</p>
<pre><code>schema_url_patterns = [
url(r'^api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),
]
schema_view = get_schema_view(
title='Server Monitoring API',
url='https://www.example.org/api/',
patterns=schema_url_patterns,
)
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>generator_class</code>: May be used to specify a <code>SchemaGenerator</code> subclass to be
passed to the <code>SchemaView</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><code>authentication_classes</code>: May be used to specify the list of authentication
classes that will apply to the schema endpoint. Defaults to
<code>settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES</code></li>
<li><code>permission_classes</code>: May be used to specify the list of permission classes
that will apply to the schema endpoint. Defaults to
<code>settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES</code>.</li>
<li><code>renderer_classes</code>: May be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can
be used to render the API root endpoint.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="customizing-schema-generation"><a class="toclink" href="#customizing-schema-generation">Customizing Schema Generation</a></h2>
<p>You may customize schema generation at the level of the schema as a whole, or
on a per-view basis.</p>
<h3 id="schema-level-customization"><a class="toclink" href="#schema-level-customization">Schema Level Customization</a></h3>
<p>In order to customize the top-level schema sublass
<code>rest_framework.schemas.openapi.SchemaGenerator</code> and provide it as an argument
to the <code>generateschema</code> command or <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper function.</p>
<h4 id="schemagenerator"><a class="toclink" href="#schemagenerator">SchemaGenerator</a></h4>
<p>A class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests the schema for each
view and collates the resulting OpenAPI schema.</p>
<p>Typically you'll instantiate <code>SchemaGenerator</code> with a <code>title</code> argument, like so:</p>
<pre><code>generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')
</code></pre>
<p>Arguments:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>title</code> <strong>required</strong>: The name of the API.</li>
<li><code>description</code>: Longer descriptive text.</li>
<li><code>version</code>: The version of the API. Defaults to <code>0.1.0</code>.</li>
<li><code>url</code>: The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.</li>
<li><code>patterns</code>: A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.</li>
<li><code>urlconf</code>: A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to <code>settings.ROOT_URLCONF</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="get_schemaself-request"><a class="toclink" href="#get_schemaself-request">get_schema(self, request)</a></h5>
<p>Returns a dictionary that represents the OpenAPI schema:</p>
<pre><code>generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')
schema = generator.get_schema()
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>request</code> argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply
per-user permissions to the resulting schema generation.</p>
<p>This is a good point to override if you want to customize the generated
dictionary, for example to add custom
<a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#specification-extensions">specification extensions</a>.</p>
<h3 id="per-view-customization"><a class="toclink" href="#per-view-customization">Per-View Customization</a></h3>
<p>By default, view introspection is performed by an <code>AutoSchema</code> instance
accessible via the <code>schema</code> attribute on <code>APIView</code>. This provides the
appropriate <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#operationObject">Open API operation object</a> for the view,
request method and path:</p>
<pre><code>auto_schema = view.schema
operation = auto_schema.get_operation(...)
</code></pre>
<p>In compiling the schema, <code>SchemaGenerator</code> calls <code>view.schema.get_operation()</code>
for each view, allowed method, and path.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Note</strong>: For basic <code>APIView</code> subclasses, default introspection is essentially
limited to the URL kwarg path parameters. For <code>GenericAPIView</code>
subclasses, which includes all the provided class based views, <code>AutoSchema</code> will
attempt to introspect serializer, pagination and filter fields, as well as
provide richer path field descriptions. (The key hooks here are the relevant
<code>GenericAPIView</code> attributes and methods: <code>get_serializer</code>, <code>pagination_class</code>,
<code>filter_backends</code> and so on.)</p>
<hr />
<p>In order to customize the operation generation, you should provide an <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass, overriding <code>get_operation()</code> as you need:</p>
<pre><code> from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.schemas.openapi import AutoSchema
class CustomSchema(AutoSchema):
def get_operation(...):
# Implement custom introspection here (or in other sub-methods)
class CustomView(APIView):
"""APIView subclass with custom schema introspection."""
schema = CustomSchema()
</code></pre>
<p>This provides complete control over view introspection.</p>
<p>You may disable schema generation for a view by setting <code>schema</code> to <code>None</code>:</p>
<pre><code>class CustomView(APIView):
...
schema = None # Will not appear in schema
</code></pre>
<p>This also applies to extra actions for <code>ViewSet</code>s:</p>
<pre><code>class CustomViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
@action(detail=True, schema=None)
def extra_action(self, request, pk=None):
...
</code></pre>
<p>If you wish to provide a base <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass to be used throughout your
project you may adjust <code>settings.DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS</code> appropriately.</p>
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