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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="class-based-views">Class-based Views<a class="headerlink" href="#class-based-views" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Django's class-based views are a welcome departure from the old-style views.</p>
<p>&mdash; <a href="https://reinout.vanrees.org/weblog/2011/08/24/class-based-views-usage.html">Reinout van Rees</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>REST framework provides an <code>APIView</code> class, which subclasses Django's <code>View</code> class.</p>
<p><code>APIView</code> classes are different from regular <code>View</code> classes in the following ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>Requests passed to the handler methods will be REST framework's <code>Request</code> instances, not Django's <code>HttpRequest</code> instances.</li>
<li>Handler methods may return REST framework's <code>Response</code>, instead of Django's <code>HttpResponse</code>. The view will manage content negotiation and setting the correct renderer on the response.</li>
<li>Any <code>APIException</code> exceptions will be caught and mediated into appropriate responses.</li>
<li>Incoming requests will be authenticated and appropriate permission and/or throttle checks will be run before dispatching the request to the handler method.</li>
</ul>
<p>Using the <code>APIView</code> class is pretty much the same as using a regular <code>View</code> class, as usual, the incoming request is dispatched to an appropriate handler method such as <code>.get()</code> or <code>.post()</code>. Additionally, a number of attributes may be set on the class that control various aspects of the API policy.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import authentication, permissions
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class ListUsers(APIView):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
View to list all users in the system.
* Requires token authentication.
* Only admin users are able to access this view.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
authentication_classes = [authentication.TokenAuthentication]
permission_classes = [permissions.IsAdminUser]
def get(self, request, format=None):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
Return a list of all users.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
usernames = [user.username for user in User.objects.all()]
return Response(usernames)
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The full methods, attributes on, and relations between Django REST Framework's <code>APIView</code>, <code>GenericAPIView</code>, various <code>Mixins</code>, and <code>Viewsets</code> can be initially complex. In addition to the documentation here, the <a href="http://www.cdrf.co">Classy Django REST Framework</a> resource provides a browsable reference, with full methods and attributes, for each of Django REST Framework's class-based views.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="api-policy-attributes">API policy attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#api-policy-attributes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The following attributes control the pluggable aspects of API views.</p>
<h3 id="renderer_classes">.renderer_classes<a class="headerlink" href="#renderer_classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="parser_classes">.parser_classes<a class="headerlink" href="#parser_classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="authentication_classes">.authentication_classes<a class="headerlink" href="#authentication_classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="throttle_classes">.throttle_classes<a class="headerlink" href="#throttle_classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="permission_classes">.permission_classes<a class="headerlink" href="#permission_classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="content_negotiation_class">.content_negotiation_class<a class="headerlink" href="#content_negotiation_class" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h2 id="api-policy-instantiation-methods">API policy instantiation methods<a class="headerlink" href="#api-policy-instantiation-methods" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The following methods are used by REST framework to instantiate the various pluggable API policies. You won't typically need to override these methods.</p>
<h3 id="get_renderersself">.get_renderers(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_renderersself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_parsersself">.get_parsers(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_parsersself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_authenticatorsself">.get_authenticators(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_authenticatorsself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_throttlesself">.get_throttles(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_throttlesself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_permissionsself">.get_permissions(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_permissionsself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_content_negotiatorself">.get_content_negotiator(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_content_negotiatorself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="get_exception_handlerself">.get_exception_handler(self)<a class="headerlink" href="#get_exception_handlerself" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h2 id="api-policy-implementation-methods">API policy implementation methods<a class="headerlink" href="#api-policy-implementation-methods" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The following methods are called before dispatching to the handler method.</p>
<h3 id="check_permissionsself-request">.check_permissions(self, request)<a class="headerlink" href="#check_permissionsself-request" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="check_throttlesself-request">.check_throttles(self, request)<a class="headerlink" href="#check_throttlesself-request" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h3 id="perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse">.perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False)<a class="headerlink" href="#perform_content_negotiationself-request-forcefalse" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h2 id="dispatch-methods">Dispatch methods<a class="headerlink" href="#dispatch-methods" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The following methods are called directly by the view's <code>.dispatch()</code> method.
These perform any actions that need to occur before or after calling the handler methods such as <code>.get()</code>, <code>.post()</code>, <code>put()</code>, <code>patch()</code> and <code>.delete()</code>.</p>
<h3 id="initialself-request-args-kwargs">.initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#initialself-request-args-kwargs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Performs any actions that need to occur before the handler method gets called.
This method is used to enforce permissions and throttling, and perform content negotiation.</p>
<p>You won't typically need to override this method.</p>
<h3 id="handle_exceptionself-exc">.handle_exception(self, exc)<a class="headerlink" href="#handle_exceptionself-exc" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Any exception thrown by the handler method will be passed to this method, which either returns a <code>Response</code> instance, or re-raises the exception.</p>
<p>The default implementation handles any subclass of <code>rest_framework.exceptions.APIException</code>, as well as Django's <code>Http404</code> and <code>PermissionDenied</code> exceptions, and returns an appropriate error response.</p>
<p>If you need to customize the error responses your API returns you should subclass this method.</p>
<h3 id="initialize_requestself-request-args-kwargs">.initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#initialize_requestself-request-args-kwargs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Ensures that the request object that is passed to the handler method is an instance of <code>Request</code>, rather than the usual Django <code>HttpRequest</code>.</p>
<p>You won't typically need to override this method.</p>
<h3 id="finalize_responseself-request-response-args-kwargs">.finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#finalize_responseself-request-response-args-kwargs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Ensures that any <code>Response</code> object returned from the handler method will be rendered into the correct content type, as determined by the content negotiation.</p>
<p>You won't typically need to override this method.</p>
<hr />
<h1 id="function-based-views">Function Based Views<a class="headerlink" href="#function-based-views" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Saying [that class-based views] is always the superior solution is a mistake.</p>
<p>&mdash; <a href="http://www.boredomandlaziness.org/2012/05/djangos-cbvs-are-not-mistake-but.html">Nick Coghlan</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>REST framework also allows you to work with regular function based views. It provides a set of simple decorators that wrap your function based views to ensure they receive an instance of <code>Request</code> (rather than the usual Django <code>HttpRequest</code>) and allows them to return a <code>Response</code> (instead of a Django <code>HttpResponse</code>), and allow you to configure how the request is processed.</p>
<h2 id="api_view">@api_view()<a class="headerlink" href="#api_view" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>Signature:</strong> <code>@api_view(http_method_names=['GET'])</code></p>
<p>The core of this functionality is the <code>api_view</code> decorator, which takes a list of HTTP methods that your view should respond to. For example, this is how you would write a very simple view that just manually returns some data:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
@api_view()
def hello_world(request):
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello, world!&quot;})
</code></pre></div>
<p>This view will use the default renderers, parsers, authentication classes etc specified in the <a href="../settings/">settings</a>.</p>
<p>By default only <code>GET</code> methods will be accepted. Other methods will respond with "405 Method Not Allowed". To alter this behavior, specify which methods the view allows, like so:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>@api_view([&#39;GET&#39;, &#39;POST&#39;])
def hello_world(request):
if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Got some data!&quot;, &quot;data&quot;: request.data})
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello, world!&quot;})
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="api-policy-decorators">API policy decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#api-policy-decorators" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To override the default settings, REST framework provides a set of additional decorators which can be added to your views. These must come <em>after</em> (below) the <code>@api_view</code> decorator. For example, to create a view that uses a <a href="../throttling/">throttle</a> to ensure it can only be called once per day by a particular user, use the <code>@throttle_classes</code> decorator, passing a list of throttle classes:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, throttle_classes
from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
class OncePerDayUserThrottle(UserRateThrottle):
rate = &#39;1/day&#39;
@api_view([&#39;GET&#39;])
@throttle_classes([OncePerDayUserThrottle])
def view(request):
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello for today! See you tomorrow!&quot;})
</code></pre></div>
<p>These decorators correspond to the attributes set on <code>APIView</code> subclasses, described above.</p>
<p>The available decorators are:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>@renderer_classes(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@parser_classes(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@authentication_classes(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@throttle_classes(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@permission_classes(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@content_negotiation_class(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@metadata_class(...)</code></li>
<li><code>@versioning_class(...)</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Each of these decorators is equivalent to setting their respective <a href="./#api-policy-attributes">api policy attributes</a>.</p>
<p>All decorators take a single argument. The ones that end with <code>_class</code> expect a single class while the ones ending in <code>_classes</code> expect a list or tuple of classes.</p>
<h2 id="view-schema-decorator">View schema decorator<a class="headerlink" href="#view-schema-decorator" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To override the default schema generation for function based views you may use
the <code>@schema</code> decorator. This must come <em>after</em> (below) the <code>@api_view</code>
decorator. For example:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, schema
from rest_framework.schemas import AutoSchema
class CustomAutoSchema(AutoSchema):
def get_link(self, path, method, base_url):
# override view introspection here...
@api_view([&#39;GET&#39;])
@schema(CustomAutoSchema())
def view(request):
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello for today! See you tomorrow!&quot;})
</code></pre></div>
<p>This decorator takes a single <code>AutoSchema</code> instance, an <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass
instance or <code>ManualSchema</code> instance as described in the <a href="../schemas/">Schemas documentation</a>.
You may pass <code>None</code> in order to exclude the view from schema generation.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>@api_view([&#39;GET&#39;])
@schema(None)
def view(request):
return Response({&quot;message&quot;: &quot;Will not appear in schema!&quot;})
</code></pre></div>
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