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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="testing">Testing<a class="headerlink" href="#testing" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Code without tests is broken as designed.</p>
<p>&mdash; <a href="https://jacobian.org/writing/django-apps-with-buildout/#s-create-a-test-wrapper">Jacob Kaplan-Moss</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>REST framework includes a few helper classes that extend Django's existing test framework, and improve support for making API requests.</p>
<h1 id="apirequestfactory">APIRequestFactory<a class="headerlink" href="#apirequestfactory" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Extends <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/testing/advanced/#django.test.client.RequestFactory">Django's existing <code>RequestFactory</code> class</a>.</p>
<h2 id="creating-test-requests">Creating test requests<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-test-requests" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The <code>APIRequestFactory</code> class supports an almost identical API to Django's standard <code>RequestFactory</code> class. This means that the standard <code>.get()</code>, <code>.post()</code>, <code>.put()</code>, <code>.patch()</code>, <code>.delete()</code>, <code>.head()</code> and <code>.options()</code> methods are all available.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.test import APIRequestFactory
# Using the standard RequestFactory API to create a form POST request
factory = APIRequestFactory()
request = factory.post(&#39;/notes/&#39;, {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;new idea&#39;})
# Using the standard RequestFactory API to encode JSON data
request = factory.post(&#39;/notes/&#39;, {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;new idea&#39;}, content_type=&#39;application/json&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="using-the-format-argument">Using the <code>format</code> argument<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-format-argument" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Methods which create a request body, such as <code>post</code>, <code>put</code> and <code>patch</code>, include a <code>format</code> argument, which make it easy to generate requests using a wide set of request formats. When using this argument, the factory will select an appropriate renderer and its configured <code>content_type</code>. For example:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Create a JSON POST request
factory = APIRequestFactory()
request = factory.post(&#39;/notes/&#39;, {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;new idea&#39;}, format=&#39;json&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<p>By default the available formats are <code>'multipart'</code> and <code>'json'</code>. For compatibility with Django's existing <code>RequestFactory</code> the default format is <code>'multipart'</code>.</p>
<p>To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, <a href="#configuration">see the configuration section</a>.</p>
<h4 id="explicitly-encoding-the-request-body">Explicitly encoding the request body<a class="headerlink" href="#explicitly-encoding-the-request-body" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>If you need to explicitly encode the request body, you can do so by setting the <code>content_type</code> flag. For example:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>request = factory.post(&#39;/notes/&#39;, yaml.dump({&#39;title&#39;: &#39;new idea&#39;}), content_type=&#39;application/yaml&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="put-and-patch-with-form-data">PUT and PATCH with form data<a class="headerlink" href="#put-and-patch-with-form-data" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>One difference worth noting between Django's <code>RequestFactory</code> and REST framework's <code>APIRequestFactory</code> is that multipart form data will be encoded for methods other than just <code>.post()</code>.</p>
<p>For example, using <code>APIRequestFactory</code>, you can make a form PUT request like so:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>factory = APIRequestFactory()
request = factory.put(&#39;/notes/547/&#39;, {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;remember to email dave&#39;})
</code></pre></div>
<p>Using Django's <code>RequestFactory</code>, you'd need to explicitly encode the data yourself:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from django.test.client import encode_multipart, RequestFactory
factory = RequestFactory()
data = {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;remember to email dave&#39;}
content = encode_multipart(&#39;BoUnDaRyStRiNg&#39;, data)
content_type = &#39;multipart/form-data; boundary=BoUnDaRyStRiNg&#39;
request = factory.put(&#39;/notes/547/&#39;, content, content_type=content_type)
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="forcing-authentication">Forcing authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#forcing-authentication" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>When testing views directly using a request factory, it's often convenient to be able to directly authenticate the request, rather than having to construct the correct authentication credentials.</p>
<p>To forcibly authenticate a request, use the <code>force_authenticate()</code> method.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.test import force_authenticate
factory = APIRequestFactory()
user = User.objects.get(username=&#39;olivia&#39;)
view = AccountDetail.as_view()
# Make an authenticated request to the view...
request = factory.get(&#39;/accounts/django-superstars/&#39;)
force_authenticate(request, user=user)
response = view(request)
</code></pre></div>
<p>The signature for the method is <code>force_authenticate(request, user=None, token=None)</code>. When making the call, either or both of the user and token may be set.</p>
<p>For example, when forcibly authenticating using a token, you might do something like the following:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>user = User.objects.get(username=&#39;olivia&#39;)
request = factory.get(&#39;/accounts/django-superstars/&#39;)
force_authenticate(request, user=user, token=user.auth_token)
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><code>force_authenticate</code> directly sets <code>request.user</code> to the in-memory <code>user</code> instance. If you are reusing the same <code>user</code> instance across multiple tests that update the saved <code>user</code> state, you may need to call <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ref/models/instances/#django.db.models.Model.refresh_from_db"><code>refresh_from_db()</code></a> between tests.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When using <code>APIRequestFactory</code>, the object that is returned is Django's standard <code>HttpRequest</code>, and not REST framework's <code>Request</code> object, which is only generated once the view is called.</p>
<p>This means that setting attributes directly on the request object may not always have the effect you expect. For example, setting <code>.token</code> directly will have no effect, and setting <code>.user</code> directly will only work if session authentication is being used.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Request will only authenticate if `SessionAuthentication` is in use.
request = factory.get(&#39;/accounts/django-superstars/&#39;)
request.user = user
response = view(request)
</code></pre></div>
<p>If you want to test a request involving the REST framework’s 'Request' object, you’ll need to manually transform it first:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>class DummyView(APIView):
...
factory = APIRequestFactory()
request = factory.get(&#39;/&#39;, {&#39;demo&#39;: &#39;test&#39;})
drf_request = DummyView().initialize_request(request)
assert drf_request.query_params == {&#39;demo&#39;: [&#39;test&#39;]}
request = factory.post(&#39;/&#39;, {&#39;example&#39;: &#39;test&#39;})
drf_request = DummyView().initialize_request(request)
assert drf_request.data.get(&#39;example&#39;) == &#39;test&#39;
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<h2 id="forcing-csrf-validation">Forcing CSRF validation<a class="headerlink" href="#forcing-csrf-validation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>By default, requests created with <code>APIRequestFactory</code> will not have CSRF validation applied when passed to a REST framework view. If you need to explicitly turn CSRF validation on, you can do so by setting the <code>enforce_csrf_checks</code> flag when instantiating the factory.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>factory = APIRequestFactory(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>It's worth noting that Django's standard <code>RequestFactory</code> doesn't need to include this option, because when using regular Django the CSRF validation takes place in middleware, which is not run when testing views directly. When using REST framework, CSRF validation takes place inside the view, so the request factory needs to disable view-level CSRF checks.</p>
</div>
<h1 id="apiclient">APIClient<a class="headerlink" href="#apiclient" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Extends <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/testing/tools/#the-test-client">Django's existing <code>Client</code> class</a>.</p>
<h2 id="making-requests">Making requests<a class="headerlink" href="#making-requests" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The <code>APIClient</code> class supports the same request interface as Django's standard <code>Client</code> class. This means that the standard <code>.get()</code>, <code>.post()</code>, <code>.put()</code>, <code>.patch()</code>, <code>.delete()</code>, <code>.head()</code> and <code>.options()</code> methods are all available. For example:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.test import APIClient
client = APIClient()
client.post(&#39;/notes/&#39;, {&#39;title&#39;: &#39;new idea&#39;}, format=&#39;json&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<p>To support a wider set of request formats, or change the default format, <a href="#configuration">see the configuration section</a>.</p>
<h2 id="authenticating">Authenticating<a class="headerlink" href="#authenticating" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h4 id="loginkwargs">.login(**kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#loginkwargs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>The <code>login</code> method functions exactly as it does with Django's regular <code>Client</code> class. This allows you to authenticate requests against any views which include <code>SessionAuthentication</code>.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Make all requests in the context of a logged in session.
client = APIClient()
client.login(username=&#39;lauren&#39;, password=&#39;secret&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<p>To logout, call the <code>logout</code> method as usual.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Log out
client.logout()
</code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>login</code> method is appropriate for testing APIs that use session authentication, for example web sites which include AJAX interaction with the API.</p>
<h4 id="credentialskwargs">.credentials(**kwargs)<a class="headerlink" href="#credentialskwargs" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>The <code>credentials</code> method can be used to set headers that will then be included on all subsequent requests by the test client.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token
from rest_framework.test import APIClient
# Include an appropriate `Authorization:` header on all requests.
token = Token.objects.get(user__username=&#39;lauren&#39;)
client = APIClient()
client.credentials(HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=&#39;Token &#39; + token.key)
</code></pre></div>
<p>Note that calling <code>credentials</code> a second time overwrites any existing credentials. You can unset any existing credentials by calling the method with no arguments.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Stop including any credentials
client.credentials()
</code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>credentials</code> method is appropriate for testing APIs that require authentication headers, such as basic authentication, OAuth1a and OAuth2 authentication, and simple token authentication schemes.</p>
<h4 id="force_authenticateusernone-tokennone">.force_authenticate(user=None, token=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#force_authenticateusernone-tokennone" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Sometimes you may want to bypass authentication entirely and force all requests by the test client to be automatically treated as authenticated.</p>
<p>This can be a useful shortcut if you're testing the API but don't want to have to construct valid authentication credentials in order to make test requests.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>user = User.objects.get(username=&#39;lauren&#39;)
client = APIClient()
client.force_authenticate(user=user)
</code></pre></div>
<p>To unauthenticate subsequent requests, call <code>force_authenticate</code> setting the user and/or token to <code>None</code>.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>client.force_authenticate(user=None)
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csrf-validation">CSRF validation<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-validation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>By default CSRF validation is not applied when using <code>APIClient</code>. If you need to explicitly enable CSRF validation, you can do so by setting the <code>enforce_csrf_checks</code> flag when instantiating the client.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>client = APIClient(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
</code></pre></div>
<p>As usual CSRF validation will only apply to any session authenticated views. This means CSRF validation will only occur if the client has been logged in by calling <code>login()</code>.</p>
<hr />
<h1 id="requestsclient">RequestsClient<a class="headerlink" href="#requestsclient" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>REST framework also includes a client for interacting with your application
using the popular Python library, <code>requests</code>. This may be useful if:</p>
<ul>
<li>You are expecting to interface with the API primarily from another Python service,
and want to test the service at the same level as the client will see.</li>
<li>You want to write tests in such a way that they can also be run against a staging or
live environment. (See "Live tests" below.)</li>
</ul>
<p>This exposes exactly the same interface as if you were using a requests session
directly.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.test import RequestsClient
client = RequestsClient()
response = client.get(&#39;http://testserver/users/&#39;)
assert response.status_code == 200
</code></pre></div>
<p>Note that the requests client requires you to pass fully qualified URLs.</p>
<h2 id="requestsclient-and-working-with-the-database">RequestsClient and working with the database<a class="headerlink" href="#requestsclient-and-working-with-the-database" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The <code>RequestsClient</code> class is useful if you want to write tests that solely interact with the service interface. This is a little stricter than using the standard Django test client, as it means that all interactions should be via the API.</p>
<p>If you're using <code>RequestsClient</code> you'll want to ensure that test setup, and results assertions are performed as regular API calls, rather than interacting with the database models directly. For example, rather than checking that <code>Customer.objects.count() == 3</code> you would list the customers endpoint, and ensure that it contains three records.</p>
<h2 id="headers-authentication">Headers &amp; Authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#headers-authentication" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Custom headers and authentication credentials can be provided in the same way
as <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/advanced/#session-objects">when using a standard <code>requests.Session</code> instance</a>.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
client.auth = HTTPBasicAuth(&#39;user&#39;, &#39;pass&#39;)
client.headers.update({&#39;x-test&#39;: &#39;true&#39;})
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="csrf">CSRF<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>If you're using <code>SessionAuthentication</code> then you'll need to include a CSRF token
for any <code>POST</code>, <code>PUT</code>, <code>PATCH</code> or <code>DELETE</code> requests.</p>
<p>You can do so by following the same flow that a JavaScript based client would use.
First, make a <code>GET</code> request in order to obtain a CSRF token, then present that
token in the following request.</p>
<p>For example...</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>client = RequestsClient()
# Obtain a CSRF token.
response = client.get(&#39;http://testserver/homepage/&#39;)
assert response.status_code == 200
csrftoken = response.cookies[&#39;csrftoken&#39;]
# Interact with the API.
response = client.post(&#39;http://testserver/organizations/&#39;, json={
&#39;name&#39;: &#39;MegaCorp&#39;,
&#39;status&#39;: &#39;active&#39;
}, headers={&#39;X-CSRFToken&#39;: csrftoken})
assert response.status_code == 200
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="live-tests">Live tests<a class="headerlink" href="#live-tests" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>With careful usage both the <code>RequestsClient</code> and the <code>CoreAPIClient</code> provide
the ability to write test cases that can run either in development, or be run
directly against your staging server or production environment.</p>
<p>Using this style to create basic tests of a few core pieces of functionality is
a powerful way to validate your live service. Doing so may require some careful
attention to setup and teardown to ensure that the tests run in a way that they
do not directly affect customer data.</p>
<hr />
<h1 id="coreapiclient">CoreAPIClient<a class="headerlink" href="#coreapiclient" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>The CoreAPIClient allows you to interact with your API using the Python
<code>coreapi</code> client library.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Fetch the API schema
client = CoreAPIClient()
schema = client.get(&#39;http://testserver/schema/&#39;)
# Create a new organization
params = {&#39;name&#39;: &#39;MegaCorp&#39;, &#39;status&#39;: &#39;active&#39;}
client.action(schema, [&#39;organizations&#39;, &#39;create&#39;], params)
# Ensure that the organization exists in the listing
data = client.action(schema, [&#39;organizations&#39;, &#39;list&#39;])
assert(len(data) == 1)
assert(data == [{&#39;name&#39;: &#39;MegaCorp&#39;, &#39;status&#39;: &#39;active&#39;}])
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="headers-authentication_1">Headers &amp; Authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#headers-authentication_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Custom headers and authentication may be used with <code>CoreAPIClient</code> in a
similar way as with <code>RequestsClient</code>.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
client = CoreAPIClient()
client.session.auth = HTTPBasicAuth(&#39;user&#39;, &#39;pass&#39;)
client.session.headers.update({&#39;x-test&#39;: &#39;true&#39;})
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h1 id="api-test-cases">API Test cases<a class="headerlink" href="#api-test-cases" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>REST framework includes the following test case classes, that mirror the existing <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/testing/tools/#provided-test-case-classes">Django's test case classes</a>, but use <code>APIClient</code> instead of Django's default <code>Client</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>APISimpleTestCase</code></li>
<li><code>APITransactionTestCase</code></li>
<li><code>APITestCase</code></li>
<li><code>APILiveServerTestCase</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>You can use any of REST framework's test case classes as you would for the regular Django test case classes. The <code>self.client</code> attribute will be an <code>APIClient</code> instance.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from django.urls import reverse
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.test import APITestCase
from myproject.apps.core.models import Account
class AccountTests(APITestCase):
def test_create_account(self):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
Ensure we can create a new account object.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
url = reverse(&#39;account-list&#39;)
data = {&#39;name&#39;: &#39;DabApps&#39;}
response = self.client.post(url, data, format=&#39;json&#39;)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
self.assertEqual(Account.objects.count(), 1)
self.assertEqual(Account.objects.get().name, &#39;DabApps&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h1 id="urlpatternstestcase">URLPatternsTestCase<a class="headerlink" href="#urlpatternstestcase" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>REST framework also provides a test case class for isolating <code>urlpatterns</code> on a per-class basis. Note that this inherits from Django's <code>SimpleTestCase</code>, and will most likely need to be mixed with another test case class.</p>
<h2 id="example_1">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from django.urls import include, path, reverse
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.test import APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase
class AccountTests(APITestCase, URLPatternsTestCase):
urlpatterns = [
path(&#39;api/&#39;, include(&#39;api.urls&#39;)),
]
def test_create_account(self):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
Ensure we can create a new account object.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
url = reverse(&#39;account-list&#39;)
response = self.client.get(url, format=&#39;json&#39;)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
self.assertEqual(len(response.data), 1)
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h1 id="testing-responses">Testing responses<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-responses" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="checking-the-response-data">Checking the response data<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-the-response-data" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>When checking the validity of test responses it's often more convenient to inspect the data that the response was created with, rather than inspecting the fully rendered response.</p>
<p>For example, it's easier to inspect <code>response.data</code>:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>response = self.client.get(&#39;/users/4/&#39;)
self.assertEqual(response.data, {&#39;id&#39;: 4, &#39;username&#39;: &#39;lauren&#39;})
</code></pre></div>
<p>Instead of inspecting the result of parsing <code>response.content</code>:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>response = self.client.get(&#39;/users/4/&#39;)
self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content), {&#39;id&#39;: 4, &#39;username&#39;: &#39;lauren&#39;})
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="rendering-responses">Rendering responses<a class="headerlink" href="#rendering-responses" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>If you're testing views directly using <code>APIRequestFactory</code>, the responses that are returned will not yet be rendered, as rendering of template responses is performed by Django's internal request-response cycle. In order to access <code>response.content</code>, you'll first need to render the response.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>view = UserDetail.as_view()
request = factory.get(&#39;/users/4&#39;)
response = view(request, pk=&#39;4&#39;)
response.render() # Cannot access `response.content` without this.
self.assertEqual(response.content, &#39;{&quot;username&quot;: &quot;lauren&quot;, &quot;id&quot;: 4}&#39;)
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h1 id="configuration">Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="setting-the-default-format">Setting the default format<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-the-default-format" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The default format used to make test requests may be set using the <code>TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT</code> setting key. For example, to always use JSON for test requests by default instead of standard multipart form requests, set the following in your <code>settings.py</code> file:</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>REST_FRAMEWORK = {
...
&#39;TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT&#39;: &#39;json&#39;
}
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="setting-the-available-formats">Setting the available formats<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-the-available-formats" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>If you need to test requests using something other than multipart or json requests, you can do so by setting the <code>TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES</code> setting.</p>
<p>For example, to add support for using <code>format='html'</code> in test requests, you might have something like this in your <code>settings.py</code> file.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>REST_FRAMEWORK = {
...
&#39;TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer&#39;,
&#39;rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer&#39;,
&#39;rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer&#39;
]
}
</code></pre></div>
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