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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="parsers">Parsers<a class="headerlink" href="#parsers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Machine interacting web services tend to use more
structured formats for sending data than form-encoded, since they're
sending more complex data than simple forms</p>
<p>&mdash; Malcom Tredinnick, <a href="https://groups.google.com/d/topic/django-developers/dxI4qVzrBY4/discussion">Django developers group</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>REST framework includes a number of built-in Parser classes, that allow you to accept requests with various media types. There is also support for defining your own custom parsers, which gives you the flexibility to design the media types that your API accepts.</p>
<h2 id="how-the-parser-is-determined">How the parser is determined<a class="headerlink" href="#how-the-parser-is-determined" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes. When <code>request.data</code> is accessed, REST framework will examine the <code>Content-Type</code> header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When developing client applications always remember to make sure you're setting the <code>Content-Type</code> header when sending data in an HTTP request.</p>
<p>If you don't set the content type, most clients will default to using <code>'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'</code>, which may not be what you want.</p>
<p>As an example, if you are sending <code>json</code> encoded data using jQuery with the <a href="https://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/">.ajax() method</a>, you should make sure to include the <code>contentType: 'application/json'</code> setting.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="setting-the-parsers">Setting the parsers<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-the-parsers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The default set of parsers may be set globally, using the <code>DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES</code> setting. For example, the following settings would allow only requests with <code>JSON</code> content, instead of the default of JSON or form data.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>REST_FRAMEWORK = {
&#39;DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser&#39;,
]
}
</code></pre></div>
<p>You can also set the parsers used for an individual view, or viewset,
using the <code>APIView</code> class-based views.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class ExampleView(APIView):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
parser_classes = [JSONParser]
def post(self, request, format=None):
return Response({&#39;received data&#39;: request.data})
</code></pre></div>
<p>Or, if you're using the <code>@api_view</code> decorator with function based views.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.decorators import parser_classes
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
@api_view([&#39;POST&#39;])
@parser_classes([JSONParser])
def example_view(request, format=None):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
A view that can accept POST requests with JSON content.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
return Response({&#39;received data&#39;: request.data})
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h2 id="api-reference">API Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#api-reference" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="jsonparser">JSONParser<a class="headerlink" href="#jsonparser" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Parses <code>JSON</code> request content. <code>request.data</code> will be populated with a dictionary of data.</p>
<p><strong>.media_type</strong>: <code>application/json</code></p>
<h3 id="formparser">FormParser<a class="headerlink" href="#formparser" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Parses HTML form content. <code>request.data</code> will be populated with a <code>QueryDict</code> of data.</p>
<p>You will typically want to use both <code>FormParser</code> and <code>MultiPartParser</code> together in order to fully support HTML form data.</p>
<p><strong>.media_type</strong>: <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code></p>
<h3 id="multipartparser">MultiPartParser<a class="headerlink" href="#multipartparser" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Parses multipart HTML form content, which supports file uploads. <code>request.data</code> and <code>request.FILES</code> will be populated with a <code>QueryDict</code> and <code>MultiValueDict</code> respectively.</p>
<p>You will typically want to use both <code>FormParser</code> and <code>MultiPartParser</code> together in order to fully support HTML form data.</p>
<p><strong>.media_type</strong>: <code>multipart/form-data</code></p>
<h3 id="fileuploadparser">FileUploadParser<a class="headerlink" href="#fileuploadparser" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Parses raw file upload content. The <code>request.data</code> property will be a dictionary with a single key <code>'file'</code> containing the uploaded file.</p>
<p>If the view used with <code>FileUploadParser</code> is called with a <code>filename</code> URL keyword argument, then that argument will be used as the filename.</p>
<p>If it is called without a <code>filename</code> URL keyword argument, then the client must set the filename in the <code>Content-Disposition</code> HTTP header. For example <code>Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=upload.jpg</code>.</p>
<p><strong>.media_type</strong>: <code>*/*</code></p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>FileUploadParser</code> is for usage with native clients that can upload the file as a raw data request. For web-based uploads, or for native clients with multipart upload support, you should use the <code>MultiPartParser</code> instead.</li>
<li>Since this parser's <code>media_type</code> matches any content type, <code>FileUploadParser</code> should generally be the only parser set on an API view.</li>
<li><code>FileUploadParser</code> respects Django's standard <code>FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS</code> setting, and the <code>request.upload_handlers</code> attribute. See the <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/http/file-uploads/#upload-handlers">Django documentation</a> for more details.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4 id="basic-usage-example">Basic usage example<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage-example" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code># views.py
class FileUploadView(views.APIView):
parser_classes = [FileUploadParser]
def put(self, request, filename, format=None):
file_obj = request.data[&#39;file&#39;]
# ...
# do some stuff with uploaded file
# ...
return Response(status=204)
# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
# ...
re_path(r&#39;^upload/(?P&lt;filename&gt;[^/]+)$&#39;, FileUploadView.as_view())
]
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h2 id="custom-parsers">Custom parsers<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-parsers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To implement a custom parser, you should override <code>BaseParser</code>, set the <code>.media_type</code> property, and implement the <code>.parse(self, stream, media_type, parser_context)</code> method.</p>
<p>The method should return the data that will be used to populate the <code>request.data</code> property.</p>
<p>The arguments passed to <code>.parse()</code> are:</p>
<h3 id="stream">stream<a class="headerlink" href="#stream" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>A stream-like object representing the body of the request.</p>
<h3 id="media_type">media_type<a class="headerlink" href="#media_type" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Optional. If provided, this is the media type of the incoming request content.</p>
<p>Depending on the request's <code>Content-Type:</code> header, this may be more specific than the renderer's <code>media_type</code> attribute, and may include media type parameters. For example <code>"text/plain; charset=utf-8"</code>.</p>
<h3 id="parser_context">parser_context<a class="headerlink" href="#parser_context" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Optional. If supplied, this argument will be a dictionary containing any additional context that may be required to parse the request content.</p>
<p>By default this will include the following keys: <code>view</code>, <code>request</code>, <code>args</code>, <code>kwargs</code>.</p>
<h3 id="example">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The following is an example plaintext parser that will populate the <code>request.data</code> property with a string representing the body of the request.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>class PlainTextParser(BaseParser):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
Plain text parser.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
media_type = &#39;text/plain&#39;
def parse(self, stream, media_type=None, parser_context=None):
&quot;&quot;&quot;
Simply return a string representing the body of the request.
&quot;&quot;&quot;
return stream.read()
</code></pre></div>
<hr />
<h2 id="third-party-packages">Third party packages<a class="headerlink" href="#third-party-packages" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The following third party packages are also available.</p>
<h3 id="yaml">YAML<a class="headerlink" href="#yaml" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://jpadilla.github.io/django-rest-framework-yaml/">REST framework YAML</a> provides <a href="http://www.yaml.org/">YAML</a> parsing and rendering support. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.</p>
<h4 id="installation-configuration">Installation &amp; configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#installation-configuration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Install using pip.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ pip install djangorestframework-yaml
</code></pre></div>
<p>Modify your REST framework settings.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>REST_FRAMEWORK = {
&#39;DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework_yaml.parsers.YAMLParser&#39;,
],
&#39;DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework_yaml.renderers.YAMLRenderer&#39;,
],
}
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="xml">XML<a class="headerlink" href="#xml" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://jpadilla.github.io/django-rest-framework-xml/">REST Framework XML</a> provides a simple informal XML format. It was previously included directly in the REST framework package, and is now instead supported as a third-party package.</p>
<h4 id="installation-configuration_1">Installation &amp; configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#installation-configuration_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Install using pip.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ pip install djangorestframework-xml
</code></pre></div>
<p>Modify your REST framework settings.</p>
<div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code>REST_FRAMEWORK = {
&#39;DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework_xml.parsers.XMLParser&#39;,
],
&#39;DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES&#39;: [
&#39;rest_framework_xml.renderers.XMLRenderer&#39;,
],
}
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="messagepack">MessagePack<a class="headerlink" href="#messagepack" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/juanriaza/django-rest-framework-msgpack">MessagePack</a> is a fast, efficient binary serialization format. <a href="https://github.com/juanriaza">Juan Riaza</a> maintains the <a href="https://github.com/juanriaza/django-rest-framework-msgpack">djangorestframework-msgpack</a> package which provides MessagePack renderer and parser support for REST framework.</p>
<h3 id="camelcase-json">CamelCase JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#camelcase-json" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/vbabiy/djangorestframework-camel-case">djangorestframework-camel-case</a> provides camel case JSON renderers and parsers for REST framework. This allows serializers to use Python-style underscored field names, but be exposed in the API as Javascript-style camel case field names. It is maintained by <a href="https://github.com/vbabiy">Vitaly Babiy</a>.</p>
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