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<a class="github" href="https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/tree/master/rest_framework/schemas">
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<span class="label label-info">schemas</span>
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<h1 id="schema"><a class="toclink" href="#schema">Schema</a></h1>
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<blockquote>
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<p>A machine-readable [schema] describes what resources are available via the API, what their URLs are, how they are represented and what operations they support.</p>
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<p>— Heroku, <a href="https://blog.heroku.com/archives/2014/1/8/json_schema_for_heroku_platform_api">JSON Schema for the Heroku Platform API</a></p>
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</blockquote>
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<hr />
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<p><strong>Deprecation notice:</strong></p>
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<p>REST framework's built-in support for generating OpenAPI schemas is
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<strong>deprecated</strong> in favor of 3rd party packages that can provide this
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functionality instead. The built-in support will be moved into a separate
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package and then subsequently retired over the next releases.</p>
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<p>As a full-fledged replacement, we recommend the <a href="https://drf-spectacular.readthedocs.io/en/latest/readme.html">drf-spectacular</a> package.
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It has extensive support for generating OpenAPI 3 schemas from
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REST framework APIs, with both automatic and customisable options available.
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For further information please refer to
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<a href="../../topics/documenting-your-api/#drf-spectacular">Documenting your API</a>.</p>
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<hr />
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<p>API schemas are a useful tool that allow for a range of use cases, including
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generating reference documentation, or driving dynamic client libraries that
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can interact with your API.</p>
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<p>Django REST Framework provides support for automatic generation of
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<a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification">OpenAPI</a> schemas.</p>
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<h2 id="overview"><a class="toclink" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
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<p>Schema generation has several moving parts. It's worth having an overview:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>SchemaGenerator</code> is a top-level class that is responsible for walking your
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configured URL patterns, finding <code>APIView</code> subclasses, enquiring for their
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schema representation, and compiling the final schema object.</li>
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<li><code>AutoSchema</code> encapsulates all the details necessary for per-view schema
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introspection. Is attached to each view via the <code>schema</code> attribute. You
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subclass <code>AutoSchema</code> in order to customize your schema.</li>
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<li>The <code>generateschema</code> management command allows you to generate a static schema
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offline.</li>
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<li>Alternatively, you can route <code>SchemaView</code> to dynamically generate and serve
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your schema.</li>
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<li><code>settings.DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS</code> allows you to specify an <code>AutoSchema</code>
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subclass to serve as your project's default.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The following sections explain more.</p>
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<h2 id="generating-an-openapi-schema"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-an-openapi-schema">Generating an OpenAPI Schema</a></h2>
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<h3 id="install-dependencies"><a class="toclink" href="#install-dependencies">Install dependencies</a></h3>
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<pre><code>pip install pyyaml uritemplate inflection
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</code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li><code>pyyaml</code> is used to generate schema into YAML-based OpenAPI format.</li>
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<li><code>uritemplate</code> is used internally to get parameters in path.</li>
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<li><code>inflection</code> is used to pluralize operations more appropriately in the list endpoints.</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="generating-a-static-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-a-static-schema-with-the-generateschema-management-command">Generating a static schema with the <code>generateschema</code> management command</a></h3>
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<p>If your schema is static, you can use the <code>generateschema</code> management command:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">./manage.py generateschema --file openapi-schema.yml
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</code></pre>
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<p>Once you've generated a schema in this way you can annotate it with any
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additional information that cannot be automatically inferred by the schema
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generator.</p>
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<p>You might want to check your API schema into version control and update it
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with each new release, or serve the API schema from your site's static media.</p>
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<h3 id="generating-a-dynamic-schema-with-schemaview"><a class="toclink" href="#generating-a-dynamic-schema-with-schemaview">Generating a dynamic schema with <code>SchemaView</code></a></h3>
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<p>If you require a dynamic schema, because foreign key choices depend on database
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values, for example, you can route a <code>SchemaView</code> that will generate and serve
|
|
your schema on demand.</p>
|
|
<p>To route a <code>SchemaView</code>, use the <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper.</p>
|
|
<p>In <code>urls.py</code>:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">from rest_framework.schemas import get_schema_view
|
|
|
|
urlpatterns = [
|
|
# ...
|
|
# Use the `get_schema_view()` helper to add a `SchemaView` to project URLs.
|
|
# * `title` and `description` parameters are passed to `SchemaGenerator`.
|
|
# * Provide view name for use with `reverse()`.
|
|
path(
|
|
"openapi",
|
|
get_schema_view(
|
|
title="Your Project", description="API for all things …", version="1.0.0"
|
|
),
|
|
name="openapi-schema",
|
|
),
|
|
# ...
|
|
]
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h4 id="get_schema_view"><a class="toclink" href="#get_schema_view"><code>get_schema_view()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>The <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper takes the following keyword arguments:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>title</code>: May be used to provide a descriptive title for the schema definition.</li>
|
|
<li><code>description</code>: Longer descriptive text.</li>
|
|
<li><code>version</code>: The version of the API.</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>url</code>: May be used to pass a canonical base URL for the schema.</p>
|
|
<pre><code>schema_view = get_schema_view(
|
|
title='Server Monitoring API',
|
|
url='https://www.example.org/api/'
|
|
)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>urlconf</code>: A string representing the import path to the URL conf that you want
|
|
to generate an API schema for. This defaults to the value of Django's
|
|
<code>ROOT_URLCONF</code> setting.</p>
|
|
<pre><code>schema_view = get_schema_view(
|
|
title='Server Monitoring API',
|
|
url='https://www.example.org/api/',
|
|
urlconf='myproject.urls'
|
|
)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>patterns</code>: List of url patterns to limit the schema introspection to. If you
|
|
only want the <code>myproject.api</code> urls to be exposed in the schema:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>schema_url_patterns = [
|
|
path('api/', include('myproject.api.urls')),
|
|
]
|
|
|
|
schema_view = get_schema_view(
|
|
title='Server Monitoring API',
|
|
url='https://www.example.org/api/',
|
|
patterns=schema_url_patterns,
|
|
)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>public</code>: May be used to specify if schema should bypass views permissions. Default to False</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>generator_class</code>: May be used to specify a <code>SchemaGenerator</code> subclass to be
|
|
passed to the <code>SchemaView</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><code>authentication_classes</code>: May be used to specify the list of authentication
|
|
classes that will apply to the schema endpoint. Defaults to
|
|
<code>settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>permission_classes</code>: May be used to specify the list of permission classes
|
|
that will apply to the schema endpoint. Defaults to
|
|
<code>settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES</code>.</li>
|
|
<li><code>renderer_classes</code>: May be used to pass the set of renderer classes that can
|
|
be used to render the API root endpoint.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="schemagenerator"><a class="toclink" href="#schemagenerator">SchemaGenerator</a></h2>
|
|
<p><strong>Schema-level customization</strong></p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">from rest_framework.schemas.openapi import SchemaGenerator
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p><code>SchemaGenerator</code> is a class that walks a list of routed URL patterns, requests
|
|
the schema for each view and collates the resulting OpenAPI schema.</p>
|
|
<p>Typically you won't need to instantiate <code>SchemaGenerator</code> yourself, but you can
|
|
do so like so:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Arguments:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>title</code> <strong>required</strong>: The name of the API.</li>
|
|
<li><code>description</code>: Longer descriptive text.</li>
|
|
<li><code>version</code>: The version of the API. Defaults to <code>0.1.0</code>.</li>
|
|
<li><code>url</code>: The root URL of the API schema. This option is not required unless the schema is included under path prefix.</li>
|
|
<li><code>patterns</code>: A list of URLs to inspect when generating the schema. Defaults to the project's URL conf.</li>
|
|
<li><code>urlconf</code>: A URL conf module name to use when generating the schema. Defaults to <code>settings.ROOT_URLCONF</code>.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>In order to customize the top-level schema, subclass
|
|
<code>rest_framework.schemas.openapi.SchemaGenerator</code> and provide your subclass
|
|
as an argument to the <code>generateschema</code> command or <code>get_schema_view()</code> helper
|
|
function.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="get_schemaself-requestnone-publicfalse"><a class="toclink" href="#get_schemaself-requestnone-publicfalse">get_schema(self, request=None, public=False)</a></h3>
|
|
<p>Returns a dictionary that represents the OpenAPI schema:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>generator = SchemaGenerator(title='Stock Prices API')
|
|
schema = generator.get_schema()
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>The <code>request</code> argument is optional, and may be used if you want to apply
|
|
per-user permissions to the resulting schema generation.</p>
|
|
<p>This is a good point to override if you want to customize the generated
|
|
dictionary For example you might wish to add terms of service to the <a href="https://swagger.io/specification/#infoObject">top-level
|
|
<code>info</code> object</a>:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>class TOSSchemaGenerator(SchemaGenerator):
|
|
def get_schema(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
|
schema = super().get_schema(*args, **kwargs)
|
|
schema["info"]["termsOfService"] = "https://example.com/tos.html"
|
|
return schema
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h2 id="autoschema"><a class="toclink" href="#autoschema">AutoSchema</a></h2>
|
|
<p><strong>Per-View Customization</strong></p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">from rest_framework.schemas.openapi import AutoSchema
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>By default, view introspection is performed by an <code>AutoSchema</code> instance
|
|
accessible via the <code>schema</code> attribute on <code>APIView</code>.</p>
|
|
<pre><code>auto_schema = some_view.schema
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p><code>AutoSchema</code> provides the OpenAPI elements needed for each view, request method
|
|
and path:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>A list of <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#componentsObject">OpenAPI components</a>. In DRF terms these are
|
|
mappings of serializers that describe request and response bodies.</li>
|
|
<li>The appropriate <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#operationObject">OpenAPI operation object</a> that describes
|
|
the endpoint, including path and query parameters for pagination, filtering,
|
|
and so on.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">components = auto_schema.get_components(...)
|
|
operation = auto_schema.get_operation(...)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>In compiling the schema, <code>SchemaGenerator</code> calls <code>get_components()</code> and
|
|
<code>get_operation()</code> for each view, allowed method, and path.</p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<p><strong>Note</strong>: The automatic introspection of components, and many operation
|
|
parameters relies on the relevant attributes and methods of
|
|
<code>GenericAPIView</code>: <code>get_serializer()</code>, <code>pagination_class</code>, <code>filter_backends</code>,
|
|
etc. For basic <code>APIView</code> subclasses, default introspection is essentially limited to
|
|
the URL kwarg path parameters for this reason.</p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<p><code>AutoSchema</code> encapsulates the view introspection needed for schema generation.
|
|
Because of this all the schema generation logic is kept in a single place,
|
|
rather than being spread around the already extensive view, serializer and
|
|
field APIs.</p>
|
|
<p>Keeping with this pattern, try not to let schema logic leak into your own
|
|
views, serializers, or fields when customizing the schema generation. You might
|
|
be tempted to do something like this:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">class CustomSchema(AutoSchema):
|
|
"""
|
|
AutoSchema subclass using schema_extra_info on the view.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
class CustomView(APIView):
|
|
schema = CustomSchema()
|
|
schema_extra_info = ... # some extra info
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Here, the <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass goes looking for <code>schema_extra_info</code> on the
|
|
view. This is <em>OK</em> (it doesn't actually hurt) but it means you'll end up with
|
|
your schema logic spread out in a number of different places.</p>
|
|
<p>Instead try to subclass <code>AutoSchema</code> such that the <code>extra_info</code> doesn't leak
|
|
out into the view:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">class BaseSchema(AutoSchema):
|
|
"""
|
|
AutoSchema subclass that knows how to use extra_info.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
class CustomSchema(BaseSchema):
|
|
extra_info = ... # some extra info
|
|
|
|
|
|
class CustomView(APIView):
|
|
schema = CustomSchema()
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>This style is slightly more verbose but maintains the encapsulation of the
|
|
schema related code. It's more <em>cohesive</em> in the <em>parlance</em>. It'll keep the
|
|
rest of your API code more tidy.</p>
|
|
<p>If an option applies to many view classes, rather than creating a specific
|
|
subclass per-view, you may find it more convenient to allow specifying the
|
|
option as an <code>__init__()</code> kwarg to your base <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">class CustomSchema(BaseSchema):
|
|
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
|
|
# store extra_info for later
|
|
self.extra_info = kwargs.pop("extra_info")
|
|
super().__init__(**kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class CustomView(APIView):
|
|
schema = CustomSchema(extra_info=...) # some extra info
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>This saves you having to create a custom subclass per-view for a commonly used option.</p>
|
|
<p>Not all <code>AutoSchema</code> methods expose related <code>__init__()</code> kwargs, but those for
|
|
the more commonly needed options do.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="autoschema-methods"><a class="toclink" href="#autoschema-methods"><code>AutoSchema</code> methods</a></h3>
|
|
<h4 id="get_components"><a class="toclink" href="#get_components"><code>get_components()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Generates the OpenAPI components that describe request and response bodies,
|
|
deriving their properties from the serializer.</p>
|
|
<p>Returns a dictionary mapping the component name to the generated
|
|
representation. By default this has just a single pair but you may override
|
|
<code>get_components()</code> to return multiple pairs if your view uses multiple
|
|
serializers.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_component_name"><a class="toclink" href="#get_component_name"><code>get_component_name()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Computes the component's name from the serializer.</p>
|
|
<p>You may see warnings if your API has duplicate component names. If so you can override <code>get_component_name()</code> or pass the <code>component_name</code> <code>__init__()</code> kwarg (see below) to provide different names.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_reference"><a class="toclink" href="#get_reference"><code>get_reference()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Returns a reference to the serializer component. This may be useful if you override <code>get_schema()</code>.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="map_serializer"><a class="toclink" href="#map_serializer"><code>map_serializer()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Maps serializers to their OpenAPI representations.</p>
|
|
<p>Most serializers should conform to the standard OpenAPI <code>object</code> type, but you may
|
|
wish to override <code>map_serializer()</code> in order to customize this or other
|
|
serializer-level fields.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="map_field"><a class="toclink" href="#map_field"><code>map_field()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Maps individual serializer fields to their schema representation. The base implementation
|
|
will handle the default fields that Django REST Framework provides.</p>
|
|
<p>For <code>SerializerMethodField</code> instances, for which the schema is unknown, or custom field subclasses you should override <code>map_field()</code> to generate the correct schema:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-python">class CustomSchema(AutoSchema):
|
|
"""Extension of ``AutoSchema`` to add support for custom field schemas."""
|
|
|
|
def map_field(self, field):
|
|
# Handle SerializerMethodFields or custom fields here...
|
|
# ...
|
|
return super().map_field(field)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Authors of third-party packages should aim to provide an <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass,
|
|
and a mixin, overriding <code>map_field()</code> so that users can easily generate schemas
|
|
for their custom fields.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_tags"><a class="toclink" href="#get_tags"><code>get_tags()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>OpenAPI groups operations by tags. By default tags taken from the first path
|
|
segment of the routed URL. For example, a URL like <code>/users/{id}/</code> will generate
|
|
the tag <code>users</code>.</p>
|
|
<p>You can pass an <code>__init__()</code> kwarg to manually specify tags (see below), or
|
|
override <code>get_tags()</code> to provide custom logic.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_operation"><a class="toclink" href="#get_operation"><code>get_operation()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>Returns the <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#operationObject">OpenAPI operation object</a> that describes the
|
|
endpoint, including path and query parameters for pagination, filtering, and so
|
|
on.</p>
|
|
<p>Together with <code>get_components()</code>, this is the main entry point to the view
|
|
introspection.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_operation_id"><a class="toclink" href="#get_operation_id"><code>get_operation_id()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>There must be a unique <a href="openapi-operationid">operationid</a> for each operation.
|
|
By default the <code>operationId</code> is deduced from the model name, serializer name or
|
|
view name. The operationId looks like "listItems", "retrieveItem",
|
|
"updateItem", etc. The <code>operationId</code> is camelCase by convention.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_operation_id_base"><a class="toclink" href="#get_operation_id_base"><code>get_operation_id_base()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>If you have several views with the same model name, you may see duplicate
|
|
operationIds.</p>
|
|
<p>In order to work around this, you can override <code>get_operation_id_base()</code> to
|
|
provide a different base for name part of the ID.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_serializer"><a class="toclink" href="#get_serializer"><code>get_serializer()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>If the view has implemented <code>get_serializer()</code>, returns the result.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_request_serializer"><a class="toclink" href="#get_request_serializer"><code>get_request_serializer()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>By default returns <code>get_serializer()</code> but can be overridden to
|
|
differentiate between request and response objects.</p>
|
|
<h4 id="get_response_serializer"><a class="toclink" href="#get_response_serializer"><code>get_response_serializer()</code></a></h4>
|
|
<p>By default returns <code>get_serializer()</code> but can be overridden to
|
|
differentiate between request and response objects.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="autoschema__init__-kwargs"><a class="toclink" href="#autoschema__init__-kwargs"><code>AutoSchema.__init__()</code> kwargs</a></h3>
|
|
<p><code>AutoSchema</code> provides a number of <code>__init__()</code> kwargs that can be used for
|
|
common customizations, if the default generated values are not appropriate.</p>
|
|
<p>The available kwargs are:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>tags</code>: Specify a list of tags.</li>
|
|
<li><code>component_name</code>: Specify the component name.</li>
|
|
<li><code>operation_id_base</code>: Specify the resource-name part of operation IDs.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>You pass the kwargs when declaring the <code>AutoSchema</code> instance on your view:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>class PetDetailView(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
|
|
schema = AutoSchema(
|
|
tags=['Pets'],
|
|
component_name='Pet',
|
|
operation_id_base='Pet',
|
|
)
|
|
...
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Assuming a <code>Pet</code> model and <code>PetSerializer</code> serializer, the kwargs in this
|
|
example are probably not needed. Often, though, you'll need to pass the kwargs
|
|
if you have multiple view targeting the same model, or have multiple views with
|
|
identically named serializers.</p>
|
|
<p>If your views have related customizations that are needed frequently, you can
|
|
create a base <code>AutoSchema</code> subclass for your project that takes additional
|
|
<code>__init__()</code> kwargs to save subclassing <code>AutoSchema</code> for each view.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
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