Develop 4.0 (#298)

* Add wiring (#294)

* Add wiring module

* Fix code style

* Fix package test

* Add version fix

* Try spike for 3.6

* Try another fix with metaclass

* Downsample required version to 3.6

* Introduce concept with annotations

* Fix bugs

* Add debug message

* Add extra tests

* Add extra debugging

* Update config resolving

* Remove 3.6 generic meta fix

* Fix Flake8

* Add spike for 3.6

* Add Python 3.6 spike

* Add unwire functionality

* Add support of corouting functions

* Bump version to 4.0

* Updaet demo example

* Add pydocstyle ignore for demo

* Add flake8 ignore for demo

* Update aiohttp example

* Update flask example

* Rename aiohttp example directory

* Rename views module to handlers in aiohttp example

* Add sanic example

* Remove not needed images

* Update demo

* Implement wiring for Provide[foo.provider]

* Implement Provide[foo.provided.bar.baz.call()]

* Make flake8 happy

* Wiring refactoring (#296)

* Refactor wiring

* Add todos to wiring

* Implement wiring of config invariant

* Implement sub containers wiring + add tests

* Add test for wiring config invariant

* Add container.unwire() typing stub

* Deprecate ext package modules and remove types module

* Deprecate provider.delegate() method

* Add __all__ for wiring module

* Add protection for wiring only declarative container instances

* Bump version to 4.0.0a2

* Add wiring docs

* Add wiring of class methods

* Remove unused import

* Add a note on individuals import to wiring docs

* Add minor improvement to wiring doc

* Update DI in Python page

* Update key features

* Update README concep and FAQ

* Add files via upload

* Update README.rst

* Update README.rst

* Update README.rst

* Update docs index page

* Update README

* Remove API docs for flask and aiohttp ext

* Add wiring API docs

* Update docs index

* Update README

* Update readme and docs index

* Change wording in README

* Django example (#297)

* Add rough django example

* Remove sqlite db

* Add gitignore

* Fix flake8 and pydocstyle errors

* Add tests

* Refactor settings

* Move web app to to the root of the project

* Add bootstrap 4

* Add doc blocks for web app

* Add coverage

* Fix typo in flask

* Remove not needed newlines

* Add screenshot

* Update django app naming

* Add django example to the docs

* Update changelog

* Update Aiohttp example

* Add sanic example to the docs

* Make a little fix in django example docs page

* Add flask example to the docs

* Add aiohttp example to the docs

* Update installation docs page

* Fix .delegate() deprecation

* Refactor movie lister to use wiring

* Make micro cosmetic changes to flask, aiohttp & sanic examples

* Refactor single container example to use wiring

* Refactor multiple container example to use wiring

* Add return type to main() in application examples

* Refactor decoupled packages example to use wiring

* Refactor code layout for DI demo example

* Update wiring feature message

* Add more links to the examples

* Change code layout in miniapps

* Update sanic example

* Update miniapp READMEs

* Update wiring docs

* Refactor part of cli tutorial

* Refactor CLI app tutorial

* Update test coverage results in movie lister example and tutorial

* Make some minor updates to aiohttp and cli tutorials

* Refactor flask tutorial

* Make cosmetic fix in flask example

* Refactor Flask tutorial: Connect to the GitHub

* Refactor Flask tutorial: Search service

* Refactor Flask tutorial: Inject search service into view

* Refactor Flask tutorial: Make some refactoring

* Finish flask tutorial refactoring

* Update tutorials

* Refactor  asyncio monitoring daemon example application

* Fix tutorial links

* Rename asyncio miniapp

* Rename tutorial image dirs

* Rename api docs tol-level page

* Refactor initial sections of asyncio daemon tutorial

* Refactor asyncio tutorial till Example.com monitor section

* Refactor asyncio tutorial example.com monitor section

* Refactor asyncio tutorial httpbin.org monitor tutorial

* Refactor tests section of asyncio daemon tutorial

* Update conclusion of asyncio daemon tutorial

* Rename tutorial images

* Make cosmetic update to flask tutorial

* Refactor aiohttp tutorial: Minimal application section

* Refactor aiohttp tutorial: Giphy API client secion

* Refactor aiohttp tutorial secion: Make the search work

* Refactor aiohttp tutorial tests section

* Refactor aiohttp tutorial conclusion

* Upgrade  Cython to 0.29.21

* Update changelog

* Update demo example

* Update wording on index pages

* Update changelog

* Update code layout for main demo

README.rst

@@ -67,14 +67,18 @@ Key features of the ``Dependency Injector``:
   See `Configuration provider <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/providers/configuration.html>`_.
 - **Containers**. Provides declarative and dynamic containers.
   See `Containers <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/containers/index.html>`_.
-- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
+- **Wiring**. Injects dependencies into functions and methods. Helps integrating with
+  other frameworks: Django, Flask, Aiohttp, etc.
+  See `Wiring <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/wiring.html>`_.
 - **Typing**. Provides typing stubs, ``mypy``-friendly.
   See `Typing and mypy <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/providers/typing_mypy.html>`_.
+- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
 - **Maturity**. Mature and production-ready. Well-tested, documented and supported.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
 
    class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
@@ -93,23 +97,38 @@ Key features of the ``Dependency Injector``:
        )
 
 
+   def main(service: Service = Provide[Container.service]):
+       ...
+
+
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        container = Container()
        container.config.api_key.from_env('API_KEY')
        container.config.timeout.from_env('TIMEOUT')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
 
-       service = container.service()
+       main()  # <-- dependency is injected automatically
 
-With the ``Dependency Injector`` you keep **application structure in one place**.
+       with container.api_client.override(mock.Mock()):
-This place is called **the container**. You use the container to manage all the components of the
+           main()  # <-- overridden dependency is injected automatically
-application. All the component dependencies are defined explicitly. This provides the control on
-the application structure. It is **easy to understand and change** it.
 
-.. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wiki/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/img/di-map.svg
+When you call ``main()`` function the ``Service`` dependency is assembled and injected automatically.
+
+When doing a testing you call the ``container.api_client.override()`` to replace the real API
+client with a mock. When you call ``main()`` the mock is injected.
+
+You can override any provider with another provider.
+
+It also helps you in configuring project for the different environments: replace an API client
+with a stub on the dev or stage.
+
+With the ``Dependency Injector`` objects assembling is consolidated in the container.
+Dependency injections are defined explicitly.
+This makes easier to understand and change how application works.
+
+.. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wiki/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/img/di-readme.svg
    :target: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 
-*The container is like a map of your application. You always know what depends on what.*
-
 Visit the docs to know more about the
 `Dependency injection and inversion of control in Python <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/introduction/di_in_python.html>`_.
 
@@ -133,6 +152,10 @@ Choose one of the following:
 - `Application example (single container) <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/application-single-container.html>`_
 - `Application example (multiple containers) <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/application-multiple-containers.html>`_
 - `Decoupled packages example (multiple containers) <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/decoupled-packages.html>`_
+- `Django example <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/django.html>`_
+- `Flask example <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/flask.html>`_
+- `Aiohttp example <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/aiohttp.html>`_
+- `Sanic example <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/examples/sanic.html>`_
 
 Tutorials
 ---------
@@ -147,22 +170,16 @@ Choose one of the following:
 Concept
 -------
 
-``Dependency Injector`` stands on two principles:
+The framework stands on the `PEP20 (The Zen of Python) <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/>`_ principle:
 
-- Explicit is better than implicit (PEP20).
+.. code-block:: plain
-- Do no magic to your code.
 
-How is it different from the other frameworks?
+   Explicit is better than implicit
 
-- **No autowiring.** The framework does NOT do any autowiring / autoresolving of the dependencies. You need to specify everything explicitly. Because *"Explicit is better than implicit" (PEP20)*.
+You need to specify how to assemble and where to inject the dependencies explicitly.
-- **Does not pollute your code.** Your application does NOT know and does NOT depend on the framework. No ``@inject`` decorators, annotations, patching or any other magic tricks.
 
-``Dependency Injector`` makes a simple contract with you:
+The power of the framework is in a simplicity.
-
+``Dependency Injector`` is a simple tool for the powerful concept.
-- You tell the framework how to assemble your objects
-- The framework does it for you
-
-The power of the ``Dependency Injector`` is in its simplicity and straightforwardness. It is a simple tool for the powerful concept.
 
 Frequently asked questions
 --------------------------
@@ -171,35 +188,17 @@ What is the dependency injection?
  - dependency injection is a principle that decreases coupling and increases cohesion
 
 Why should I do the dependency injection?
- - your code becomes more flexible, testable and clear
+ - your code becomes more flexible, testable and clear 😎
- - you have no problems when you need to understand how it works or change it 😎 
 
 How do I start doing the dependency injection?
  - you start writing the code following the dependency injection principle
  - you register all of your application components and their dependencies in the container
- - when you need a component, you get it from the container
+ - when you need a component, you specify where to inject it or get it from the container
-
-Why do I need a framework for this?
- - you need the framework for this to not create it by your own
- - this framework gives you the container and the providers
- - the container is like a dictionary with the batteries 🔋 
- - the providers manage the lifetime of your components, you will need factories, singletons, smart config object etc
 
 What price do I pay and what do I get?
- - you need to explicitly specify the dependencies in the container
+ - you need to explicitly specify the dependencies
  - it will be extra work in the beginning
- - it will payoff when project grows or in two weeks 😊 (when you forget what project was about)
+ - it will payoff as the project grows
-
-What features does the framework have?
- - building objects graph
- - smart configuration object
- - providers: factory, singleton, thread locals registers, etc
- - positional and keyword context injections
- - overriding of the objects in any part of the graph
-
-What features the framework does NOT have?
- - autowiring / autoresolving of the dependencies
- - the annotations and ``@inject``-like decorators
 
 Have a question?
  - Open a `Github Issue <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/issues>`_

docs/api/aiohttpext.rst

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-dependency_injector.ext.aiohttp
-===============================
-
-.. automodule:: dependency_injector.ext.aiohttp
-   :members:
-   :show-inheritance:
-
-
-.. disqus::

docs/api/flaskext.rst

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-dependency_injector.ext.flask
-=============================
-
-.. automodule:: dependency_injector.ext.flask
-   :members:
-   :show-inheritance:
-
-
-.. disqus::

docs/api/index.rst

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ API Documentation
 ..  toctree::
     :maxdepth: 2
 
-    top_level
+   top-level
    providers
    containers
+   wiring
    errors
-    aiohttpext
-    flaskext

docs/api/wiring.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+dependency_injector.wiring
+=============================
+
+.. automodule:: dependency_injector.wiring
+   :members:
+
+.. disqus::

docs/examples/aiohttp.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+.. _aiohttp-example:
+
+Aiohttp example
+===============
+
+.. meta::
+   :keywords: Python,Dependency Injection,Aiohttp,Example
+   :description: This example demonstrates a usage of the Aiohttp and Dependency Injector.
+
+
+This example shows how to use ``Dependency Injector`` with `Aiohttp <https://docs.aiohttp.org/>`_.
+
+The example application is a REST API that searches for funny GIFs on the `Giphy <https://giphy.com/>`_.
+
+The source code is available on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/aiohttp>`_.
+
+:ref:`aiohttp-tutorial` demonstrates how to build this application step-by-step.
+
+Application structure
+---------------------
+
+Application has next structure:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   ./
+   ├── giphynavigator/
+   │   ├── __init__.py
+   │   ├── application.py
+   │   ├── containers.py
+   │   ├── giphy.py
+   │   ├── handlers.py
+   │   ├── services.py
+   │   └── tests.py
+   ├── config.yml
+   └── requirements.txt
+
+Container
+---------
+
+Declarative container is defined in ``giphynavigator/containers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/containers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Handlers
+--------
+
+Handler has dependencies on search service and some config options. The dependencies are injected
+using :ref:`wiring` feature.
+
+Listing of ``giphynavigator/handlers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/handlers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Application factory
+-------------------
+Application factory creates container, wires it with the ``handlers`` module, creates
+``Aiohttp`` app and setup routes.
+
+Listing of ``giphynavigator/application.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/application.py
+   :language: python
+
+Tests
+-----
+
+Tests use :ref:`provider-overriding` feature to replace giphy client with a mock ``giphynavigator/tests.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/tests.py
+   :language: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 32,59,73
+
+Sources
+-------
+
+Explore the sources on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/aiohttp>`_.
+
+.. disqus::

docs/examples/django.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+.. _django-example:
+
+Django example
+==============
+
+.. meta::
+   :keywords: Python,Dependency Injection,Django,Example
+   :description: This example demonstrates a usage of the Django and Dependency Injector.
+
+
+This example shows how to use ``Dependency Injector`` with `Django <https://www.djangoproject.com/>`_.
+
+The example application helps to search for repositories on the Github.
+
+.. image:: images/django.png
+    :width: 100%
+    :align: center
+
+The source code is available on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/django>`_.
+
+Application structure
+---------------------
+
+Application has standard Django project structure. It consists of ``githubnavigator`` project package and
+``web`` application package:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   ./
+   ├── githubnavigator/
+   │   ├── __init__.py
+   │   ├── asgi.py
+   │   ├── containers.py
+   │   ├── services.py
+   │   ├── settings.py
+   │   ├── urls.py
+   │   └── wsgi.py
+   ├── web/
+   │   ├── templates/
+   │   │   ├── base.html
+   │   │   └── index.html
+   │   ├── __init__.py
+   │   ├── apps.py
+   │   ├── tests.py
+   │   ├── urls.py
+   │   └── views.py
+   ├── manage.py
+   └── requirements.txt
+
+Container
+---------
+
+Declarative container is defined in ``githubnavigator/containers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/containers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Container instance is created in ``githubnavigator/__init__.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/__init__.py
+   :language: python
+
+Views
+-----
+
+View has dependencies on search service and some config options. The dependencies are injected
+using :ref:`wiring` feature.
+
+Listing of ``web/views.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/django/web/views.py
+   :language: python
+
+App config
+----------
+
+Container is wired to the ``views`` module in the app config ``web/apps.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/django/web/apps.py
+   :language: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 13
+
+Tests
+-----
+
+Tests use :ref:`provider-overriding` feature to replace github client with a mock ``web/tests.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/django/web/tests.py
+   :language: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 39,60
+
+Sources
+-------
+
+Explore the sources on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/django>`_.
+
+.. disqus::

docs/examples/flask.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+.. _flask-example:
+
+Flask example
+=============
+
+.. meta::
+   :keywords: Python,Dependency Injection,Flask,Example
+   :description: This example demonstrates a usage of the Flask and Dependency Injector.
+
+
+This example shows how to use ``Dependency Injector`` with `Flask <https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/>`_.
+
+The example application helps to search for repositories on the Github.
+
+.. image:: images/flask.png
+    :width: 100%
+    :align: center
+
+The source code is available on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/flask>`_.
+
+:ref:`flask-tutorial` demonstrates how to build this application step-by-step.
+
+Application structure
+---------------------
+
+Application has next structure:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   ./
+   ├── githubnavigator/
+   │   ├── templates
+   │   │   ├── base.html
+   │   │   └── index.py
+   │   ├── __init__.py
+   │   ├── application.py
+   │   ├── containers.py
+   │   ├── services.py
+   │   ├── tests.py
+   │   └── views.py
+   ├── config.yml
+   └── requirements.txt
+
+Container
+---------
+
+Declarative container is defined in ``githubnavigator/containers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/containers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Views
+-----
+
+View has dependencies on search service and some config options. The dependencies are injected
+using :ref:`wiring` feature.
+
+Listing of ``githubnavigator/views.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/views.py
+   :language: python
+
+Application factory
+-------------------
+Application factory creates container, wires it with the ``views`` module, creates
+``Flask`` app and setup routes.
+
+Listing of ``githubnavigator/application.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/application.py
+   :language: python
+
+Tests
+-----
+
+Tests use :ref:`provider-overriding` feature to replace github client with a mock ``githubnavigator/tests.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/tests.py
+   :language: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 44,67
+
+Sources
+-------
+
+Explore the sources on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/flask>`_.
+
+.. disqus::

docs/examples/index.rst

@@ -13,5 +13,9 @@ Explore the examples to see the ``Dependency Injector`` in action.
     application-single-container
     application-multiple-containers
     decoupled-packages
+    django
+    flask
+    aiohttp
+    sanic
 
 .. disqus::

docs/examples/sanic.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+.. _sanic-example:
+
+Sanic example
+==============
+
+.. meta::
+   :keywords: Python,Dependency Injection,Sanic,Example
+   :description: This example demonstrates a usage of the Sanic and Dependency Injector.
+
+
+This example shows how to use ``Dependency Injector`` with `Sanic <https://sanic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_.
+
+The example application is a REST API that searches for funny GIFs on the `Giphy <https://giphy.com/>`_.
+
+The source code is available on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/sanic>`_.
+
+Application structure
+---------------------
+
+Application has next structure:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   ./
+   ├── giphynavigator/
+   │   ├── __init__.py
+   │   ├── __main__.py
+   │   ├── application.py
+   │   ├── containers.py
+   │   ├── giphy.py
+   │   ├── handlers.py
+   │   ├── services.py
+   │   └── tests.py
+   ├── config.yml
+   └── requirements.txt
+
+Container
+---------
+
+Declarative container is defined in ``giphynavigator/containers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/sanic/giphynavigator/containers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Handlers
+--------
+
+Handler has dependencies on search service and some config options. The dependencies are injected
+using :ref:`wiring` feature.
+
+Listing of ``giphynavigator/handlers.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/sanic/giphynavigator/handlers.py
+   :language: python
+
+Application factory
+-------------------
+Application factory creates container, wires it with the ``handlers`` module, creates
+``Sanic`` app and setup routes.
+
+Listing of ``giphynavigator/application.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/sanic/giphynavigator/application.py
+   :language: python
+
+Tests
+-----
+
+Tests use :ref:`provider-overriding` feature to replace giphy client with a mock ``giphynavigator/tests.py``:
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../examples/miniapps/sanic/giphynavigator/tests.py
+   :language: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 27,54,68
+
+Sources
+-------
+
+Explore the sources on the `Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/sanic>`_.
+
+.. disqus::

docs/index.rst

@@ -77,13 +77,16 @@ Key features of the ``Dependency Injector``:
 - **Configuration**. Read configuration from ``yaml`` & ``ini`` files, environment variables
   and dictionaries. See :ref:`configuration-provider`.
 - **Containers**. Provides declarative and dynamic containers. See :ref:`containers`.
-- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
+- **Wiring**. Injects dependencies into functions and methods. Helps integrating with
+  other frameworks: Django, Flask, Aiohttp, etc. See :ref:`wiring`.
 - **Typing**. Provides typing stubs, ``mypy``-friendly. See :ref:`provider-typing`.
+- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
 - **Maturity**. Mature and production-ready. Well-tested, documented and supported.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
 
    class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
@@ -102,23 +105,28 @@ Key features of the ``Dependency Injector``:
        )
 
 
+   def main(service: Service = Provide[Container.service]):
+       ...
+
+
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        container = Container()
        container.config.api_key.from_env('API_KEY')
        container.config.timeout.from_env('TIMEOUT')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
 
-       service = container.service()
+       main()  # <-- dependency is injected automatically
 
-With the ``Dependency Injector`` you keep **application structure in one place**.
+       with container.api_client.override(mock.Mock()):
-This place is called **the container**. You use the container to manage all the components of the
+           main()  # <-- overridden dependency is injected automatically
-application. All the component dependencies are defined explicitly. This provides the control on
-the application structure. It is **easy to understand and change** it.
 
-.. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wiki/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/img/di-map.svg
+With the ``Dependency Injector`` objects assembling is consolidated in the container.
+Dependency injections are defined explicitly.
+This makes easier to understand and change how application works.
+
+.. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wiki/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/img/di-readme.svg
    :target: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
 
-*The container is like a map of your application. You always know what depends on what.*
-
 Explore the documentation to know more about the ``Dependency Injector``.
 
 .. _contents:
@@ -134,6 +142,7 @@ Contents
    tutorials/index
    providers/index
    containers/index
+   wiring
    examples-other/index
    api/index
    main/feedback

docs/introduction/di_in_python.rst

@@ -67,19 +67,23 @@ Before:
    class ApiClient:
 
        def __init__(self):
-           self.api_key = os.getenv('API_KEY')  # <-- the dependency
+           self.api_key = os.getenv('API_KEY')  # <-- dependency
-           self.timeout = os.getenv('TIMEOUT')  # <-- the dependency
+           self.timeout = os.getenv('TIMEOUT')  # <-- dependency
 
 
    class Service:
 
        def __init__(self):
-           self.api_client = ApiClient()  # <-- the dependency
+           self.api_client = ApiClient()  # <-- dependency
+
+
+   def main() -> None:
+       service = Service()  # <-- dependency
+       ...
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
-       service = Service()
+       main()
-
 
 After:
 
@@ -91,18 +95,29 @@ After:
    class ApiClient:
 
        def __init__(self, api_key: str, timeout: int):
-           self.api_key = api_key  # <-- the dependency is injected
+           self.api_key = api_key  # <-- dependency is injected
-           self.timeout = timeout  # <-- the dependency is injected
+           self.timeout = timeout  # <-- dependency is injected
 
 
    class Service:
 
        def __init__(self, api_client: ApiClient):
-           self.api_client = api_client  # <-- the dependency is injected
+           self.api_client = api_client  # <-- dependency is injected
+
+
+   def main(service: Service):  # <-- dependency is injected
+       ...
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
-       service = Service(ApiClient(os.getenv('API_KEY'), os.getenv('TIMEOUT')))
+       main(
+           service=Service(
+               api_client=ApiClient(
+                   api_key=os.getenv('API_KEY'),
+                   timeout=os.getenv('TIMEOUT'),
+               ),
+           ),
+       )
 
 ``ApiClient`` is decoupled from knowing where the options come from. You can read a key and a
 timeout from a configuration file or even get them from a database.
@@ -110,11 +125,22 @@ timeout from a configuration file or even get them from a database.
 ``Service`` is decoupled from the ``ApiClient``. It does not create it anymore. You can provide a
 stub or other compatible object.
 
+Function ``main()`` is decoupled from ``Service``. It receives it as an argument.
+
 Flexibility comes with a price.
 
-Now you need to assemble the objects like this::
+Now you need to assemble and inject the objects like this:
 
-    service = Service(ApiClient(os.getenv('API_KEY'), os.getenv('TIMEOUT')))
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   main(
+       service=Service(
+           api_client=ApiClient(
+               api_key=os.getenv('API_KEY'),
+               timeout=os.getenv('TIMEOUT'),
+           ),
+       ),
+   )
 
 The assembly code might get duplicated and it'll become harder to change the application structure.
 
@@ -123,18 +149,20 @@ Here comes the ``Dependency Injector``.
 What does the Dependency Injector do?
 -------------------------------------
 
-With the dependency injection pattern objects loose the responsibility of assembling the
+With the dependency injection pattern objects loose the responsibility of assembling
-dependencies. The ``Dependency Injector`` absorbs that responsibility.
+the dependencies. The ``Dependency Injector`` absorbs that responsibilities.
 
-``Dependency Injector`` helps to assemble the objects.
+``Dependency Injector`` helps to assemble and inject the dependencies.
 
-It provides a container and providers that help you with the objects assembly. When you
+It provides a container and providers that help you with the objects assembly.
-need an object you get it from the container. The rest of the assembly work is done by the
+When you need an object you place a ``Provide`` marker as a default value of a
-framework:
+function argument. When you call this function framework assembles and injects
+the dependency.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
 
    class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
@@ -153,36 +181,34 @@ framework:
        )
 
 
+   def main(service: Service = Provide[Container.service]):
+       ...
+
+
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        container = Container()
        container.config.api_key.from_env('API_KEY')
        container.config.timeout.from_env('TIMEOUT')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
 
-       service = container.service()
+       main()  # <-- dependency is injected automatically
-
-Retrieving of the ``Service`` instance now is done like this::
-
-    service = container.service()
-
-Objects assembling is consolidated in the container. When you need to make a change you do it in
-one place.
-
-When doing a testing you call the ``container.api_client.override()`` to replace the real API
-client with a mock:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-   from unittest import mock
-
 
        with container.api_client.override(mock.Mock()):
-       service = container.service()
+           main()  # <-- overridden dependency is injected automatically
+
+When you call ``main()`` function the ``Service`` dependency is assembled and injected automatically.
+
+When doing a testing you call the ``container.api_client.override()`` to replace the real API
+client with a mock. When you call ``main()`` the mock is injected.
 
 You can override any provider with another provider.
 
 It also helps you in configuring project for the different environments: replace an API client
 with a stub on the dev or stage.
 
+Objects assembling is consolidated in the container. Dependency injections are defined explicitly.
+This makes easier to understand and change how application works.
+
 Testing, Monkey-patching and dependency injection
 -------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -254,6 +280,10 @@ Choose one of the following as a next step:
     - :ref:`application-single-container`
     - :ref:`application-multiple-containers`
     - :ref:`decoupled-packages`
+    - :ref:`django-example`
+    - :ref:`flask-example`
+    - :ref:`aiohttp-example`
+    - :ref:`sanic-example`
 - Pass the tutorials:
     - :ref:`flask-tutorial`
     - :ref:`aiohttp-tutorial`
@@ -261,6 +291,7 @@ Choose one of the following as a next step:
     - :ref:`cli-tutorial`
 - Know more about the ``Dependency Injector`` :ref:`key-features`
 - Know more about the :ref:`providers`
+- Know more about the :ref:`wiring`
 - Go to the :ref:`contents`
 
 Useful links

docs/introduction/installation.rst

@@ -1,41 +1,42 @@
 Installation
 ============
 
-*Dependency Injector* framework is distributed by PyPi_.
+``Dependency Injector`` is available on `PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/dependency-injector/>`_.
-
+To install latest version you can use ``pip``:
-Latest stable version (and all previous versions) of *Dependency Injector* 
-framework can be installed from PyPi_:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     pip install dependency-injector
 
-.. note::
+Some modules of the ``Dependency Injector`` are implemented as C extensions.
-    Some components of *Dependency Injector* are implemented as C extension types. 
+``Dependency Injector`` is distributed as a pre-compiled wheels. Wheels are
-    *Dependency Injector* is distributed as an archive with a source code, so 
+available for all supported Python versions on Linux, Windows and MacOS.
-    C compiler and Python header files are required for the installation.
+Linux distribution uses `manylinux <https://github.com/pypa/manylinux>`_.
 
-Sources can be cloned from GitHub_:
+If there is no appropriate wheel for your environment (Python version and OS)
+installer will compile the package from sources on your machine. You'll need
+a C compiler and Python header files.
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+To verify the installed version:
-
-    git clone https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector.git
-
-Also all *Dependency Injector* releases can be downloaded from 
-`GitHub releases page`_.
-
-Verification of currently installed version could be done using 
-:py:obj:`dependency_injector.VERSION` constant:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     >>> import dependency_injector
     >>> dependency_injector.__version__
-    '3.43.0'
+    '4.0.0'
 
-.. _PyPi: https://pypi.org/project/dependency-injector/
+.. note::
-.. _GitHub: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector
+    When add ``Dependency Injector`` to the ``requirements.txt`` don't forget to pin version
-.. _GitHub releases page: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/releases
+    to the current major:
 
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        dependency-injector>=4.0,<5.0
+
+    *Next major version can be incompatible.*
+
+All releases are available on `PyPI release history page <https://pypi.org/project/dependency-injector/#history>`_.
+Each release has appropriate tag. The tags are available on
+`GitHub releases page <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/releases>`_.
 
 .. disqus::

docs/introduction/key_features.rst

@@ -19,20 +19,21 @@ Key features of the ``Dependency Injector``:
 - **Configuration**. Read configuration from ``yaml`` & ``ini`` files, environment variables
   and dictionaries. See :ref:`configuration-provider`.
 - **Containers**. Provides declarative and dynamic containers. See :ref:`containers`.
-- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
+- **Wiring**. Injects dependencies into functions and methods. Helps integrating with
+  other frameworks: Django, Flask, Aiohttp, etc. See :ref:`wiring`.
 - **Typing**. Provides typing stubs, ``mypy``-friendly. See :ref:`provider-typing`.
+- **Performance**. Fast. Written in ``Cython``.
 - **Maturity**. Mature and production-ready. Well-tested, documented and supported.
 
-The framework stands on two principles:
+The framework stands on the `PEP20 (The Zen of Python) <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/>`_ principle:
 
-- **Explicit is better than implicit (PEP20)**.
+.. code-block:: plain
-- **Do not do any magic to your code**.
 
-How is that different from the other frameworks?
+   Explicit is better than implicit
 
-- **No autowiring.** The framework does NOT do any autowiring / autoresolving of the dependencies. You need to specify everything explicitly. Because *"Explicit is better than implicit" (PEP20)*.
+You need to specify how to assemble and where to inject the dependencies explicitly.
-- **Does not pollute your code.** Your application does NOT know and does NOT depend on the framework. No ``@inject`` decorators, annotations, patching or any other magic tricks.
 
-The power of the framework is in a simplicity. ``Dependency Injector`` is a simple tool for the powerful concept.
+The power of the framework is in a simplicity.
+``Dependency Injector`` is a simple tool for the powerful concept.
 
 .. disqus::

docs/main/changelog.rst

@@ -7,6 +7,44 @@ that were made in every particular version.
 From version 0.7.6 *Dependency Injector* framework strictly 
 follows `Semantic versioning`_
 
+4.0.0
+-----
+New features:
+
+- Add ``wiring`` feature.
+
+Deprecations:
+
+- Deprecate ``ext.aiohttp`` module in favor of ``wiring`` feature.
+- Deprecate ``ext.flask`` module in favor of ``wiring`` feature.
+- Deprecate ``.delegate()`` provider method in favor of ``.provider`` attribute.
+
+Removals:
+
+- Remove deprecated ``types`` module.
+
+Tutorials:
+
+-  Update ``flask`` tutorial.
+-  Update ``aiohttp`` tutorial.
+-  Update ``asyncio`` daemon tutorial.
+-  Update CLI application tutorial.
+
+Examples:
+
+- Add ``django`` example.
+- Add ``sanic`` example.
+- Update ``aiohttp`` example.
+- Update ``flask`` example.
+- Update ``asyncio`` daemon example.
+- Update ``movie-lister`` example.
+- Update CLI application example.
+
+Misc:
+
+- Regenerate C sources using Cython 0.29.21.
+- Improve documentation and README (typos removal, rewording, etc).
+
 3.44.0
 ------
 - Add native support of the generics to the providers: ``some_provider = providers.Provider[SomeClass]``.

docs/tutorials/aiohttp.rst

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Start from the scratch or jump to the section:
    :backlinks: none
 
 You can find complete project on the
-`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/giphynav-aiohttp>`_.
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/aiohttp>`_.
 
 What are we going to build?
 ---------------------------
@@ -88,18 +88,18 @@ Prepare the environment
 
 Let's create the environment for the project.
 
-First we need to create a project folder and the virtual environment:
+First we need to create a project folder:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
    mkdir giphynav-aiohttp-tutorial
    cd giphynav-aiohttp-tutorial
-   python3 -m venv venv
 
-Now let's activate the virtual environment:
+Now let's create and activate virtual environment:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
+   python3 -m venv venv
    . venv/bin/activate
 
 Environment is ready and now we're going to create the layout of the project.
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Initial project layout::
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── application.py
    │   ├── containers.py
-   │   └── views.py
+   │   └── handlers.py
    ├── venv/
    └── requirements.txt
 
@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ The requirements are setup. Now we will build a minimal application.
 Minimal application
 -------------------
 
-In this section we will build a minimal application. It will have an endpoint that we can call.
+In this section we will build a minimal application. It will have an endpoint that
-The endpoint will answer in the right format and will have no data.
+will answer our requests in json format. There will be no payload for now.
 
-Edit ``views.py``:
+Edit ``handlers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   """Views module."""
+   """Handlers module."""
 
    from aiohttp import web
 
@@ -190,34 +190,25 @@ Edit ``views.py``:
            },
        )
 
-Now let's create the main part of our application - the container. Container will keep all of the
+Now let's create a container. Container will keep all of the application components and their dependencies.
-application components and their dependencies. First two providers we need to add are
-the ``aiohttp`` application provider and the view provider.
 
-Put next into the ``containers.py``:
+Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
-   from aiohttp import web
-
-   from . import views
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
+       ...
 
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
+Container is empty for now. We will add the providers in the following sections.
 
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(views.index)
+Finally we need to create ``aiohttp`` application factory. It will create and configure container
-
+and ``web.Application``. It is traditionally called ``create_app()``.
-At the last we need to create the ``aiohttp`` application factory. It is traditionally called
+We will assign ``index`` handler to handle user requests to the root ``/`` of our web application.
-``create_app()``. It will create the container. Then it will use the container to create
-the ``aiohttp`` application. Last step is to configure the routing - we will assign
-``index_view`` from the container to handle the requests to the root ``/`` of our REST API server.
 
 Put next into the ``application.py``:
 
@@ -227,28 +218,20 @@ Put next into the ``application.py``:
 
    from aiohttp import web
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import handlers
 
 
-   def create_app():
+   def create_app() -> web.Application:
-       """Create and return aiohttp application."""
+       container = Container()
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
 
-       app: web.Application = container.app()
+       app = web.Application()
        app.container = container
-
        app.add_routes([
-           web.get('/', container.index_view.as_view()),
+           web.get('/', handlers.index),
        ])
-
        return app
 
-.. note::
-
-   Container is the first object in the application.
-
-   The container is used to create all other objects.
-
 Now we're ready to run our application
 
 Do next in the terminal:
@@ -264,7 +247,7 @@ The output should be something like:
    [18:52:59] Starting aux server at http://localhost:8001 ◆
    [18:52:59] Starting dev server at http://localhost:8000 ●
 
-Let's use ``httpie`` to check that it works:
+Let's check that it works. Open another terminal session and use ``httpie``:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -306,7 +289,7 @@ Create ``giphy.py`` module in the ``giphynavigator`` package:
    │   ├── application.py
    │   ├── containers.py
    │   ├── giphy.py
-   │   └── views.py
+   │   └── handlers.py
    ├── venv/
    └── requirements.txt
 
@@ -351,21 +334,16 @@ providers from the ``dependency_injector.providers`` module:
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 3,7,15,17-21
+   :emphasize-lines: 3-5,10-16
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
-   from aiohttp import web
 
-   from . import giphy, views
+   from . import giphy
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -375,8 +353,6 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            timeout=config.giphy.request_timeout,
        )
 
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(views.index)
-
 .. note::
 
    We have used the configuration value before it was defined. That's the principle how the
@@ -399,7 +375,7 @@ Create an empty file ``config.yml`` in the root root of the project:
    │   ├── application.py
    │   ├── containers.py
    │   ├── giphy.py
-   │   └── views.py
+   │   └── handlers.py
    ├── venv/
    ├── config.yml
    └── requirements.txt
@@ -427,24 +403,23 @@ Edit ``application.py``:
 
    from aiohttp import web
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import handlers
 
 
-   def create_app():
+   def create_app() -> web.Application:
-       """Create and return aiohttp application."""
+       container = Container()
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
        container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
        container.config.giphy.api_key.from_env('GIPHY_API_KEY')
 
-       app: web.Application = container.app()
+       app = web.Application()
        app.container = container
-
        app.add_routes([
-           web.get('/', container.index_view.as_view()),
+           web.get('/', handlers.index),
        ])
-
        return app
 
+
 Now we need to create an API key and set it to the environment variable.
 
 As for now, don’t worry, just take this one:
@@ -473,7 +448,7 @@ Now it's time to add the ``SearchService``. It will:
 Create ``services.py`` module in the ``giphynavigator`` package:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
-   :emphasize-lines: 7
+   :emphasize-lines: 8
 
    ./
    ├── giphynavigator/
@@ -481,9 +456,10 @@ Create ``services.py`` module in the ``giphynavigator`` package:
    │   ├── application.py
    │   ├── containers.py
    │   ├── giphy.py
-   │   ├── services.py
+   │   ├── handlers.py
-   │   └── views.py
+   │   └── services.py
    ├── venv/
+   ├── config.yml
    └── requirements.txt
 
 and put next into it:
@@ -509,27 +485,22 @@ and put next into it:
 
            return [{'url': gif['url']} for gif in result['data']]
 
-The ``SearchService`` has a dependency on the ``GiphyClient``. This dependency will be injected.
+The ``SearchService`` has a dependency on the ``GiphyClient``. This dependency will be
-Let's add ``SearchService`` to the container.
+injected when we add ``SearchService`` to the container.
 
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 7,23-26
+   :emphasize-lines: 5,18-21
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
-   from aiohttp import web
 
-   from . import giphy, services, views
+   from . import giphy, services
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -544,31 +515,31 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            giphy_client=giphy_client,
        )
 
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(views.index)
+The search service is ready. In next section we're going to put it to work.
-
-
-The search service is ready. In the next section we're going to make it work.
 
 Make the search work
 --------------------
 
-Now we are ready to make the search work. Let's use the ``SearchService`` in the ``index`` view.
+Now we are ready to put the search into work. Let's inject ``SearchService`` into
+the ``index`` handler. We will use :ref:`wiring` feature.
 
-Edit ``views.py``:
+Edit ``handlers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 5,8-11,15
+   :emphasize-lines: 4-7,10-13,17
 
-   """Views module."""
+   """Handlers module."""
 
    from aiohttp import web
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
    from .services import SearchService
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    async def index(
            request: web.Request,
-           search_service: SearchService,
+           search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
    ) -> web.Response:
        query = request.query.get('query', 'Dependency Injector')
        limit = int(request.query.get('limit', 10))
@@ -583,44 +554,35 @@ Edit ``views.py``:
            },
        )
 
-Now let's inject the ``SearchService`` dependency into the ``index`` view.
+To make the injection work we need to wire the container instance with the ``handlers`` module.
+This needs to be done once. After it's done we can use ``Provide`` markers to specify as many
+injections as needed for any handler.
 
-Edit ``containers.py``:
+Edit ``application.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 28-31
+   :emphasize-lines: 13
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Application module."""
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
    from aiohttp import web
 
-   from . import giphy, services, views
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import handlers
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   def create_app() -> web.Application:
-       """Application container."""
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.config.giphy.api_key.from_env('GIPHY_API_KEY')
+       container.wire(modules=[handlers])
 
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
+       app = web.Application()
-
+       app.container = container
-       config = providers.Configuration()
+       app.add_routes([
-
+           web.get('/', handlers.index),
-       giphy_client = providers.Factory(
+       ])
-           giphy.GiphyClient,
+       return app
-           api_key=config.giphy.api_key,
-           timeout=config.giphy.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           giphy_client=giphy_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-       )
 
 Make sure the app is running or use:
 
@@ -639,30 +601,30 @@ You should see:
 .. code-block:: json
 
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-   Content-Length: 850
+   Content-Length: 492
    Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
-   Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2020 22:22:55 GMT
+   Date: Fri, 09 Oct 2020 01:35:48 GMT
    Server: Python/3.8 aiohttp/3.6.2
 
    {
        "gifs": [
+           {
+               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/dollyparton-3xIVVMnZfG3KQ9v4Ye"
+           },
+           {
+               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/tennistv-unbelievable-disbelief-cant-believe-UWWJnhHHbpGvZOapEh"
+           },
            {
                "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/discoverychannel-nugget-gold-rush-rick-ness-KGGPIlnC4hr4u2s3pY"
            },
            {
-               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/primevideoin-ll1hyBS2IrUPLE0E71"
+               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/soulpancake-wow-work-xUe4HVXTPi0wQ2OAJC"
            },
            {
-               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/jackman-works-jackmanworks-l4pTgQoCrmXq8Txlu"
+               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/readingrainbow-teamwork-levar-burton-reading-rainbow-3o7qE1EaTWLQGDSabK"
-           },
+           }
-           {
-               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/cat-massage-at-work-l46CzMaOlJXAFuO3u"
-           },
-           {
-               "url": "https://giphy.com/gifs/everwhatproductions-fun-christmas-3oxHQCI8tKXoeW4IBq"
-           },
        ],
-       "limit": 10,
+       "limit": 5,
        "query": "wow,it works"
    }
 
@@ -673,30 +635,32 @@ The search works!
 Make some refactoring
 ---------------------
 
-Our ``index`` view has two hardcoded config values:
+Our ``index`` handler has two hardcoded config values:
 
 - Default search query
 - Default results limit
 
 Let's make some refactoring. We will move these values to the config.
 
-Edit ``views.py``:
+Edit ``handlers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 11-12,14-15
+   :emphasize-lines: 13-14,16-17
 
-   """Views module."""
+   """Handlers module."""
 
    from aiohttp import web
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
    from .services import SearchService
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    async def index(
            request: web.Request,
-           search_service: SearchService,
+           search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
-           default_query: str,
+           default_query: str = Provide[Container.config.default.query],
-           default_limit: int,
+           default_limit: int = Provide[Container.config.default.limit.as_int()],
    ) -> web.Response:
        query = request.query.get('query', default_query)
        limit = int(request.query.get('limit', default_limit))
@@ -711,48 +675,7 @@ Edit ``views.py``:
            },
        )
 
-Now we need to inject these values. Let's update the container.
+Let's update the config.
-
-Edit ``containers.py``:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 31-32
-
-   """Application containers module."""
-
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
-   from aiohttp import web
-
-   from . import giphy, services, views
-
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       giphy_client = providers.Factory(
-           giphy.GiphyClient,
-           api_key=config.giphy.api_key,
-           timeout=config.giphy.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           giphy_client=giphy_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-           default_query=config.search.default_query,
-           default_limit=config.search.default_limit,
-       )
-
-Finally let's update the config.
 
 Edit ``config.yml``:
 
@@ -761,26 +684,21 @@ Edit ``config.yml``:
 
    giphy:
      request_timeout: 10
-   search:
+   default:
-     default_query: "Dependency Injector"
+     query: "Dependency Injector"
-     default_limit: 10
+     limit: 10
 
 The refactoring is done. We've made it cleaner - hardcoded values are now moved to the config.
 
-In the next section we will add some tests.
-
 Tests
 -----
 
-It would be nice to add some tests. Let's do it.
+In this section we will add some tests.
-
-We will use `pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/>`_ and
-`coverage <https://coverage.readthedocs.io/>`_.
 
 Create ``tests.py`` module in the ``giphynavigator`` package:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
-   :emphasize-lines: 8
+   :emphasize-lines: 9
 
    ./
    ├── giphynavigator/
@@ -788,16 +706,17 @@ Create ``tests.py`` module in the ``giphynavigator`` package:
    │   ├── application.py
    │   ├── containers.py
    │   ├── giphy.py
+   │   ├── handlers.py
    │   ├── services.py
-   │   ├── tests.py
+   │   └── tests.py
-   │   └── views.py
    ├── venv/
+   ├── config.yml
    └── requirements.txt
 
 and put next into it:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 30,57,71
+   :emphasize-lines: 32,59,73
 
    """Tests module."""
 
@@ -811,7 +730,9 @@ and put next into it:
 
    @pytest.fixture
    def app():
-       return create_app()
+       app = create_app()
+       yield app
+       app.container.unwire()
 
 
    @pytest.fixture
@@ -874,8 +795,8 @@ and put next into it:
 
        assert response.status == 200
        data = await response.json()
-       assert data['query'] == app.container.config.search.default_query()
+       assert data['query'] == app.container.config.default.query()
-       assert data['limit'] == app.container.config.search.default_limit()
+       assert data['limit'] == app.container.config.default.limit()
 
 Now let's run it and check the coverage:
 
@@ -885,7 +806,7 @@ Now let's run it and check the coverage:
 
 You should see:
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+.. code-block::
 
    platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1
    plugins: cov-2.10.0, aiohttp-0.3.0, asyncio-0.14.0
@@ -897,15 +818,14 @@ You should see:
    Name                            Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ---------------------------------------------------
    giphynavigator/__init__.py          0      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/__main__.py          5      5     0%
+   giphynavigator/application.py      12      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/application.py      10      0   100%
+   giphynavigator/containers.py        6      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/containers.py       10      0   100%
    giphynavigator/giphy.py            14      9    36%
+   giphynavigator/handlers.py          9      0   100%
    giphynavigator/services.py          9      1    89%
-   giphynavigator/tests.py            35      0   100%
+   giphynavigator/tests.py            37      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/views.py             7      0   100%
    ---------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                              90     15    83%
+   TOTAL                              87     10    89%
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -920,45 +840,19 @@ In this tutorial we've built an ``aiohttp`` REST API application following the d
 injection principle.
 We've used the ``Dependency Injector`` as a dependency injection framework.
 
-The benefit you get with the ``Dependency Injector`` is the container. It starts to payoff
+:ref:`containers` and :ref:`providers` helped to specify how to assemble search service and
-when you need to understand or change your application structure. It's easy with the container,
+giphy client.
-cause you have everything defined explicitly in one place:
 
-.. code-block:: python
+:ref:`configuration-provider` helped to deal with reading YAML file and environment variable.
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+We used :ref:`wiring` feature to inject the dependencies into the ``index()`` handler.
+:ref:`provider-overriding` feature helped in testing.
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+We kept all the dependencies injected explicitly. This will help when you need to add or
-   from dependency_injector.ext import aiohttp
+change something in future.
-   from aiohttp import web
 
-   from . import giphy, services, views
+You can find complete project on the
-
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/aiohttp>`_.
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = aiohttp.Application(web.Application)
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       giphy_client = providers.Factory(
-           giphy.GiphyClient,
-           api_key=config.giphy.api_key,
-           timeout=config.giphy.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           giphy_client=giphy_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = aiohttp.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-           default_query=config.search.default_query,
-           default_limit=config.search.default_limit,
-       )
 
 What's next?
 

docs/tutorials/asyncio-daemon.rst

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Start from the scratch or jump to the section:
    :backlinks: none
 
 You can find complete project on the
-`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/monitoring-daemon-asyncio>`_.
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon>`_.
 
 What are we going to build?
 ---------------------------
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ response it will log:
 - The amount of bytes in the response
 - The time took to complete the response
 
-.. image::  asyncio_images/diagram.png
+.. image::  asyncio-images/diagram.png
 
 Prerequisites
 -------------
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ Create the project root folder and set it as a working directory:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   mkdir monitoring-daemon-tutorial
+   mkdir asyncio-daemon-tutorial
-   cd monitoring-daemon-tutorial
+   cd asyncio-daemon-tutorial
 
 Now we need to create the initial project structure. Create the files and folders following next
 layout. All files should be empty for now. We will fill them later.
@@ -190,10 +190,10 @@ The output should look like:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   Creating network "monitoring-daemon-tutorial_default" with the default driver
+   Creating network "asyncio-daemon-tutorial_default" with the default driver
-   Creating monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
+   Creating asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
-   Attaching to monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
+   Attaching to asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
-   monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 exited with code 0
+   asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 exited with code 0
 
 The environment is ready. The application does not do any work and just exits with a code ``0``.
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ Put next lines into the ``containers.py`` file:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    import logging
    import sys
@@ -222,8 +222,7 @@ Put next lines into the ``containers.py`` file:
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -261,27 +260,25 @@ Put next lines into the ``__main__.py`` file:
 
    """Main module."""
 
-    from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    def main() -> None:
-        """Run the application."""
+       ...
-        container = ApplicationContainer()
-
-        container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
-        container.configure_logging()
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.configure_logging()
+
        main()
 
 .. note::
 
    Container is the first object in the application.
 
-   The container is used to create all other objects.
+Logging and configuration parsing part is done. In next section we will create the monitoring
-
-Logging and configuration parsing part is done. In the next section we will create the monitoring
 checks dispatcher.
 
 Dispatcher
@@ -293,7 +290,7 @@ The dispatcher will control a list of the monitoring tasks. It will execute each
 to the configured schedule. The ``Monitor`` class is the base class for all the monitors. You can
 create different monitors by subclassing it and implementing the ``check()`` method.
 
-.. image:: asyncio_images/class_1.png
+.. image:: asyncio-images/classes-01.png
 
 Let's create dispatcher and the monitor base classes.
 
@@ -336,7 +333,7 @@ and next into the ``dispatcher.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   """"Dispatcher module."""
+   """Dispatcher module."""
 
    import asyncio
    import logging
@@ -382,6 +379,7 @@ and next into the ``dispatcher.py``:
            self._logger.info('Shutting down')
            for task, monitor in zip(self._monitor_tasks, self._monitors):
                task.cancel()
+           self._monitor_tasks.clear()
            self._logger.info('Shutdown finished successfully')
 
        @staticmethod
@@ -407,9 +405,9 @@ Now we need to add the dispatcher to the container.
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 8,23-28
+   :emphasize-lines: 8,22-27
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    import logging
    import sys
@@ -419,8 +417,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from . import dispatcher
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -438,35 +435,35 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            ),
        )
 
-.. note::
+At the last we will inject dispatcher into the ``main()`` function
+and call the ``run()`` method. We will use :ref:`wiring` feature.
 
-   Every component should be added to the container.
-
-At the last we will add the dispatcher in the ``main()`` function. We will retrieve the
-dispatcher instance from the container and call the ``run()`` method.
 
 Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 13-14
+   :emphasize-lines: 3-7,11-12,19
 
    """Main module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   import sys
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+   from .dispatcher import Dispatcher
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def main() -> None:
+   def main(dispatcher: Dispatcher = Provide[Container.dispatcher]) -> None:
-       """Run the application."""
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
-
-       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
-       container.configure_logging()
-
-       dispatcher = container.dispatcher()
        dispatcher.run()
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.configure_logging()
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
        main()
 
 Finally let's start the daemon to check that all works.
@@ -481,22 +478,22 @@ The output should look like:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   Starting monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
+   Starting asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
-   Attaching to monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
+   Attaching to asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 16:12:35,772] [INFO] [Dispatcher]: Starting up
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 16:12:35,774] [INFO] [Dispatcher]: Shutting down
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 16:12:35,774] [INFO] [Dispatcher]: Shutdown finished successfully
-   monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 exited with code 0
+   asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 exited with code 0
 
 Everything works properly. Dispatcher starts up and exits because there are no monitoring tasks.
 
-By the end of this section we have the application skeleton ready. In the next section will will
+By the end of this section we have the application skeleton ready. In next section will will
 add first monitoring task.
 
 Example.com monitor
 -------------------
 
-In this section we will add the monitoring task that will check the availability of the
+In this section we will add a monitoring task that will check the availability of the
 `http://example.com <http://example.com>`_.
 
 We will start from the extending of our class model with a new type of the monitoring check, the
@@ -506,9 +503,9 @@ The ``HttpMonitor`` is a subclass of the ``Monitor``. We will implement the ``ch
 will send the HTTP request to the specified URL. The http request sending will be delegated to
 the ``HttpClient``.
 
-.. image:: asyncio_images/class_2.png
+.. image:: asyncio-images/classes-02.png
 
-First, we need to create the ``HttpClient``.
+First we need to create the ``HttpClient``.
 
 Create ``http.py`` in the ``monitoringdaemon`` package:
 
@@ -549,9 +546,9 @@ Now we need to add the ``HttpClient`` to the container.
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 8, 23
+   :emphasize-lines: 8,22
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    import logging
    import sys
@@ -561,8 +558,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from . import http, dispatcher
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -587,7 +583,7 @@ Now we're ready to add the ``HttpMonitor``. We will add it to the ``monitors`` m
 Edit ``monitors.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 4-5,7,20-56
+   :emphasize-lines: 4-7,20-56
 
    """Monitors module."""
 
@@ -638,7 +634,7 @@ Edit ``monitors.py``:
                '    %s %s\n'
                '    response code: %s\n'
                '    content length: %s\n'
-               '    request took: %s seconds\n',
+               '    request took: %s seconds',
                self._method,
                self._url,
                response.status,
@@ -655,9 +651,9 @@ We make two changes in the container:
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 8,25-29,34
+   :emphasize-lines: 8,24-28,33
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    import logging
    import sys
@@ -667,8 +663,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from . import http, monitors, dispatcher
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -727,15 +722,14 @@ You should see:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   Starting monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
+   Starting asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
-   Attaching to monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
+   Attaching to asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:06:41,965] [INFO] [Dispatcher]: Starting up
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:06:42,033] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET http://example.com
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 648
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.067 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:06:47,040] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET http://example.com
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
@@ -744,21 +738,21 @@ You should see:
 
 Our daemon can monitor `http://example.com <http://example.com>`_ availability.
 
-Let's add the monitor for the `http://httpbin.org <http://httpbin.org>`_.
+Let's add a monitor for the `http://httpbin.org <http://httpbin.org>`_.
 
 Httpbin.org monitor
 -------------------
 
-Adding of the monitor for the `httpbin.org`_ will be much easier because we have all the
+Adding of a monitor for the `httpbin.org`_ will be much easier because we have all the
 components ready. We just need to create a new provider in the container and update the
 configuration.
 
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 31-35,41
+   :emphasize-lines: 30-34,40
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    import logging
    import sys
@@ -768,8 +762,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from . import http, monitors, dispatcher
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -837,27 +830,24 @@ You should see:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   Starting monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
+   Starting asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1 ... done
-   Attaching to monitoring-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
+   Attaching to asyncio-daemon-tutorial_monitor_1
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 18:09:08,540] [INFO] [Dispatcher]: Starting up
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 18:09:08,618] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET http://example.com
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 648
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.077 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 18:09:08,722] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET https://httpbin.org/get
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 310
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.18 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 18:09:13,619] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET http://example.com
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 648
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.066 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 18:09:13,681] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET https://httpbin.org/get
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
@@ -867,12 +857,12 @@ You should see:
 The functional part is done. Daemon monitors `http://example.com <http://example.com>`_  and
 `https://httpbin.org <https://httpbin.org>`_.
 
-In the next section we will add some tests.
+In next section we will add some tests.
 
 Tests
 -----
 
-It would be nice to add some tests. Let's do it.
+In this section we will add some tests.
 
 We will use `pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/>`_ and
 `coverage <https://coverage.readthedocs.io/>`_.
@@ -909,7 +899,7 @@ and put next into it:
 
    import pytest
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -920,7 +910,7 @@ and put next into it:
 
    @pytest.fixture
    def container():
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       container = Container()
        container.config.from_dict({
            'log': {
                'level': 'INFO',
@@ -1002,14 +992,14 @@ You should see:
    Name                             Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ----------------------------------------------------
    monitoringdaemon/__init__.py         0      0   100%
-   monitoringdaemon/__main__.py         9      9     0%
+   monitoringdaemon/__main__.py        12     12     0%
    monitoringdaemon/containers.py      11      0   100%
-   monitoringdaemon/dispatcher.py      43      5    88%
+   monitoringdaemon/dispatcher.py      44      5    89%
    monitoringdaemon/http.py             6      3    50%
    monitoringdaemon/monitors.py        23      1    96%
    monitoringdaemon/tests.py           37      0   100%
    ----------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                              129     18    86%
+   TOTAL                              133     21    84%
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -1028,55 +1018,19 @@ In this tutorial we've built an ``asyncio`` monitoring daemon  following the dep
 injection principle.
 We've used the ``Dependency Injector`` as a dependency injection framework.
 
-The benefit you get with the ``Dependency Injector`` is the container. It starts to payoff
+With a help of :ref:`containers` and :ref:`providers` we have defined how to assemble application components.
-when you need to understand or change your application structure. It's easy with the container,
-cause you have everything defined explicitly in one place:
 
-.. code-block:: python
+``List`` provider helped to inject a list of monitors into dispatcher.
+:ref:`configuration-provider` helped to deal with reading YAML file.
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+We used :ref:`wiring` feature to inject dispatcher into the ``main()`` function.
+:ref:`provider-overriding` feature helped in testing.
 
-   import logging
+We kept all the dependencies injected explicitly. This will help when you need to add or
-   import sys
+change something in future.
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+You can find complete project on the
-
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon>`_.
-   from . import http, monitors, dispatcher
-
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       configure_logging = providers.Callable(
-           logging.basicConfig,
-           stream=sys.stdout,
-           level=config.log.level,
-           format=config.log.format,
-       )
-
-       http_client = providers.Factory(http.HttpClient)
-
-       example_monitor = providers.Factory(
-           monitors.HttpMonitor,
-           http_client=http_client,
-           options=config.monitors.example,
-       )
-
-       httpbin_monitor = providers.Factory(
-           monitors.HttpMonitor,
-           http_client=http_client,
-           options=config.monitors.httpbin,
-       )
-
-       dispatcher = providers.Factory(
-           dispatcher.Dispatcher,
-           monitors=providers.List(
-               example_monitor,
-               httpbin_monitor,
-           ),
-       )
 
 What's next?
 

docs/tutorials/cli.rst

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ inversion of control:
 
 Here is a class diagram of the Movie Lister application:
 
-.. image:: cli-images/classes_01.png
+.. image:: cli-images/classes-01.png
 
 The responsibilities are split next way:
 
@@ -63,18 +63,18 @@ Prepare the environment
 
 Let's create the environment for the project.
 
-First we need to create a project folder and the virtual environment:
+First we need to create a project folder:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
    mkdir movie-lister-tutorial
    cd movie-lister-tutorial
-   python3 -m venv venv
 
-Now let's activate the virtual environment:
+Now let's create and activate virtual environment:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
+   python3 -m venv venv
    . venv/bin/activate
 
 Project layout
@@ -245,13 +245,13 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from dependency_injector import containers
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
        ...
 
 Container is empty for now. We will add the providers in the following sections.
 
 Let's also create the ``main()`` function. Its responsibility is to run our application. For now
-it will just create the container.
+it will just do nothing.
 
 Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
@@ -259,22 +259,18 @@ Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
    """Main module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def main():
+   def main() -> None:
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       ...
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+
        main()
 
-.. note::
-
-   Container is the first object in the application.
-
-   The container is used to create all other objects.
-
 Csv finder
 ----------
 
@@ -289,7 +285,7 @@ We will add:
 
 After each step we will add the provider to the container.
 
-.. image:: cli-images/classes_02.png
+.. image:: cli-images/classes-02.png
 
 Create the ``entities.py`` in the ``movies`` package:
 
@@ -338,7 +334,7 @@ Now we need to add the ``Movie`` factory to the container. We need to add import
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 3,5,9
+   :emphasize-lines: 3,5,10
 
    """Containers module."""
 
@@ -346,7 +342,8 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
 
    from . import entities
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
 
        movie = providers.Factory(entities.Movie)
 
@@ -420,7 +417,7 @@ Now let's add the csv finder into the container.
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 5,9,13-18
+   :emphasize-lines: 5,10,14-19
 
    """Containers module."""
 
@@ -428,7 +425,8 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
 
    from . import finders, entities
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -474,20 +472,21 @@ The configuration file is ready. Now let's update the  ``main()`` function to sp
 Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 9
+   :emphasize-lines: 12
 
    """Main module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def main():
+   def main() -> None:
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       ...
-
-       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+
        main()
 
 Move on to the lister.
@@ -542,7 +541,7 @@ and put next into it:
 and edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 5,20-23
+   :emphasize-lines: 5,21-24
 
    """Containers module."""
 
@@ -550,7 +549,8 @@ and edit ``containers.py``:
 
    from . import finders, listers, entities
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -570,36 +570,69 @@ and edit ``containers.py``:
 
 All the components are created and added to the container.
 
-Finally let's update the  ``main()`` function.
+Let's inject the ``lister`` into the  ``main()`` function.
 
 Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 11-20
+   :emphasize-lines: 3-7,11,18
 
    """Main module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   import sys
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+   from .listers import MovieLister
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def main():
+   def main(lister: MovieLister = Provide[Container.lister]) -> None:
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       ...
-
-       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
-
-       lister = container.lister()
-
-       print(
-           'Francis Lawrence movies:',
-           lister.movies_directed_by('Francis Lawrence'),
-       )
-       print(
-           '2016 movies:',
-           lister.movies_released_in(2016),
-       )
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
+       main()
+
+Now when we call ``main()`` the container will assemble and inject the movie lister.
+
+Let's add some payload to ``main()`` function. It will list movies directed by
+Francis Lawrence and movies released in 2016.
+
+Edit ``__main__.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+   :emphasize-lines: 12-18
+
+   """Main module."""
+
+   import sys
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+   from .listers import MovieLister
+   from .containers import Container
+
+
+   def main(lister: MovieLister = Provide[Container.lister]) -> None:
+       print('Francis Lawrence movies:')
+       for movie in lister.movies_directed_by('Francis Lawrence'):
+           print('\t-', movie)
+
+       print('2016 movies:')
+       for movie in lister.movies_released_in(2016):
+           print('\t-', movie)
+
+
+   if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
        main()
 
 All set. Now we run the application.
@@ -612,12 +645,15 @@ Run in the terminal:
 
 You should see:
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+.. code-block:: plain
 
-   Francis Lawrence movies: [Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')]
+   Francis Lawrence movies:
-   2016 movies: [Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards'), Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')]
+       - Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')
+   2016 movies:
+       - Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards')
+       - Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')
 
-Our application can work with the movies database in the csv format. We also need to support
+Our application can work with the movies database in the csv format. We also want to support
 the sqlite format. We will deal with it in the next section.
 
 Sqlite finder
@@ -688,7 +724,7 @@ Now we need to add the sqlite finder to the container and update lister's depend
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 20-24,28
+   :emphasize-lines: 21-25,29
 
    """Containers module."""
 
@@ -696,7 +732,8 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
 
    from . import finders, listers, entities
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -747,10 +784,13 @@ Run in the terminal:
 
 You should see:
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+.. code-block:: plain
 
-   Francis Lawrence movies: [Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')]
+   Francis Lawrence movies:
-   2016 movies: [Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards'), Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')]
+       - Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')
+   2016 movies:
+       - Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards')
+       - Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')
 
 Our application now supports both formats: csv files and sqlite databases. Every time when we
 need to work with the different format we need to make a code change in the container. We will
@@ -782,7 +822,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
    from . import finders, listers, entities
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -812,7 +852,7 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            movie_finder=finder,
        )
 
-The switch is the ``config.finder.type`` option. When its value is ``csv``, the provider under
+The switch is the ``config.finder.type`` option. When its value is ``csv``, the provider with the
 ``csv`` key is used. The same is for ``sqlite``.
 
 Now we need to read the value of the ``config.finder.type`` option from the environment variable
@@ -821,32 +861,34 @@ Now we need to read the value of the ``config.finder.type`` option from the envi
 Edit ``__main__.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 10
+   :emphasize-lines: 24
 
    """Main module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   import sys
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+   from .listers import MovieLister
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def main():
+   def main(lister: MovieLister = Provide[Container.lister]) -> None:
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       print('Francis Lawrence movies:')
+       for movie in lister.movies_directed_by('Francis Lawrence'):
+           print('\t-', movie)
 
-       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       print('2016 movies:')
-       container.config.finder.type.from_env('MOVIE_FINDER_TYPE')
+       for movie in lister.movies_released_in(2016):
-
+           print('\t-', movie)
-       lister = container.lister()
-
-       print(
-           'Francis Lawrence movies:',
-           lister.movies_directed_by('Francis Lawrence'),
-       )
-       print(
-           '2016 movies:',
-           lister.movies_released_in(2016),
-       )
 
 
    if __name__ == '__main__':
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.config.finder.type.from_env('MOVIE_FINDER_TYPE')
+       container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
        main()
 
 Done.
@@ -858,12 +900,15 @@ Run in the terminal line by line:
    MOVIE_FINDER_TYPE=csv python -m movies
    MOVIE_FINDER_TYPE=sqlite python -m movies
 
-The output should be something like this for each command:
+The output should be similar for each command:
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+.. code-block:: plain
 
-   Francis Lawrence movies: [Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')]
+   Francis Lawrence movies:
-   2016 movies: [Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards'), Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')]
+       - Movie(title='The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2', year=2015, director='Francis Lawrence')
+   2016 movies:
+       - Movie(title='Rogue One: A Star Wars Story', year=2016, director='Gareth Edwards')
+       - Movie(title='The Jungle Book', year=2016, director='Jon Favreau')
 
 In the next section we will add some tests.
 
@@ -908,12 +953,12 @@ and put next into it:
 
    import pytest
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    @pytest.fixture
    def container():
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
+       container = Container()
        container.config.from_dict({
            'finder': {
                'type': 'csv',
@@ -966,7 +1011,7 @@ Run in the terminal:
 
 You should see:
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+.. code-block::
 
    platform darwin -- Python 3.8.3, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1
    plugins: cov-2.10.0
@@ -974,18 +1019,18 @@ You should see:
 
    movies/tests.py ..                                              [100%]
 
-   ---------- coverage: platform darwin, python 3.8.3-final-0 -----------
+   ---------- coverage: platform darwin, python 3.8.5-final-0 -----------
    Name                   Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ------------------------------------------
    movies/__init__.py         0      0   100%
-   movies/__main__.py        10     10     0%
+   movies/__main__.py        17     17     0%
    movies/containers.py       9      0   100%
    movies/entities.py         7      1    86%
    movies/finders.py         26     13    50%
    movies/listers.py          8      0   100%
    movies/tests.py           24      0   100%
    ------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                     84     24    71%
+   TOTAL                     91     31    66%
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -1002,48 +1047,19 @@ Conclusion
 In this tutorial we've built a CLI application following the dependency injection principle.
 We've used the ``Dependency Injector`` as a dependency injection framework.
 
-The benefit you get with the ``Dependency Injector`` is the container. It starts to payoff
+With a help of :ref:`containers` and :ref:`providers` we have defined how to assemble application components.
-when you need to understand or change your application structure. It's easy with the container,
-cause you have everything defined explicitly in one place:
 
-.. code-block:: python
+``Selector`` provider served as a switch for selecting the database format based on a configuration.
+:ref:`configuration-provider` helped to deal with reading YAML file and environment variable.
 
-   """Containers module."""
+We used :ref:`wiring` feature to inject the dependencies into the ``main()`` function.
+:ref:`provider-overriding` feature helped in testing.
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+We kept all the dependencies injected explicitly. This will help when you need to add or
+change something in future.
 
-   from . import finders, listers, entities
+You can find complete project on the
-
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/movie-lister>`_.
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       movie = providers.Factory(entities.Movie)
-
-       csv_finder = providers.Singleton(
-           finders.CsvMovieFinder,
-           movie_factory=movie.provider,
-           path=config.finder.csv.path,
-           delimiter=config.finder.csv.delimiter,
-       )
-
-       sqlite_finder = providers.Singleton(
-           finders.SqliteMovieFinder,
-           movie_factory=movie.provider,
-           path=config.finder.sqlite.path,
-       )
-
-       finder = providers.Selector(
-           config.finder.type,
-           csv=csv_finder,
-           sqlite=sqlite_finder,
-       )
-
-       lister = providers.Factory(
-           listers.MovieLister,
-           movie_finder=finder,
-       )
 
 What's next?
 

docs/tutorials/flask.rst

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Start from the scratch or jump to the section:
    :backlinks: none
 
 You can find complete project on the
-`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/ghnav-flask>`_.
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/flask>`_.
 
 What are we going to build?
 ---------------------------
@@ -43,25 +43,25 @@ How does Github Navigator work?
 - User can click on the repository, the repository owner or the last commit to open its web page
   on the Github.
 
-.. image::  flask_images/screen_02.png
+.. image::  flask-images/screen-02.png
 
 Prepare the environment
 -----------------------
 
 Let's create the environment for the project.
 
-First we need to create a project folder and the virtual environment:
+First we need to create a project folder:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
    mkdir ghnav-flask-tutorial
    cd ghnav-flask-tutorial
-   python3 -m venv venv
 
-Now let's activate the virtual environment:
+Now let's create and activate virtual environment:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
+   python3 -m venv venv
    . venv/bin/activate
 
 Project layout
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ You should see something like:
 .. code-block:: bash
 
    (venv) $ python -c "import dependency_injector; print(dependency_injector.__version__)"
-   3.22.0
+   4.0.0
    (venv) $ python -c "import flask; print(flask.__version__)"
    1.1.2
 
 *Versions can be different. That's fine.*
 
-Hello world!
+Hello World!
 ------------
 
 Let's create minimal application.
@@ -133,34 +133,25 @@ Put next into the ``views.py``:
 
 Ok, we have the view.
 
-Now let's create the main part of our application - the container. Container will keep all of the
+Now let's create a container. Container will keep all of the application components and their dependencies.
-application components and their dependencies. First two providers we need to add are
-the ``Flask`` application provider and the view provider.
 
-Put next into the ``containers.py``:
+Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-   from flask import Flask
-
-   from . import views
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
+       ...
 
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
+Container is empty for now. We will add the providers in the following sections.
 
-       index_view = flask.View(views.index)
+Finally we need to create Flask application factory. It will create and configure container
-
+and Flask application. It is traditionally called ``create_app()``.
-Finally we need to create the Flask application factory. It is traditionally called
+We will assign ``index`` view to handle user requests to the root ``/`` of our web application.
-``create_app()``. It will create the container. Then it will use the container to create
-the Flask application. Last step is to configure the routing - we will assign ``index_view`` from
-the container to handle user requests to the root ``/`` of our web application.
 
 Put next into the ``application.py``:
 
@@ -168,26 +159,21 @@ Put next into the ``application.py``:
 
    """Application module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from flask import Flask
+
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import views
 
 
-   def create_app():
+   def create_app() -> Flask:
-       """Create and return Flask application."""
+       container = Container()
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
 
-       app = container.app()
+       app = Flask(__name__)
        app.container = container
-
+       app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', views.index)
-       app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=container.index_view.as_view())
 
        return app
 
-.. note::
-
-   Container is the first object in the application.
-
-   The container is used to create all other objects.
-
 Ok. Now we're ready to say "Hello, World!".
 
 Do next in the terminal:
@@ -237,58 +223,34 @@ and run in the terminal:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
+   pip install -r requirements.txt
-
-Now we need to add ``bootstrap-flask`` extension to the container.
-
-Edit ``containers.py``:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 6,16
-
-   """Application containers module."""
-
-   from dependency_injector import containers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-   from flask import Flask
-   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
-
-   from . import views
-
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
-
-       index_view = flask.View(views.index)
 
 Let's initialize ``bootstrap-flask`` extension. We will need to modify ``create_app()``.
 
 Edit ``application.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 13-14
+   :emphasize-lines: 4,17-18
 
    """Application module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from flask import Flask
+   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
+
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import views
 
 
-   def create_app():
+   def create_app() -> Flask:
-       """Create and return Flask application."""
+       container = Container()
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
 
-       app = container.app()
+       app = Flask(__name__)
        app.container = container
+       app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', views.index)
 
-       bootstrap = container.bootstrap()
+       bootstrap = Bootstrap()
        bootstrap.init_app(app)
 
-       app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=container.index_view.as_view())
-
        return app
 
 Now we need to add the templates. For doing this we will need to add the folder ``templates/`` to
@@ -454,7 +416,7 @@ Make sure the app is running or use ``flask run`` and open ``http://127.0.0.1:50
 
 You should see:
 
-.. image::  flask_images/screen_01.png
+.. image::  flask-images/screen-01.png
 
 Connect to the GitHub
 ---------------------
@@ -477,7 +439,7 @@ and run in the terminal:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
+   pip install -r requirements.txt
 
 Now we need to add Github API client the container. We will need to add two more providers from
 the ``dependency_injector.providers`` module:
@@ -486,30 +448,18 @@ the ``dependency_injector.providers`` module:
 - ``Configuration`` provider that will be used for providing the API token and the request timeout
   for the ``Github`` client.
 
-Let's do it.
-
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 3,7,19,21-25
+   :emphasize-lines: 3-4,9,11-15
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-   from flask import Flask
-   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
    from github import Github
 
-   from . import views
 
-
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -519,8 +469,6 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
        )
 
-       index_view = flask.View(views.index)
-
 .. note::
 
    We have used the configuration value before it was defined. That's the principle how
@@ -528,11 +476,16 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
 
    Use first, define later.
 
+.. note::
+
+   Don't forget to remove the Ellipsis ``...`` from the container. We don't need it anymore
+   since we container is not empty.
+
 Now let's add the configuration file.
 
 We will use YAML.
 
-Create an empty file ``config.yml`` in the root root of the project:
+Create an empty file ``config.yml`` in the root of the project:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
    :emphasize-lines: 11
@@ -575,7 +528,7 @@ and install it:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
+   pip install -r requirements.txt
 
 We will use environment variable ``GITHUB_TOKEN`` to provide the API token.
 
@@ -587,27 +540,29 @@ Now we need to edit ``create_app()`` to make two things when application starts:
 Edit ``application.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 9-10
+   :emphasize-lines: 12-13
 
    """Application module."""
 
-   from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+   from flask import Flask
+   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
+
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import views
 
 
-   def create_app():
+   def create_app() -> Flask:
-       """Create and return Flask application."""
+       container = Container()
-       container = ApplicationContainer()
        container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
        container.config.github.auth_token.from_env('GITHUB_TOKEN')
 
-       app = container.app()
+       app = Flask(__name__)
        app.container = container
+       app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', views.index)
 
-       bootstrap = container.bootstrap()
+       bootstrap = Bootstrap()
        bootstrap.init_app(app)
 
-       app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=container.index_view.as_view())
-
        return app
 
 Now we need create an API token.
@@ -636,7 +591,7 @@ Github API client setup is done.
 Search service
 --------------
 
-Now it's time to add  the ``SearchService``. It will:
+Now it's time to add ``SearchService``. It will:
 
 - Perform the search.
 - Fetch commit extra data for each result.
@@ -717,25 +672,17 @@ Now let's add ``SearchService`` to the container.
 Edit ``containers.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 9,27-30
+   :emphasize-lines: 6,19-22
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Containers module."""
 
    from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-   from flask import Flask
-   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
    from github import Github
 
-   from . import services, views
+   from . import services
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
 
        config = providers.Configuration()
 
@@ -750,26 +697,28 @@ Edit ``containers.py``:
            github_client=github_client,
        )
 
-       index_view = flask.View(views.index)
+Inject search service into view
+-------------------------------
 
-Make the search work
+Now we are ready to make the search work.
---------------------
 
-Now we are ready to make the search work. Let's use the ``SearchService`` in the ``index`` view.
+Let's inject ``SearchService`` into the ``index`` view. We will use :ref:`Wiring` feature.
 
 Edit ``views.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 5,8,12
+   :emphasize-lines: 4,6-7,10,14
 
    """Views module."""
 
    from flask import request, render_template
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
    from .services import SearchService
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
-   def index(search_service: SearchService):
+   def index(search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service]):
        query = request.args.get('query', 'Dependency Injector')
        limit = request.args.get('limit', 10, int)
 
@@ -782,54 +731,44 @@ Edit ``views.py``:
            repositories=repositories,
        )
 
-Now let's inject the ``SearchService`` dependency into the ``index`` view.
+To make the injection work we need to wire the container instance with the ``views`` module.
+This needs to be done once. After it's done we can use ``Provide`` markers to specify as many
+injections as needed for any view.
 
-Edit ``containers.py``:
+Edit ``application.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 32-35
+   :emphasize-lines: 14
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+   """Application module."""
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
    from flask import Flask
    from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
-   from github import Github
 
-   from . import services, views
+   from .containers import Container
+   from . import views
 
 
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+   def create_app() -> Flask:
-       """Application container."""
+       container = Container()
+       container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+       container.config.github.auth_token.from_env('GITHUB_TOKEN')
+       container.wire(modules=[views])
 
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
+       app = Flask(__name__)
+       app.container = container
+       app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', views.index)
 
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
+       bootstrap = Bootstrap()
+       bootstrap.init_app(app)
 
-       config = providers.Configuration()
+       return app
-
-       github_client = providers.Factory(
-           Github,
-           login_or_token=config.github.auth_token,
-           timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           github_client=github_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = flask.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-       )
 
 Make sure the app is running or use ``flask run`` and open ``http://127.0.0.1:5000/``.
 
 You should see:
 
-.. image::  flask_images/screen_02.png
+.. image::  flask-images/screen-02.png
 
 Make some refactoring
 ---------------------
@@ -844,19 +783,21 @@ Let's make some refactoring. We will move these values to the config.
 Edit ``views.py``:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 8-14
+   :emphasize-lines: 10-16
 
    """Views module."""
 
    from flask import request, render_template
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
    from .services import SearchService
+   from .containers import Container
 
 
    def index(
-           search_service: SearchService,
+           search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
-           default_query: str,
+           default_query: str = Provide[Container.config.default.query],
-           default_limit: int,
+           default_limit: int = Provide[Container.config.default.limit.as_int()],
    ):
        query = request.args.get('query', default_query)
        limit = request.args.get('limit', default_limit, int)
@@ -870,53 +811,6 @@ Edit ``views.py``:
            repositories=repositories,
        )
 
-Now we need to inject these values. Let's update the container.
-
-Edit ``containers.py``:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 35-36
-
-   """Application containers module."""
-
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-   from flask import Flask
-   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
-   from github import Github
-
-   from . import services, views
-
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       github_client = providers.Factory(
-           Github,
-           login_or_token=config.github.auth_token,
-           timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           github_client=github_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = flask.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-           default_query=config.search.default_query,
-           default_limit=config.search.default_limit,
-       )
-
-Finally let's update the config.
-
 Edit ``config.yml``:
 
 .. code-block:: yaml
@@ -924,20 +818,18 @@ Edit ``config.yml``:
 
    github:
      request_timeout: 10
-   search:
+   default:
-     default_query: "Dependency Injector"
+     query: "Dependency Injector"
-     default_limit: 10
+     limit: 10
 
-That's it.
+That's it. The refactoring is done. We've made it cleaner.
-
-The refactoring is done. We've made it cleaner.
 
 Tests
 -----
 
-It would be nice to add some tests. Let's do this.
+In this section we will add some tests.
 
-We will use `pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/>`_ and
+We will use `pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/>`_ with its Flask extension and
 `coverage <https://coverage.readthedocs.io/>`_.
 
 Edit ``requirements.txt``:
@@ -953,7 +845,7 @@ Edit ``requirements.txt``:
    pytest-flask
    pytest-cov
 
-And let's install it:
+And install added packages:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -982,7 +874,7 @@ Create empty file ``tests.py`` in the ``githubnavigator`` package:
 and put next into it:
 
 .. code-block:: python
-   :emphasize-lines: 42,65
+   :emphasize-lines: 44,67
 
    """Tests module."""
 
@@ -997,7 +889,9 @@ and put next into it:
 
    @pytest.fixture
    def app():
-       return create_app()
+       app = create_app()
+       yield app
+       app.container.unwire()
 
 
    def test_index(client, app):
@@ -1074,13 +968,13 @@ You should see:
    Name                             Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ----------------------------------------------------
    githubnavigator/__init__.py          0      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/application.py      11      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/application.py      15      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/containers.py       13      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/containers.py        7      0   100%
    githubnavigator/services.py         14      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/tests.py            32      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/tests.py            34      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/views.py             7      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/views.py             9      0   100%
    ----------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                               77      0   100%
+   TOTAL                               79      0   100%
 
 .. note::
 
@@ -1091,53 +985,22 @@ You should see:
 Conclusion
 ----------
 
-We are done.
-
 In this tutorial we've built a ``Flask`` application following the dependency injection principle.
 We've used the ``Dependency Injector`` as a dependency injection framework.
 
-The main part of this application is the container. It keeps all the application components and
+:ref:`containers` and :ref:`providers` helped to specify how to assemble search service and
-their dependencies defined explicitly in one place:
+integrate it with a 3rd-party library.
 
-.. code-block:: python
+:ref:`configuration-provider` helped to deal with reading YAML file and environment variable.
 
-   """Application containers module."""
+We used :ref:`wiring` feature to inject the dependencies into the ``index()`` view.
+:ref:`provider-overriding` feature helped in testing.
 
-   from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+We kept all the dependencies injected explicitly. This will help when you need to add or
-   from dependency_injector.ext import flask
+change something in future.
-   from flask import Flask
-   from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
-   from github import Github
 
-   from . import services, views
+You can find complete project on the
-
+`Github <https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/tree/master/examples/miniapps/flask>`_.
-
-   class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-       """Application container."""
-
-       app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-       bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
-
-       config = providers.Configuration()
-
-       github_client = providers.Factory(
-           Github,
-           login_or_token=config.github.auth_token,
-           timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
-       )
-
-       search_service = providers.Factory(
-           services.SearchService,
-           github_client=github_client,
-       )
-
-       index_view = flask.View(
-           views.index,
-           search_service=search_service,
-           default_query=config.search.default_query,
-           default_limit=config.search.default_limit,
-       )
 
 What's next?
 

docs/wiring.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+.. _wiring:
+
+Wiring
+======
+
+Wiring feature provides a way to inject container providers into the functions and methods.
+
+To use wiring you need:
+
+- **Place markers in the code**. Wiring marker specifies what provider to inject,
+  e.g. ``Provide[Container.bar]``. This helps container to find the injections.
+- **Wire the container with the markers in the code**. Call ``container.wire()``
+  specifying modules and packages you would like to wire it with.
+- **Use functions and classes as you normally do**. Framework will provide specified injections.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/example.py
+   :language: python
+   :lines: 3-
+
+Markers
+-------
+
+Wiring feature uses markers to make injections. Injection marker is specified as a default value of
+a function or method argument:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+
+   def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.bar]):
+       ...
+
+Specifying an annotation is optional.
+
+There are two types of markers:
+
+- ``Provide[foo]`` - call the provider ``foo`` and injects the result
+- ``Provider[foo]`` - injects the provider ``foo`` itself
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from dependency_injector.wiring import Provider
+
+
+   def foo(bar_provider: Callable[..., Bar] = Provider[Container.bar]):
+       bar = bar_provider()
+       ...
+
+You can use configuration, provided instance and sub-container providers as you normally do.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   def foo(token: str = Provide[Container.config.api_token]):
+       ...
+
+
+   def foo(timeout: int = Provide[Container.config.timeout.as_(int)]):
+       ...
+
+
+   def foo(baz: Baz = Provide[Container.bar.provided.baz]):
+       ...
+
+
+   def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.subcontainer.bar]):
+       ...
+
+Wiring with modules and packages
+--------------------------------
+
+To wire a container with a module you need to call ``container.wire(modules=[...])`` method. Argument
+``modules`` is an iterable of the module objects.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from yourapp import module1, module2
+
+
+   container = Container()
+   container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
+
+You can wire container with a package. Container walks recursively over package modules.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from yourapp import package1, package2
+
+
+   container = Container()
+   container.wire(packages=[package1, package2])
+
+Arguments ``modules`` and ``packages`` can be used together.
+
+When wiring is done functions and methods with the markers are patched to provide injections when called.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.bar]):
+       ...
+
+
+   container = Container()
+   container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
+   foo()  # <--- Argument "bar" is injected
+
+Injections are done as keyword arguments.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   foo()  # Equivalent to:
+   foo(bar=container.bar())
+
+Context keyword arguments have a priority over injections.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   foo(bar=Bar())  # Bar() is injected
+
+To unpatch previously patched functions and methods call ``container.unwire()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   container.unwire()
+
+You can use that in testing to re-create and re-wire a container before each test.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   import unittest
+
+
+   class SomeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+       def setUp(self):
+           self.container = Container()
+           self.container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
+           self.addCleanup(self.container.unwire)
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   import pytest
+
+
+   @pytest.fixture
+   def container():
+       container = Container()
+       container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
+       yield container
+       container.unwire()
+
+.. note::
+   Wiring can take time if you have a large codebase. Consider to persist a container instance and
+   avoid re-wiring between tests.
+
+.. note::
+   Python has a limitation on patching already imported individual members. To protect from errors
+   prefer an import of modules instead of individual members or make sure that imports happen
+   after the wiring:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+      from . import module
+
+      module.fn()
+
+      # instead of
+
+      from .module import fn
+
+      fn()
+
+Integration with other frameworks
+---------------------------------
+
+Wiring feature helps to integrate with other frameworks like Django, Flask, etc.
+
+With wiring you do not need to change the traditional application structure of your framework.
+
+1. Create a container and put framework-independent components as providers.
+2. Place wiring markers in the functions and methods where you want the providers
+   to be injected (Flask or Django views, Aiohttp or Sanic handlers, etc).
+3. Wire the container with the application modules.
+4. Run the application.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/flask_example.py
+   :language: python
+   :lines: 3-
+
+Take a look at other application examples:
+
+- :ref:`application-single-container`
+- :ref:`application-multiple-containers`
+- :ref:`decoupled-packages`
+- :ref:`django-example`
+- :ref:`flask-example`
+- :ref:`aiohttp-example`
+- :ref:`sanic-example`
+
+.. disqus::

examples/demo/after.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import os
+
+
+class ApiClient:
+
+    def __init__(self, api_key: str, timeout: int):
+        self.api_key = api_key  # <-- dependency is injected
+        self.timeout = timeout  # <-- dependency is injected
+
+
+class Service:
+
+    def __init__(self, api_client: ApiClient):
+        self.api_client = api_client  # <-- dependency is injected
+
+
+def main(service: Service):  # <-- dependency is injected
+    ...
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(
+        service=Service(
+            api_client=ApiClient(
+                api_key=os.getenv('API_KEY'),
+                timeout=os.getenv('TIMEOUT'),
+            ),
+        ),
+    )

examples/demo/before.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import os
+
+
+class ApiClient:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.api_key = os.getenv('API_KEY')  # <-- dependency
+        self.timeout = os.getenv('TIMEOUT')  # <-- dependency
+
+
+class Service:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.api_client = ApiClient()  # <-- dependency
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    service = Service()  # <-- dependency
+    ...
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

examples/demo/with_di.py

@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
+import sys
+from unittest import mock
+
 from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
-
+from after import ApiClient, Service
-class ApiClient:
-
-    def __init__(self, api_key: str, timeout: int):
-        self.api_key = api_key
-        self.timeout = timeout
-
-
-class Service:
-
-    def __init__(self, api_client: ApiClient):
-        self.api_client = api_client
 
 
 class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
@@ -30,9 +23,17 @@ class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
     )
 
 
+def main(service: Service = Provide[Container.service]):
+    ...
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     container = Container()
     container.config.api_key.from_env('API_KEY')
     container.config.timeout.from_env('TIMEOUT')
+    container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
 
-    service = container.service()
+    main()  # <-- dependency is injected automatically
+
+    with container.api_client.override(mock.Mock()):
+        main()  # <-- overridden dependency is injected automatically

examples/di_demo/example_di.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-
-class ApiClient:
-
-    def __init__(self, api_key: str, timeout: int):
-        self.api_key = api_key
-        self.timeout = timeout
-
-
-class Service:
-
-    def __init__(self, api_client: ApiClient):
-        self.api_client = api_client
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    service = Service(ApiClient(os.getenv('API_KEY'), os.getenv('TIMEOUT')))

examples/di_demo/example_no_di.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import os
-
-
-class ApiClient:
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.api_key = os.getenv('API_KEY')
-        self.timeout = os.getenv('TIMEOUT')
-
-
-class Service:
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.api_client = ApiClient()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    service = Service()

examples/di_demo/test.py

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-from unittest import mock
-
-from demo import Container
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    container = Container()
-
-    with container.api_client.override(mock.Mock()):
-        service = container.service()
-        assert isinstance(service.api_client, mock.Mock)

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/README.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-Aiohttp Dependency Injection Example
+Aiohttp + Dependency Injector Example
-====================================
+=====================================
 
-Application ``giphynavigator`` is an `Aiohttp <https://docs.aiohttp.org/>`_ +
+This is an `Aiohttp <https://docs.aiohttp.org/>`_ +
-`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ application.
+`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ example application.
+
+The example application is a REST API that searches for funny GIFs on the `Giphy <https://giphy.com/>`_.
 
 Run
 ---
@@ -106,12 +108,11 @@ The output should be something like:
    Name                            Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ---------------------------------------------------
    giphynavigator/__init__.py          0      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/__main__.py          5      5     0%
+   giphynavigator/application.py      12      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/application.py      10      0   100%
+   giphynavigator/containers.py        6      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/containers.py       10      0   100%
    giphynavigator/giphy.py            14      9    36%
+   giphynavigator/handlers.py          9      0   100%
    giphynavigator/services.py          9      1    89%
-   giphynavigator/tests.py            35      0   100%
+   giphynavigator/tests.py            37      0   100%
-   giphynavigator/views.py             7      0   100%
    ---------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                              90     15    83%
+   TOTAL                              87     10    89%

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+giphy:
+  request_timeout: 10
+default:
+  query: "Dependency Injector"
+  limit: 10

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/application.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""Application module."""
+
+from aiohttp import web
+
+from .containers import Container
+from . import handlers
+
+
+def create_app() -> web.Application:
+    container = Container()
+    container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+    container.config.giphy.api_key.from_env('GIPHY_API_KEY')
+    container.wire(modules=[handlers])
+
+    app = web.Application()
+    app.container = container
+    app.add_routes([
+        web.get('/', handlers.index),
+    ])
+    return app

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/containers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Containers module."""
+
+from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+
+from . import giphy, services
+
+
+class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+    config = providers.Configuration()
+
+    giphy_client = providers.Factory(
+        giphy.GiphyClient,
+        api_key=config.giphy.api_key,
+        timeout=config.giphy.request_timeout,
+    )
+
+    search_service = providers.Factory(
+        services.SearchService,
+        giphy_client=giphy_client,
+    )

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/handlers.py

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-"""Views module."""
+"""Handlers module."""
 
 from aiohttp import web
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
 from .services import SearchService
+from .containers import Container
 
 
 async def index(
         request: web.Request,
-        search_service: SearchService,
+        search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
-        default_query: str,
+        default_query: str = Provide[Container.config.default.query],
-        default_limit: int,
+        default_limit: int = Provide[Container.config.default.limit.as_int()],
 ) -> web.Response:
     query = request.query.get('query', default_query)
     limit = int(request.query.get('limit', default_limit))

examples/miniapps/aiohttp/giphynavigator/tests.py

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ from giphynavigator.giphy import GiphyClient
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def app():
-    return create_app()
+    app = create_app()
+    yield app
+    app.container.unwire()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -73,5 +75,5 @@ async def test_index_default_params(client, app):
 
     assert response.status == 200
     data = await response.json()
-    assert data['query'] == app.container.config.search.default_query()
+    assert data['query'] == app.container.config.default.query()
-    assert data['limit'] == app.container.config.search.default_limit()
+    assert data['limit'] == app.container.config.default.limit()

examples/miniapps/application-multiple-containers/README.rst

@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ You should see:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   [2020-09-04 16:06:00,750] [DEBUG] [example.services.UserService]: User user@example.com has been found in database
+   [2020-10-06 15:36:55,961] [DEBUG] [example.services.UserService]: User user@example.com has been found in database
-   [2020-09-04 16:06:00,750] [DEBUG] [example.services.AuthService]: User user@example.com has been successfully authenticated
+   [2020-10-06 15:36:55,961] [DEBUG] [example.services.AuthService]: User user@example.com has been successfully authenticated
-   [2020-09-04 16:06:00,750] [DEBUG] [example.services.PhotoService]: Photo photo.jpg has been successfully uploaded by user user@example.com
+   [2020-10-06 15:36:55,961] [DEBUG] [example.services.PhotoService]: Photo photo.jpg has been successfully uploaded by user user@example.com

examples/miniapps/application-multiple-containers/example/__main__.py

@@ -2,23 +2,29 @@
 
 import sys
 
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+from .services import UserService, AuthService, PhotoService
 from .containers import Application
 
 
-def main(email: str, password: str, photo: str) -> None:
+def main(
-    application = Application()
+        email: str,
-
+        password: str,
-    application.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+        photo: str,
-    application.core.configure_logging()
+        user_service: UserService = Provide[Application.services.user],
-
+        auth_service: AuthService = Provide[Application.services.auth],
-    user_service = application.services.user()
+        photo_service: PhotoService = Provide[Application.services.photo],
-    auth_service = application.services.auth()
+) -> None:
-    photo_service = application.services.photo()
-
     user = user_service.get_user(email)
     auth_service.authenticate(user, password)
     photo_service.upload_photo(user, photo)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
+    application = Application()
+    application.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+    application.core.configure_logging()
+    application.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
     main(*sys.argv[1:])

examples/miniapps/application-single-container/README.rst

@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ You should see:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-   [2020-09-04 15:27:27,727] [DEBUG] [example.services.UserService]: User user@example.com has been found in database
+   [2020-10-06 15:32:33,195] [DEBUG] [example.services.UserService]: User user@example.com has been found in database
-   [2020-09-04 15:27:27,727] [DEBUG] [example.services.AuthService]: User user@example.com has been successfully authenticated
+   [2020-10-06 15:32:33,195] [DEBUG] [example.services.AuthService]: User user@example.com has been successfully authenticated
-   [2020-09-04 15:27:27,727] [DEBUG] [example.services.PhotoService]: Photo photo.jpg has been successfully uploaded by user user@example.com
+   [2020-10-06 15:32:33,195] [DEBUG] [example.services.PhotoService]: Photo photo.jpg has been successfully uploaded by user user@example.com

examples/miniapps/application-single-container/example/__main__.py

@@ -2,23 +2,29 @@
 
 import sys
 
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+from .services import UserService, AuthService, PhotoService
 from .containers import Container
 
 
-def main(email: str, password: str, photo: str) -> None:
+def main(
-    container = Container()
+        email: str,
-
+        password: str,
-    container.configure_logging()
+        photo: str,
-    container.config.from_ini('config.ini')
+        user_service: UserService = Provide[Container.user_service],
-
+        auth_service: AuthService = Provide[Container.auth_service],
-    user_service = container.user_service()
+        photo_service: PhotoService = Provide[Container.photo_service],
-    auth_service = container.auth_service()
+) -> None:
-    photo_service = container.photo_service()
-
     user = user_service.get_user(email)
     auth_service.authenticate(user, password)
     photo_service.upload_photo(user, photo)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
+    container = Container()
+    container.configure_logging()
+    container.config.from_ini('config.ini')
+    container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
     main(*sys.argv[1:])

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/README.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-Asyncio Daemon Dependency Injection Example
+Asyncio Daemon + Dependency Injector Example
-===========================================
+============================================
 
-Application ``monitoringdaemon`` is an `asyncio <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html>`_
+This is an `asyncio <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html>`_ +
-+ `Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ application.
+`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ example application.
+
+The example application is a daemon that monitors availability of web services.
 
 Run
 ---
@@ -31,19 +33,16 @@ The output should be something like:
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 648
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.074 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:04:36,811] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET https://httpbin.org/get
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 310
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.153 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:04:41,731] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET http://example.com
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
    monitor_1  |     content length: 648
    monitor_1  |     request took: 0.067 seconds
-   monitor_1  |
    monitor_1  | [2020-08-08 17:04:41,787] [INFO] [HttpMonitor]: Check
    monitor_1  |     GET https://httpbin.org/get
    monitor_1  |     response code: 200
@@ -77,11 +76,11 @@ The output should be something like:
    Name                             Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ----------------------------------------------------
    monitoringdaemon/__init__.py         0      0   100%
-   monitoringdaemon/__main__.py         9      9     0%
+   monitoringdaemon/__main__.py        12     12     0%
    monitoringdaemon/containers.py      11      0   100%
-   monitoringdaemon/dispatcher.py      43      5    88%
+   monitoringdaemon/dispatcher.py      44      5    89%
    monitoringdaemon/http.py             6      3    50%
    monitoringdaemon/monitors.py        23      1    96%
    monitoringdaemon/tests.py           37      0   100%
    ----------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                              129     18    86%
+   TOTAL                              133     21    84%

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/monitoringdaemon/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Main module."""
+
+import sys
+
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+from .dispatcher import Dispatcher
+from .containers import Container
+
+
+def main(dispatcher: Dispatcher = Provide[Container.dispatcher]) -> None:
+    dispatcher.run()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    container = Container()
+    container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+    container.configure_logging()
+    container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
+    main()

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/monitoringdaemon/containers.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Application containers module."""
+"""Containers module."""
 
 import logging
 import sys
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ from dependency_injector import containers, providers
 from . import http, monitors, dispatcher
 
 
-class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-    """Application container."""
 
     config = providers.Configuration()
 

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/monitoringdaemon/dispatcher.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class Dispatcher:
         self._logger.info('Shutting down')
         for task, monitor in zip(self._monitor_tasks, self._monitors):
             task.cancel()
+        self._monitor_tasks.clear()
         self._logger.info('Shutdown finished successfully')
 
     @staticmethod

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/monitoringdaemon/monitors.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class HttpMonitor(Monitor):
             '    %s %s\n'
             '    response code: %s\n'
             '    content length: %s\n'
-            '    request took: %s seconds\n',
+            '    request took: %s seconds',
             self._method,
             self._url,
             response.status,

examples/miniapps/asyncio-daemon/monitoringdaemon/tests.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 import pytest
 
-from .containers import ApplicationContainer
+from .containers import Container
 
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class RequestStub:
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def container():
-    container = ApplicationContainer()
+    container = Container()
     container.config.from_dict({
         'log': {
             'level': 'INFO',

examples/miniapps/decoupled-packages/example/__main__.py

@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
 """Main module."""
 
+import sys
+
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+from .user.repositories import UserRepository
+from .photo.repositories import PhotoRepository
+from .analytics.services import AggregationService
 from .containers import ApplicationContainer
 
 
-def main() -> None:
+def main(
-    application = ApplicationContainer()
+        user_repository: UserRepository = Provide[
-    application.config.from_ini('config.ini')
+            ApplicationContainer.user_package.user_repository
-
+        ],
-    user_repository = application.user_package.user_repository()
+        photo_repository: PhotoRepository = Provide[
-    photo_repository = application.photo_package.photo_repository()
+            ApplicationContainer.photo_package.photo_repository
-
+        ],
+        aggregation_service: AggregationService = Provide[
+            ApplicationContainer.analytics_package.aggregation_service
+        ],
+) -> None:
     user1 = user_repository.get(id=1)
     user1_photos = photo_repository.get_photos(user1.id)
     print(f'Retrieve user id={user1.id}, photos count={len(user1_photos)}')
@@ -18,11 +29,14 @@ def main() -> None:
     user2_photos = photo_repository.get_photos(user2.id)
     print(f'Retrieve user id={user2.id}, photos count={len(user2_photos)}')
 
-    aggregation_service = application.analytics_package.aggregation_service()
     assert aggregation_service.user_repository is user_repository
     assert aggregation_service.photo_repository is photo_repository
     print('Aggregate analytics from user and photo packages')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
+    application = ApplicationContainer()
+    application.config.from_ini('config.ini')
+    application.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
+
     main()

examples/miniapps/django/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.sqlite3

examples/miniapps/django/.pydocstylerc

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[pydocstyle]
+ignore = D100,D101,D102,D103,D105,D107,D203,D212,D213,D400,D406,D407,D411,D413,D415

examples/miniapps/django/README.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+Django + Dependency Injector Example
+====================================
+
+This is a `Django <https://www.djangoproject.com/>`_ +
+`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ example application.
+
+The example application helps to search for repositories on the Github.
+
+.. image:: screenshot.png
+
+Run
+---
+
+Create virtual environment:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   virtualenv venv
+   . venv/bin/activate
+
+Install requirements:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+Run migrations:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python manage.py migrate
+
+To run the application do:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python manage.py runserver
+
+The output should be something like:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   Watching for file changes with StatReloader
+   Performing system checks...
+
+   System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
+   October 05, 2020 - 03:17:05
+   Django version 3.1.2, using settings 'githubnavigator.settings'
+   Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+   Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
+
+After that visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/ in your browser.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Github has a rate limit. When the rate limit is exceed you will see an exception
+   ``github.GithubException.RateLimitExceededException``. For unauthenticated requests, the rate
+   limit allows for up to 60 requests per hour. To extend the limit to 5000 requests per hour you
+   need to set personal access token.
+
+   It's easy:
+
+   - Follow this `guide <https://docs.github.com/en/github/authenticating-to-github/creating-a-personal-access-token>`_ to create a token.
+   - Set a token to the environment variable:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      export GITHUB_TOKEN=<your token>
+
+   - Restart the app with ``python manage.py runserver``
+
+   `Read more on Github rate limit <https://developer.github.com/v3/#rate-limiting>`_
+
+Test
+----
+
+This application comes with the unit tests.
+
+To run the tests do:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   coverage run --source='.' manage.py test && coverage report
+
+The output should be something like:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+   Creating test database for alias 'default'...
+   System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
+   ..
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Ran 2 tests in 0.037s
+
+   OK
+   Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
+   Name                            Stmts   Miss  Cover
+   ---------------------------------------------------
+   githubnavigator/__init__.py         4      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/asgi.py             4      4     0%
+   githubnavigator/containers.py       7      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/services.py        14      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/settings.py        23      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/urls.py             3      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/wsgi.py             4      4     0%
+   manage.py                          12      2    83%
+   web/__init__.py                     0      0   100%
+   web/apps.py                         7      0   100%
+   web/tests.py                       28      0   100%
+   web/urls.py                         3      0   100%
+   web/views.py                       11      0   100%
+   ---------------------------------------------------
+   TOTAL                             120     10    92%

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""Project package."""
+
+from .containers import Container
+from . import settings
+
+
+container = Container()
+container.config.from_dict(settings.__dict__)

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/asgi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""ASGI config for githubnavigator project.
+
+It exposes the ASGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
+
+For more information on this file, see
+https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/deployment/asgi/
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
+
+os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'githubnavigator.settings')
+
+application = get_asgi_application()

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/containers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""Containers module."""
+
+from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+from github import Github
+
+from . import services
+
+
+class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+    config = providers.Configuration()
+
+    github_client = providers.Factory(
+        Github,
+        login_or_token=config.GITHUB_TOKEN,
+        timeout=config.GITHUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT,
+    )
+
+    search_service = providers.Factory(
+        services.SearchService,
+        github_client=github_client,
+    )

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/settings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""
+Django settings for githubnavigator project.
+
+Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 3.0.8.
+
+For more information on this file, see
+https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/settings/
+
+For the full list of settings and their values, see
+https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/
+"""
+
+import os
+
+# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
+BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+
+
+# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
+# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/deployment/checklist/
+
+# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
+SECRET_KEY = ')6*iyg26c9l!fvyvwd&3+vyf-dcw)e=5x2t(j)(*c29z@ykhi0'
+
+# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
+DEBUG = True
+
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
+
+
+# Application definition
+
+INSTALLED_APPS = [
+    'web.apps.WebConfig',
+    'bootstrap4',
+    'django.contrib.admin',
+    'django.contrib.auth',
+    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+    'django.contrib.sessions',
+    'django.contrib.messages',
+    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+]
+
+MIDDLEWARE = [
+    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
+]
+
+ROOT_URLCONF = 'githubnavigator.urls'
+
+TEMPLATES = [
+    {
+        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
+        'DIRS': [],
+        'APP_DIRS': True,
+        'OPTIONS': {
+            'context_processors': [
+                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
+                'django.template.context_processors.request',
+                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
+                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+]
+
+WSGI_APPLICATION = 'githubnavigator.wsgi.application'
+
+
+# Database
+# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/#databases
+
+DATABASES = {
+    'default': {
+        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
+        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
+    }
+}
+
+
+# Password validation
+# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
+
+AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
+    },
+]
+
+
+# Internationalization
+# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/i18n/
+
+LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
+
+TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
+
+USE_I18N = True
+
+USE_L10N = True
+
+USE_TZ = True
+
+
+# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
+# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/static-files/
+
+STATIC_URL = '/static/'
+
+# Github client settings
+GITHUB_TOKEN = os.getenv('GITHUB_TOKEN')
+GITHUB_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 10
+
+# Search settings
+DEFAULT_LIMIT = 5
+DEFAULT_QUERY = 'Dependency Injector'
+LIMIT_OPTIONS = [5, 10, 20]

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/urls.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""githubnavigator URL Configuration
+
+The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
+    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/http/urls/
+Examples:
+Function views
+    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
+    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
+Class-based views
+    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
+    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
+Including another URLconf
+    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
+    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
+"""
+from django.contrib import admin
+from django.urls import path, include
+
+urlpatterns = [
+    path('', include('web.urls')),
+    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
+]

examples/miniapps/django/githubnavigator/wsgi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""
+WSGI config for githubnavigator project.
+
+It exposes the WSGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.
+
+For more information on this file, see
+https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/deployment/wsgi/
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
+
+os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'githubnavigator.settings')
+
+application = get_wsgi_application()

examples/miniapps/django/manage.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""Django's command-line utility for administrative tasks."""
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+def main():
+    os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'githubnavigator.settings')
+    try:
+        from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and "
+            "available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you "
+            "forget to activate a virtual environment?"
+        ) from exc
+    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

examples/miniapps/django/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+dependency-injector
+django
+django-bootstrap4
+pygithub
+coverage

examples/miniapps/django/web/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Web application package."""

examples/miniapps/django/web/apps.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Application config module."""
+
+from django.apps import AppConfig
+
+from githubnavigator import container
+from . import views
+
+
+class WebConfig(AppConfig):
+    name = 'web'
+
+    def ready(self):
+        container.wire(modules=[views])

examples/miniapps/django/web/templates/base.html

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{% extends 'bootstrap4/bootstrap4.html' %}
+
+{% load bootstrap4 %}
+
+{% block bootstrap4_title %}{% block title %}{% endblock %}{% endblock %}
+
+{% block bootstrap4_content %}
+        {% autoescape off %}{% bootstrap_messages %}{% endautoescape %}
+        {% block content %}(no content){% endblock %}
+{% endblock %}

examples/miniapps/django/web/templates/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}Github Navigator{% endblock %}
+
+{% block content %}
+<div class="container">
+    <h1 class="mb-4">Github Navigator</h1>
+
+    <form>
+        <div class="form-group form-row">
+            <div class="col-10">
+                <label for="search_query" class="col-form-label">
+                    Search for:
+                </label>
+                <input class="form-control" type="text" id="search_query"
+                       placeholder="Type something to search on the GitHub"
+                       name="query"
+                       value="{{ query }}">
+            </div>
+            <div class="col">
+                <label for="search_limit" class="col-form-label">
+                    Limit:
+                </label>
+                <select class="form-control" id="search_limit" name="limit">
+                    {% for value in limit_options %}
+                    <option {% if value == limit %}selected{% endif %}>
+                        {{ value }}
+                    </option>
+                    {% endfor %}
+                </select>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </form>
+
+    <p><small>Results found: {{ repositories|length }}</small></p>
+
+    <table class="table table-striped">
+        <thead>
+        <tr>
+            <th>#</th>
+            <th>Repository</th>
+            <th class="text-nowrap">Repository owner</th>
+            <th class="text-nowrap">Last commit</th>
+        </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+        {% for repository in repositories %} {{n}}
+        <tr>
+            <th>{{ loop.index }}</th>
+            <td><a href="{{ repository.url }}">
+                {{ repository.name }}</a>
+            </td>
+            <td><a href="{{ repository.owner.url }}">
+                <img src="{{ repository.owner.avatar_url }}"
+                     alt="avatar" height="24" width="24"/></a>
+                <a href="{{ repository.owner.url }}">
+                    {{ repository.owner.login }}</a>
+            </td>
+            <td><a href="{{ repository.latest_commit.url }}">
+                {{ repository.latest_commit.sha }}</a>
+                {{ repository.latest_commit.message }}
+                {{ repository.latest_commit.author_name }}
+            </td>
+        </tr>
+        {% endfor %}
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}

examples/miniapps/django/web/tests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""Tests module."""
+
+from unittest import mock
+
+from django.urls import reverse
+from django.test import TestCase
+from github import Github
+
+from githubnavigator import container
+
+
+class IndexTests(TestCase):
+
+    def test_index(self):
+        github_client_mock = mock.Mock(spec=Github)
+        github_client_mock.search_repositories.return_value = [
+            mock.Mock(
+                html_url='repo1-url',
+                name='repo1-name',
+                owner=mock.Mock(
+                    login='owner1-login',
+                    html_url='owner1-url',
+                    avatar_url='owner1-avatar-url',
+                ),
+                get_commits=mock.Mock(return_value=[mock.Mock()]),
+            ),
+            mock.Mock(
+                html_url='repo2-url',
+                name='repo2-name',
+                owner=mock.Mock(
+                    login='owner2-login',
+                    html_url='owner2-url',
+                    avatar_url='owner2-avatar-url',
+                ),
+                get_commits=mock.Mock(return_value=[mock.Mock()]),
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        with container.github_client.override(github_client_mock):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse('index'))
+
+        self.assertContains(response, 'Results found: 2')
+
+        self.assertContains(response, 'repo1-url')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'repo1-name')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner1-login')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner1-url')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner1-avatar-url')
+
+        self.assertContains(response, 'repo2-url')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'repo2-name')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner2-login')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner2-url')
+        self.assertContains(response, 'owner2-avatar-url')
+
+    def test_index_no_results(self):
+        github_client_mock = mock.Mock(spec=Github)
+        github_client_mock.search_repositories.return_value = []
+
+        with container.github_client.override(github_client_mock):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse('index'))
+
+        self.assertContains(response, 'Results found: 0')

examples/miniapps/django/web/urls.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""URLs module."""
+
+from django.urls import path
+
+from . import views
+
+urlpatterns = [
+    path('', views.index, name='index'),
+]

examples/miniapps/django/web/views.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""Views module."""
+
+from typing import List
+
+from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
+from django.shortcuts import render
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
+
+from githubnavigator.containers import Container
+from githubnavigator.services import SearchService
+
+
+def index(
+        request: HttpRequest,
+        search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
+        default_query: str = Provide[Container.config.DEFAULT_QUERY],
+        default_limit: int = Provide[Container.config.DEFAULT_LIMIT.as_int()],
+        limit_options: List[int] = Provide[Container.config.LIMIT_OPTIONS],
+) -> HttpResponse:
+    query = request.GET.get('query', default_query)
+    limit = int(request.GET.get('limit', default_limit))
+
+    repositories = search_service.search_repositories(query, limit)
+
+    return render(
+        request,
+        template_name='index.html',
+        context={
+            'query': query,
+            'limit': limit,
+            'limit_options': limit_options,
+            'repositories': repositories,
+        }
+    )

examples/miniapps/flask/README.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-Flask Dependency Injection Example
+Flask + Dependency Injector Example
-==================================
+===================================
 
-Application ``githubnavigator`` is a `Flask <https://flask.palletsprojects.com/>`_ +
+This is a `Flask <https://flask.palletsprojects.com/>`_ +
-`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ application.
+`Dependency Injector <http://python-dependency-injector.ets-labs.org/>`_ example application.
+
+The example application helps to search for repositories on the Github.
 
 .. image:: screenshot.png
 
@@ -46,8 +48,7 @@ After that visit http://127.0.0.1:5000/ in your browser.
 
 .. note::
 
-
+   Github has a rate limit. When the rate limit is exceed you will see an exception
-   Github has a rate limit. When thre rate limit is exceed you will see an exception
    ``github.GithubException.RateLimitExceededException``. For unauthenticated requests, the rate
    limit allows for up to 60 requests per hour. To extend the limit to 5000 requests per hour you
    need to set personal access token.
@@ -90,10 +91,10 @@ The output should be something like:
    Name                             Stmts   Miss  Cover
    ----------------------------------------------------
    githubnavigator/__init__.py          0      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/application.py      11      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/application.py      15      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/containers.py       13      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/containers.py        7      0   100%
    githubnavigator/services.py         14      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/tests.py            32      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/tests.py            34      0   100%
-   githubnavigator/views.py             7      0   100%
+   githubnavigator/views.py             9      0   100%
    ----------------------------------------------------
-   TOTAL                               77      0   100%
+   TOTAL                               79      0   100%

examples/miniapps/flask/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+github:
+  request_timeout: 10
+default:
+  query: "Dependency Injector"
+  limit: 10

examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/application.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Application module."""
+
+from flask import Flask
+from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
+
+from .containers import Container
+from . import views
+
+
+def create_app() -> Flask:
+    container = Container()
+    container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
+    container.config.github.auth_token.from_env('GITHUB_TOKEN')
+    container.wire(modules=[views])
+
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+    app.container = container
+    app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', views.index)
+
+    bootstrap = Bootstrap()
+    bootstrap.init_app(app)
+
+    return app

examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/containers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""Containers module."""
+
+from dependency_injector import containers, providers
+from github import Github
+
+from . import services
+
+
+class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
+
+    config = providers.Configuration()
+
+    github_client = providers.Factory(
+        Github,
+        login_or_token=config.github.auth_token,
+        timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
+    )
+
+    search_service = providers.Factory(
+        services.SearchService,
+        github_client=github_client,
+    )

examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/services.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""Services module."""
+
+from github import Github
+from github.Repository import Repository
+from github.Commit import Commit
+
+
+class SearchService:
+    """Search service performs search on Github."""
+
+    def __init__(self, github_client: Github):
+        self._github_client = github_client
+
+    def search_repositories(self, query, limit):
+        """Search for repositories and return formatted data."""
+        repositories = self._github_client.search_repositories(
+            query=query,
+            **{'in': 'name'},
+        )
+        return [
+            self._format_repo(repository)
+            for repository in repositories[:limit]
+        ]
+
+    def _format_repo(self, repository: Repository):
+        commits = repository.get_commits()
+        return {
+            'url': repository.html_url,
+            'name': repository.name,
+            'owner': {
+                'login': repository.owner.login,
+                'url': repository.owner.html_url,
+                'avatar_url': repository.owner.avatar_url,
+            },
+            'latest_commit': self._format_commit(commits[0]) if commits else {},
+        }
+
+    def _format_commit(self, commit: Commit):
+        return {
+            'sha': commit.sha,
+            'url': commit.html_url,
+            'message': commit.commit.message,
+            'author_name': commit.commit.author.name,
+        }

examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/tests.py

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ from .application import create_app
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def app():
-    return create_app()
+    app = create_app()
+    yield app
+    app.container.unwire()
 
 
 def test_index(client, app):

examples/miniapps/flask/githubnavigator/views.py

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 """Views module."""
 
 from flask import request, render_template
+from dependency_injector.wiring import Provide
 
 from .services import SearchService
+from .containers import Container
 
 
 def index(
-        search_service: SearchService,
+        search_service: SearchService = Provide[Container.search_service],
-        default_query: str,
+        default_query: str = Provide[Container.config.default.query],
-        default_limit: int,
+        default_limit: int = Provide[Container.config.default.limit.as_int()],
 ):
     query = request.args.get('query', default_query)
     limit = request.args.get('limit', default_limit, int)

examples/miniapps/ghnav-flask/config.yml

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-github:
-  request_timeout: 10
-search:
-  default_query: "Dependency Injector"
-  default_limit: 10

examples/miniapps/ghnav-flask/githubnavigator/application.py

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-"""Application module."""
-
-from .containers import ApplicationContainer
-
-
-def create_app():
-    """Create and return Flask application."""
-    container = ApplicationContainer()
-    container.config.from_yaml('config.yml')
-    container.config.github.auth_token.from_env('GITHUB_TOKEN')
-
-    app = container.app()
-    app.container = container
-
-    bootstrap = container.bootstrap()
-    bootstrap.init_app(app)
-
-    app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=container.index_view.as_view())
-
-    return app

examples/miniapps/ghnav-flask/githubnavigator/containers.py

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-"""Application containers module."""
-
-from dependency_injector import containers, providers
-from dependency_injector.ext import flask
-from flask import Flask
-from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
-from github import Github
-
-from . import views, services
-
-
-class ApplicationContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
-    """Application container."""
-
-    app = flask.Application(Flask, __name__)
-
-    bootstrap = flask.Extension(Bootstrap)
-
-    config = providers.Configuration()
-
-    github_client = providers.Factory(
-        Github,
-        login_or_token=config.github.auth_token,
-        timeout=config.github.request_timeout,
-    )
-
-    search_service = providers.Factory(
-        services.SearchService,
-        github_client=github_client,
-    )
-
-    index_view = flask.View(
-        views.index,
-        search_service=search_service,
-        default_query=config.search.default_query,
-        default_limit=config.search.default_limit,
-    )

examples/miniapps/giphynav-aiohttp/config.yml

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-giphy:
-  request_timeout: 10
-search:
-  default_query: "Dependency Injector"
-  default_limit: 10