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include objects/* include objects/*
include README.md include README.rst
include LICENSE include LICENSE
include VERSION include VERSION
include requirements.txt include requirements.txt

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# Objects
Dependency management tool for Python projects.
[![Latest Version](https://pypip.in/version/Objects/badge.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/)
[![Downloads](https://pypip.in/download/Objects/badge.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/rmk135/objects/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/rmk135/objects)
[![License](https://pypip.in/license/Objects/badge.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/)
[![Supported Python versions](https://pypip.in/py_versions/Objects/badge.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/)
[![Supported Python implementations](https://pypip.in/implementation/Objects/badge.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/)
## Introduction
Python ecosystem consists of a big amount of various classes, functions and
objects that could be used for applications development. Each of them has its
own role.
Modern Python applications are mostly the composition of well-known open
source systems, frameworks, libraries and some turnkey functionality.
When application goes bigger, its amount of objects and their dependencies
also increased extremely fast and became hard to maintain.
`Objects` is designed to be developer's friendly tool for managing objects
and their dependencies in formal, pretty way. Main idea of `Objects` is to
keep dependencies under control.
## Entities
Current section describes main `Objects` entities and their interaction.
### Providers
Providers are strategies of accessing objects.
All providers are callable. They describe how particular objects will be
provided. For example:
```python
"""`NewInstance` and `Singleton` providers example."""
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.providers import Singleton
# NewInstance provider will create new instance of specified class
# on every call.
new_object = NewInstance(object)
object_1 = new_object()
object_2 = new_object()
assert object_1 is not object_2
# Singleton provider will create new instance of specified class on first call,
# and return same instance on every next call.
single_object = Singleton(object)
single_object_1 = single_object()
single_object_2 = single_object()
assert single_object_1 is single_object_2
```
### Injections
Injections are additional instructions, that are used for determining
dependencies of objects.
Objects can take dependencies in various forms. Some objects take init
arguments, other are using attributes or methods to be initialized. Injection,
in terms of `Objects`, is an instruction how to provide dependency for the
particular object.
Every Python object could be an injection's value. Special case is a `Objects`
provider as an injection's value. In such case, injection value is a result of
injectable provider call (every time injection is done).
Injections are used by providers.
```python
"""`KwArg` and `Attribute` injections example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1').fetchone()[0]
# Database and `ObjectA` providers.
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = object_a()
object_a_2 = object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.database is object_a_2.database
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 1
```
### Catalogs
Catalogs are named set of providers.
`Objects` catalogs can be used for grouping of providers by some
kind of rules. In example below, there are two catalogs:
`Resources` and `Models`.
`Resources` catalog is used to group all common application resources like
database connection and various api clients, while `Models` catalog is used
for application model providers only.
```python
"""Catalogs example."""
import sqlite3
import httplib
from objects.catalog import AbstractCatalog
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class SomeModel(object):
"""SomeModel has dependency on database and api client.
Dependencies need to be injected via init args.
"""
def __init__(self, database, api_client):
"""Initializer."""
self.database = database
self.api_client = api_client
def api_request(self):
"""Make api request."""
self.api_client.request('GET', '/')
return self.api_client.getresponse()
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1').fetchone()[0]
class Resources(AbstractCatalog):
"""Resource providers catalog."""
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
api_client = Singleton(httplib.HTTPConnection,
KwArg('host', 'example.com'),
KwArg('port', 80),
KwArg('timeout', 10))
class Models(AbstractCatalog):
"""Model providers catalog."""
some_model = NewInstance(SomeModel,
KwArg('database', Resources.database),
KwArg('api_client', Resources.api_client))
# Creating `SomeModel` instance.
some_model = Models.some_model()
# Making some asserts.
assert some_model.get_one() == 1
assert some_model.api_request().status == 200
```
## Advanced usage
Below you can find some variants of advanced usage of `Objects`.
### Inject decorator
`@inject` decorator could be used for patching any callable with injection.
Any Python object will be injected 'as is', except `Objects` providers,
that will be called to provide injectable value.
```python
"""`@inject` decorator example."""
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import inject
new_object = NewInstance(object)
@inject(KwArg('object_a', new_object))
@inject(KwArg('some_setting', 1334))
def example_callback(object_a, some_setting):
"""This function has dependencies on object a and b.
Dependencies are injected using `@inject` decorator.
"""
assert isinstance(object_a, object)
assert some_setting == 1334
example_callback()
example_callback()
```
### Overriding providers
Any provider can be overridden by another provider.
Example:
```python
"""Provider overriding example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1')
class ObjectAMock(ObjectA):
"""Mock of ObjectA.
Has no dependency on database.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""Initializer."""
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it.
Mock makes no database queries and always returns two instead of one.
"""
return 2
# Database and `ObjectA` providers.
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
# Overriding `ObjectA` provider with `ObjectAMock` provider.
object_a.override(NewInstance(ObjectAMock))
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = object_a()
object_a_2 = object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 2
```
### Overriding catalogs
Any catalog can be overridden by another catalog.
Example:
```python
"""Catalog overriding example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.catalog import AbstractCatalog
from objects.catalog import override
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1')
class ObjectAMock(ObjectA):
"""Mock of ObjectA.
Has no dependency on database.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""Initializer."""
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it.
Mock makes no database queries and always returns two instead of one.
"""
return 2
class Catalog(AbstractCatalog):
"""Catalog of objects providers."""
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
@override(Catalog)
class SandboxCatalog(Catalog):
"""Sandbox objects catalog with some mocks that overrides Catalog."""
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectAMock)
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = Catalog.object_a()
object_a_2 = Catalog.object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 2
```

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Objects
=======
Dependency management tool for Python projects.
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *PyPi* | .. image:: https://pypip.in/version/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Latest Version |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/download/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Downloads |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/license/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: License |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Python versions and implementations* | .. image:: https://pypip.in/py_versions/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Supported Python versions |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/implementation/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Supported Python implementations |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Builds and test coverage* | .. image:: https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects.svg?branch=master |
| | :target: https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects |
| | :alt: Build Status |
| | .. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/rmk135/objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://coveralls.io/r/rmk135/objects |
| | :alt: Coverage Status |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Introduction
------------
Python ecosystem consists of a big amount of various classes, functions and
objects that could be used for applications development. Each of them has its
own role.
Modern Python applications are mostly the composition of well-known open
source systems, frameworks, libraries and some turnkey functionality.
When application goes bigger, its amount of objects and their dependencies
also increased extremely fast and became hard to maintain.
**Objects** is designed to be developer's friendly tool for managing objects
and their dependencies in formal, pretty way. Main idea of **Objects** is to
keep dependencies under control.
Installation
------------
**Objects** library is available on PyPi_::
pip install objects
Documentation
-------------
**Objects** documentation is hosted on ReadTheDocs:
- `Stable version`_
- `Latest version`_
Examples
--------
.. code-block:: python
"""Concept example of `Objects`."""
from objects.catalog import AbstractCatalog
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
from objects.injections import inject
import sqlite3
class ObjectA(object):
"""Example class ObjectA, that has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, db):
"""Initializer."""
self.db = db
class ObjectB(object):
"""Example class ObjectB, that has dependencies on ObjectA and database."""
def __init__(self, a, db):
"""Initializer."""
self.a = a
self.db = db
class Catalog(AbstractCatalog):
"""Catalog of objects providers."""
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
""":type: (objects.Provider) -> sqlite3.Connection"""
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('db', database))
""":type: (objects.Provider) -> ObjectA"""
object_b = NewInstance(ObjectB,
KwArg('a', object_a),
KwArg('db', database))
""":type: (objects.Provider) -> ObjectB"""
# Catalog static provides.
a1, a2 = Catalog.object_a(), Catalog.object_a()
b1, b2 = Catalog.object_b(), Catalog.object_b()
assert a1 is not a2
assert b1 is not b2
assert a1.db is a2.db is b1.db is b2.db is Catalog.database()
# Example of inline injections.
@inject(KwArg('a', Catalog.object_a))
@inject(KwArg('b', Catalog.object_b))
@inject(KwArg('database', Catalog.database))
def example(a, b, database):
assert a.db is b.db is database is Catalog.database()
example()
You can get more **Objects** examples in ``/examples`` directory on
GitHub:
https://github.com/rmk135/objects
Feedback
--------
Feel free to post questions, bugs, feature requests, proposals etc. on
**Objects** GitHub Issues:
https://github.com/rmk135/objects/issues
Your feedback is quite important!
.. _PyPi: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects
.. _Stable version: http://objects.readthedocs.org/en/stable/
.. _Latest version: http://objects.readthedocs.org/en/latest/

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# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
#
# You can set these variables from the command line.
SPHINXOPTS =
SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build
PAPER =
BUILDDIR = _build
# User-friendly check for sphinx-build
ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
endif
# Internal variables.
PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4
PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest coverage gettext
help:
@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
@echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
@echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
@echo " pickle to make pickle files"
@echo " json to make JSON files"
@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
@echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
@echo " applehelp to make an Apple Help Book"
@echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
@echo " epub to make an epub"
@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
@echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
@echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
@echo " text to make text files"
@echo " man to make manual pages"
@echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files"
@echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
@echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs"
@echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
@echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files"
@echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
@echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
@echo " coverage to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
clean:
rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
html:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
dirhtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
singlehtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
pickle:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
json:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
htmlhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
qthelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/objects.qhcp"
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/objects.qhc"
applehelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b applehelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The help book is in $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp."
@echo "N.B. You won't be able to view it unless you put it in" \
"~/Library/Documentation/Help or install it in your application" \
"bundle."
devhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished."
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/objects"
@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/objects"
@echo "# devhelp"
epub:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
latex:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo
@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
"(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
latexpdf:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
latexpdfja:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
text:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
man:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
texinfo:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
"(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
info:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
gettext:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
changes:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
@echo
@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
linkcheck:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
@echo
@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
"or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
doctest:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
coverage:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b coverage $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/coverage
@echo "Testing of coverage in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/coverage/python.txt."
xml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
pseudoxml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."

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Advanced usage
==============
Below you can find some variants of advanced usage of **Objects**.
@inject decorator
-----------------
``@inject`` decorator could be used for patching any callable with injection.
Any Python object will be injected *as is*, except **Objects** providers,
that will be called to provide injectable value.
.. code-block:: python
"""`@inject` decorator example."""
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import inject
new_object = NewInstance(object)
@inject(KwArg('object_a', new_object))
@inject(KwArg('some_setting', 1334))
def example_callback(object_a, some_setting):
"""This function has dependencies on object a and b.
Dependencies are injected using `@inject` decorator.
"""
assert isinstance(object_a, object)
assert some_setting == 1334
example_callback()
example_callback()
Overriding providers
--------------------
Any provider can be overridden by another provider.
Example:
.. code-block:: python
"""Provider overriding example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1')
class ObjectAMock(ObjectA):
"""Mock of ObjectA.
Has no dependency on database.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""Initializer."""
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it.
Mock makes no database queries and always returns two instead of one.
"""
return 2
# Database and `ObjectA` providers.
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
# Overriding `ObjectA` provider with `ObjectAMock` provider.
object_a.override(NewInstance(ObjectAMock))
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = object_a()
object_a_2 = object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 2
Overriding catalogs
-------------------
Any catalog can be overridden by another catalog.
Example:
.. code-block:: python
"""Catalog overriding example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.catalog import AbstractCatalog
from objects.catalog import override
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1')
class ObjectAMock(ObjectA):
"""Mock of ObjectA.
Has no dependency on database.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""Initializer."""
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it.
Mock makes no database queries and always returns two instead of one.
"""
return 2
class Catalog(AbstractCatalog):
"""Catalog of objects providers."""
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
@override(Catalog)
class SandboxCatalog(Catalog):
"""Sandbox objects catalog with some mocks that overrides Catalog."""
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectAMock)
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = Catalog.object_a()
object_a_2 = Catalog.object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 2

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Objects documentation build configuration file, created by
# sphinx-quickstart on Wed Apr 1 17:36:06 2015.
#
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
# containing dir.
#
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
# autogenerated file.
#
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
# serve to show the default.
import os
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
# ones.
extensions = []
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ['_templates']
# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
source_suffix = '.rst'
# The encoding of source files.
#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = u'Objects'
copyright = u'2015, Roman Mogilatov'
author = u'Roman Mogilatov'
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
# built documents.
#
# The short X.Y version.
# Getting version.
with open('../VERSION') as version:
version = version.read().strip()
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
release = version
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#
# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
language = None
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
# non-false value, then it is used:
#today = ''
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
exclude_patterns = ['_build']
# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
# documents.
#default_role = None
# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
#add_function_parentheses = True
# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
# unit titles (such as .. function::).
#add_module_names = True
# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
# output. They are ignored by default.
#show_authors = False
# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
pygments_style = 'sphinx'
# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
#modindex_common_prefix = []
# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
#keep_warnings = False
# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
todo_include_todos = False
# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
html_theme = 'default'
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
#html_theme_options = {}
# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
#html_theme_path = []
# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to
# "<project> v<release> documentation".
#html_title = None
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
#html_short_title = None
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
# of the sidebar.
#html_logo = None
# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
# pixels large.
#html_favicon = None
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
html_static_path = ['_static']
# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
# directly to the root of the documentation.
#html_extra_path = []
# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
# using the given strftime format.
#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
# typographically correct entities.
#html_use_smartypants = True
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
#html_sidebars = {}
# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
# template names.
#html_additional_pages = {}
# If false, no module index is generated.
#html_domain_indices = True
# If false, no index is generated.
#html_use_index = True
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
#html_split_index = False
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
#html_show_sourcelink = True
# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_sphinx = True
# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_copyright = True
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
#html_use_opensearch = ''
# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
#html_file_suffix = None
# Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
# Sphinx supports the following languages:
# 'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
# 'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr'
#html_search_language = 'en'
# A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
# Now only 'ja' uses this config value
#html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
# The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
# implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
#html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = 'objectsdoc'
# on_rtd is whether we are on readthedocs.org, this line of code grabbed from
# docs.readthedocs.org
on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
if not on_rtd: # only import and set the theme if we're building docs locally
import sphinx_rtd_theme
html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
# otherwise, readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to
# specify it
# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
latex_elements = {
# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
#'pointsize': '10pt',
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
#'preamble': '',
# Latex figure (float) alignment
#'figure_align': 'htbp',
}
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title,
# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
latex_documents = [
(master_doc, 'Objects.tex', u'Objects Documentation',
u'Roman Mogilatov', 'manual'),
]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
# the title page.
#latex_logo = None
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
# not chapters.
#latex_use_parts = False
# If true, show page references after internal links.
#latex_show_pagerefs = False
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#latex_show_urls = False
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#latex_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#latex_domain_indices = True
# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
man_pages = [
(master_doc, 'Objects', u'Objects Documentation',
[author], 1)
]
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#man_show_urls = False
# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author,
# dir menu entry, description, category)
texinfo_documents = [
(master_doc, 'Objects', u'Objects Documentation',
author, 'Objects', 'Dependency management tool for Python projects.',
'Miscellaneous'),
]
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#texinfo_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#texinfo_domain_indices = True
# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False

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Entities
========
Current section describes main **Objects** entities and their interaction.
Providers
---------
Providers are strategies of accessing objects.
All providers are callable. They describe how particular objects will be
provided. For example:
.. code-block:: python
"""`NewInstance` and `Singleton` providers example."""
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.providers import Singleton
# NewInstance provider will create new instance of specified class
# on every call.
new_object = NewInstance(object)
object_1 = new_object()
object_2 = new_object()
assert object_1 is not object_2
# Singleton provider will create new instance of specified class on first call,
# and return same instance on every next call.
single_object = Singleton(object)
single_object_1 = single_object()
single_object_2 = single_object()
assert single_object_1 is single_object_2
Injections
----------
Injections are additional instructions, that are used for determining
dependencies of objects.
Objects can take dependencies in various forms. Some objects take init
arguments, other are using attributes or methods to be initialized. Injection,
in terms of **Objects**, is an instruction how to provide dependency for the
particular object.
Every Python object could be an injection's value. Special case is a **Objects**
provider as an injection's value. In such case, injection value is a result of
injectable provider call (every time injection is done).
Injections are used by providers.
.. code-block:: python
"""`KwArg` and `Attribute` injections example."""
import sqlite3
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class ObjectA(object):
"""ObjectA has dependency on database."""
def __init__(self, database):
"""Initializer.
Database dependency need to be injected via init arg."""
self.database = database
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1').fetchone()[0]
# Database and `ObjectA` providers.
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
object_a = NewInstance(ObjectA,
KwArg('database', database))
# Creating several `ObjectA` instances.
object_a_1 = object_a()
object_a_2 = object_a()
# Making some asserts.
assert object_a_1 is not object_a_2
assert object_a_1.database is object_a_2.database
assert object_a_1.get_one() == object_a_2.get_one() == 1
Catalogs
--------
Catalogs are named set of providers.
**Objects** catalogs can be used for grouping of providers by some
kind of rules. In example below, there are two catalogs:
``Resources`` and ``Models``.
``Resources`` catalog is used to group all common application resources like
database connection and various api clients, while ``Models`` catalog is used
for application model providers only.
.. code-block:: python
"""Catalogs example."""
import sqlite3
import httplib
from objects.catalog import AbstractCatalog
from objects.providers import Singleton
from objects.providers import NewInstance
from objects.injections import KwArg
from objects.injections import Attribute
class SomeModel(object):
"""SomeModel has dependency on database and api client.
Dependencies need to be injected via init args.
"""
def __init__(self, database, api_client):
"""Initializer."""
self.database = database
self.api_client = api_client
def api_request(self):
"""Make api request."""
self.api_client.request('GET', '/')
return self.api_client.getresponse()
def get_one(self):
"""Select one from database and return it."""
return self.database.execute('SELECT 1').fetchone()[0]
class Resources(AbstractCatalog):
"""Resource providers catalog."""
database = Singleton(sqlite3.Connection,
KwArg('database', ':memory:'),
KwArg('timeout', 30),
KwArg('detect_types', True),
KwArg('isolation_level', 'EXCLUSIVE'),
Attribute('row_factory', sqlite3.Row))
api_client = Singleton(httplib.HTTPConnection,
KwArg('host', 'example.com'),
KwArg('port', 80),
KwArg('timeout', 10))
class Models(AbstractCatalog):
"""Model providers catalog."""
some_model = NewInstance(SomeModel,
KwArg('database', Resources.database),
KwArg('api_client', Resources.api_client))
# Creating `SomeModel` instance.
some_model = Models.some_model()
# Making some asserts.
assert some_model.get_one() == 1
assert some_model.api_request().status == 200

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Examples
========
You can get more **Objects** examples in ``/examples`` directory on
GitHub:
https://github.com/rmk135/objects

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Feedback
========
Feel free to post questions, bugs, feature requests, proposals etc. on
**Objects** GitHub Issues:
https://github.com/rmk135/objects/issues
Your feedback is quite important!

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Objects
=======
Dependency management tool for Python projects.
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *PyPi* | .. image:: https://pypip.in/version/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Latest Version |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/download/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Downloads |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/license/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: License |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Python versions and implementations* | .. image:: https://pypip.in/py_versions/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Supported Python versions |
| | .. image:: https://pypip.in/implementation/Objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects/ |
| | :alt: Supported Python implementations |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Builds and test coverage* | .. image:: https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects.svg?branch=master |
| | :target: https://travis-ci.org/rmk135/objects |
| | :alt: Build Status |
| | .. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/rmk135/objects/badge.svg |
| | :target: https://coveralls.io/r/rmk135/objects |
| | :alt: Coverage Status |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Contents
--------
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
introduction
installation
entities
advanced_usage
examples
feedback

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Installation
============
Latest stable version of **Objects** library can be installed from PyPi_::
pip install objects
Sources can be cloned from GitHub_::
git clone https://github.com/rmk135/objects.git
All **Objects** releases can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/rmk135/objects/releases
.. _PyPi: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Objects
.. _GitHub: https://github.com/rmk135/objects

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Introduction
============
Python ecosystem consists of a big amount of various classes, functions and
objects that could be used for applications development. Each of them has its
own role.
Modern Python applications are mostly the composition of well-known open
source systems, frameworks, libraries and some turnkey functionality.
When application goes bigger, its amount of objects and their dependencies
also increased extremely fast and became hard to maintain.
**Objects** is designed to be developer's friendly tool for managing objects
and their dependencies in formal, pretty way. Main idea of **Objects** is to
keep dependencies under control.

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@ -6,13 +6,8 @@ from setuptools import setup
# Getting description. # Getting description.
try: with open('README.rst') as readme_file:
import pypandoc description = readme_file.read()
except (IOError, ImportError):
with open('README.md') as readme_file:
description = readme_file.read()
else:
description = pypandoc.convert('README.md', 'rst', format='markdown')
# Getting requirements. # Getting requirements.