"""Pythonic way for Dependency Injection - callback-based IoC container.""" import sqlite3 from dependency_injector import containers from dependency_injector import providers from dependency_injector import injections class UsersService(object): """Users service, that has dependency on database.""" def __init__(self, db): """Initializer.""" self.db = db class AuthService(object): """Auth service, that has dependencies on users service and database.""" def __init__(self, db, users_service): """Initializer.""" self.db = db self.users_service = users_service class Services(containers.DeclarativeContainer): """IoC container of service providers.""" @providers.Singleton def database(): """Provide database connection. :rtype: sqlite3.Connection """ return sqlite3.connect(':memory:') @providers.Factory @injections.inject(db=database) def users(**kwargs): """Provide users service. :rtype: UsersService """ return UsersService(**kwargs) @providers.Factory @injections.inject(db=database) @injections.inject(users_service=users) def auth(**kwargs): """Provide users service. :rtype: AuthService """ return AuthService(**kwargs) # Retrieving services: users_service = Services.users() auth_service = Services.auth() # Making some asserts: assert users_service.db is auth_service.db is Services.database() assert isinstance(auth_service.users_service, UsersService) assert users_service is not Services.users() assert auth_service is not Services.auth()