import asyncio import random import unittest from dependency_injector import containers, providers, errors # Runtime import to get asyncutils module import os _TOP_DIR = os.path.abspath( os.path.sep.join(( os.path.dirname(__file__), '../', )), ) import sys sys.path.append(_TOP_DIR) from asyncutils import AsyncTestCase RESOURCE1 = object() RESOURCE2 = object() async def init_resource(resource): await asyncio.sleep(random.randint(1, 10) / 1000) yield resource await asyncio.sleep(random.randint(1, 10) / 1000) class Client: def __init__(self, resource1: object, resource2: object) -> None: self.resource1 = resource1 self.resource2 = resource2 class Service: def __init__(self, client: Client) -> None: self.client = client class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) resource2 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1=resource1, resource2=resource2, ) service = providers.Factory( Service, client=client, ) class FactoryTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_args_injection(self): class ContainerWithArgs(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) resource2 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1, resource2, ) service = providers.Factory( Service, client, ) container = ContainerWithArgs() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) def test_kwargs_injection(self): container = Container() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) def test_context_kwargs_injection(self): resource2_extra = object() container = Container() client1 = self._run(container.client(resource2=resource2_extra)) client2 = self._run(container.client(resource2=resource2_extra)) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, resource2_extra) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, resource2_extra) def test_args_kwargs_injection(self): class ContainerWithArgsAndKwArgs(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) resource2 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1, resource2=resource2, ) service = providers.Factory( Service, client=client, ) container = ContainerWithArgsAndKwArgs() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) def test_injection_error(self): async def init_resource(): raise Exception('Something went wrong') class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource_with_error = providers.Resource(init_resource) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1=resource_with_error, resource2=None, ) container = Container() with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: self._run(container.client()) self.assertEqual(str(context.exception), 'Something went wrong') def test_injection_runtime_error_async_provides(self): async def create_client(*args, **kwargs): raise Exception('Something went wrong') class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory( create_client, resource1=resource, resource2=None, ) container = Container() with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: self._run(container.client()) self.assertEqual(str(context.exception), 'Something went wrong') def test_injection_call_error_async_provides(self): async def create_client(): # <-- no args defined ... class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory( create_client, resource1=resource, resource2=None, ) container = Container() with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as context: self._run(container.client()) self.assertIn("create_client() got", str(context.exception)) self.assertIn("unexpected keyword argument", str(context.exception)) def test_attributes_injection(self): class ContainerWithAttributes(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) resource2 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1, resource2=None, ) client.add_attributes(resource2=resource2) service = providers.Factory( Service, client=None, ) service.add_attributes(client=client) container = ContainerWithAttributes() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) def test_attributes_injection_attribute_error(self): class ClientWithException(Client): @property def attribute_set_error(self): return None @attribute_set_error.setter def attribute_set_error(self, value): raise Exception('Something went wrong') class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory( ClientWithException, resource1=resource, resource2=resource, ) client.add_attributes(attribute_set_error=123) container = Container() with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: self._run(container.client()) self.assertEqual(str(context.exception), 'Something went wrong') def test_attributes_injection_runtime_error(self): async def init_resource(): raise Exception('Something went wrong') class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1=None, resource2=None, ) client.add_attributes(resource1=resource) client.add_attributes(resource2=resource) container = Container() with self.assertRaises(Exception) as context: self._run(container.client()) self.assertEqual(str(context.exception), 'Something went wrong') def test_async_instance_and_sync_attributes_injection(self): class ContainerWithAttributes(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory( Client, resource1, resource2=None, ) client.add_attributes(resource2=providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) service = providers.Factory( Service, client=None, ) service.add_attributes(client=client) container = ContainerWithAttributes() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) class FactoryAggregateTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): object1 = object() object2 = object() async def _get_object1(): return object1 def _get_object2(): return object2 provider = providers.FactoryAggregate( object1=providers.Factory(_get_object1), object2=providers.Factory(_get_object2), ) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) created_object1 = self._run(provider('object1')) self.assertIs(created_object1, object1) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) created_object2 = self._run(provider('object2')) self.assertIs(created_object2, object2) class SingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_injections(self): class ContainerWithSingletons(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource1 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) resource2 = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE2)) client = providers.Singleton( Client, resource1=resource1, resource2=resource2, ) service = providers.Singleton( Service, client=client, ) container = ContainerWithSingletons() client1 = self._run(container.client()) client2 = self._run(container.client()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service()) service2 = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIs(service1, service2) self.assertIs(service1.client, service2.client) self.assertIs(service1.client, client1) self.assertIs(service2.client, client2) self.assertIs(client1, client2) def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.Singleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) def test_async_init_with_error(self): # Disable default exception handling to prevent output asyncio.get_event_loop().set_exception_handler(lambda loop, context: ...) async def create_instance(): create_instance.counter += 1 raise RuntimeError() create_instance.counter = 0 provider = providers.Singleton(create_instance) future = provider() self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): self._run(future) self.assertEqual(create_instance.counter, 1) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): self._run(provider()) self.assertEqual(create_instance.counter, 2) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) # Restore default exception handling asyncio.get_event_loop().set_exception_handler(None) class DelegatedSingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.DelegatedSingleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) class ThreadSafeSingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.ThreadSafeSingleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) class DelegatedThreadSafeSingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.DelegatedThreadSafeSingleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) class ThreadLocalSingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.ThreadLocalSingleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) def test_async_init_with_error(self): # Disable default exception handling to prevent output asyncio.get_event_loop().set_exception_handler(lambda loop, context: ...) async def create_instance(): create_instance.counter += 1 raise RuntimeError() create_instance.counter = 0 provider = providers.ThreadLocalSingleton(create_instance) future = provider() self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): self._run(future) self.assertEqual(create_instance.counter, 1) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): self._run(provider()) self.assertEqual(create_instance.counter, 2) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) # Restore default exception handling asyncio.get_event_loop().set_exception_handler(None) class DelegatedThreadLocalSingletonTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_mode(self): instance = object() async def create_instance(): return instance provider = providers.DelegatedThreadLocalSingleton(create_instance) instance1 = self._run(provider()) instance2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(instance1, instance2) self.assertIs(instance, instance) class ProvidedInstanceTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_provided_attribute(self): class TestClient: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource class TestService: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource class TestContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory(TestClient, resource=resource) service = providers.Factory(TestService, resource=client.provided.resource) container = TestContainer() instance1, instance2 = self._run( asyncio.gather( container.service(), container.service(), ), ) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance2.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, instance2.resource) def test_provided_item(self): class TestClient: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource def __getitem__(self, item): return getattr(self, item) class TestService: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource class TestContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory(TestClient, resource=resource) service = providers.Factory(TestService, resource=client.provided['resource']) container = TestContainer() instance1, instance2 = self._run( asyncio.gather( container.service(), container.service(), ), ) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance2.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, instance2.resource) def test_provided_method_call(self): class TestClient: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource def get_resource(self): return self.resource class TestService: def __init__(self, resource): self.resource = resource class TestContainer(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource, providers.Object(RESOURCE1)) client = providers.Factory(TestClient, resource=resource) service = providers.Factory(TestService, resource=client.provided.get_resource.call()) container = TestContainer() instance1, instance2 = self._run( asyncio.gather( container.service(), container.service(), ), ) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance2.resource, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(instance1.resource, instance2.resource) class DependencyTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_isinstance(self): dependency = 1.0 async def get_async(): return dependency provider = providers.Dependency(instance_of=float) provider.override(providers.Callable(get_async)) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) dependency1 = self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) dependency2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertEqual(dependency1, dependency) self.assertEqual(dependency2, dependency) def test_isinstance_invalid(self): async def get_async(): return {} provider = providers.Dependency(instance_of=float) provider.override(providers.Callable(get_async)) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) with self.assertRaises(errors.Error): self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) def test_async_mode(self): dependency = 123 async def get_async(): return dependency def get_sync(): return dependency provider = providers.Dependency(instance_of=int) provider.override(providers.Factory(get_async)) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) dependency1 = self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) dependency2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertEqual(dependency1, dependency) self.assertEqual(dependency2, dependency) provider.override(providers.Factory(get_sync)) dependency3 = self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) dependency4 = self._run(provider()) self.assertEqual(dependency3, dependency) self.assertEqual(dependency4, dependency) class OverrideTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_provider(self): dependency = object() async def _get_dependency_async(): return dependency def _get_dependency_sync(): return dependency provider = providers.Provider() provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency_async)) dependency1 = self._run(provider()) provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency_sync)) dependency2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(dependency1, dependency) self.assertIs(dependency2, dependency) def test_callable(self): dependency = object() async def _get_dependency_async(): return dependency def _get_dependency_sync(): return dependency provider = providers.Callable(_get_dependency_async) dependency1 = self._run(provider()) provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency_sync)) dependency2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(dependency1, dependency) self.assertIs(dependency2, dependency) def test_factory(self): dependency = object() async def _get_dependency_async(): return dependency def _get_dependency_sync(): return dependency provider = providers.Factory(_get_dependency_async) dependency1 = self._run(provider()) provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency_sync)) dependency2 = self._run(provider()) self.assertIs(dependency1, dependency) self.assertIs(dependency2, dependency) def test_async_mode_enabling(self): dependency = object() async def _get_dependency_async(): return dependency provider = providers.Callable(_get_dependency_async) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) def test_async_mode_disabling(self): dependency = object() def _get_dependency(): return dependency provider = providers.Callable(_get_dependency) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) provider() self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) def test_async_mode_enabling_on_overriding(self): dependency = object() async def _get_dependency_async(): return dependency provider = providers.Provider() provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency_async)) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) self._run(provider()) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) def test_async_mode_disabling_on_overriding(self): dependency = object() def _get_dependency(): return dependency provider = providers.Provider() provider.override(providers.Callable(_get_dependency)) self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) provider() self.assertTrue(provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) class TestAsyncModeApi(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.provider = providers.Provider() def test_default_mode(self): self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) self.assertTrue(self.provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) def test_enable(self): self.provider.enable_async_mode() self.assertTrue(self.provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) def test_disable(self): self.provider.disable_async_mode() self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) self.assertTrue(self.provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) def test_reset(self): self.provider.enable_async_mode() self.assertTrue(self.provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) self.provider.reset_async_mode() self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_enabled()) self.assertFalse(self.provider.is_async_mode_disabled()) self.assertTrue(self.provider.is_async_mode_undefined()) class AsyncTypingStubTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_async_(self): container = Container() client1 = self._run(container.client.async_()) client2 = self._run(container.client.async_()) self.assertIsInstance(client1, Client) self.assertIs(client1.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client1.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(client2, Client) self.assertIs(client2.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(client2.resource2, RESOURCE2) service1 = self._run(container.service.async_()) service2 = self._run(container.service.async_()) self.assertIsInstance(service1, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service1.client, Client) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service1.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsInstance(service2, Service) self.assertIsInstance(service2.client, Client) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource1, RESOURCE1) self.assertIs(service2.client.resource2, RESOURCE2) self.assertIsNot(service1.client, service2.client) class AsyncProvidersWithAsyncDependenciesTests(AsyncTestCase): def test_injections(self): # See: https://github.com/ets-labs/python-dependency-injector/issues/368 async def async_db_provider(): return {'db': 'ok'} async def async_service(db=None): return {'service': 'ok', 'db': db} class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): db = providers.Factory(async_db_provider) service = providers.Singleton(async_service, db=db) container = Container() service = self._run(container.service()) self.assertEquals(service, {'service': 'ok', 'db': {'db': 'ok'}}) class AsyncProviderWithAwaitableObjectTests(AsyncTestCase): def test(self): class SomeResource: def __await__(self): raise RuntimeError('Should never happen') async def init_resource(): pool = SomeResource() yield pool class Service: def __init__(self, resource) -> None: self.resource = resource class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource) service = providers.Singleton(Service, resource=resource) container = Container() self._run(container.init_resources()) self.assertIsInstance(container.service(), asyncio.Future) self.assertIsInstance(container.resource(), asyncio.Future) resource = self._run(container.resource()) service = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(resource, SomeResource) self.assertIsInstance(service.resource, SomeResource) self.assertIs(service.resource, resource) def test_without_init_resources(self): class SomeResource: def __await__(self): raise RuntimeError('Should never happen') async def init_resource(): pool = SomeResource() yield pool class Service: def __init__(self, resource) -> None: self.resource = resource class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer): resource = providers.Resource(init_resource) service = providers.Singleton(Service, resource=resource) container = Container() self.assertIsInstance(container.service(), asyncio.Future) self.assertIsInstance(container.resource(), asyncio.Future) resource = self._run(container.resource()) service = self._run(container.service()) self.assertIsInstance(resource, SomeResource) self.assertIsInstance(service.resource, SomeResource) self.assertIs(service.resource, resource)