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442 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
442 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _wiring:
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Wiring
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======
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Wiring feature provides a way to inject container providers into the functions and methods.
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To use wiring you need:
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- **Place @inject decorator**. Decorator ``@inject`` injects the dependencies.
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- **Place markers**. Wiring marker specifies what dependency to inject,
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e.g. ``Provide[Container.bar]``. This helps container to find the injections.
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- **Wire the container with the markers in the code**. Call ``container.wire()``
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specifying modules and packages you would like to wire it with.
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- **Use functions and classes as you normally do**. Framework will provide specified injections.
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.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/example.py
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:language: python
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:lines: 3-
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.. contents::
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:local:
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:backlinks: none
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Markers
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-------
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Wiring feature uses markers to make injections. Injection marker is specified as a default value of
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a function or method argument:
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.. code-block:: python
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from dependency_injector.wiring import inject, Provide
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@inject
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def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.bar]):
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...
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Specifying an annotation is optional.
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There are two types of markers:
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- ``Provide[foo]`` - call the provider ``foo`` and injects the result
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- ``Provider[foo]`` - injects the provider ``foo`` itself
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.. code-block:: python
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from dependency_injector.wiring import inject, Provider
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@inject
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def foo(bar_provider: Callable[..., Bar] = Provider[Container.bar]):
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bar = bar_provider()
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...
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You can use configuration, provided instance and sub-container providers as you normally do.
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.. code-block:: python
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@inject
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def foo(token: str = Provide[Container.config.api_token]):
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...
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@inject
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def foo(timeout: int = Provide[Container.config.timeout.as_(int)]):
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...
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@inject
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def foo(baz: Baz = Provide[Container.bar.provided.baz]):
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...
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@inject
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def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.subcontainer.bar]):
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...
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You can compound wiring and ``Resource`` provider to implement per-function execution scope.
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See :ref:`Resources, wiring and per-function execution scope <resource-provider-wiring-closing>` for details.
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Also you can use ``Provide`` marker to inject a container.
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.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/example_container.py
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:language: python
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:emphasize-lines: 16-19
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:lines: 3-
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Strings identifiers
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-------------------
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You can use wiring with string identifiers. String identifier should match provider name in the container:
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.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/example_string_id.py
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:language: python
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:emphasize-lines: 17
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:lines: 3-
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With string identifiers you don't need to use a container to specify an injection.
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To specify an injection from a nested container use point ``.`` as a separator:
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.. code-block:: python
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@inject
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def foo(service: UserService = Provide['services.user']) -> None:
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...
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You can also use injection modifiers:
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.. code-block:: python
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from dependency_injector.wiring import (
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inject,
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Provide,
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as_int,
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as_float,
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as_,
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required,
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invariant,
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provided,
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)
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@inject
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def foo(value: int = Provide['config.option', as_int()]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: float = Provide['config.option', as_float()]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: Decimal = Provide['config.option', as_(Decimal)]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: str = Provide['config.option', required()]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: int = Provide['config.option', required().as_int()]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: int = Provide['config.option', invariant('config.switch')]) -> None:
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...
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@inject
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def foo(value: int = Provide['service', provided().foo['bar'].call()]) -> None:
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...
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To inject a container use special identifier ``<container>``:
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.. code-block:: python
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@inject
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def foo(container: Container = Provide['<container>']) -> None:
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...
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Making injections into modules and class attributes
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---------------------------------------------------
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You can use wiring to make injections into modules and class attributes.
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.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/example_attribute.py
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:language: python
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:lines: 3-
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:emphasize-lines: 16,21
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You could also use string identifiers to avoid a dependency on a container:
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.. code-block:: python
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:emphasize-lines: 1,6
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service: Service = Provide['service']
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class Main:
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service: Service = Provide['service']
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Wiring with modules and packages
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--------------------------------
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To wire a container with a module you need to call ``container.wire(modules=[...])`` method. Argument
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``modules`` is an iterable of the module objects.
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.. code-block:: python
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from yourapp import module1, module2
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container = Container()
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container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
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You can wire container with a package. Container walks recursively over package modules.
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.. code-block:: python
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from yourapp import package1, package2
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container = Container()
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container.wire(packages=[package1, package2])
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Arguments ``modules`` and ``packages`` can be used together.
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When wiring is done functions and methods with the markers are patched to provide injections when called.
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.. code-block:: python
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@inject
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def foo(bar: Bar = Provide[Container.bar]):
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...
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container = Container()
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container.wire(modules=[sys.modules[__name__]])
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foo() # <--- Argument "bar" is injected
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Injections are done as keyword arguments.
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.. code-block:: python
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foo() # Equivalent to:
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foo(bar=container.bar())
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Context keyword arguments have a priority over injections.
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.. code-block:: python
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foo(bar=Bar()) # Bar() is injected
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To unpatch previously patched functions and methods call ``container.unwire()`` method.
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.. code-block:: python
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container.unwire()
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You can use that in testing to re-create and re-wire a container before each test.
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.. code-block:: python
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import unittest
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class SomeTest(unittest.TestCase):
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def setUp(self):
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self.container = Container()
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self.container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
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self.addCleanup(self.container.unwire)
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.. code-block:: python
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import pytest
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@pytest.fixture
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def container():
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container = Container()
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container.wire(modules=[module1, module2])
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yield container
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container.unwire()
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.. note::
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Wiring can take time if you have a large codebase. Consider to persist a container instance and
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avoid re-wiring between tests.
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.. note::
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Python has a limitation on patching individually imported functions. To protect from errors
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prefer importing modules to importing individual functions or make sure imports happen
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after the wiring:
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.. code-block:: python
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# Potential error:
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from .module import fn
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fn()
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Instead use next:
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.. code-block:: python
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# Always works:
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from . import module
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module.fn()
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.. _async-injections-wiring:
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Asynchronous injections
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-----------------------
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Wiring feature supports asynchronous injections:
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.. code-block:: python
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class Container(containers.DeclarativeContainer):
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db = providers.Resource(init_async_db_client)
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cache = providers.Resource(init_async_cache_client)
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@inject
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async def main(
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db: Database = Provide[Container.db],
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cache: Cache = Provide[Container.cache],
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):
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...
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When you call asynchronous function wiring prepares injections asynchronously.
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Here is what it does for previous example:
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.. code-block:: python
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db, cache = await asyncio.gather(
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container.db(),
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container.cache(),
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)
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await main(db=db, cache=cache)
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You can also use ``Closing`` marker with the asynchronous ``Resource`` providers:
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.. code-block:: python
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@inject
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async def main(
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db: Database = Closing[Provide[Container.db]],
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cache: Cache = Closing[Provide[Container.cache]],
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):
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...
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Wiring does closing asynchronously:
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.. code-block:: python
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db, cache = await asyncio.gather(
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container.db(),
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container.cache(),
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)
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await main(db=db, cache=cache)
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await asyncio.gather(
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container.db.shutdown(),
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container.cache.shutdown(),
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)
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See :ref:`Resources, wiring and per-function execution scope <resource-provider-wiring-closing>` for
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details on ``Closing`` marker.
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.. note::
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Wiring does not not convert asynchronous injections to synchronous.
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It handles asynchronous injections only for ``async def`` functions. Asynchronous injections into
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synchronous ``def`` function still work, but you need to take care of awaitables by your own.
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See also:
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- Provider :ref:`async-injections`
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- Resource provider :ref:`resource-async-initializers`
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- :ref:`fastapi-redis-example`
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Wiring of dynamically imported modules
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--------------------------------------
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You can install an import hook that automatically wires containers to the imported modules.
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This is useful when you import modules dynamically.
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.. code-block:: python
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import importlib
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from dependency_injector.wiring import register_loader_containers
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from .containers import Container
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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container = Container()
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register_loader_containers(container) # <--- installs import hook
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module = importlib.import_module('package.module')
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module.foo()
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You can register multiple containers in the import hook. For doing this call register function
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with multiple containers ``register_loader_containers(container1, container2, ...)``
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or with a single container ``register_loader_containers(container)`` multiple times.
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To unregister a container use ``unregister_loader_containers(container)``.
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Wiring module will uninstall the import hook when unregister last container.
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Integration with other frameworks
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---------------------------------
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Wiring feature helps to integrate with other frameworks like Django, Flask, etc.
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With wiring you do not need to change the traditional application structure of your framework.
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1. Create a container and put framework-independent components as providers.
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2. Place wiring markers in the functions and methods where you want the providers
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to be injected (Flask or Django views, Aiohttp or Sanic handlers, etc).
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3. Wire the container with the application modules.
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4. Run the application.
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.. literalinclude:: ../examples/wiring/flask_example.py
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:language: python
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:lines: 3-
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Take a look at other application examples:
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- :ref:`application-single-container`
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- :ref:`application-multiple-containers`
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- :ref:`decoupled-packages`
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- :ref:`boto3-example`
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- :ref:`django-example`
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- :ref:`flask-example`
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- :ref:`flask-blueprints-example`
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- :ref:`aiohttp-example`
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- :ref:`sanic-example`
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- :ref:`fastapi-example`
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- :ref:`fastapi-redis-example`
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- :ref:`fastapi-sqlalchemy-example`
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.. disqus::
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