spaCy/website/docs/usage/deep-learning.jade

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//- 💫 DOCS > USAGE > DEEP LEARNING
include ../../_includes/_mixins
p
| In this example, we'll be using #[+a("https://keras.io/") Keras], as
| it's the most popular deep learning library for Python. Using Keras,
| we will write a custom sentiment analysis model that predicts whether a
| document is positive or negative. Then, we will use it to find which entities
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| are commonly associated with positive or negative documents. Here's a
| quick example of how that can look at runtime.
+aside("What's Keras?")
| #[+a("https://keras.io/") Keras] gives you a high-level, declarative
| interface to define neural networks. Models are trained using Google's
| #[+a("https://www.tensorflow.org") TensorFlow] by default.
| #[+a("http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/") Theano] is also
| supported.
+code("Runtime usage").
def count_entity_sentiment(nlp, texts):
'''Compute the net document sentiment for each entity in the texts.'''
entity_sentiments = collections.Counter(float)
for doc in nlp.pipe(texts, batch_size=1000, n_threads=4):
for ent in doc.ents:
entity_sentiments[ent.text] += doc.sentiment
return entity_sentiments
def load_nlp(lstm_path, lang_id='en'):
def create_pipeline(nlp):
return [nlp.tagger, nlp.entity, SentimentAnalyser.load(lstm_path, nlp)]
return spacy.load(lang_id, create_pipeline=create_pipeline)
p
| All you have to do is pass a #[code create_pipeline] callback function
| to #[code spacy.load()]. The function should take a
| #[code spacy.language.Language] object as its only argument, and return
| a sequence of callables. Each callable should accept a
| #[+api("doc") #[code Doc]] object, modify it in place, and return
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| #[code None].
p
| Of course, operating on single documents is inefficient, especially for
| deep learning models. Usually we want to annotate many texts, and we
| want to process them in parallel. You should therefore ensure that your
| model component also supports a #[code .pipe()] method. The
| #[code .pipe()] method should be a well-behaved generator function that
| operates on arbitrarily large sequences. It should consume a small
| buffer of documents, work on them in parallel, and yield them one-by-one.
+code("Custom Annotator Class").
class SentimentAnalyser(object):
@classmethod
def load(cls, path, nlp):
with (path / 'config.json').open() as file_:
model = model_from_json(file_.read())
with (path / 'model').open('rb') as file_:
lstm_weights = pickle.load(file_)
embeddings = get_embeddings(nlp.vocab)
model.set_weights([embeddings] + lstm_weights)
return cls(model)
def __init__(self, model):
self._model = model
def __call__(self, doc):
X = get_features([doc], self.max_length)
y = self._model.predict(X)
self.set_sentiment(doc, y)
def pipe(self, docs, batch_size=1000, n_threads=2):
for minibatch in cytoolz.partition_all(batch_size, docs):
Xs = get_features(minibatch)
ys = self._model.predict(Xs)
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for i, doc in enumerate(minibatch):
doc.sentiment = ys[i]
def set_sentiment(self, doc, y):
doc.sentiment = float(y[0])
# Sentiment has a native slot for a single float.
# For arbitrary data storage, there's:
# doc.user_data['my_data'] = y
def get_features(docs, max_length):
Xs = numpy.zeros((len(docs), max_length), dtype='int32')
for i, doc in enumerate(minibatch):
for j, token in enumerate(doc[:max_length]):
Xs[i, j] = token.rank if token.has_vector else 0
return Xs
p
| By default, spaCy 1.0 downloads and uses the 300-dimensional
| #[+a("http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/") GloVe] common crawl
| vectors. It's also easy to replace these vectors with ones you've
| trained yourself, or to disable the word vectors entirely. If you've
| installed your word vectors into spaCy's #[+api("vocab") #[code Vocab]]
| object, here's how to use them in a Keras model:
+code("Training with Keras").
def train(train_texts, train_labels, dev_texts, dev_labels,
lstm_shape, lstm_settings, lstm_optimizer, batch_size=100, nb_epoch=5):
nlp = spacy.load('en', parser=False, tagger=False, entity=False)
embeddings = get_embeddings(nlp.vocab)
model = compile_lstm(embeddings, lstm_shape, lstm_settings)
train_X = get_features(nlp.pipe(train_texts))
dev_X = get_features(nlp.pipe(dev_texts))
model.fit(train_X, train_labels, validation_data=(dev_X, dev_labels),
nb_epoch=nb_epoch, batch_size=batch_size)
return model
def compile_lstm(embeddings, shape, settings):
model = Sequential()
model.add(
Embedding(
embeddings.shape[1],
embeddings.shape[0],
input_length=shape['max_length'],
trainable=False,
weights=[embeddings]
)
)
model.add(Bidirectional(LSTM(shape['nr_hidden'])))
model.add(Dropout(settings['dropout']))
model.add(Dense(shape['nr_class'], activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(optimizer=Adam(lr=settings['lr']), loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model
def get_embeddings(vocab):
max_rank = max(lex.rank for lex in vocab if lex.has_vector)
vectors = numpy.ndarray((max_rank+1, vocab.vectors_length), dtype='float32')
for lex in vocab:
if lex.has_vector:
vectors[lex.rank] = lex.vector
return vectors
def get_features(docs, max_length):
Xs = numpy.zeros(len(list(docs)), max_length, dtype='int32')
for i, doc in enumerate(docs):
for j, token in enumerate(doc[:max_length]):
Xs[i, j] = token.rank if token.has_vector else 0
return Xs
p
| For most applications, I recommend using pre-trained word embeddings
| without "fine-tuning". This means that you'll use the same embeddings
| across different models, and avoid learning adjustments to them on your
| training data. The embeddings table is large, and the values provided by
| the pre-trained vectors are already pretty good. Fine-tuning the
| embeddings table is therefore a waste of your "parameter budget". It's
| usually better to make your network larger some other way, e.g. by
| adding another LSTM layer, using attention mechanism, using character
| features, etc.
+h(2, "attribute-hooks") Attribute hooks (experimental)
p
| Earlier, we saw how to store data in the new generic #[code user_data]
| dict. This generalises well, but it's not terribly satisfying. Ideally,
| we want to let the custom data drive more "native" behaviours. For
| instance, consider the #[code .similarity()] methods provided by spaCy's
| #[+api("doc") #[code Doc]], #[+api("token") #[code Token]] and
| #[+api("span") #[code Span]] objects:
+code("Polymorphic similarity example").
span.similarity(doc)
token.similarity(span)
doc1.similarity(doc2)
p
| By default, this just averages the vectors for each document, and
| computes their cosine. Obviously, spaCy should make it easy for you to
| install your own similarity model. This introduces a tricky design
| challenge. The current solution is to add three more dicts to the
| #[code Doc] object:
+aside("Implementation note")
| The hooks live on the #[code Doc] object because the #[code Span] and
| #[code Token] objects are created lazily, and don't own any data. They
| just proxy to their parent #[code Doc]. This turns out to be convenient
| here — we only have to worry about installing hooks in one place.
+table(["Name", "Description"])
+row
+cell #[code user_hooks]
+cell Customise behaviour of #[code doc.vector], #[code doc.has_vector], #[code doc.vector_norm] or #[code doc.sents]
+row
+cell #[code user_token_hooks]
+cell Customise behaviour of #[code token.similarity], #[code token.vector], #[code token.has_vector], #[code token.vector_norm] or #[code token.conjuncts]
+row
+cell #[code user_span_hooks]
+cell Customise behaviour of #[code span.similarity], #[code span.vector], #[code span.has_vector], #[code span.vector_norm] or #[code span.root]
p
| To sum up, here's an example of hooking in custom #[code .similarity()]
| methods:
+code("Add custom similarity hooks").
class SimilarityModel(object):
def __init__(self, model):
self._model = model
def __call__(self, doc):
doc.user_hooks['similarity'] = self.similarity
doc.user_span_hooks['similarity'] = self.similarity
doc.user_token_hooks['similarity'] = self.similarity
def similarity(self, obj1, obj2):
y = self._model([obj1.vector, obj2.vector])
return float(y[0])