💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
title: Annotation Specifications
|
|
|
|
|
|
teaser: Schemes used for labels, tags and training data
|
|
|
|
|
|
menu:
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ['Text Processing', 'text-processing']
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ['POS Tagging', 'pos-tagging']
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ['Dependencies', 'dependency-parsing']
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ['Named Entities', 'named-entities']
|
|
|
|
|
|
- ['Models & Training', 'training']
|
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Text processing {#text-processing}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Example
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> ```python
|
|
|
|
|
|
> from spacy.lang.en import English
|
|
|
|
|
|
> nlp = English()
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
> tokens = nlp("Some\\nspaces and\\ttab characters")
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
> tokens_text = [t.text for t in tokens]
|
|
|
|
|
|
> assert tokens_text == ["Some", "\\n", "spaces", " ", "and", "\\t", "tab", "characters"]
|
|
|
|
|
|
> ```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tokenization standards are based on the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[OntoNotes 5](https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2013T19) corpus. The tokenizer
|
|
|
|
|
|
differs from most by including **tokens for significant whitespace**. Any
|
|
|
|
|
|
sequence of whitespace characters beyond a single space (`' '`) is included as a
|
|
|
|
|
|
token. The whitespace tokens are useful for much the same reason punctuation is
|
|
|
|
|
|
– it's often an important delimiter in the text. By preserving it in the token
|
|
|
|
|
|
output, we are able to maintain a simple alignment between the tokens and the
|
|
|
|
|
|
original string, and we ensure that **no information is lost** during
|
|
|
|
|
|
processing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Lemmatization {#lemmatization}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Examples
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> In English, this means:
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> - **Adjectives**: happier, happiest → happy
|
|
|
|
|
|
> - **Adverbs**: worse, worst → badly
|
|
|
|
|
|
> - **Nouns**: dogs, children → dog, child
|
|
|
|
|
|
> - **Verbs**: writes, writing, wrote, written → write
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-10-01 14:22:13 +03:00
|
|
|
|
As of v2.2, lemmatization data is stored in a separate package,
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`spacy-lookups-data`](https://github.com/explosion/spacy-lookups-data) that can
|
|
|
|
|
|
be installed if needed via `pip install spacy[lookups]`. Some languages provide
|
|
|
|
|
|
full lemmatization rules and exceptions, while other languages currently only
|
|
|
|
|
|
rely on simple lookup tables.
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
<Infobox title="About spaCy's custom pronoun lemma for English" variant="warning">
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
spaCy adds a **special case for English pronouns**: all English pronouns are
|
2020-11-05 11:33:00 +03:00
|
|
|
|
lemmatized to the special token `-PRON-`. Unlike verbs and common nouns, there's
|
|
|
|
|
|
no clear base form of a personal pronoun. Should the lemma of "me" be "I", or
|
|
|
|
|
|
should we normalize person as well, giving "it" — or maybe "he"? spaCy's
|
|
|
|
|
|
solution is to introduce a novel symbol, `-PRON-`, which is used as the lemma
|
|
|
|
|
|
for all personal pronouns.
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Infobox>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Sentence boundary detection {#sentence-boundary}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sentence boundaries are calculated from the syntactic parse tree, so features
|
|
|
|
|
|
such as punctuation and capitalization play an important but non-decisive role
|
|
|
|
|
|
in determining the sentence boundaries. Usually this means that the sentence
|
|
|
|
|
|
boundaries will at least coincide with clause boundaries, even given poorly
|
|
|
|
|
|
punctuated text.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Part-of-speech tagging {#pos-tagging}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Tip: Understanding tags
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> You can also use `spacy.explain` to get the description for the string
|
|
|
|
|
|
> representation of a tag. For example, `spacy.explain("RB")` will return
|
|
|
|
|
|
> "adverb".
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This section lists the fine-grained and coarse-grained part-of-speech tags
|
|
|
|
|
|
assigned by spaCy's [models](/models). The individual mapping is specific to the
|
|
|
|
|
|
training corpus and can be defined in the respective language data's
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`tag_map.py`](/usage/adding-languages#tag-map).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-12 17:30:49 +03:00
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="Universal Part-of-speech Tags" id="pos-universal">
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-09-14 13:58:06 +03:00
|
|
|
|
spaCy maps all language-specific part-of-speech tags to a small, fixed set of
|
|
|
|
|
|
word type tags following the
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
[Universal Dependencies scheme](http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/). The
|
|
|
|
|
|
universal tags don't code for any morphological features and only cover the word
|
|
|
|
|
|
type. They're available as the [`Token.pos`](/api/token#attributes) and
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`Token.pos_`](/api/token#attributes) attributes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| POS | Description | Examples |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ADJ` | adjective | big, old, green, incomprehensible, first |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ADP` | adposition | in, to, during |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ADV` | adverb | very, tomorrow, down, where, there |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `AUX` | auxiliary | is, has (done), will (do), should (do) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CONJ` | conjunction | and, or, but |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CCONJ` | coordinating conjunction | and, or, but |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `DET` | determiner | a, an, the |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `INTJ` | interjection | psst, ouch, bravo, hello |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NOUN` | noun | girl, cat, tree, air, beauty |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NUM` | numeral | 1, 2017, one, seventy-seven, IV, MMXIV |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PART` | particle | 's, not, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRON` | pronoun | I, you, he, she, myself, themselves, somebody |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PROPN` | proper noun | Mary, John, London, NATO, HBO |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PUNCT` | punctuation | ., (, ), ? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `SCONJ` | subordinating conjunction | if, while, that |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `SYM` | symbol | \$, %, §, ©, +, −, ×, ÷, =, :), 😝 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VERB` | verb | run, runs, running, eat, ate, eating |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `X` | other | sfpksdpsxmsa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `SPACE` | space |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="English" id="pos-en">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The English part-of-speech tagger uses the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[OntoNotes 5](https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2013T19) version of the Penn
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
Treebank tag set. We also map the tags to the simpler Universal Dependencies v2
|
|
|
|
|
|
POS tag set.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-11-05 11:33:00 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| Tag | POS | Morphology | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ----------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `$` | `SYM` | | symbol, currency |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <InlineCode>``</InlineCode> | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=quot PunctSide=ini` | opening quotation mark |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `''` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=quot PunctSide=fin` | closing quotation mark |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `,` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=comm` | punctuation mark, comma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `-LRB-` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=brck PunctSide=ini` | left round bracket |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `-RRB-` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=brck PunctSide=fin` | right round bracket |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `.` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=peri` | punctuation mark, sentence closer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `:` | `PUNCT` | | punctuation mark, colon or ellipsis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ADD` | `X` | | email |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `AFX` | `ADJ` | `Hyph=yes` | affix |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CC` | `CCONJ` | `ConjType=comp` | conjunction, coordinating |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CD` | `NUM` | `NumType=card` | cardinal number |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `DT` | `DET` | | determiner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `EX` | `PRON` | `AdvType=ex` | existential there |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `FW` | `X` | `Foreign=yes` | foreign word |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `GW` | `X` | | additional word in multi-word expression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `HYPH` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=dash` | punctuation mark, hyphen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `IN` | `ADP` | | conjunction, subordinating or preposition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `JJ` | `ADJ` | `Degree=pos` | adjective |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `JJR` | `ADJ` | `Degree=comp` | adjective, comparative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `JJS` | `ADJ` | `Degree=sup` | adjective, superlative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `LS` | `X` | `NumType=ord` | list item marker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `MD` | `VERB` | `VerbType=mod` | verb, modal auxiliary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NFP` | `PUNCT` | | superfluous punctuation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NIL` | `X` | | missing tag |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NN` | `NOUN` | `Number=sing` | noun, singular or mass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NNP` | `PROPN` | `NounType=prop Number=sing` | noun, proper singular |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NNPS` | `PROPN` | `NounType=prop Number=plur` | noun, proper plural |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NNS` | `NOUN` | `Number=plur` | noun, plural |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PDT` | `DET` | | predeterminer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `POS` | `PART` | `Poss=yes` | possessive ending |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRP` | `PRON` | `PronType=prs` | pronoun, personal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRP$` | `DET` | `PronType=prs Poss=yes` | pronoun, possessive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `RB` | `ADV` | `Degree=pos` | adverb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `RBR` | `ADV` | `Degree=comp` | adverb, comparative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `RBS` | `ADV` | `Degree=sup` | adverb, superlative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `RP` | `ADP` | | adverb, particle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `SP` | `SPACE` | | space |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `SYM` | `SYM` | | symbol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `TO` | `PART` | `PartType=inf VerbForm=inf` | infinitival "to" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `UH` | `INTJ` | | interjection |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VB` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=inf` | verb, base form |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VBD` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=fin Tense=past` | verb, past tense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VBG` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=part Tense=pres Aspect=prog` | verb, gerund or present participle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VBN` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=part Tense=past Aspect=perf` | verb, past participle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VBP` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=fin Tense=pres` | verb, non-3rd person singular present |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VBZ` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=fin Tense=pres Number=sing Person=three` | verb, 3rd person singular present |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `WDT` | `DET` | | wh-determiner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `WP` | `PRON` | | wh-pronoun, personal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `WP$` | `DET` | `Poss=yes` | wh-pronoun, possessive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `WRB` | `ADV` | | wh-adverb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `XX` | `X` | | unknown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `_SP` | `SPACE` | | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="German" id="pos-de">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The German part-of-speech tagger uses the
|
2020-11-05 11:33:00 +03:00
|
|
|
|
[TIGER Treebank](https://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/tiger/)
|
|
|
|
|
|
annotation scheme. We also map the tags to the simpler Universal Dependencies v2
|
|
|
|
|
|
POS tag set.
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| Tag | POS | Morphology | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| --------- | ------- | ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `$(` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=brck` | other sentence-internal punctuation mark |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `$,` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=comm` | comma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `$.` | `PUNCT` | `PunctType=peri` | sentence-final punctuation mark |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ADJA` | `ADJ` | | adjective, attributive |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `ADJD` | `ADJ` | | adjective, adverbial or predicative |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `ADV` | `ADV` | | adverb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `APPO` | `ADP` | `AdpType=post` | postposition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `APPR` | `ADP` | `AdpType=prep` | preposition; circumposition left |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `APPRART` | `ADP` | `AdpType=prep PronType=art` | preposition with article |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `APZR` | `ADP` | `AdpType=circ` | circumposition right |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ART` | `DET` | `PronType=art` | definite or indefinite article |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CARD` | `NUM` | `NumType=card` | cardinal number |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `FM` | `X` | `Foreign=yes` | foreign language material |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ITJ` | `INTJ` | | interjection |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `KOKOM` | `CCONJ` | `ConjType=comp` | comparative conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `KON` | `CCONJ` | | coordinate conjunction |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `KOUI` | `SCONJ` | | subordinate conjunction with "zu" and infinitive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `KOUS` | `SCONJ` | | subordinate conjunction with sentence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NE` | `PROPN` | | proper noun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NN` | `NOUN` | | noun, singular or mass |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `NNE` | `PROPN` | | proper noun |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PDAT` | `DET` | `PronType=dem` | attributive demonstrative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PDS` | `PRON` | `PronType=dem` | substituting demonstrative pronoun |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PIAT` | `DET` | `PronType=ind|neg|tot` | attributive indefinite pronoun without determiner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PIS` | `PRON` | `PronType=ind|neg|tot` | substituting indefinite pronoun |
|
2020-11-05 11:33:00 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PPER` | `PRON` | `PronType=prs` | replaceable personal pronoun |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PPOSAT` | `DET` | `Poss=yes PronType=prs` | attributive possessive pronoun |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PPOSS` | `PRON` | `Poss=yes PronType=prs` | substituting possessive pronoun |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PRELAT` | `DET` | `PronType=rel` | attributive relative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRELS` | `PRON` | `PronType=rel` | substituting relative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRF` | `PRON` | `PronType=prs Reflex=yes` | reflexive personal pronoun |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PROAV` | `ADV` | `PronType=dem` | pronominal adverb |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PTKA` | `PART` | | particle with adjective or adverb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PTKANT` | `PART` | `PartType=res` | answer particle |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PTKNEG` | `PART` | `Polarity=neg` | negative particle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PTKVZ` | `ADP` | `PartType=vbp` | separable verbal particle |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `PTKZU` | `PART` | `PartType=inf` | "zu" before infinitive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PWAT` | `DET` | `PronType=int` | attributive interrogative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PWAV` | `ADV` | `PronType=int` | adverbial interrogative or relative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PWS` | `PRON` | `PronType=int` | substituting interrogative pronoun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `TRUNC` | `X` | `Hyph=yes` | word remnant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VAFIN` | `AUX` | `Mood=ind VerbForm=fin` | finite verb, auxiliary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VAIMP` | `AUX` | `Mood=imp VerbForm=fin` | imperative, auxiliary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VAINF` | `AUX` | `VerbForm=inf` | infinitive, auxiliary |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `VAPP` | `AUX` | `Aspect=perf VerbForm=part` | perfect participle, auxiliary |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `VMFIN` | `VERB` | `Mood=ind VerbForm=fin VerbType=mod` | finite verb, modal |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `VMINF` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=inf VerbType=mod` | infinitive, modal |
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `VMPP` | `VERB` | `Aspect=perf VerbForm=part VerbType=mod` | perfect participle, modal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VVFIN` | `VERB` | `Mood=ind VerbForm=fin` | finite verb, full |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VVIMP` | `VERB` | `Mood=imp VerbForm=fin` | imperative, full |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VVINF` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=inf` | infinitive, full |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VVIZU` | `VERB` | `VerbForm=inf` | infinitive with "zu", full |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `VVPP` | `VERB` | `Aspect=perf VerbForm=part` | perfect participle, full |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `XY` | `X` | | non-word containing non-letter |
|
2019-10-24 13:56:05 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| `_SP` | `SPACE` | | |
|
2020-11-05 11:33:00 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Infobox title="Annotation schemes for other models">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the label schemes used by the other models, see the respective `tag_map.py`
|
|
|
|
|
|
in [`spacy/lang`](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/tree/master/spacy/lang).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Infobox>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Syntactic Dependency Parsing {#dependency-parsing}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Tip: Understanding labels
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> You can also use `spacy.explain` to get the description for the string
|
|
|
|
|
|
> representation of a label. For example, `spacy.explain("prt")` will return
|
|
|
|
|
|
> "particle".
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This section lists the syntactic dependency labels assigned by spaCy's
|
|
|
|
|
|
[models](/models). The individual labels are language-specific and depend on the
|
|
|
|
|
|
training corpus.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-12 17:30:49 +03:00
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="Universal Dependency Labels" id="dependency-parsing-universal">
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The [Universal Dependencies scheme](http://universaldependencies.org/u/dep/) is
|
|
|
|
|
|
used in all languages trained on Universal Dependency Corpora.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Label | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------ | -------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `acl` | clausal modifier of noun (adjectival clause) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `advcl` | adverbial clause modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `advmod` | adverbial modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `amod` | adjectival modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `appos` | appositional modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `aux` | auxiliary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `case` | case marking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cc` | coordinating conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ccomp` | clausal complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `clf` | classifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `compound` | compound |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `conj` | conjunct |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cop` | copula |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `csubj` | clausal subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dep` | unspecified dependency |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `det` | determiner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `discourse` | discourse element |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dislocated` | dislocated elements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `expl` | expletive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `fixed` | fixed multiword expression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `flat` | flat multiword expression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `goeswith` | goes with |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `iobj` | indirect object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `list` | list |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `mark` | marker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nmod` | nominal modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nsubj` | nominal subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nummod` | numeric modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `obj` | object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `obl` | oblique nominal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `orphan` | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `parataxis` | parataxis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `punct` | punctuation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `reparandum` | overridden disfluency |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `root` | root |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `vocative` | vocative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `xcomp` | open clausal complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="English" id="dependency-parsing-english">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The English dependency labels use the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[CLEAR Style](https://github.com/clir/clearnlp-guidelines/blob/master/md/specifications/dependency_labels.md)
|
|
|
|
|
|
by [ClearNLP](http://www.clearnlp.com).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Label | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ----------- | -------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `acl` | clausal modifier of noun (adjectival clause) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `acomp` | adjectival complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `advcl` | adverbial clause modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `advmod` | adverbial modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `agent` | agent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `amod` | adjectival modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `appos` | appositional modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `attr` | attribute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `aux` | auxiliary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `auxpass` | auxiliary (passive) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `case` | case marking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cc` | coordinating conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ccomp` | clausal complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `compound` | compound |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `conj` | conjunct |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cop` | copula |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `csubj` | clausal subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `csubjpass` | clausal subject (passive) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dative` | dative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dep` | unclassified dependent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `det` | determiner |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dobj` | direct object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `expl` | expletive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `intj` | interjection |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `mark` | marker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `meta` | meta modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `neg` | negation modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nn` | noun compound modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nounmod` | modifier of nominal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `npmod` | noun phrase as adverbial modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nsubj` | nominal subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nsubjpass` | nominal subject (passive) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nummod` | numeric modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `oprd` | object predicate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `obj` | object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `obl` | oblique nominal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `parataxis` | parataxis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pcomp` | complement of preposition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pobj` | object of preposition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `poss` | possession modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `preconj` | pre-correlative conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `prep` | prepositional modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `prt` | particle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `punct` | punctuation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `quantmod` | modifier of quantifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `relcl` | relative clause modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `root` | root |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `xcomp` | open clausal complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Accordion title="German" id="dependency-parsing-german">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The German dependency labels use the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[TIGER Treebank](http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/TIGERCorpus/annotation/index.html)
|
|
|
|
|
|
annotation scheme.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2019-09-12 17:11:15 +03:00
|
|
|
|
| Label | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------- | ------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ac` | adpositional case marker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `adc` | adjective component |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ag` | genitive attribute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ams` | measure argument of adjective |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `app` | apposition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `avc` | adverbial phrase component |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cc` | comparative complement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cd` | coordinating conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cj` | conjunct |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cm` | comparative conjunction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cp` | complementizer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `cvc` | collocational verb construction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `da` | dative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `dm` | discourse marker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ep` | expletive es |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ju` | junctor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `mnr` | postnominal modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `mo` | modifier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ng` | negation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nk` | noun kernel element |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `nmc` | numerical component |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `oa` | accusative object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `oa2` | second accusative object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `oc` | clausal object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `og` | genitive object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `op` | prepositional object |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `par` | parenthetical element |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pd` | predicate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pg` | phrasal genitive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ph` | placeholder |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pm` | morphological particle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `pnc` | proper noun component |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `punct` | punctuation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `rc` | relative clause |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `re` | repeated element |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `rs` | reported speech |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `sb` | subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `sbp` | passivized subject (PP) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `sp` | subject or predicate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `svp` | separable verb prefix |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `uc` | unit component |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `vo` | vocative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ROOT` | root |
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</Accordion>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Named Entity Recognition {#named-entities}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Tip: Understanding entity types
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> You can also use `spacy.explain` to get the description for the string
|
|
|
|
|
|
> representation of an entity label. For example, `spacy.explain("LANGUAGE")`
|
|
|
|
|
|
> will return "any named language".
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Models trained on the [OntoNotes 5](https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2013T19)
|
|
|
|
|
|
corpus support the following entity types:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Type | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PERSON` | People, including fictional. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `NORP` | Nationalities or religious or political groups. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `FAC` | Buildings, airports, highways, bridges, etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ORG` | Companies, agencies, institutions, etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `GPE` | Countries, cities, states. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `LOC` | Non-GPE locations, mountain ranges, bodies of water. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PRODUCT` | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (Not services.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `EVENT` | Named hurricanes, battles, wars, sports events, etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `WORK_OF_ART` | Titles of books, songs, etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `LAW` | Named documents made into laws. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `LANGUAGE` | Any named language. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `DATE` | Absolute or relative dates or periods. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `TIME` | Times smaller than a day. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PERCENT` | Percentage, including "%". |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `MONEY` | Monetary values, including unit. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `QUANTITY` | Measurements, as of weight or distance. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ORDINAL` | "first", "second", etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `CARDINAL` | Numerals that do not fall under another type. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Wikipedia scheme {#ner-wikipedia-scheme}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Models trained on Wikipedia corpus
|
|
|
|
|
|
([Nothman et al., 2013](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370212000276))
|
|
|
|
|
|
use a less fine-grained NER annotation scheme and recognise the following
|
|
|
|
|
|
entities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Type | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `PER` | Named person or family. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `LOC` | Name of politically or geographically defined location (cities, provinces, countries, international regions, bodies of water, mountains). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `ORG` | Named corporate, governmental, or other organizational entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `MISC` | Miscellaneous entities, e.g. events, nationalities, products or works of art. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### IOB Scheme {#iob}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tag | ID | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ----- | --- | ------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `"I"` | `1` | Token is inside an entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `"O"` | `2` | Token is outside an entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `"B"` | `3` | Token begins an entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| `""` | `0` | No entity tag is set (missing value). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### BILUO Scheme {#biluo}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tag | Description |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| **`B`**EGIN | The first token of a multi-token entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| **`I`**N | An inner token of a multi-token entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| **`L`**AST | The final token of a multi-token entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| **`U`**NIT | A single-token entity. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| **`O`**UT | A non-entity token. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Why BILUO, not IOB?
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> There are several coding schemes for encoding entity annotations as token
|
|
|
|
|
|
> tags. These coding schemes are equally expressive, but not necessarily equally
|
|
|
|
|
|
> learnable. [Ratinov and Roth](http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-1119) showed
|
|
|
|
|
|
> that the minimal **Begin**, **In**, **Out** scheme was more difficult to learn
|
|
|
|
|
|
> than the **BILUO** scheme that we use, which explicitly marks boundary tokens.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
spaCy translates the character offsets into this scheme, in order to decide the
|
2019-10-01 13:30:04 +03:00
|
|
|
|
cost of each action given the current state of the entity recognizer. The costs
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
are then used to calculate the gradient of the loss, to train the model. The
|
|
|
|
|
|
exact algorithm is a pastiche of well-known methods, and is not currently
|
|
|
|
|
|
described in any single publication. The model is a greedy transition-based
|
|
|
|
|
|
parser guided by a linear model whose weights are learned using the averaged
|
|
|
|
|
|
perceptron loss, via the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dynamic oracle](http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-1059) imitation learning
|
2019-05-31 13:19:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
strategy. The transition system is equivalent to the BILUO tagging scheme.
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Models and training data {#training}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### JSON input format for training {#json-input}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
spaCy takes training data in JSON format. The built-in
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`convert`](/api/cli#convert) command helps you convert the `.conllu` format
|
|
|
|
|
|
used by the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Universal Dependencies corpora](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies) to
|
2019-07-10 11:27:33 +03:00
|
|
|
|
spaCy's training format. To convert one or more existing `Doc` objects to
|
|
|
|
|
|
spaCy's JSON format, you can use the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`gold.docs_to_json`](/api/goldparse#docs_to_json) helper.
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> #### Annotating entities
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
> Named entities are provided in the [BILUO](#biluo) notation. Tokens outside an
|
|
|
|
|
|
> entity are set to `"O"` and tokens that are part of an entity are set to the
|
|
|
|
|
|
> entity label, prefixed by the BILUO marker. For example `"B-ORG"` describes
|
|
|
|
|
|
> the first token of a multi-token `ORG` entity and `"U-PERSON"` a single token
|
|
|
|
|
|
> representing a `PERSON` entity. The
|
|
|
|
|
|
> [`biluo_tags_from_offsets`](/api/goldparse#biluo_tags_from_offsets) function
|
|
|
|
|
|
> can help you convert entity offsets to the right format.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Example structure
|
|
|
|
|
|
[{
|
|
|
|
|
|
"id": int, # ID of the document within the corpus
|
|
|
|
|
|
"paragraphs": [{ # list of paragraphs in the corpus
|
|
|
|
|
|
"raw": string, # raw text of the paragraph
|
|
|
|
|
|
"sentences": [{ # list of sentences in the paragraph
|
|
|
|
|
|
"tokens": [{ # list of tokens in the sentence
|
|
|
|
|
|
"id": int, # index of the token in the document
|
|
|
|
|
|
"dep": string, # dependency label
|
|
|
|
|
|
"head": int, # offset of token head relative to token index
|
|
|
|
|
|
"tag": string, # part-of-speech tag
|
|
|
|
|
|
"orth": string, # verbatim text of the token
|
|
|
|
|
|
"ner": string # BILUO label, e.g. "O" or "B-ORG"
|
|
|
|
|
|
}],
|
|
|
|
|
|
"brackets": [{ # phrase structure (NOT USED by current models)
|
|
|
|
|
|
"first": int, # index of first token
|
|
|
|
|
|
"last": int, # index of last token
|
|
|
|
|
|
"label": string # phrase label
|
|
|
|
|
|
}]
|
2019-09-15 23:31:31 +03:00
|
|
|
|
}],
|
|
|
|
|
|
"cats": [{ # new in v2.2: categories for text classifier
|
|
|
|
|
|
"label": string, # text category label
|
|
|
|
|
|
"value": float / bool # label applies (1.0/true) or not (0.0/false)
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
}]
|
|
|
|
|
|
}]
|
|
|
|
|
|
}]
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's an example of dependencies, part-of-speech tags and names entities, taken
|
|
|
|
|
|
from the English Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
|
|
|
|
https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/tree/master/examples/training/training-data.json
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Lexical data for vocabulary {#vocab-jsonl new="2"}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To populate a model's vocabulary, you can use the
|
|
|
|
|
|
[`spacy init-model`](/api/cli#init-model) command and load in a
|
|
|
|
|
|
[newline-delimited JSON](http://jsonlines.org/) (JSONL) file containing one
|
|
|
|
|
|
lexical entry per line via the `--jsonl-loc` option. The first line defines the
|
|
|
|
|
|
language and vocabulary settings. All other lines are expected to be JSON
|
|
|
|
|
|
objects describing an individual lexeme. The lexical attributes will be then set
|
|
|
|
|
|
as attributes on spaCy's [`Lexeme`](/api/lexeme#attributes) object. The `vocab`
|
|
|
|
|
|
command outputs a ready-to-use spaCy model with a `Vocab` containing the lexical
|
|
|
|
|
|
data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
|
### First line
|
|
|
|
|
|
{"lang": "en", "settings": {"oov_prob": -20.502029418945312}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Entry structure
|
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
2019-09-17 15:51:44 +03:00
|
|
|
|
"orth": string, # the word text
|
|
|
|
|
|
"id": int, # can correspond to row in vectors table
|
💫 Update website (#3285)
<!--- Provide a general summary of your changes in the title. -->
## Description
The new website is implemented using [Gatsby](https://www.gatsbyjs.org) with [Remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) and [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/). This allows authoring content in **straightforward Markdown** without the usual limitations. Standard elements can be overwritten with powerful [React](http://reactjs.org/) components and wherever Markdown syntax isn't enough, JSX components can be used. Hopefully, this update will also make it much easier to contribute to the docs. Once this PR is merged, I'll implement auto-deployment via [Netlify](https://netlify.com) on a specific branch (to avoid building the website on every PR). There's a bunch of other cool stuff that the new setup will allow us to do – including writing front-end tests, service workers, offline support, implementing a search and so on.
This PR also includes various new docs pages and content.
Resolves #3270. Resolves #3222. Resolves #2947. Resolves #2837.
### Types of change
enhancement
## Checklist
<!--- Before you submit the PR, go over this checklist and make sure you can
tick off all the boxes. [] -> [x] -->
- [x] I have submitted the spaCy Contributor Agreement.
- [x] I ran the tests, and all new and existing tests passed.
- [x] My changes don't require a change to the documentation, or if they do, I've added all required information.
2019-02-17 21:31:19 +03:00
|
|
|
|
"lower": string,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"norm": string,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"shape": string
|
|
|
|
|
|
"prefix": string,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"suffix": string,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"length": int,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"cluster": string,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"prob": float,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_alpha": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_ascii": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_digit": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_lower": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_punct": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_space": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_title": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_upper": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"like_url": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"like_num": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"like_email": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_stop": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_oov": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_quote": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_left_punct": bool,
|
|
|
|
|
|
"is_right_punct": bool
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here's an example of the 20 most frequent lexemes in the English training data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
|
|
|
|
https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/tree/master/examples/training/vocab-data.jsonl
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
