diff --git a/spacy/visualization.py b/spacy/visualization.py
index 7903d1c4b..a0b2a2980 100644
--- a/spacy/visualization.py
+++ b/spacy/visualization.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from os import linesep
-from typing import Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import List, Optional, Union, cast
 import wasabi
 from spacy.tokens import Span, Token, Doc
 
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ class AttributeFormat:
         *,
         name: str = "",
         aligns: str = "l",
-        max_width: int = None,
-        fg_color: Union[str, int] = None,
-        bg_color: Union[str, int] = None,
-        permitted_values: tuple = None,
-        value_dependent_fg_colors: dict[str, Union[str, int]] = None,
-        value_dependent_bg_colors: dict[str, Union[str, int]] = None,
+        max_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        fg_color: Union[str, int, None] = None,
+        bg_color: Union[str, int, None] = None,
+        permitted_values: Optional[tuple] = None,
+        value_dependent_fg_colors: Optional[dict[str, Union[str, int]]] = None,
+        value_dependent_bg_colors: Optional[dict[str, Union[str, int]]] = None,
     ):
         """
         attribute:                  the token attribute, e.g. lemma_, ._.holmes.lemma
@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ class AttributeFormat:
         self,
         token: Token,
         *,
-        right_pad_to_length: int = None,
+        right_pad_to_length: Optional[int] = None,
         ignore_colors: bool = False,
         render_all_colors_within_values: bool = False,
-        whole_row_fg_color: Union[int, str] = None,
-        whole_row_bg_color: Union[int, str] = None,
+        whole_row_fg_color: Union[int, str, None] = None,
+        whole_row_bg_color: Union[int, str, None] = None,
     ) -> str:
         """
         ignore_colors:                      no colors should be rendered, typically because the values are required to calculate widths
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class AttributeFormat:
 
 class Visualizer:
     @staticmethod
-    def render_dependency_tree(sent: Span, root_right: bool) -> list[str]:
+    def render_dependency_tree(sent: Span, root_right: bool) -> List[str]:
         """
         Returns an ASCII rendering of the document with a dependency tree for each sentence. The
         dependency tree output for a given token has the same index within the output list of
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class Visualizer:
         # Check sent is really a sentence
         assert sent.start == sent[0].sent.start
         assert sent.end == sent[0].sent.end
-        heads: list[Optional[int]] = [
+        heads: List[Optional[int]] = [
             None
             if token.dep_.lower() == "root" or token.head.i == token.i
             else token.head.i - sent.start
@@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ class Visualizer:
             )
             == 0
         )
-        children_lists = [[] for _ in range(sent.end - sent.start)]
+        children_lists: List[List[int]] = [[] for _ in range(sent.end - sent.start)]
         for child, head in enumerate(heads):
             if head is not None:
                 children_lists[head].append(child)
-        all_indices_ordered_by_column = []
+        all_indices_ordered_by_column: List[int] = []
         # start with the root column
         indices_in_current_column = [i for i, h in enumerate(heads) if h is None]
         while len(indices_in_current_column) > 0:
@@ -410,6 +410,7 @@ class Visualizer:
                 ]
                 for token_index, token in enumerate(sent)
             ]
+            header: Optional[List[str]]
             if len([1 for c in columns if len(c.name) > 0]) > 0:
                 header = [c.name for c in columns]
             else:
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ class Visualizer:
             )
         return return_string
 
-    def render_text(self, doc: Doc, attributes: list[AttributeFormat]) -> str:
+    def render_text(self, doc: Doc, attributes: List[AttributeFormat]) -> str:
         """Renders a text interspersed with attribute labels.
         TODO: specify a specific portion of the document to display.
 
@@ -463,8 +464,8 @@ class Visualizer:
         self,
         doc: Doc,
         *,
-        search_attributes: list[AttributeFormat],
-        display_columns: list[AttributeFormat],
+        search_attributes: List[AttributeFormat],
+        display_columns: List[AttributeFormat],
         group: bool,
         spacing: int,
         surrounding_tokens_height: int,
@@ -580,6 +581,7 @@ class Visualizer:
                 != matched_tokens[matched_token_index + 1].i
             ):
                 rows.append([])
+        header: Optional[List[str]]
         if len([1 for c in display_columns if len(c.name) > 0]) > 0:
             header = [c.name for c in display_columns]
         else: