Detect cycle during projectivize (#10877)

* detect cycle during projectivize

* not complete test to detect cycle in projectivize

* boolean to int type to propagate error

* use unordered_set instead of set

* moved error message to errors

* removed cycle from test case

* use find instead of count

* cycle check: only perform one lookup

* Return bool again from _has_head_as_ancestor

Communicate presence of cycles through an output argument.

* Switch to returning std::pair to encode presence of a cycle

The has_cycle pointer is too easy to misuse. Ideally, we would have a
sum type like Rust's `Result` here, but C++ is not there yet.

* _is_non_proj_arc: clarify what we are returning

* _has_head_as_ancestor: remove count

We are now explicitly checking for cycles, so the algorithm must always
terminate. Either we encounter the head, we find a root, or a cycle.

* _is_nonproj_arc: simplify condition

* Another refactor using C++ exceptions

* Remove unused error code

* Print graph with cycle on exception

* Include .hh files in source package

* Add FIXME comment

* cycle detection test

* find cycle when starting from problematic vertex

Co-authored-by: Daniël de Kok <me@danieldk.eu>

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-recursive-include spacy *.pyi *.pyx *.pxd *.txt *.cfg *.jinja *.toml
+recursive-include spacy *.pyi *.pyx *.pxd *.txt *.cfg *.jinja *.toml *.hh
 include LICENSE
 include README.md
 include pyproject.toml

spacy/pipeline/_parser_internals/nonproj.hh

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef NONPROJ_HH
+#define NONPROJ_HH
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+void raise_domain_error(std::string const &msg) {
+    throw std::domain_error(msg);
+}
+
+#endif // NONPROJ_HH

spacy/pipeline/_parser_internals/nonproj.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from libcpp.string cimport string
+
+cdef extern from "nonproj.hh":
+    cdef void raise_domain_error(const string& msg) nogil except +

spacy/pipeline/_parser_internals/nonproj.pyx

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ for doing pseudo-projective parsing implementation uses the HEAD decoration
 scheme.
 """
 from copy import copy
+from cython.operator cimport preincrement as incr, dereference as deref
 from libc.limits cimport INT_MAX
 from libc.stdlib cimport abs
 from libcpp cimport bool
+from libcpp.string cimport string, to_string
 from libcpp.vector cimport vector
+from libcpp.unordered_set cimport unordered_set
 
 from ...tokens.doc cimport Doc, set_children_from_heads
 
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ def is_nonproj_arc(tokenid, heads):
     return _is_nonproj_arc(tokenid, c_heads)
 
 
-cdef bool _is_nonproj_arc(int tokenid, const vector[int]& heads) nogil:
+cdef bool _is_nonproj_arc(int tokenid, const vector[int]& heads) nogil except *:
     # definition (e.g. Havelka 2007): an arc h -> d, h < d is non-projective
     # if there is a token k, h < k < d such that h is not
     # an ancestor of k. Same for h -> d, h > d
@@ -65,25 +68,49 @@ cdef bool _is_nonproj_arc(int tokenid, const vector[int]& heads) nogil:
     else:
         start, end = (tokenid+1, head)
     for k in range(start, end):
-        if _has_head_as_ancestor(k, head, heads):
-            continue
-        else:  # head not in ancestors: d -> h is non-projective
+        if not _has_head_as_ancestor(k, head, heads):
             return True
     return False
 
 
-cdef bool _has_head_as_ancestor(int tokenid, int head, const vector[int]& heads) nogil:
+cdef bool _has_head_as_ancestor(int tokenid, int head, const vector[int]& heads) nogil except *:
     ancestor = tokenid
-    cnt = 0
-    while cnt < heads.size():
+    cdef unordered_set[int] seen_tokens
+    seen_tokens.insert(ancestor)
+    while True:
+        # Reached the head or a disconnected node
         if heads[ancestor] == head or heads[ancestor] < 0:
             return True
+        # Reached the root
+        if heads[ancestor] == ancestor:
+            return False
         ancestor = heads[ancestor]
-        cnt += 1
+        result = seen_tokens.insert(ancestor)
+        # Found cycle
+        if not result.second:
+            raise_domain_error(heads_to_string(heads))
 
     return False
 
 
+cdef string heads_to_string(const vector[int]& heads) nogil:
+    cdef vector[int].const_iterator citer
+    cdef string cycle_str
+
+    cycle_str.append("Found cycle in dependency graph: [")
+
+    # FIXME: Rewrite using ostringstream when available in Cython.
+    citer = heads.const_begin()
+    while citer != heads.const_end():
+        if citer != heads.const_begin():
+            cycle_str.append(", ")
+        cycle_str.append(to_string(deref(citer)))
+        incr(citer)
+    cycle_str.append("]")
+
+    return cycle_str
+
+
 def is_nonproj_tree(heads):
     cdef vector[int] c_heads = _heads_to_c(heads)
     # a tree is non-projective if at least one arc is non-projective
@@ -176,11 +203,12 @@ def get_smallest_nonproj_arc_slow(heads):
     return _get_smallest_nonproj_arc(c_heads)
 
 
-cdef int _get_smallest_nonproj_arc(const vector[int]& heads) nogil:
+cdef int _get_smallest_nonproj_arc(const vector[int]& heads) nogil except -2:
     # return the smallest non-proj arc or None
     # where size is defined as the distance between dep and head
     # and ties are broken left to right
     cdef int smallest_size = INT_MAX
+    # -1 means its already projective.
     cdef int smallest_np_arc = -1
     cdef int size
     cdef int tokenid

spacy/tests/parser/test_nonproj.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def test_parser_contains_cycle(tree, cyclic_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree
     assert contains_cycle(multirooted_tree) is None
 
 
-def test_parser_is_nonproj_arc(nonproj_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree):
+def test_parser_is_nonproj_arc(cyclic_tree, nonproj_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree):
     assert is_nonproj_arc(0, nonproj_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_arc(1, nonproj_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_arc(2, nonproj_tree) is False
@@ -62,15 +62,19 @@ def test_parser_is_nonproj_arc(nonproj_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree):
     assert is_nonproj_arc(7, partial_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_arc(17, multirooted_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_arc(16, multirooted_tree) is True
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'Found cycle in dependency graph: \[1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2\]'):
+        is_nonproj_arc(6, cyclic_tree)
 
 
 def test_parser_is_nonproj_tree(
-    proj_tree, nonproj_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree
+    proj_tree, cyclic_tree, nonproj_tree, partial_tree, multirooted_tree
 ):
     assert is_nonproj_tree(proj_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_tree(nonproj_tree) is True
     assert is_nonproj_tree(partial_tree) is False
     assert is_nonproj_tree(multirooted_tree) is True
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'Found cycle in dependency graph: \[1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2\]'):
+        is_nonproj_tree(cyclic_tree)
 
 
 def test_parser_pseudoprojectivity(en_vocab):
@@ -84,8 +88,10 @@ def test_parser_pseudoprojectivity(en_vocab):
     tree = [1, 2, 2]
     nonproj_tree = [1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 2, 7, 4, 2]
     nonproj_tree2 = [9, 1, 3, 1, 5, 6, 9, 8, 6, 1, 6, 12, 13, 10, 1]
+    cyclic_tree = [1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2]
     labels = ["det", "nsubj", "root", "det", "dobj", "aux", "nsubj", "acl", "punct"]
     labels2 = ["advmod", "root", "det", "nsubj", "advmod", "det", "dobj", "det", "nmod", "aux", "nmod", "advmod", "det", "amod", "punct"]
+    cyclic_labels = ["det", "nsubj", "root", "det", "dobj", "aux", "punct"]
     # fmt: on
     assert nonproj.decompose("X||Y") == ("X", "Y")
     assert nonproj.decompose("X") == ("X", "")
@@ -97,6 +103,8 @@ def test_parser_pseudoprojectivity(en_vocab):
     assert nonproj.get_smallest_nonproj_arc_slow(nonproj_tree2) == 10
     # fmt: off
     proj_heads, deco_labels = nonproj.projectivize(nonproj_tree, labels)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'Found cycle in dependency graph: \[1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2\]'):
+        nonproj.projectivize(cyclic_tree, cyclic_labels)
     assert proj_heads == [1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 2, 7, 5, 2]
     assert deco_labels == ["det", "nsubj", "root", "det", "dobj", "aux",
                            "nsubj", "acl||dobj", "punct"]

spacy/tests/training/test_training.py

@@ -671,13 +671,13 @@ def test_gold_ner_missing_tags(en_tokenizer):
 
 def test_projectivize(en_tokenizer):
     doc = en_tokenizer("He pretty quickly walks away")
-    heads = [3, 2, 3, 0, 2]
+    heads = [3, 2, 3, 3, 2]
     deps = ["dep"] * len(heads)
     example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"heads": heads, "deps": deps})
     proj_heads, proj_labels = example.get_aligned_parse(projectivize=True)
     nonproj_heads, nonproj_labels = example.get_aligned_parse(projectivize=False)
-    assert proj_heads == [3, 2, 3, 0, 3]
-    assert nonproj_heads == [3, 2, 3, 0, 2]
+    assert proj_heads == [3, 2, 3, 3, 3]
+    assert nonproj_heads == [3, 2, 3, 3, 2]
 
 
 def test_iob_to_biluo():