Fix multi-label support for text classification

The TextCategorizer class is supposed to support multi-label
text classification, and allow training data to contain missing
values.

For this to work, the gradient of the loss should be 0 when labels
are missing. Instead, there was no way to actually denote "missing"
in the GoldParse class, and so the TextCategorizer class treated
the label set within gold.cats as complete.

To fix this, we change GoldParse.cats to be a dict instead of a list.
The GoldParse.cats dict should map to floats, with 1. denoting
'present' and 0. denoting 'absent'. Gradients are zeroed for categories
absent from the gold.cats dict. A nice bonus is that you can also set
values between 0 and 1 for partial membership. You can also set numeric
values, if you're using a text classification model that uses an
appropriate loss function.

Unfortunately this is a breaking change; although the functionality
was only recently introduced and hasn't been properly documented
yet. I've updated the example script accordingly.

examples/training/train_textcat.py

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import thinc.neural._classes.layernorm
 thinc.neural._classes.layernorm.set_compat_six_eight(False)
 
 
-
 def train_textcat(tokenizer, textcat,
                   train_texts, train_cats, dev_texts, dev_cats,
                   n_iter=20):
@@ -57,13 +56,15 @@ def evaluate(tokenizer, textcat, texts, cats):
     for i, doc in enumerate(textcat.pipe(docs)):
         gold = cats[i]
         for label, score in doc.cats.items():
-            if score >= 0.5 and label in gold:
+            if label not in gold:
+                continue
+            if score >= 0.5 and gold[label] >= 0.5:
                 tp += 1.
-            elif score >= 0.5 and label not in gold:
+            elif score >= 0.5 and gold[label] < 0.5:
                 fp += 1.
-            elif score < 0.5 and label not in gold:
+            elif score < 0.5 and gold[label] < 0.5:
                 tn += 1
-            if score < 0.5 and label in gold:
+            elif score < 0.5 and gold[label] >= 0.5:
                 fn += 1
     precis = tp / (tp + fp)
     recall = tp / (tp + fn)
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def load_data(limit=0):
     train_data = train_data[-limit:]
 
     texts, labels = zip(*train_data)
-    cats = [(['POSITIVE'] if y else []) for y in labels]
+    cats = [{'POSITIVE': bool(y)} for y in labels]
 
     split = int(len(train_data) * 0.8)
 
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ def main(model_loc=None):
     textcat = TextCategorizer(tokenizer.vocab, labels=['POSITIVE'])
 
     print("Load IMDB data")
-    (train_texts, train_cats), (dev_texts, dev_cats) = load_data(limit=1000)
+    (train_texts, train_cats), (dev_texts, dev_cats) = load_data(limit=2000)
 
     print("Itn.\tLoss\tP\tR\tF")
     progress = '{i:d} {loss:.3f} {textcat_p:.3f} {textcat_r:.3f} {textcat_f:.3f}'

spacy/gold.pyx

@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ cdef class GoldParse:
 
     def __init__(self, doc, annot_tuples=None, words=None, tags=None, heads=None,
                  deps=None, entities=None, make_projective=False,
-                 cats=tuple()):
+                 cats=None):
         """Create a GoldParse.
 
         doc (Doc): The document the annotations refer to.
@@ -398,12 +398,15 @@ cdef class GoldParse:
         entities (iterable): A sequence of named entity annotations, either as
             BILUO tag strings, or as `(start_char, end_char, label)` tuples,
             representing the entity positions.
-        cats (iterable): A sequence of labels for text classification. Each
-            label may be a string or an int, or a `(start_char, end_char, label)`
+        cats (dict): Labels for text classification. Each key in the dictionary
+            may be a string or an int, or a `(start_char, end_char, label)`
             tuple, indicating that the label is applied to only part of the
             document (usually a sentence). Unlike entity annotations, label
             annotations can overlap, i.e. a single word can be covered by
-            multiple labelled spans.
+            multiple labelled spans. The TextCategorizer component expects
+            true examples of a label to have the value 1.0, and negative examples
+            of a label to have the value 0.0. Labels not in the dictionary are
+            treated as missing -- the gradient for those labels will be zero.
         RETURNS (GoldParse): The newly constructed object.
         """
         if words is None:
@@ -434,7 +437,7 @@ cdef class GoldParse:
         self.c.sent_start = <int*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(int))
         self.c.ner = <Transition*>self.mem.alloc(len(doc), sizeof(Transition))
 
-        self.cats = list(cats)
+        self.cats = {} if cats is None else dict(cats)
         self.words = [None] * len(doc)
         self.tags = [None] * len(doc)
         self.heads = [None] * len(doc)

spacy/pipeline.pyx

@@ -551,7 +551,6 @@ class NeuralLabeller(NeuralTagger):
                     label = self.make_label(i, words, tags, heads, deps, ents)
                     if label is not None and label not in self.labels:
                         self.labels[label] = len(self.labels)
-        print(len(self.labels))
         if self.model is True:
             token_vector_width = util.env_opt('token_vector_width')
             self.model = chain(
@@ -720,11 +719,17 @@ class TextCategorizer(BaseThincComponent):
 
     def get_loss(self, docs, golds, scores):
         truths = numpy.zeros((len(golds), len(self.labels)), dtype='f')
+        not_missing = numpy.ones((len(golds), len(self.labels)), dtype='f')
         for i, gold in enumerate(golds):
             for j, label in enumerate(self.labels):
-                truths[i, j] = label in gold.cats
+                if label in gold.cats:
+                    truths[i, j] = gold.cats[label]
+                else:
+                    not_missing[i, j] = 0.
         truths = self.model.ops.asarray(truths)
+        not_missing = self.model.ops.asarray(not_missing)
         d_scores = (scores-truths) / scores.shape[0]
+        d_scores *= not_missing
         mean_square_error = ((scores-truths)**2).sum(axis=1).mean()
         return mean_square_error, d_scores