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* More thoughts on intro
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contain the root `toctree` directive.
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================================
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spaCy NLP Tokenizer and Lexicon
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spaCy: Industrial-strength NLP
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================================
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spaCy is a library for industrial-strength NLP in Python and Cython. spaCy's
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take on NLP is that it's mostly about feature extraction --- that's the part
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that's specific to NLP, so that's what an NLP library should focus on.
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spaCy is a library for industrial-strength text processing in Python and Cython.
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It features extremely efficient, up-to-date algorithms, and a rethink of how those
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algorithms should be accessed.
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spaCy also believes that for NLP, **efficiency is critical**. If you're
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running batch jobs, you probably have an enormous amount of data; if you're
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serving requests one-by-one, you want lower latency and fewer servers. Even if
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you're doing exploratory research on relatively small samples, you should still
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value efficiency, because it means you can run more experiments.
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Most text-processing libraries give you APIs that look like this:
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Depending on the task, spaCy is between 10 and 200 times faster than NLTK,
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often with much better accuracy. See Benchmarks for details, and
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Why is spaCy so fast? for a discussion of the algorithms and implementation
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that makes this possible.
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>>> import nltk
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>>> nltk.pos_tag(nltk.word_tokenize('''Some string of language.'''))
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[('Some', 'DT'), ('string', 'VBG'), ('of', 'IN'), ('language', 'NN'), ('.', '.')]
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+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
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| System | Tokenize | --> Counts | --> Stem |
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+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
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| spaCy | 1m42s | 1m59s | 1m59s |
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+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
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| NLTK | 20m2s | 28m24s | 52m28 |
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+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
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A list of strings is good for poking around, or for printing the annotation to
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evaluate it. But to actually *use* the output, you have to jump through some
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hoops. If you're doing some machine learning, all the strings have to be
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mapped to integers, and you have to save and load the mapping at training and
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runtime. If you want to display mark-up based on the annotation, you have to
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realign the tokens to your original string.
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Times for 100m words of text.
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Unique Lexicon-centric design
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=============================
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spaCy helps you build models that generalise better, by making it easy to use
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more robust features. Instead of a list of strings, the tokenizer returns
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references to rich lexical types. Features which ask about the word's Brown cluster,
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its typical part-of-speech tag, how it's usually cased etc require no extra effort:
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With spaCy, you should never have to do any string processing at all:
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>>> from spacy.en import EN
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>>> from spacy.feature_names import *
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>>> feats = (
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SIC, # ID of the original word form
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STEM, # ID of the stemmed word form
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CLUSTER, # ID of the word's Brown cluster
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IS_TITLE, # Was the word title-cased?
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POS_TYPE # A cluster ID describing what POS tags the word is usually assigned
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)
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>>> tokens = EN.tokenize(u'Split words, punctuation, emoticons etc.! ^_^')
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>>> tokens.to_array(feats)[:5]
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array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
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[...],
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[...],
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[...]])
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>>> from spacy.en import feature_names as fn
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>>> tokens = EN.tokenize('''Some string of language.''')
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>>> tokens.to_array((fn.WORD, fn.SUFFIX, fn.CLUSTER, fn.POS, fn.LEMMA))
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A range of excellent features are pre-computed for you, and by default the
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words are part-of-speech tagged and lemmatized. We do this by default because
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even with these extra processes, spaCy is still several times faster than
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most tokenizers:
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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| System | Tokenize | POS Tag | |
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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| spaCy | 37s | 98s | |
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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| NLTK | 626s | 44,310s (12h) | |
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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| CoreNLP | 420s | 1,300s (22m) | |
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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| ZPar | | ~1,500s | |
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+----------+----------+---------------+----------+
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spaCy is designed to **make the right thing easy**, where the right thing is to:
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* **Minimize string processing**, and instead compute with arrays of ID ints.
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For the current list of lexical features, see `Lexical Features`_.
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.. _lexical features: features.html
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Tokenization done right
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=======================
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@ -123,13 +109,6 @@ known emoticons correctly --- doing so would interfere with the way they
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process other punctuation. This isn't a problem for spaCy: we just add them
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all to the special tokenization rules.
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spaCy's tokenizer is also incredibly efficient:
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spaCy can create an inverted index of the 1.8 billion word Gigaword corpus,
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in under half an hour --- on a Macbook Air. See the `inverted
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index tutorial`_.
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.. _inverted index tutorial: index_tutorial.html
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Comparison with NLTK
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====================
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