Fix Scorer.score_cats for missing labels (#9443)

* Fix Scorer.score_cats for missing labels

* Add test case for Scorer.score_cats missing labels

* semantic nitpick

* black formatting

* adjust test to give different results depending on multi_label setting

* fix loss function according to whether or not missing values are supported

* add note to docs

* small fixes

* make mypy happy

* Update spacy/pipeline/textcat.py

Co-authored-by: Florian Cäsar <florian.caesar@pm.me>
Co-authored-by: Sofie Van Landeghem <svlandeg@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: svlandeg <svlandeg@github.com>

spacy/pipeline/senter.pyx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # cython: infer_types=True, profile=True, binding=True
-from itertools import islice
 from typing import Optional, Callable
+from itertools import islice
 
 import srsly
 from thinc.api import Model, SequenceCategoricalCrossentropy, Config

spacy/pipeline/spancat.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-import numpy
 from typing import List, Dict, Callable, Tuple, Optional, Iterable, Any, cast
 from thinc.api import Config, Model, get_current_ops, set_dropout_rate, Ops
 from thinc.api import Optimizer
 from thinc.types import Ragged, Ints2d, Floats2d, Ints1d
 
+import numpy
+
 from ..compat import Protocol, runtime_checkable
 from ..scorer import Scorer
 from ..language import Language

spacy/pipeline/textcat.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from itertools import islice
 from typing import Iterable, Tuple, Optional, Dict, List, Callable, Any
 from thinc.api import get_array_module, Model, Optimizer, set_dropout_rate, Config
 from thinc.types import Floats2d
 import numpy
+from itertools import islice
 
 from .trainable_pipe import TrainablePipe
 from ..language import Language
@@ -158,6 +158,13 @@ class TextCategorizer(TrainablePipe):
         self.cfg = dict(cfg)
         self.scorer = scorer
 
+    @property
+    def support_missing_values(self):
+        # There are no missing values as the textcat should always
+        # predict exactly one label. All other labels are 0.0
+        # Subclasses may override this property to change internal behaviour.
+        return False
+
     @property
     def labels(self) -> Tuple[str]:
         """RETURNS (Tuple[str]): The labels currently added to the component.
@@ -294,7 +301,7 @@ class TextCategorizer(TrainablePipe):
             for j, label in enumerate(self.labels):
                 if label in eg.reference.cats:
                     truths[i, j] = eg.reference.cats[label]
-                else:
+                elif self.support_missing_values:
                     not_missing[i, j] = 0.0
         truths = self.model.ops.asarray(truths)  # type: ignore
         return truths, not_missing  # type: ignore

spacy/pipeline/textcat_multilabel.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from itertools import islice
 from typing import Iterable, Optional, Dict, List, Callable, Any
-
-from thinc.api import Model, Config
 from thinc.types import Floats2d
+from thinc.api import Model, Config
+
+from itertools import islice
 
 from ..language import Language
 from ..training import Example, validate_get_examples
@@ -158,6 +158,10 @@ class MultiLabel_TextCategorizer(TextCategorizer):
         self.cfg = dict(cfg)
         self.scorer = scorer
 
+    @property
+    def support_missing_values(self):
+        return True
+
     def initialize(  # type: ignore[override]
         self,
         get_examples: Callable[[], Iterable[Example]],

spacy/scorer.py

@@ -445,7 +445,8 @@ class Scorer:
             getter(doc, attr) should return the values for the individual doc.
         labels (Iterable[str]): The set of possible labels. Defaults to [].
         multi_label (bool): Whether the attribute allows multiple labels.
-            Defaults to True.
+            Defaults to True. When set to False (exclusive labels), missing
+            gold labels are interpreted as 0.0.
         positive_label (str): The positive label for a binary task with
             exclusive classes. Defaults to None.
         threshold (float): Cutoff to consider a prediction "positive". Defaults
@@ -484,13 +485,15 @@ class Scorer:
 
             for label in labels:
                 pred_score = pred_cats.get(label, 0.0)
-                gold_score = gold_cats.get(label, 0.0)
+                gold_score = gold_cats.get(label)
+                if not gold_score and not multi_label:
+                    gold_score = 0.0
                 if gold_score is not None:
                     auc_per_type[label].score_set(pred_score, gold_score)
             if multi_label:
                 for label in labels:
                     pred_score = pred_cats.get(label, 0.0)
-                    gold_score = gold_cats.get(label, 0.0)
+                    gold_score = gold_cats.get(label)
                     if gold_score is not None:
                         if pred_score >= threshold and gold_score > 0:
                             f_per_type[label].tp += 1
@@ -502,16 +505,15 @@ class Scorer:
                 # Get the highest-scoring for each.
                 pred_label, pred_score = max(pred_cats.items(), key=lambda it: it[1])
                 gold_label, gold_score = max(gold_cats.items(), key=lambda it: it[1])
-                if gold_score is not None:
-                    if pred_label == gold_label and pred_score >= threshold:
-                        f_per_type[pred_label].tp += 1
-                    else:
-                        f_per_type[gold_label].fn += 1
-                        if pred_score >= threshold:
-                            f_per_type[pred_label].fp += 1
+                if pred_label == gold_label and pred_score >= threshold:
+                    f_per_type[pred_label].tp += 1
+                else:
+                    f_per_type[gold_label].fn += 1
+                    if pred_score >= threshold:
+                        f_per_type[pred_label].fp += 1
             elif gold_cats:
                 gold_label, gold_score = max(gold_cats, key=lambda it: it[1])
-                if gold_score is not None and gold_score > 0:
+                if gold_score > 0:
                     f_per_type[gold_label].fn += 1
             elif pred_cats:
                 pred_label, pred_score = max(pred_cats.items(), key=lambda it: it[1])

spacy/tests/pipeline/test_textcat.py

@@ -725,6 +725,72 @@ def test_textcat_evaluation():
     assert scores["cats_micro_r"] == 4 / 6
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "multi_label,spring_p",
+    [(True, 1 / 1), (False, 1 / 2)],
+)
+def test_textcat_eval_missing(multi_label: bool, spring_p: float):
+    """
+    multi-label: the missing 'spring' in gold_doc_2 doesn't incur a penalty
+    exclusive labels: the missing 'spring' in gold_doc_2 is interpreted as 0.0"""
+    train_examples = []
+    nlp = English()
+
+    ref1 = nlp("one")
+    ref1.cats = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 0.0, "spring": 1.0}
+    pred1 = nlp("one")
+    pred1.cats = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 0.0, "spring": 1.0}
+    train_examples.append(Example(ref1, pred1))
+
+    ref2 = nlp("two")
+    # reference 'spring' is missing, pred 'spring' is 1
+    ref2.cats = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 1.0}
+    pred2 = nlp("two")
+    pred2.cats = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 0.0, "spring": 1.0}
+    train_examples.append(Example(pred2, ref2))
+
+    scores = Scorer().score_cats(
+        train_examples,
+        "cats",
+        labels=["winter", "summer", "spring", "autumn"],
+        multi_label=multi_label,
+    )
+    assert scores["cats_f_per_type"]["spring"]["p"] == spring_p
+    assert scores["cats_f_per_type"]["spring"]["r"] == 1 / 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "multi_label,expected_loss",
+    [(True, 0), (False, 0.125)],
+)
+def test_textcat_loss(multi_label: bool, expected_loss: float):
+    """
+    multi-label: the missing 'spring' in gold_doc_2 doesn't incur an increase in loss
+    exclusive labels: the missing 'spring' in gold_doc_2 is interpreted as 0.0 and adds to the loss"""
+    train_examples = []
+    nlp = English()
+
+    doc1 = nlp("one")
+    cats1 = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 0.0, "spring": 1.0}
+    train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(doc1, {"cats": cats1}))
+
+    doc2 = nlp("two")
+    cats2 = {"winter": 0.0, "summer": 0.0, "autumn": 1.0}
+    train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(doc2, {"cats": cats2}))
+
+    if multi_label:
+        textcat = nlp.add_pipe("textcat_multilabel")
+    else:
+        textcat = nlp.add_pipe("textcat")
+    textcat.initialize(lambda: train_examples)
+    assert isinstance(textcat, TextCategorizer)
+    scores = textcat.model.ops.asarray(
+        [[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]], dtype="f"  # type: ignore
+    )
+    loss, d_scores = textcat.get_loss(train_examples, scores)
+    assert loss == expected_loss
+
+
 def test_textcat_threshold():
     # Ensure the scorer can be called with a different threshold
     nlp = English()

website/docs/api/textcategorizer.md

@@ -34,7 +34,11 @@ only.
 Predictions will be saved to `doc.cats` as a dictionary, where the key is the
 name of the category and the value is a score between 0 and 1 (inclusive). For
 `textcat` (exclusive categories), the scores will sum to 1, while for
-`textcat_multilabel` there is no particular guarantee about their sum.
+`textcat_multilabel` there is no particular guarantee about their sum. This also
+means that for `textcat`, missing values are equated to a value of 0 (i.e.
+`False`) and are counted as such towards the loss and scoring metrics. This is
+not the case for `textcat_multilabel`, where missing values in the gold standard
+data do not influence the loss or accuracy calculations.
 
 Note that when assigning values to create training data, the score of each
 category must be 0 or 1. Using other values, for example to create a document