//- 💫 DOCS > USAGE > SPACY 101 > SIMILARITY

p
    |  spaCy is able to compare two objects, and make a prediction of
    |  #[strong how similar they are]. Predicting similarity is useful for
    |  building recommendation systems or flagging duplicates. For example, you
    |  can suggest a user content that's similar to what they're currently
    |  looking at, or label a support ticket as a duplicate if it's very
    |  similar to an already existing one.

p
    |  Each #[code Doc], #[code Span] and #[code Token] comes with a
    |  #[+api("token#similarity") #[code .similarity()]] method that lets you
    |  compare it with another object, and determine the similarity. Of course
    |  similarity is always subjective – whether "dog" and "cat" are similar
    |  really depends on how you're looking at it. spaCy's similarity model
    |  usually assumes a pretty general-purpose definition of similarity.

+code.
    tokens = nlp(u'dog cat banana')

    for token1 in tokens:
        for token2 in tokens:
            print(token1.similarity(token2))

+aside
    |  #[strong #[+procon("neutral", "identical", false, 16)] similarity:] identical#[br]
    |  #[strong #[+procon("yes", "similar", false, 16)] similarity:] similar (higher is more similar) #[br]
    |  #[strong #[+procon("no", "dissimilar", false, 16)] similarity:] dissimilar (lower is less similar)

+table
    +row("head")
        for column in ["", "dog", "cat", "banana"]
            +head-cell.u-text-center=column
    each cells, label in {"dog": [1, 0.8, 0.24], "cat": [0.8, 1, 0.28], "banana": [0.24, 0.28, 1]}
        +row
            +cell.u-text-label.u-color-theme=label
            for cell in cells
                +cell.u-text-center
                    - var result = cell > 0.5 ? ["yes", "similar"] : cell != 1 ? ["no", "dissimilar"] : ["neutral", "identical"]
                    |  #[code=cell.toFixed(2)] #[+procon(...result)]

p
    |  In this case, the model's predictions are pretty on point. A dog is very
    |  similar to a cat, whereas a banana is not very similar to either of them.
    |  Identical tokens are obviously 100% similar to each other (just not always
    |  exactly #[code 1.0], because of vector math and floating point
    |  imprecisions).