include ../../_includes/_mixins

p
    |  This tutorial describes how to train new statistical models for spaCy's
    |  part-of-speech tagger, named entity recognizer and dependency parser.

p
    |  I'll start with some quick code examples, that describe how to train
    |  each model. I'll then provide a bit of background about the algorithms,
    |  and explain how the data and feature templates work.

+h(2, "train-pos-tagger") Training the part-of-speech tagger

+code.
    from spacy.vocab import Vocab
    from spacy.tagger import Tagger
    from spacy.tokens import Doc
    from spacy.gold import GoldParse


    vocab = Vocab(tag_map={'N': {'pos': 'NOUN'}, 'V': {'pos': 'VERB'}})
    tagger = Tagger(vocab)

    doc = Doc(vocab, words=['I', 'like', 'stuff'])
    gold = GoldParse(doc, tags=['N', 'V', 'N'])
    tagger.update(doc, gold)

    tagger.model.end_training()

p
    +button(gh("spaCy", "examples/training/train_tagger.py"), false, "secondary") Full example

+h(2, "train-entity") Training the named entity recognizer

+code.
    from spacy.vocab import Vocab
    from spacy.pipeline import EntityRecognizer
    from spacy.tokens import Doc

    vocab = Vocab()
    entity = EntityRecognizer(vocab, entity_types=['PERSON', 'LOC'])

    doc = Doc(vocab, words=['Who', 'is', 'Shaka', 'Khan', '?'])
    entity.update(doc, ['O', 'O', 'B-PERSON', 'L-PERSON', 'O'])

    entity.model.end_training()

p
    +button(gh("spaCy", "examples/training/train_ner.py"), false, "secondary") Full example

+h(2, "train-entity") Training the dependency parser

+code.
    from spacy.vocab import Vocab
    from spacy.pipeline import DependencyParser
    from spacy.tokens import Doc

    vocab = Vocab()
    parser = DependencyParser(vocab, labels=['nsubj', 'compound', 'dobj', 'punct'])

    doc = Doc(vocab, words=['Who', 'is', 'Shaka', 'Khan', '?'])
    parser.update(doc, [(1, 'nsubj'), (1, 'ROOT'), (3, 'compound'), (1, 'dobj'),
                        (1, 'punct')])

    parser.model.end_training()

p
    +button(gh("spaCy", "examples/training/train_parser.py"), false, "secondary") Full example

+h(2, 'feature-templates') Customizing the feature extraction

p
    |  spaCy currently uses linear models for the tagger, parser and entity
    |  recognizer, with weights learned using the
    |  #[+a("https://explosion.ai/blog/part-of-speech-pos-tagger-in-python") Averaged Perceptron algorithm].

+aside("Linear Model Feature Scheme")
    |  For a list of the available feature atoms, see the #[+a("/docs/api/features") Linear Model Feature Scheme].

p
    |  Because it's a linear model, it's important for accuracy to build
    |  conjunction features out of the atomic predictors. Let's say you have
    |  two atomic predictors asking, "What is the part-of-speech of the
    |  previous token?", and "What is the part-of-speech of the previous
    |  previous token?". These predictors will introduce a number of features,
    |  e.g. #[code Prev-pos=NN], #[code Prev-pos=VBZ], etc. A conjunction
    |  template introduces features such as #[code Prev-pos=NN&Prev-pos=VBZ].

p
    |  The feature extraction proceeds in two passes. In the first pass, we
    |  fill an array with the values of all of the atomic predictors. In the
    |  second pass, we iterate over the feature templates, and fill a small
    |  temporary array with the predictors that will be combined into a
    |  conjunction feature. Finally, we hash this array into a 64-bit integer,
    |  using the MurmurHash algorithm. You can see this at work in the
    |  #[+a(gh("thinc", "thinc/linear/features.pyx", "94dbe06fd3c8f24d86ab0f5c7984e52dbfcdc6cb")) #[code thinc.linear.features]] module.

p
    |  It's very easy to change the feature templates, to create novel
    |  combinations of the existing atomic predictors. There's currently no API
    |  available to add new atomic predictors, though. You'll have to create a
    |  subclass of the model, and write your own #[code set_featuresC] method.

p
    |  The feature templates are passed in using the #[code features] keyword
    |  argument to the constructors of the #[+api("tagger") #[code Tagger]],
    |  #[+api("dependencyparser") #[code DependencyParser]] and
    |  #[+api("entityrecognizer") #[code EntityRecognizer]]:

+code.
    from spacy.vocab import Vocab
    from spacy.pipeline import Tagger
    from spacy.tagger import P2_orth, P1_orth
    from spacy.tagger import P2_cluster, P1_cluster, W_orth, N1_orth, N2_orth

    vocab = Vocab(tag_map={'N': {'pos': 'NOUN'}, 'V': {'pos': 'VERB'}})
    tagger = Tagger(vocab, features=[(P2_orth, P2_cluster), (P1_orth, P1_cluster),
                                     (P2_orth,), (P1_orth,), (W_orth,),
                                     (N1_orth,), (N2_orth,)])

p
    |  Custom feature templates can be passed to the #[code DependencyParser]
    |  and #[code EntityRecognizer] as well, also using the #[code features]
    |  keyword argument of the constructor.