import itertools import pytest import numpy from numpy.testing import assert_equal from thinc.api import Adam from spacy import registry, util from spacy.attrs import DEP, NORM from spacy.lang.en import English from spacy.training import Example from spacy.tokens import Doc from spacy.vocab import Vocab from spacy import util, registry from thinc.api import fix_random_seed from ...pipeline import DependencyParser from ...pipeline.dep_parser import DEFAULT_PARSER_MODEL from ..util import apply_transition_sequence, make_tempdir from ...pipeline.tok2vec import DEFAULT_TOK2VEC_MODEL TRAIN_DATA = [ ( "They trade mortgage-backed securities.", { "heads": [1, 1, 4, 4, 5, 1, 1], "deps": ["nsubj", "ROOT", "compound", "punct", "nmod", "dobj", "punct"], }, ), ( "I like London and Berlin.", { "heads": [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1], "deps": ["nsubj", "ROOT", "dobj", "cc", "conj", "punct"], }, ), ] CONFLICTING_DATA = [ ( "I like London and Berlin.", { "heads": [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1], "deps": ["nsubj", "ROOT", "dobj", "cc", "conj", "punct"], }, ), ( "I like London and Berlin.", { "heads": [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], "deps": ["ROOT", "nsubj", "nsubj", "cc", "conj", "punct"], }, ), ] PARTIAL_DATA = [ ( "I like London.", { "heads": [1, 1, 1, None], "deps": ["nsubj", "ROOT", "dobj", None], }, ), ] PARSERS = ["parser"] # TODO: Test beam_parser when ready eps = 0.1 @pytest.fixture def vocab(): return Vocab(lex_attr_getters={NORM: lambda s: s}) @pytest.fixture def parser(vocab): vocab.strings.add("ROOT") cfg = {"model": DEFAULT_PARSER_MODEL} model = registry.resolve(cfg, validate=True)["model"] parser = DependencyParser(vocab, model) parser.cfg["token_vector_width"] = 4 parser.cfg["hidden_width"] = 32 # parser.add_label('right') parser.add_label("left") parser.initialize(lambda: [_parser_example(parser)]) sgd = Adam(0.001) for i in range(10): losses = {} doc = Doc(vocab, words=["a", "b", "c", "d"]) example = Example.from_dict( doc, {"heads": [1, 1, 3, 3], "deps": ["left", "ROOT", "left", "ROOT"]} ) parser.update([example], sgd=sgd, losses=losses) return parser def _parser_example(parser): doc = Doc(parser.vocab, words=["a", "b", "c", "d"]) gold = {"heads": [1, 1, 3, 3], "deps": ["right", "ROOT", "left", "ROOT"]} return Example.from_dict(doc, gold) @pytest.mark.issue(2772) def test_issue2772(en_vocab): """Test that deprojectivization doesn't mess up sentence boundaries.""" # fmt: off words = ["When", "we", "write", "or", "communicate", "virtually", ",", "we", "can", "hide", "our", "true", "feelings", "."] # fmt: on # A tree with a non-projective (i.e. crossing) arc # The arcs (0, 4) and (2, 9) cross. heads = [4, 2, 9, 2, 2, 4, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 9, 9] deps = ["dep"] * len(heads) doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, heads=heads, deps=deps) assert doc[1].is_sent_start is False @pytest.mark.issue(3830) def test_issue3830_no_subtok(): """Test that the parser doesn't have subtok label if not learn_tokens""" config = { "learn_tokens": False, } model = registry.resolve({"model": DEFAULT_PARSER_MODEL}, validate=True)["model"] parser = DependencyParser(Vocab(), model, **config) parser.add_label("nsubj") assert "subtok" not in parser.labels parser.initialize(lambda: [_parser_example(parser)]) assert "subtok" not in parser.labels @pytest.mark.issue(3830) def test_issue3830_with_subtok(): """Test that the parser does have subtok label if learn_tokens=True.""" config = { "learn_tokens": True, } model = registry.resolve({"model": DEFAULT_PARSER_MODEL}, validate=True)["model"] parser = DependencyParser(Vocab(), model, **config) parser.add_label("nsubj") assert "subtok" not in parser.labels parser.initialize(lambda: [_parser_example(parser)]) assert "subtok" in parser.labels @pytest.mark.issue(7716) @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Not fixed yet") def test_partial_annotation(parser): doc = Doc(parser.vocab, words=["a", "b", "c", "d"]) doc[2].is_sent_start = False # Note that if the following line is used, then doc[2].is_sent_start == False # doc[3].is_sent_start = False doc = parser(doc) assert doc[2].is_sent_start == False def test_parser_root(en_vocab): words = ["i", "do", "n't", "have", "other", "assistance"] heads = [3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3] deps = ["nsubj", "aux", "neg", "ROOT", "amod", "dobj"] doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, heads=heads, deps=deps) for t in doc: assert t.dep != 0, t.text @pytest.mark.skip( reason="The step_through API was removed (but should be brought back)" ) @pytest.mark.parametrize("words", [["Hello"]]) def test_parser_parse_one_word_sentence(en_vocab, en_parser, words): doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, heads=[0], deps=["ROOT"]) assert len(doc) == 1 with en_parser.step_through(doc) as _: # noqa: F841 pass assert doc[0].dep != 0 def test_parser_apply_actions(en_vocab, en_parser): words = ["I", "ate", "pizza"] words2 = ["Eat", "more", "pizza", "!"] doc1 = Doc(en_vocab, words=words) doc2 = Doc(en_vocab, words=words2) docs = [doc1, doc2] moves = en_parser.moves moves.add_action(0, "") moves.add_action(1, "") moves.add_action(2, "nsubj") moves.add_action(3, "obj") moves.add_action(2, "amod") actions = [ numpy.array([0, 0], dtype="i"), numpy.array([2, 0], dtype="i"), numpy.array([0, 4], dtype="i"), numpy.array([3, 3], dtype="i"), numpy.array([1, 1], dtype="i"), numpy.array([1, 1], dtype="i"), numpy.array([0], dtype="i"), numpy.array([1], dtype="i"), ] states = moves.init_batch(docs) active_states = states for step_actions in actions: active_states = moves.apply_actions(active_states, step_actions) assert len(active_states) == 0 for (state, doc) in zip(states, docs): moves.set_annotations(state, doc) assert docs[0][0].head.i == 1 assert docs[0][0].dep_ == "nsubj" assert docs[0][1].head.i == 1 assert docs[0][1].dep_ == "ROOT" assert docs[0][2].head.i == 1 assert docs[0][2].dep_ == "obj" assert docs[1][0].head.i == 0 assert docs[1][0].dep_ == "ROOT" assert docs[1][1].head.i == 2 assert docs[1][1].dep_ == "amod" assert docs[1][2].head.i == 0 assert docs[1][2].dep_ == "obj" @pytest.mark.skip( reason="The step_through API was removed (but should be brought back)" ) def test_parser_initial(en_vocab, en_parser): words = ["I", "ate", "the", "pizza", "with", "anchovies", "."] transition = ["L-nsubj", "S", "L-det"] doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words) apply_transition_sequence(en_parser, doc, transition) assert doc[0].head.i == 1 assert doc[1].head.i == 1 assert doc[2].head.i == 3 assert doc[3].head.i == 3 def test_parser_parse_subtrees(en_vocab, en_parser): words = ["The", "four", "wheels", "on", "the", "bus", "turned", "quickly"] heads = [2, 2, 6, 2, 5, 3, 6, 6] deps = ["dep"] * len(heads) doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, heads=heads, deps=deps) assert len(list(doc[2].lefts)) == 2 assert len(list(doc[2].rights)) == 1 assert len(list(doc[2].children)) == 3 assert len(list(doc[5].lefts)) == 1 assert len(list(doc[5].rights)) == 0 assert len(list(doc[5].children)) == 1 assert len(list(doc[2].subtree)) == 6 def test_parser_merge_pp(en_vocab): words = ["A", "phrase", "with", "another", "phrase", "occurs"] heads = [1, 5, 1, 4, 2, 5] deps = ["det", "nsubj", "prep", "det", "pobj", "ROOT"] pos = ["DET", "NOUN", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB"] doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, deps=deps, heads=heads, pos=pos) with doc.retokenize() as retokenizer: for np in doc.noun_chunks: retokenizer.merge(np, attrs={"lemma": np.lemma_}) assert doc[0].text == "A phrase" assert doc[1].text == "with" assert doc[2].text == "another phrase" assert doc[3].text == "occurs" @pytest.mark.skip( reason="The step_through API was removed (but should be brought back)" ) def test_parser_arc_eager_finalize_state(en_vocab, en_parser): words = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"] # right branching transition = ["R-nsubj", "D", "R-nsubj", "R-nsubj", "D", "R-ROOT"] tokens = Doc(en_vocab, words=words) apply_transition_sequence(en_parser, tokens, transition) assert tokens[0].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[0].n_rights == 2 assert tokens[0].left_edge.i == 0 assert tokens[0].right_edge.i == 4 assert tokens[0].head.i == 0 assert tokens[1].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[1].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[1].left_edge.i == 1 assert tokens[1].right_edge.i == 1 assert tokens[1].head.i == 0 assert tokens[2].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[2].n_rights == 2 assert tokens[2].left_edge.i == 2 assert tokens[2].right_edge.i == 4 assert tokens[2].head.i == 0 assert tokens[3].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[3].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[3].left_edge.i == 3 assert tokens[3].right_edge.i == 3 assert tokens[3].head.i == 2 assert tokens[4].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[4].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[4].left_edge.i == 4 assert tokens[4].right_edge.i == 4 assert tokens[4].head.i == 2 # left branching transition = ["S", "S", "S", "L-nsubj", "L-nsubj", "L-nsubj", "L-nsubj"] tokens = Doc(en_vocab, words=words) apply_transition_sequence(en_parser, tokens, transition) assert tokens[0].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[0].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[0].left_edge.i == 0 assert tokens[0].right_edge.i == 0 assert tokens[0].head.i == 4 assert tokens[1].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[1].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[1].left_edge.i == 1 assert tokens[1].right_edge.i == 1 assert tokens[1].head.i == 4 assert tokens[2].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[2].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[2].left_edge.i == 2 assert tokens[2].right_edge.i == 2 assert tokens[2].head.i == 4 assert tokens[3].n_lefts == 0 assert tokens[3].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[3].left_edge.i == 3 assert tokens[3].right_edge.i == 3 assert tokens[3].head.i == 4 assert tokens[4].n_lefts == 4 assert tokens[4].n_rights == 0 assert tokens[4].left_edge.i == 0 assert tokens[4].right_edge.i == 4 assert tokens[4].head.i == 4 def test_parser_set_sent_starts(en_vocab): # fmt: off words = ['Ein', 'Satz', '.', 'Außerdem', 'ist', 'Zimmer', 'davon', 'überzeugt', ',', 'dass', 'auch', 'epige-', '\n', 'netische', 'Mechanismen', 'eine', 'Rolle', 'spielen', ',', 'also', 'Vorgänge', ',', 'die', '\n', 'sich', 'darauf', 'auswirken', ',', 'welche', 'Gene', 'abgelesen', 'werden', 'und', '\n', 'welche', 'nicht', '.', '\n'] heads = [1, 1, 1, 30, 4, 4, 7, 4, 7, 17, 14, 14, 11, 14, 17, 16, 17, 6, 17, 20, 11, 20, 26, 22, 26, 26, 20, 26, 29, 31, 31, 25, 31, 32, 17, 4, 4, 36] deps = ['nk', 'ROOT', 'punct', 'mo', 'ROOT', 'sb', 'op', 'pd', 'punct', 'cp', 'mo', 'nk', '', 'nk', 'sb', 'nk', 'oa', 're', 'punct', 'mo', 'app', 'punct', 'sb', '', 'oa', 'op', 'rc', 'punct', 'nk', 'sb', 'oc', 're', 'cd', '', 'oa', 'ng', 'punct', ''] # fmt: on doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words, deps=deps, heads=heads) for i in range(len(words)): if i == 0 or i == 3: assert doc[i].is_sent_start is True else: assert doc[i].is_sent_start is False for sent in doc.sents: for token in sent: assert token.head in sent def test_parser_constructor(en_vocab): config = { "learn_tokens": False, "min_action_freq": 30, "update_with_oracle_cut_size": 100, } cfg = {"model": DEFAULT_PARSER_MODEL} model = registry.resolve(cfg, validate=True)["model"] DependencyParser(en_vocab, model, **config) DependencyParser(en_vocab, model) @pytest.mark.parametrize("pipe_name", PARSERS) def test_incomplete_data(pipe_name): # Test that the parser works with incomplete information nlp = English() parser = nlp.add_pipe(pipe_name) train_examples = [] for text, annotations in PARTIAL_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): if dep is not None: parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = nlp.initialize(get_examples=lambda: train_examples) for i in range(150): losses = {} nlp.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) assert losses[pipe_name] < 0.0001 # test the trained model test_text = "I like securities." doc = nlp(test_text) assert doc[0].dep_ == "nsubj" assert doc[2].dep_ == "dobj" assert doc[0].head.i == 1 assert doc[2].head.i == 1 @pytest.mark.parametrize( "pipe_name,max_moves", itertools.product(PARSERS, [0, 1, 5, 100]) ) def test_overfitting_IO(pipe_name, max_moves): fix_random_seed(0) # Simple test to try and quickly overfit the dependency parser (normal or beam) nlp = English() parser = nlp.add_pipe(pipe_name) parser.cfg["update_with_oracle_cut_size"] = max_moves train_examples = [] for text, annotations in TRAIN_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = nlp.initialize() # run overfitting for i in range(200): losses = {} nlp.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) assert losses[pipe_name] < 0.0001 # test the trained model test_text = "I like securities." doc = nlp(test_text) assert doc[0].dep_ == "nsubj" assert doc[2].dep_ == "dobj" assert doc[3].dep_ == "punct" assert doc[0].head.i == 1 assert doc[2].head.i == 1 assert doc[3].head.i == 1 # Also test the results are still the same after IO with make_tempdir() as tmp_dir: nlp.to_disk(tmp_dir) nlp2 = util.load_model_from_path(tmp_dir) doc2 = nlp2(test_text) assert doc2[0].dep_ == "nsubj" assert doc2[2].dep_ == "dobj" assert doc2[3].dep_ == "punct" assert doc2[0].head.i == 1 assert doc2[2].head.i == 1 assert doc2[3].head.i == 1 # Make sure that running pipe twice, or comparing to call, always amounts to the same predictions texts = [ "Just a sentence.", "Then one more sentence about London.", "Here is another one.", "I like London.", ] batch_deps_1 = [doc.to_array([DEP]) for doc in nlp.pipe(texts)] batch_deps_2 = [doc.to_array([DEP]) for doc in nlp.pipe(texts)] no_batch_deps = [doc.to_array([DEP]) for doc in [nlp(text) for text in texts]] assert_equal(batch_deps_1, batch_deps_2) assert_equal(batch_deps_1, no_batch_deps) def test_is_distillable(): nlp = English() parser = nlp.add_pipe("parser") assert parser.is_distillable @pytest.mark.slow @pytest.mark.parametrize("max_moves", [0, 1, 5, 100]) def test_distill(max_moves): teacher = English() teacher_parser = teacher.add_pipe("parser") train_examples = [] for text, annotations in TRAIN_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(teacher.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): teacher_parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = teacher.initialize(get_examples=lambda: train_examples) for i in range(200): losses = {} teacher.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) assert losses["parser"] < 0.0001 student = English() student_parser = student.add_pipe("parser") student_parser.cfg["update_with_oracle_cut_size"] = max_moves student_parser.initialize( get_examples=lambda: train_examples, labels=teacher_parser.label_data ) distill_examples = [ Example.from_dict(teacher.make_doc(t[0]), {}) for t in TRAIN_DATA ] for i in range(200): losses = {} student_parser.distill( teacher_parser, distill_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses ) assert losses["parser"] < 0.0001 test_text = "I like securities." doc = student(test_text) assert doc[0].dep_ == "nsubj" assert doc[2].dep_ == "dobj" assert doc[3].dep_ == "punct" assert doc[0].head.i == 1 assert doc[2].head.i == 1 assert doc[3].head.i == 1 # fmt: off @pytest.mark.slow @pytest.mark.parametrize("pipe_name", ["parser", "beam_parser"]) @pytest.mark.parametrize( "parser_config", [ # TODO: re-enable after we have a spacy-legacy release for v4. See # https://github.com/explosion/spacy-legacy/pull/36 #({"@architectures": "spacy.TransitionBasedParser.v1", "tok2vec": DEFAULT_TOK2VEC_MODEL, "state_type": "parser", "extra_state_tokens": False, "hidden_width": 64, "maxout_pieces": 2, "use_upper": True}), ({"@architectures": "spacy.TransitionBasedParser.v2", "tok2vec": DEFAULT_TOK2VEC_MODEL, "state_type": "parser", "extra_state_tokens": False, "hidden_width": 64, "maxout_pieces": 2, "use_upper": True}), ({"@architectures": "spacy.TransitionBasedParser.v2", "tok2vec": DEFAULT_TOK2VEC_MODEL, "state_type": "parser", "extra_state_tokens": False, "hidden_width": 64, "maxout_pieces": 2, "use_upper": False}), ({"@architectures": "spacy.TransitionBasedParser.v3", "tok2vec": DEFAULT_TOK2VEC_MODEL, "state_type": "parser", "extra_state_tokens": False, "hidden_width": 64, "maxout_pieces": 2}), ], ) # fmt: on def test_parser_configs(pipe_name, parser_config): pipe_config = {"model": parser_config} nlp = English() parser = nlp.add_pipe(pipe_name, config=pipe_config) train_examples = [] for text, annotations in TRAIN_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = nlp.initialize() for i in range(5): losses = {} nlp.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) def test_beam_parser_scores(): # Test that we can get confidence values out of the beam_parser pipe beam_width = 16 beam_density = 0.0001 nlp = English() config = { "beam_width": beam_width, "beam_density": beam_density, } parser = nlp.add_pipe("beam_parser", config=config) train_examples = [] for text, annotations in CONFLICTING_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = nlp.initialize() # update a bit with conflicting data for i in range(10): losses = {} nlp.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) # test the scores from the beam test_text = "I like securities." doc = nlp.make_doc(test_text) docs = [doc] beams = parser.predict(docs) head_scores, label_scores = parser.scored_parses(beams) for j in range(len(doc)): for label in parser.labels: label_score = label_scores[0][(j, label)] assert 0 - eps <= label_score <= 1 + eps for i in range(len(doc)): head_score = head_scores[0][(j, i)] assert 0 - eps <= head_score <= 1 + eps def test_beam_overfitting_IO(): # Simple test to try and quickly overfit the Beam dependency parser nlp = English() beam_width = 16 beam_density = 0.0001 config = { "beam_width": beam_width, "beam_density": beam_density, } parser = nlp.add_pipe("beam_parser", config=config) train_examples = [] for text, annotations in TRAIN_DATA: train_examples.append(Example.from_dict(nlp.make_doc(text), annotations)) for dep in annotations.get("deps", []): parser.add_label(dep) optimizer = nlp.initialize() # run overfitting for i in range(150): losses = {} nlp.update(train_examples, sgd=optimizer, losses=losses) assert losses["beam_parser"] < 0.0001 # test the scores from the beam test_text = "I like securities." docs = [nlp.make_doc(test_text)] beams = parser.predict(docs) head_scores, label_scores = parser.scored_parses(beams) # we only processed one document head_scores = head_scores[0] label_scores = label_scores[0] # test label annotations: 0=nsubj, 2=dobj, 3=punct assert label_scores[(0, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(0, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(0, "punct")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(2, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(2, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(2, "punct")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(3, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(3, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores[(3, "punct")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) # test head annotations: the root is token at index 1 assert head_scores[(0, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(0, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(0, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(2, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(2, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(2, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(3, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(3, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores[(3, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) # Also test the results are still the same after IO with make_tempdir() as tmp_dir: nlp.to_disk(tmp_dir) nlp2 = util.load_model_from_path(tmp_dir) docs2 = [nlp2.make_doc(test_text)] parser2 = nlp2.get_pipe("beam_parser") beams2 = parser2.predict(docs2) head_scores2, label_scores2 = parser2.scored_parses(beams2) # we only processed one document head_scores2 = head_scores2[0] label_scores2 = label_scores2[0] # check the results again assert label_scores2[(0, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(0, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(0, "punct")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(2, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(2, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(2, "punct")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(3, "nsubj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(3, "dobj")] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert label_scores2[(3, "punct")] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(0, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(0, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(0, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(2, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(2, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(2, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(3, 0)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(3, 1)] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=eps) assert head_scores2[(3, 2)] == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=eps)