//- 💫 DOCS > USAGE > DEEP LEARNING > PYTORCH

+infobox
    +infobox-logos(["pytorch", 100, 48, "http://pytorch.org"])
    |  #[strong PyTorch] is a dynamic neural network library, which can be much
    |  easier to work with for NLP. Outside of Google, there's a general shift
    |  among NLP researchers to both Pytorch and DyNet. spaCy is the front-end
    |  of choice for PyTorch's #[code torch.text] extension. You can use PyTorch
    |  to create spaCy pipeline components, to add annotations to the
    |  #[code Doc] object.

+under-construction

p
    |  Here's how a #[code begin_update] function that wraps an arbitrary
    |  PyTorch model would look:

+code.
    class PytorchWrapper(thinc.neural.Model):
        def __init__(self, pytorch_model):
            self.pytorch_model = pytorch_model

        def begin_update(self, x_data, drop=0.):
            x_var = Variable(x_data)
            # Make prediction
            y_var = pytorch_model.forward(x_var)
            def backward(dy_data, sgd=None):
                dy_var = Variable(dy_data)
                dx_var = torch.autograd.backward(x_var, dy_var)
                return dx_var
            return y_var.data, backward

p
    |  PyTorch requires data to be wrapped in a container, #[code Variable],
    |  that tracks the operations performed on the data. This "tape" of
    |  operations is then used by #[code torch.autograd.backward] to compute the
    |  gradient with respect to the input. For example, the following code
    |  constructs a PyTorch Linear layer that takes a vector of shape
    |  #[code (length, 2)], multiples it by a #[code (2, 2)] matrix of weights,
    |  adds a #[code (2,)] bias, and returns the resulting #[code (length, 2)]
    |  vector:

+code("PyTorch Linear").
    from torch import autograd
    from torch import nn
    import torch
    import numpy

    pt_model = nn.Linear(2, 2)
    length = 5

    input_data = numpy.ones((5, 2), dtype='f')
    input_var = autograd.Variable(torch.Tensor(input_data))

    output_var = pt_model(input_var)
    output_data = output_var.data.numpy()

p
    |  Given target values we would like the output data to approximate, we can
    |  then "learn" values of the parameters within #[code pt_model], to give us
    |  output that's closer to our target. As a trivial example, let's make the
    |  linear layer compute the negative inverse of the input:

+code.
    def get_target(input_data):
        return -(1 / input_data)

p
    |  To update the PyTorch model, we create an optimizer and give it
    |  references to the model's parameters. We'll then randomly generate input
    |  data and get the target result we'd like the function to produce. We then
    |  compute the #[strong gradient of the error] between the current output
    |  and the target. Using the most popular definition of "error", this is
    |  simply the average difference:

+code.
    from torch import optim

    optimizer = optim.SGD(pt_model.parameters(), lr = 0.01)
    for i in range(10):
        input_data = numpy.random.uniform(-1., 1., (length, 2))
        target = -(1 / input_data)

        output_var = pt_model(autograd.Variable(torch.Tensor(input_data)))
        output_data = output_var.data.numpy()

        d_output_data = (output_data - target) / length
        d_output_var = autograd.Variable(torch.Tensor(d_output_data))

        d_input_var = torch.autograg.backward(output_var, d_output_var)
        optimizer.step()