def explain(term): """Get a description for a given POS tag, dependency label or entity type. term (str): The term to explain. RETURNS (str): The explanation, or `None` if not found in the glossary. EXAMPLE: >>> spacy.explain(u'NORP') >>> doc = nlp(u'Hello world') >>> print([w.text, w.tag_, spacy.explain(w.tag_) for w in doc]) """ if term in GLOSSARY: return GLOSSARY[term] GLOSSARY = { # POS tags # Universal POS Tags # http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/ "ADJ": "adjective", "ADP": "adposition", "ADV": "adverb", "AUX": "auxiliary", "CONJ": "conjunction", "CCONJ": "coordinating conjunction", "DET": "determiner", "INTJ": "interjection", "NOUN": "noun", "NUM": "numeral", "PART": "particle", "PRON": "pronoun", "PROPN": "proper noun", "PUNCT": "punctuation", "SCONJ": "subordinating conjunction", "SYM": "symbol", "VERB": "verb", "X": "other", "EOL": "end of line", "SPACE": "space", # POS tags (English) # OntoNotes 5 / Penn Treebank # https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html ".": "punctuation mark, sentence closer", ",": "punctuation mark, comma", "-LRB-": "left round bracket", "-RRB-": "right round bracket", "``": "opening quotation mark", '""': "closing quotation mark", "''": "closing quotation mark", ":": "punctuation mark, colon or ellipsis", "$": "symbol, currency", "#": "symbol, number sign", "AFX": "affix", "CC": "conjunction, coordinating", "CD": "cardinal number", "DT": "determiner", "EX": "existential there", "FW": "foreign word", "HYPH": "punctuation mark, hyphen", "IN": "conjunction, subordinating or preposition", "JJ": "adjective (English), other noun-modifier (Chinese)", "JJR": "adjective, comparative", "JJS": "adjective, superlative", "LS": "list item marker", "MD": "verb, modal auxiliary", "NIL": "missing tag", "NN": "noun, singular or mass", "NNP": "noun, proper singular", "NNPS": "noun, proper plural", "NNS": "noun, plural", "PDT": "predeterminer", "POS": "possessive ending", "PRP": "pronoun, personal", "PRP$": "pronoun, possessive", "RB": "adverb", "RBR": "adverb, comparative", "RBS": "adverb, superlative", "RP": "adverb, particle", "TO": 'infinitival "to"', "UH": "interjection", "VB": "verb, base form", "VBD": "verb, past tense", "VBG": "verb, gerund or present participle", "VBN": "verb, past participle", "VBP": "verb, non-3rd person singular present", "VBZ": "verb, 3rd person singular present", "WDT": "wh-determiner", "WP": "wh-pronoun, personal", "WP$": "wh-pronoun, possessive", "WRB": "wh-adverb", "SP": "space (English), sentence-final particle (Chinese)", "ADD": "email", "NFP": "superfluous punctuation", "GW": "additional word in multi-word expression", "XX": "unknown", "BES": 'auxiliary "be"', "HVS": 'forms of "have"', "_SP": "whitespace", # POS Tags (German) # TIGER Treebank # http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/TIGERCorpus/annotation/tiger_introduction.pdf "$(": "other sentence-internal punctuation mark", "$,": "comma", "$.": "sentence-final punctuation mark", "ADJA": "adjective, attributive", "ADJD": "adjective, adverbial or predicative", "APPO": "postposition", "APPR": "preposition; circumposition left", "APPRART": "preposition with article", "APZR": "circumposition right", "ART": "definite or indefinite article", "CARD": "cardinal number", "FM": "foreign language material", "ITJ": "interjection", "KOKOM": "comparative conjunction", "KON": "coordinate conjunction", "KOUI": 'subordinate conjunction with "zu" and infinitive', "KOUS": "subordinate conjunction with sentence", "NE": "proper noun", "NNE": "proper noun", "PAV": "pronominal adverb", "PROAV": "pronominal adverb", "PDAT": "attributive demonstrative pronoun", "PDS": "substituting demonstrative pronoun", "PIAT": "attributive indefinite pronoun without determiner", "PIDAT": "attributive indefinite pronoun with determiner", "PIS": "substituting indefinite pronoun", "PPER": "non-reflexive personal pronoun", "PPOSAT": "attributive possessive pronoun", "PPOSS": "substituting possessive pronoun", "PRELAT": "attributive relative pronoun", "PRELS": "substituting relative pronoun", "PRF": "reflexive personal pronoun", "PTKA": "particle with adjective or adverb", "PTKANT": "answer particle", "PTKNEG": "negative particle", "PTKVZ": "separable verbal particle", "PTKZU": '"zu" before infinitive', "PWAT": "attributive interrogative pronoun", "PWAV": "adverbial interrogative or relative pronoun", "PWS": "substituting interrogative pronoun", "TRUNC": "word remnant", "VAFIN": "finite verb, auxiliary", "VAIMP": "imperative, auxiliary", "VAINF": "infinitive, auxiliary", "VAPP": "perfect participle, auxiliary", "VMFIN": "finite verb, modal", "VMINF": "infinitive, modal", "VMPP": "perfect participle, modal", "VVFIN": "finite verb, full", "VVIMP": "imperative, full", "VVINF": "infinitive, full", "VVIZU": 'infinitive with "zu", full', "VVPP": "perfect participle, full", "XY": "non-word containing non-letter", # POS Tags (Chinese) # OntoNotes / Chinese Penn Treebank # https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=ircs_reports "AD": "adverb", "AS": "aspect marker", "BA": "把 in ba-construction", # "CD": "cardinal number", "CS": "subordinating conjunction", "DEC": "的 in a relative clause", "DEG": "associative 的", "DER": "得 in V-de const. and V-de-R", "DEV": "地 before VP", "ETC": "for words 等, 等等", # "FW": "foreign words" "IJ": "interjection", # "JJ": "other noun-modifier", "LB": "被 in long bei-const", "LC": "localizer", "M": "measure word", "MSP": "other particle", # "NN": "common noun", "NR": "proper noun", "NT": "temporal noun", "OD": "ordinal number", "ON": "onomatopoeia", "P": "preposition excluding 把 and 被", "PN": "pronoun", "PU": "punctuation", "SB": "被 in short bei-const", # "SP": "sentence-final particle", "VA": "predicative adjective", "VC": "是 (copula)", "VE": "有 as the main verb", "VV": "other verb", # Noun chunks "NP": "noun phrase", "PP": "prepositional phrase", "VP": "verb phrase", "ADVP": "adverb phrase", "ADJP": "adjective phrase", "SBAR": "subordinating conjunction", "PRT": "particle", "PNP": "prepositional noun phrase", # Dependency Labels (English) # ClearNLP / Universal Dependencies # https://github.com/clir/clearnlp-guidelines/blob/master/md/specifications/dependency_labels.md "acl": "clausal modifier of noun (adjectival clause)", "acomp": "adjectival complement", "advcl": "adverbial clause modifier", "advmod": "adverbial modifier", "agent": "agent", "amod": "adjectival modifier", "appos": "appositional modifier", "attr": "attribute", "aux": "auxiliary", "auxpass": "auxiliary (passive)", "case": "case marking", "cc": "coordinating conjunction", "ccomp": "clausal complement", "clf": "classifier", "complm": "complementizer", "compound": "compound", "conj": "conjunct", "cop": "copula", "csubj": "clausal subject", "csubjpass": "clausal subject (passive)", "dative": "dative", "dep": "unclassified dependent", "det": "determiner", "discourse": "discourse element", "dislocated": "dislocated elements", "dobj": "direct object", "expl": "expletive", "fixed": "fixed multiword expression", "flat": "flat multiword expression", "goeswith": "goes with", "hmod": "modifier in hyphenation", "hyph": "hyphen", "infmod": "infinitival modifier", "intj": "interjection", "iobj": "indirect object", "list": "list", "mark": "marker", "meta": "meta modifier", "neg": "negation modifier", "nmod": "modifier of nominal", "nn": "noun compound modifier", "npadvmod": "noun phrase as adverbial modifier", "nsubj": "nominal subject", "nsubjpass": "nominal subject (passive)", "nounmod": "modifier of nominal", "npmod": "noun phrase as adverbial modifier", "num": "number modifier", "number": "number compound modifier", "nummod": "numeric modifier", "oprd": "object predicate", "obj": "object", "obl": "oblique nominal", "orphan": "orphan", "parataxis": "parataxis", "partmod": "participal modifier", "pcomp": "complement of preposition", "pobj": "object of preposition", "poss": "possession modifier", "possessive": "possessive modifier", "preconj": "pre-correlative conjunction", "prep": "prepositional modifier", "prt": "particle", "punct": "punctuation", "quantmod": "modifier of quantifier", "rcmod": "relative clause modifier", "relcl": "relative clause modifier", "reparandum": "overridden disfluency", "root": "root", "vocative": "vocative", "xcomp": "open clausal complement", # Dependency labels (German) # TIGER Treebank # http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/TIGERCorpus/annotation/tiger_introduction.pdf # currently missing: 'cc' (comparative complement) because of conflict # with English labels "ac": "adpositional case marker", "adc": "adjective component", "ag": "genitive attribute", "ams": "measure argument of adjective", "app": "apposition", "avc": "adverbial phrase component", "cd": "coordinating conjunction", "cj": "conjunct", "cm": "comparative conjunction", "cp": "complementizer", "cvc": "collocational verb construction", "da": "dative", "dh": "discourse-level head", "dm": "discourse marker", "ep": "expletive es", "hd": "head", "ju": "junctor", "mnr": "postnominal modifier", "mo": "modifier", "ng": "negation", "nk": "noun kernel element", "nmc": "numerical component", "oa": "accusative object", "oc": "clausal object", "og": "genitive object", "op": "prepositional object", "par": "parenthetical element", "pd": "predicate", "pg": "phrasal genitive", "ph": "placeholder", "pm": "morphological particle", "pnc": "proper noun component", "rc": "relative clause", "re": "repeated element", "rs": "reported speech", "sb": "subject", "sbp": "passivized subject (PP)", "sp": "subject or predicate", "svp": "separable verb prefix", "uc": "unit component", "vo": "vocative", # Named Entity Recognition # OntoNotes 5 # https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC2013T19/OntoNotes-Release-5.0.pdf "PERSON": "People, including fictional", "NORP": "Nationalities or religious or political groups", "FACILITY": "Buildings, airports, highways, bridges, etc.", "FAC": "Buildings, airports, highways, bridges, etc.", "ORG": "Companies, agencies, institutions, etc.", "GPE": "Countries, cities, states", "LOC": "Non-GPE locations, mountain ranges, bodies of water", "PRODUCT": "Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services)", "EVENT": "Named hurricanes, battles, wars, sports events, etc.", "WORK_OF_ART": "Titles of books, songs, etc.", "LAW": "Named documents made into laws.", "LANGUAGE": "Any named language", "DATE": "Absolute or relative dates or periods", "TIME": "Times smaller than a day", "PERCENT": 'Percentage, including "%"', "MONEY": "Monetary values, including unit", "QUANTITY": "Measurements, as of weight or distance", "ORDINAL": '"first", "second", etc.', "CARDINAL": "Numerals that do not fall under another type", # Named Entity Recognition # Wikipedia # http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370212000276 # https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5744/578cc243d92287f47448870bb426c66cc941.pdf "PER": "Named person or family.", "MISC": "Miscellaneous entities, e.g. events, nationalities, products or works of art", # https://github.com/ltgoslo/norne "EVT": "Festivals, cultural events, sports events, weather phenomena, wars, etc.", "PROD": "Product, i.e. artificially produced entities including speeches, radio shows, programming languages, contracts, laws and ideas", "DRV": "Words (and phrases?) that are dervied from a name, but not a name in themselves, e.g. 'Oslo-mannen' ('the man from Oslo')", "GPE_LOC": "Geo-political entity, with a locative sense, e.g. 'John lives in Spain'", "GPE_ORG": "Geo-political entity, with an organisation sense, e.g. 'Spain declined to meet with Belgium'", }