"""Feed-forward neural network, using Thenao.""" import os import sys import time import numpy import theano import theano.tensor as T import gzip import cPickle def load_data(dataset): ''' Loads the dataset :type dataset: string :param dataset: the path to the dataset (here MNIST) ''' ############# # LOAD DATA # ############# # Download the MNIST dataset if it is not present data_dir, data_file = os.path.split(dataset) if data_dir == "" and not os.path.isfile(dataset): # Check if dataset is in the data directory. new_path = os.path.join( os.path.split(__file__)[0], "..", "data", dataset ) if os.path.isfile(new_path) or data_file == 'mnist.pkl.gz': dataset = new_path if (not os.path.isfile(dataset)) and data_file == 'mnist.pkl.gz': import urllib origin = ( 'http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/deep/data/mnist/mnist.pkl.gz' ) print 'Downloading data from %s' % origin urllib.urlretrieve(origin, dataset) print '... loading data' # Load the dataset f = gzip.open(dataset, 'rb') train_set, valid_set, test_set = cPickle.load(f) f.close() #train_set, valid_set, test_set format: tuple(input, target) #input is an numpy.ndarray of 2 dimensions (a matrix), #each row corresponding to an example. target is a #numpy.ndarray of 1 dimension (vector)) that have the same length as #the number of rows in the input. It should give the target #target to the example with the same index in the input. def shared_dataset(data_xy, borrow=True): """ Function that loads the dataset into shared variables The reason we store our dataset in shared variables is to allow Theano to copy it into the GPU memory (when code is run on GPU). Since copying data into the GPU is slow, copying a minibatch everytime is needed (the default behaviour if the data is not in a shared variable) would lead to a large decrease in performance. """ data_x, data_y = data_xy shared_x = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(data_x, dtype=theano.config.floatX), borrow=borrow) shared_y = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(data_y, dtype=theano.config.floatX), borrow=borrow) # When storing data on the GPU it has to be stored as floats # therefore we will store the labels as ``floatX`` as well # (``shared_y`` does exactly that). But during our computations # we need them as ints (we use labels as index, and if they are # floats it doesn't make sense) therefore instead of returning # ``shared_y`` we will have to cast it to int. This little hack # lets ous get around this issue return shared_x, T.cast(shared_y, 'int32') test_set_x, test_set_y = shared_dataset(test_set) valid_set_x, valid_set_y = shared_dataset(valid_set) train_set_x, train_set_y = shared_dataset(train_set) rval = [(train_set_x, train_set_y), (valid_set_x, valid_set_y), (test_set_x, test_set_y)] return rval class LogisticRegression(object): """Multi-class Logistic Regression Class The logistic regression is fully described by a weight matrix :math:`W` and bias vector :math:`b`. Classification is done by projecting data points onto a set of hyperplanes, the distance to which is used to determine a class membership probability. """ def __init__(self, input, n_in, n_out): """ Initialize the parameters of the logistic regression :type input: theano.tensor.TensorType :param input: symbolic variable that describes the input of the architecture (one minibatch) :type n_in: int :param n_in: number of input units, the dimension of the space in which the datapoints lie :type n_out: int :param n_out: number of output units, the dimension of the space in which the labels lie """ # start-snippet-1 # initialize with 0 the weights W as a matrix of shape (n_in, n_out) self.W = theano.shared( value=numpy.zeros((n_in, n_out), dtype=theano.config.floatX ), name='W', borrow=True ) # initialize the baises b as a vector of n_out 0s self.b = theano.shared( value=numpy.zeros( (n_out,), dtype=theano.config.floatX ), name='b', borrow=True ) # symbolic expression for computing the matrix of class-membership # probabilities # Where: # W is a matrix where column-k represent the separation hyper plain for # class-k # x is a matrix where row-j represents input training sample-j # b is a vector where element-k represent the free parameter of hyper # plain-k self.p_y_given_x = T.nnet.softmax(T.dot(input, self.W) + self.b) # symbolic description of how to compute prediction as class whose # probability is maximal self.y_pred = T.argmax(self.p_y_given_x, axis=1) # end-snippet-1 # parameters of the model self.params = [self.W, self.b] def neg_ll(self, y): """Return the mean of the negative log-likelihood of the prediction of this model under a given target distribution. .. math:: \frac{1}{|\mathcal{D}|} \mathcal{L} (\theta=\{W,b\}, \mathcal{D}) = \frac{1}{|\mathcal{D}|} \sum_{i=0}^{|\mathcal{D}|} \log(P(Y=y^{(i)}|x^{(i)}, W,b)) \\ \ell (\theta=\{W,b\}, \mathcal{D}) :type y: theano.tensor.TensorType :param y: corresponds to a vector that gives for each example the correct label Note: we use the mean instead of the sum so that the learning rate is less dependent on the batch size """ # start-snippet-2 # y.shape[0] is (symbolically) the number of rows in y, i.e., # number of examples (call it n) in the minibatch # T.arange(y.shape[0]) is a symbolic vector which will contain # [0,1,2,... n-1] T.log(self.p_y_given_x) is a matrix of # Log-Probabilities (call it LP) with one row per example and # one column per class LP[T.arange(y.shape[0]),y] is a vector # v containing [LP[0,y[0]], LP[1,y[1]], LP[2,y[2]], ..., # LP[n-1,y[n-1]]] and T.mean(LP[T.arange(y.shape[0]),y]) is # the mean (across minibatch examples) of the elements in v, # i.e., the mean log-likelihood across the minibatch. return -T.mean(T.log(self.p_y_given_x)[T.arange(y.shape[0]), y]) # end-snippet-2 def errors(self, y): """Return a float representing the number of errors in the minibatch over the total number of examples of the minibatch ; zero one loss over the size of the minibatch :type y: theano.tensor.TensorType :param y: corresponds to a vector that gives for each example the correct label """ # check if y has same dimension of y_pred if y.ndim != self.y_pred.ndim: raise TypeError( 'y should have the same shape as self.y_pred', ('y', y.type, 'y_pred', self.y_pred.type) ) # check if y is of the correct datatype if y.dtype.startswith('int'): # the T.neq operator returns a vector of 0s and 1s, where 1 # represents a mistake in prediction return T.mean(T.neq(self.y_pred, y)) else: raise NotImplementedError() # start-snippet-1 class HiddenLayer(object): def __init__(self, rng, input, n_in, n_out, W=None, b=None, activation=T.tanh): """ Typical hidden layer of a MLP: units are fully-connected and have sigmoidal activation function. Weight matrix W is of shape (n_in,n_out) and the bias vector b is of shape (n_out,). NOTE : The nonlinearity used here is tanh Hidden unit activation is given by: tanh(dot(input,W) + b) :type rng: numpy.random.RandomState :param rng: a random number generator used to initialize weights :type input: theano.tensor.dmatrix :param input: a symbolic tensor of shape (n_examples, n_in) :type n_in: int :param n_in: dimensionality of input :type n_out: int :param n_out: number of hidden units :type activation: theano.Op or function :param activation: Non linearity to be applied in the hidden layer """ self.input = input # end-snippet-1 # `W` is initialized with `W_values` which is uniformely sampled # from sqrt(-6./(n_in+n_hidden)) and sqrt(6./(n_in+n_hidden)) # for tanh activation function # the output of uniform if converted using asarray to dtype # theano.config.floatX so that the code is runable on GPU # Note : optimal initialization of weights is dependent on the # activation function used (among other things). # For example, results presented in [Xavier10] suggest that you # should use 4 times larger initial weights for sigmoid # compared to tanh # We have no info for other function, so we use the same as # tanh. if W is None: W_values = numpy.asarray( rng.uniform( low=-numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_in + n_out)), high=numpy.sqrt(6. / (n_in + n_out)), size=(n_in, n_out) ), dtype=theano.config.floatX ) if activation == theano.tensor.nnet.sigmoid: W_values *= 4 W = theano.shared(value=W_values, name='W', borrow=True) if b is None: b_values = numpy.zeros((n_out,), dtype=theano.config.floatX) b = theano.shared(value=b_values, name='b', borrow=True) self.W = W self.b = b lin_output = T.dot(input, self.W) + self.b self.output = ( lin_output if activation is None else activation(lin_output) ) # parameters of the model self.params = [self.W, self.b] # start-snippet-2 class MLP(object): """Multi-Layer Perceptron Class A multilayer perceptron is a feedforward artificial neural network model that has one layer or more of hidden units and nonlinear activations. Intermediate layers usually have as activation function tanh or the sigmoid function (defined here by a ``HiddenLayer`` class) while the top layer is a softmax layer (defined here by a ``LogisticRegression`` class). """ def __init__(self, rng, input, n_in, n_hidden, n_out): """Initialize the parameters for the multilayer perceptron :type rng: numpy.random.RandomState :param rng: a random number generator used to initialize weights :type input: theano.tensor.TensorType :param input: symbolic variable that describes the input of the architecture (one minibatch) :type n_in: int :param n_in: number of input units, the dimension of the space in which the datapoints lie :type n_hidden: int :param n_hidden: number of hidden units :type n_out: int :param n_out: number of output units, the dimension of the space in which the labels lie """ # Since we are dealing with a one hidden layer MLP, this will translate # into a HiddenLayer with a tanh activation function connected to the # LogisticRegression layer; the activation function can be replaced by # sigmoid or any other nonlinear function self.hidden = HiddenLayer( rng=rng, input=input, n_in=n_in, n_out=n_hidden, activation=T.tanh ) # The logistic regression layer gets as input the hidden units # of the hidden layer self.maxent = LogisticRegression( input=self.hidden.output, n_in=n_hidden, n_out=n_out ) # L1 norm ; one regularization option is to enforce L1 norm to # be small self.L1 = abs(self.hidden.W).sum() + abs(self.maxent.W).sum() # square of L2 norm ; one regularization option is to enforce # square of L2 norm to be small self.L2_sqr = (self.hidden.W ** 2).sum() + (self.maxent.W ** 2).sum() # negative log likelihood of the MLP is given by the negative # log likelihood of the output of the model, computed in the # logistic regression layer self.neg_ll = self.maxent.neg_ll # same holds for the function computing the number of errors self.errors = self.maxent.errors # the parameters of the model are the parameters of the two layer it is # made out of self.params = self.hidden.params + self.maxent.params def test_mlp(learning_rate=0.01, L1_reg=0.00, L2_reg=0.0001, n_epochs=1000, dataset='mnist.pkl.gz', batch_size=1, n_hidden=500): """ Demonstrate stochastic gradient descent optimization for a multilayer perceptron This is demonstrated on MNIST. :type learning_rate: float :param learning_rate: learning rate used (factor for the stochastic gradient :type L1_reg: float :param L1_reg: L1-norm's weight when added to the cost (see regularization) :type L2_reg: float :param L2_reg: L2-norm's weight when added to the cost (see regularization) :type n_epochs: int :param n_epochs: maximal number of epochs to run the optimizer :type dataset: string :param dataset: the path of the MNIST dataset file from http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lisa/deep/data/mnist/mnist.pkl.gz """ datasets = load_data(dataset) train_set_x, train_set_y = datasets[0] valid_set_x, valid_set_y = datasets[1] test_set_x, test_set_y = datasets[2] ###################### # BUILD ACTUAL MODEL # ###################### print '... building the model' # allocate symbolic variables for the data index = T.lscalar() # index to a [mini]batch x = T.matrix('x') # the data is presented as rasterized images y = T.ivector('y') # the labels are presented as 1D vector of # [int] labels rng = numpy.random.RandomState(1234) # construct the MLP class mlp = MLP( rng=rng, input=x, n_in=28 * 28, n_hidden=n_hidden, n_out=10 ) # the cost we minimize during training is the negative log likelihood of # the model plus the regularization terms (L1 and L2); cost is expressed # here symbolically # compiling a Theano function that computes the mistakes that are made # by the model on a minibatch test_model = theano.function( inputs=[index], outputs=mlp.maxent.errors(y), givens={ x: test_set_x[index:index+1], y: test_set_y[index:index+1] } ) validate_model = theano.function( inputs=[index], outputs=mlp.maxent.errors(y), givens={ x: valid_set_x[index:index+1], y: valid_set_y[index:index+1] } ) # compute the gradient of cost with respect to theta (sotred in params) # the resulting gradients will be stored in a list gparams cost = mlp.neg_ll(y) + L1_reg * mlp.L1 + L2_reg * mlp.L2_sqr gparams = [T.grad(cost, param) for param in mlp.params] # specify how to update the parameters of the model as a list of # (variable, update expression) pairs updates = [(mlp.params[i], mlp.params[i] - (learning_rate * gparams[i])) for i in xrange(len(gparams))] # compiling a Theano function `train_model` that returns the cost, but # in the same time updates the parameter of the model based on the rules # defined in `updates` train_model = theano.function( inputs=[index], outputs=cost, updates=updates, givens={ x: train_set_x[index:index+1], y: train_set_y[index:index+1] } ) # end-snippet-5 ############### # TRAIN MODEL # ############### print '... training' start_time = time.clock() n_examples = train_set_x.get_value(borrow=True).shape[0] n_dev_examples = valid_set_x.get_value(borrow=True).shape[0] n_test_examples = test_set_x.get_value(borrow=True).shape[0] for epoch in range(1, n_epochs+1): for idx in xrange(n_examples): train_model(idx) # compute zero-one loss on validation set error = numpy.mean(map(validate_model, xrange(n_dev_examples))) print('epoch %i, validation error %f %%' % (epoch, error * 100)) end_time = time.clock() print >> sys.stderr, ('The code for file ' + os.path.split(__file__)[1] + ' ran for %.2fm' % ((end_time - start_time) / 60.)) if __name__ == '__main__': test_mlp()