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---
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title: 'spaCy 101: Everything you need to know'
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teaser: The most important concepts, explained in simple terms
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menu:
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- ["What's spaCy?", 'whats-spacy']
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- ['Features', 'features']
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- ['Linguistic Annotations', 'annotations']
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- ['Pipelines', 'pipelines']
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- ['Architecture', 'architecture']
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- ['Vocab', 'vocab']
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- ['Serialization', 'serialization']
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- ['Training', 'training']
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- ['Language Data', 'language-data']
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- ['Community & FAQ', 'community-faq']
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---
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Whether you're new to spaCy, or just want to brush up on some NLP basics and
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implementation details – this page should have you covered. Each section will
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explain one of spaCy's features in simple terms and with examples or
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illustrations. Some sections will also reappear across the usage guides as a
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quick introduction.
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> #### Help us improve the docs
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>
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> Did you spot a mistake or come across explanations that are unclear? We always
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> appreciate improvement
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> [suggestions](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/issues) or
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> [pull requests](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/pulls). You can find a
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> "Suggest edits" link at the bottom of each page that points you to the source.
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<Infobox title="Take the free interactive course">
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<Image
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src="/images/course.jpg"
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href="https://course.spacy.io"
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alt="Advanced NLP with spaCy"
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/>
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In this course you'll learn how to use spaCy to build advanced natural language
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understanding systems, using both rule-based and machine learning approaches. It
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includes 55 exercises featuring interactive coding practice, multiple-choice
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questions and slide decks.
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<Button to="https://course.spacy.io" variant="primary">
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{'Start the course'}
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</Button>
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</Infobox>
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## What's spaCy? {id="whats-spacy"}
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<Grid cols={2}>
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<div>
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spaCy is a **free, open-source library** for advanced **Natural Language
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Processing** (NLP) in Python.
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If you're working with a lot of text, you'll eventually want to know more about
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it. For example, what's it about? What do the words mean in context? Who is
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doing what to whom? What companies and products are mentioned? Which texts are
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similar to each other?
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spaCy is designed specifically for **production use** and helps you build
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applications that process and "understand" large volumes of text. It can be used
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to build **information extraction** or **natural language understanding**
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systems, or to pre-process text for **deep learning**.
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</div>
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<Infobox title="Table of contents" id="toc">
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- [Features](#features)
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- [Linguistic annotations](#annotations)
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- [Tokenization](#annotations-token)
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- [POS tags and dependencies](#annotations-pos-deps)
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- [Named entities](#annotations-ner)
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- [Word vectors and similarity](#vectors-similarity)
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- [Pipelines](#pipelines)
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- [Library architecture](#architecture)
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- [Vocab, hashes and lexemes](#vocab)
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- [Serialization](#serialization)
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- [Training](#training)
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- [Language data](#language-data)
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- [Community & FAQ](#community)
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</Infobox>
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</Grid>
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### What spaCy isn't {id="what-spacy-isnt"}
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- ❌ **spaCy is not a platform or "an API"**. Unlike a platform, spaCy does not
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provide a software as a service, or a web application. It's an open-source
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library designed to help you build NLP applications, not a consumable service.
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- ❌ **spaCy is not an out-of-the-box chat bot engine**. While spaCy can be used
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to power conversational applications, it's not designed specifically for chat
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bots, and only provides the underlying text processing capabilities.
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- ❌**spaCy is not research software**. It's built on the latest research, but
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it's designed to get things done. This leads to fairly different design
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decisions than [NLTK](https://github.com/nltk/nltk) or
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[CoreNLP](https://stanfordnlp.github.io/CoreNLP/), which were created as
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platforms for teaching and research. The main difference is that spaCy is
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integrated and opinionated. spaCy tries to avoid asking the user to choose
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between multiple algorithms that deliver equivalent functionality. Keeping the
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menu small lets spaCy deliver generally better performance and developer
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experience.
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- ❌ **spaCy is not a company**. It's an open-source library. Our company
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publishing spaCy and other software is called
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[Explosion](https://explosion.ai).
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## Features {id="features"}
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In the documentation, you'll come across mentions of spaCy's features and
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capabilities. Some of them refer to linguistic concepts, while others are
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related to more general machine learning functionality.
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| Name | Description |
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| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| **Tokenization** | Segmenting text into words, punctuations marks etc. |
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| **Part-of-speech** (POS) **Tagging** | Assigning word types to tokens, like verb or noun. |
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| **Dependency Parsing** | Assigning syntactic dependency labels, describing the relations between individual tokens, like subject or object. |
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| **Lemmatization** | Assigning the base forms of words. For example, the lemma of "was" is "be", and the lemma of "rats" is "rat". |
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| **Sentence Boundary Detection** (SBD) | Finding and segmenting individual sentences. |
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| **Named Entity Recognition** (NER) | Labelling named "real-world" objects, like persons, companies or locations. |
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| **Entity Linking** (EL) | Disambiguating textual entities to unique identifiers in a knowledge base. |
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| **Similarity** | Comparing words, text spans and documents and how similar they are to each other. |
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| **Text Classification** | Assigning categories or labels to a whole document, or parts of a document. |
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| **Rule-based Matching** | Finding sequences of tokens based on their texts and linguistic annotations, similar to regular expressions. |
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| **Training** | Updating and improving a statistical model's predictions. |
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| **Serialization** | Saving objects to files or byte strings. |
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### Statistical models {id="statistical-models"}
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While some of spaCy's features work independently, others require
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[trained pipelines](/models) to be loaded, which enable spaCy to **predict**
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linguistic annotations – for example, whether a word is a verb or a noun. A
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trained pipeline can consist of multiple components that use a statistical model
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trained on labeled data. spaCy currently offers trained pipelines for a variety
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of languages, which can be installed as individual Python modules. Pipeline
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packages can differ in size, speed, memory usage, accuracy and the data they
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include. The package you choose always depends on your use case and the texts
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you're working with. For a general-purpose use case, the small, default packages
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are always a good start. They typically include the following components:
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- **Binary weights** for the part-of-speech tagger, dependency parser and named
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entity recognizer to predict those annotations in context.
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- **Lexical entries** in the vocabulary, i.e. words and their
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context-independent attributes like the shape or spelling.
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- **Data files** like lemmatization rules and lookup tables.
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- **Word vectors**, i.e. multi-dimensional meaning representations of words that
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let you determine how similar they are to each other.
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- **Configuration** options, like the language and processing pipeline settings
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and model implementations to use, to put spaCy in the correct state when you
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load the pipeline.
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## Linguistic annotations {id="annotations"}
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spaCy provides a variety of linguistic annotations to give you **insights into a
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text's grammatical structure**. This includes the word types, like the parts of
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speech, and how the words are related to each other. For example, if you're
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analyzing text, it makes a huge difference whether a noun is the subject of a
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sentence, or the object – or whether "google" is used as a verb, or refers to
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the website or company in a specific context.
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> #### Loading pipelines
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>
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> ```bash
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> $ python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm
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>
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> >>> import spacy
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> >>> nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
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> ```
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Once you've [downloaded and installed](/usage/models) a trained pipeline, you
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can load it via [`spacy.load`](/api/top-level#spacy.load). This will return a
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`Language` object containing all components and data needed to process text. We
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usually call it `nlp`. Calling the `nlp` object on a string of text will return
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a processed `Doc`:
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```python {executable="true"}
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import spacy
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nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
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doc = nlp("Apple is looking at buying U.K. startup for $1 billion")
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for token in doc:
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print(token.text, token.pos_, token.dep_)
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```
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Even though a `Doc` is processed – e.g. split into individual words and
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annotated – it still holds **all information of the original text**, like
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whitespace characters. You can always get the offset of a token into the
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original string, or reconstruct the original by joining the tokens and their
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trailing whitespace. This way, you'll never lose any information when processing
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text with spaCy.
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### Tokenization {id="annotations-token"}
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<Tokenization101 />
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<Infobox title="Tokenization rules" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about how spaCy's tokenization rules work in detail, how to
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**customize and replace** the default tokenizer and how to **add
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language-specific data**, see the usage guides on
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[language data](/usage/linguistic-features#language-data) and
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[customizing the tokenizer](/usage/linguistic-features#tokenization).
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</Infobox>
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### Part-of-speech tags and dependencies {id="annotations-pos-deps",model="parser"}
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<PosDeps101 />
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<Infobox title="Part-of-speech tagging and morphology" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about **part-of-speech tagging** and rule-based morphology, and
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how to **navigate and use the parse tree** effectively, see the usage guides on
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[part-of-speech tagging](/usage/linguistic-features#pos-tagging) and
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[using the dependency parse](/usage/linguistic-features#dependency-parse).
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</Infobox>
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### Named Entities {id="annotations-ner",model="ner"}
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<NER101 />
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<Infobox title="Named Entity Recognition" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about entity recognition in spaCy, how to **add your own
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entities** to a document and how to **train and update** the entity predictions
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of a model, see the usage guides on
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[named entity recognition](/usage/linguistic-features#named-entities) and
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[training pipelines](/usage/training).
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</Infobox>
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### Word vectors and similarity {id="vectors-similarity",model="vectors"}
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<Vectors101 />
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<Infobox title="Word vectors" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about word vectors, how to **customize them** and how to load
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**your own vectors** into spaCy, see the usage guide on
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[using word vectors and semantic similarities](/usage/linguistic-features#vectors-similarity).
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</Infobox>
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## Pipelines {id="pipelines"}
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<Pipelines101 />
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<Infobox title="Processing pipelines" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about **how processing pipelines work** in detail, how to enable
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and disable their components, and how to **create your own**, see the usage
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guide on [language processing pipelines](/usage/processing-pipelines).
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</Infobox>
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## Architecture {id="architecture"}
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<Architecture101 />
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## Vocab, hashes and lexemes {id="vocab"}
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Whenever possible, spaCy tries to store data in a vocabulary, the
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[`Vocab`](/api/vocab), that will be **shared by multiple documents**. To save
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memory, spaCy also encodes all strings to **hash values** – in this case for
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example, "coffee" has the hash `3197928453018144401`. Entity labels like "ORG"
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and part-of-speech tags like "VERB" are also encoded. Internally, spaCy only
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"speaks" in hash values.
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> - **Token**: A word, punctuation mark etc. _in context_, including its
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> attributes, tags and dependencies.
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> - **Lexeme**: A "word type" with no context. Includes the word shape and
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> flags, e.g. if it's lowercase, a digit or punctuation.
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> - **Doc**: A processed container of tokens in context.
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> - **Vocab**: The collection of lexemes.
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> - **StringStore**: The dictionary mapping hash values to strings, for example
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> `3197928453018144401` → "coffee".
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If you process lots of documents containing the word "coffee" in all kinds of
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different contexts, storing the exact string "coffee" every time would take up
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way too much space. So instead, spaCy hashes the string and stores it in the
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[`StringStore`](/api/stringstore). You can think of the `StringStore` as a
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**lookup table that works in both directions** – you can look up a string to get
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its hash, or a hash to get its string:
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```python {executable="true"}
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import spacy
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nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
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doc = nlp("I love coffee")
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print(doc.vocab.strings["coffee"]) # 3197928453018144401
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print(doc.vocab.strings[3197928453018144401]) # 'coffee'
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```
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Now that all strings are encoded, the entries in the vocabulary **don't need to
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include the word text** themselves. Instead, they can look it up in the
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`StringStore` via its hash value. Each entry in the vocabulary, also called
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[`Lexeme`](/api/lexeme), contains the **context-independent** information about
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a word. For example, no matter if "love" is used as a verb or a noun in some
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context, its spelling and whether it consists of alphabetic characters won't
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ever change. Its hash value will also always be the same.
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```python {executable="true"}
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import spacy
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nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
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doc = nlp("I love coffee")
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for word in doc:
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lexeme = doc.vocab[word.text]
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print(lexeme.text, lexeme.orth, lexeme.shape_, lexeme.prefix_, lexeme.suffix_,
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lexeme.is_alpha, lexeme.is_digit, lexeme.is_title, lexeme.lang_)
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```
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> - **Text**: The original text of the lexeme.
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> - **Orth**: The hash value of the lexeme.
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> - **Shape**: The abstract word shape of the lexeme.
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> - **Prefix**: By default, the first letter of the word string.
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> - **Suffix**: By default, the last three letters of the word string.
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> - **is alpha**: Does the lexeme consist of alphabetic characters?
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> - **is digit**: Does the lexeme consist of digits?
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| Text | Orth | Shape | Prefix | Suffix | is_alpha | is_digit |
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| ------ | --------------------- | ------ | ------ | ------ | -------- | -------- |
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| I | `4690420944186131903` | `X` | I | I | `True` | `False` |
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| love | `3702023516439754181` | `xxxx` | l | ove | `True` | `False` |
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| coffee | `3197928453018144401` | `xxxx` | c | fee | `True` | `False` |
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The mapping of words to hashes doesn't depend on any state. To make sure each
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value is unique, spaCy uses a
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[hash function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function) to calculate the
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hash **based on the word string**. This also means that the hash for "coffee"
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will always be the same, no matter which pipeline you're using or how you've
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configured spaCy.
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However, hashes **cannot be reversed** and there's no way to resolve
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`3197928453018144401` back to "coffee". All spaCy can do is look it up in the
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vocabulary. That's why you always need to make sure all objects you create have
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access to the same vocabulary. If they don't, spaCy might not be able to find
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the strings it needs.
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```python {executable="true"}
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import spacy
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from spacy.tokens import Doc
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from spacy.vocab import Vocab
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nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
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doc = nlp("I love coffee") # Original Doc
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print(doc.vocab.strings["coffee"]) # 3197928453018144401
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print(doc.vocab.strings[3197928453018144401]) # 'coffee' 👍
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empty_doc = Doc(Vocab()) # New Doc with empty Vocab
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# empty_doc.vocab.strings[3197928453018144401] will raise an error :(
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empty_doc.vocab.strings.add("coffee") # Add "coffee" and generate hash
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print(empty_doc.vocab.strings[3197928453018144401]) # 'coffee' 👍
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new_doc = Doc(doc.vocab) # Create new doc with first doc's vocab
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print(new_doc.vocab.strings[3197928453018144401]) # 'coffee' 👍
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```
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If the vocabulary doesn't contain a string for `3197928453018144401`, spaCy will
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raise an error. You can re-add "coffee" manually, but this only works if you
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actually _know_ that the document contains that word. To prevent this problem,
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spaCy will also export the `Vocab` when you save a `Doc` or `nlp` object. This
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will give you the object and its encoded annotations, plus the "key" to decode
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it.
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## Serialization {id="serialization"}
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<Serialization101 />
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<Infobox title="Saving and loading" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about how to **save and load your own pipelines**, see the usage
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guide on [saving and loading](/usage/saving-loading#models).
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</Infobox>
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## Training {id="training"}
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<Training101 />
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<Infobox title="Training pipelines and models" emoji="📖">
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To learn more about **training and updating** pipelines, how to create training
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data and how to improve spaCy's named models, see the usage guides on
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[training](/usage/training).
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</Infobox>
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### Training config and lifecycle {id="training-config"}
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Training config files include all **settings and hyperparameters** for training
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your pipeline. Instead of providing lots of arguments on the command line, you
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only need to pass your `config.cfg` file to [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train).
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This also makes it easy to integrate custom models and architectures, written in
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your framework of choice. A pipeline's `config.cfg` is considered the "single
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source of truth", both at **training** and **runtime**.
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> ```ini
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> ### config.cfg (excerpt)
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> [training]
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> accumulate_gradient = 3
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>
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> [training.optimizer]
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> @optimizers = "Adam.v1"
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>
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> [training.optimizer.learn_rate]
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> @schedules = "warmup_linear.v1"
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> warmup_steps = 250
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> total_steps = 20000
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> initial_rate = 0.01
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> ```
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<Infobox title="Training configuration system" emoji="📖">
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For more details on spaCy's **configuration system** and how to use it to
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customize your pipeline components, component models, training settings and
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hyperparameters, see the [training config](/usage/training#config) usage guide.
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</Infobox>
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### Trainable components {id="training-components"}
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spaCy's [`Pipe`](/api/pipe) class helps you implement your own trainable
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components that have their own model instance, make predictions over `Doc`
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objects and can be updated using [`spacy train`](/api/cli#train). This lets you
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plug fully custom machine learning components into your pipeline that can be
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configured via a single training config.
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> #### config.cfg (excerpt)
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>
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> ```ini
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> [components.my_component]
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> factory = "my_component"
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>
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> [components.my_component.model]
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> @architectures = "my_model.v1"
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> width = 128
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> ```
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<Infobox title="Custom trainable components" emoji="📖">
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||
To learn more about how to implement your own **model architectures** and use
|
||
them to power custom **trainable components**, see the usage guides on the
|
||
[trainable component API](/usage/processing-pipelines#trainable-components) and
|
||
implementing [layers and architectures](/usage/layers-architectures#components)
|
||
for trainable components.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
## Language data {id="language-data"}
|
||
|
||
<LanguageData101 />
|
||
|
||
## Community & FAQ {id="community-faq"}
|
||
|
||
We're very happy to see the spaCy community grow and include a mix of people
|
||
from all kinds of different backgrounds – computational linguistics, data
|
||
science, deep learning, research and more. If you'd like to get involved, below
|
||
are some answers to the most important questions and resources for further
|
||
reading.
|
||
|
||
### Help, my code isn't working! {id="faq-help-code"}
|
||
|
||
Bugs suck, and we're doing our best to continuously improve the tests and fix
|
||
bugs as soon as possible. Before you submit an issue, do a quick search and
|
||
check if the problem has already been reported. If you're having installation or
|
||
loading problems, make sure to also check out the
|
||
[troubleshooting guide](/usage/#troubleshooting). Help with spaCy is available
|
||
via the following platforms:
|
||
|
||
> #### How do I know if something is a bug?
|
||
>
|
||
> Of course, it's always hard to know for sure, so don't worry – we're not going
|
||
> to be mad if a bug report turns out to be a typo in your code. As a simple
|
||
> rule, any C-level error without a Python traceback, like a **segmentation
|
||
> fault** or **memory error**, is **always** a spaCy bug.
|
||
>
|
||
> Because models are statistical, their performance will never be _perfect_.
|
||
> However, if you come across **patterns that might indicate an underlying
|
||
> issue**, please do file a report. Similarly, we also care about behaviors that
|
||
> **contradict our docs**.
|
||
|
||
- [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/spacy): **Usage
|
||
questions** and everything related to problems with your specific code. The
|
||
Stack Overflow community is much larger than ours, so if your problem can be
|
||
solved by others, you'll receive help much quicker.
|
||
- [GitHub discussions](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/discussions):
|
||
**General discussion**, **project ideas** and **usage questions**. Meet other
|
||
community members to get help with a specific code implementation, discuss
|
||
ideas for new projects/plugins, support more languages, and share best
|
||
practices.
|
||
- [GitHub issue tracker](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/issues): **Bug
|
||
reports** and **improvement suggestions**, i.e. everything that's likely
|
||
spaCy's fault. This also includes problems with the trained pipelines beyond
|
||
statistical imprecisions, like patterns that point to a bug.
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Important note" variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
Please understand that we won't be able to provide individual support via email.
|
||
We also believe that help is much more valuable if it's shared publicly, so that
|
||
**more people can benefit from it**. If you come across an issue and you think
|
||
you might be able to help, consider posting a quick update with your solution.
|
||
No matter how simple, it can easily save someone a lot of time and headache –
|
||
and the next time you need help, they might repay the favor.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
### How can I contribute to spaCy? {id="faq-contributing"}
|
||
|
||
You don't have to be an NLP expert or Python pro to contribute, and we're happy
|
||
to help you get started. If you're new to spaCy, a good place to start is the
|
||
[`help wanted (easy)` label](https://github.com/explosion/spaCy/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A"help+wanted+%28easy%29")
|
||
on GitHub, which we use to tag bugs and feature requests that are easy and
|
||
self-contained. We also appreciate contributions to the docs – whether it's
|
||
fixing a typo, improving an example or adding additional explanations. You'll
|
||
find a "Suggest edits" link at the bottom of each page that points you to the
|
||
source.
|
||
|
||
Another way of getting involved is to help us improve the
|
||
[language data](/usage/linguistic-features#language-data) – especially if you
|
||
happen to speak one of the languages currently in
|
||
[alpha support](/usage/models#languages). Even adding simple tokenizer
|
||
exceptions, stop words or lemmatizer data can make a big difference. It will
|
||
also make it easier for us to provide a trained pipeline for the language in the
|
||
future. Submitting a test that documents a bug or performance issue, or covers
|
||
functionality that's especially important for your application is also very
|
||
helpful. This way, you'll also make sure we never accidentally introduce
|
||
regressions to the parts of the library that you care about the most.
|
||
|
||
**For more details on the types of contributions we're looking for, the code
|
||
conventions and other useful tips, make sure to check out the
|
||
[contributing guidelines](%%GITHUB_SPACY/CONTRIBUTING.md).**
|
||
|
||
<Infobox title="Code of Conduct" variant="warning">
|
||
|
||
spaCy adheres to the
|
||
[Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct](http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/).
|
||
By participating, you are expected to uphold this code.
|
||
|
||
</Infobox>
|
||
|
||
### I've built something cool with spaCy – how can I get the word out? {id="faq-project-with-spacy"}
|
||
|
||
First, congrats – we'd love to check it out! When you share your project on
|
||
Twitter, don't forget to tag [@spacy_io](https://twitter.com/spacy_io) so we
|
||
don't miss it. If you think your project would be a good fit for the
|
||
[spaCy Universe](/universe), **feel free to submit it!** Tutorials are also
|
||
incredibly valuable to other users and a great way to get exposure. So we
|
||
strongly encourage **writing up your experiences**, or sharing your code and
|
||
some tips and tricks on your blog. Since our website is open-source, you can add
|
||
your project or tutorial by making a pull request on GitHub.
|
||
|
||
If you would like to use the spaCy logo on your site, please get in touch and
|
||
ask us first. However, if you want to show support and tell others that your
|
||
project is using spaCy, you can grab one of our **spaCy badges** here:
|
||
|
||
<img
|
||
src={`https://img.shields.io/badge/built%20with-spaCy-09a3d5.svg`}
|
||
alt="Built with spaCy"
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[](https://spacy.io)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<img
|
||
src={`https://img.shields.io/badge/made%20with%20❤%20and-spaCy-09a3d5.svg`}
|
||
alt="Made with love and spaCy"
|
||
/>
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[](https://spacy.io)
|
||
```
|