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https://github.com/graphql-python/graphene-django.git
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c049ab7470
* merge master into v3 * fix order_by snake casing by checking if value is None, switch executor to execution_context_class since schema.execute no longer supports executor * fix linting by removing duplicate defintion and test of convert_form_field_to_string_list
477 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
477 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _queries-objecttypes:
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Queries & ObjectTypes
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=====================
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Introduction
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------------
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Graphene-Django offers a host of features for performing GraphQL queries.
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Graphene-Django ships with a special ``DjangoObjectType`` that automatically transforms a Django Model
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into a ``ObjectType`` for you.
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Full example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. code:: python
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# my_app/schema.py
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import graphene
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = ("id", "question_text")
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
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questions = graphene.List(QuestionType)
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question_by_id = graphene.Field(QuestionType, id=graphene.String())
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def resolve_questions(root, info, **kwargs):
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# Querying a list
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return Question.objects.all()
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def resolve_question_by_id(root, info, id):
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# Querying a single question
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return Question.objects.get(pk=id)
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Specifying which fields to include
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----------------------------------
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By default, ``DjangoObjectType`` will present all fields on a Model through GraphQL.
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If you only want a subset of fields to be present, you can do so using
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``fields`` or ``exclude``. It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set
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all fields that should be exposed using the fields attribute.
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This will make it less likely to result in unintentionally exposing data when
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your models change.
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Setting neither ``fields`` nor ``exclude`` is deprecated and will raise a warning, you should at least explicitly make
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``DjangoObjectType`` include all fields in the model as described below.
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``fields``
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~~~~~~~~~~
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Show **only** these fields on the model:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = ("id", "question_text")
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You can also set the ``fields`` attribute to the special value ``"__all__"`` to indicate that all fields in the model should be used.
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For example:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = "__all__"
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``exclude``
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Show all fields **except** those in ``exclude``:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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exclude = ("question_text",)
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Customising fields
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------------------
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You can completely overwrite a field, or add new fields, to a ``DjangoObjectType`` using a Resolver:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = ("id", "question_text")
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extra_field = graphene.String()
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def resolve_extra_field(self, info):
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return "hello!"
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Choices to Enum conversion
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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By default Graphene-Django will convert any Django fields that have `choices`_
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defined into a GraphQL enum type.
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.. _choices: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/models/fields/#choices
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For example the following ``Model`` and ``DjangoObjectType``:
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.. code:: python
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from django.db import models
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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class PetModel(models.Model):
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kind = models.CharField(
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max_length=100,
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choices=(("cat", "Cat"), ("dog", "Dog"))
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)
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class Pet(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = PetModel
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fields = ("id", "kind",)
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Results in the following GraphQL schema definition:
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.. code::
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type Pet {
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id: ID!
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kind: PetModelKind!
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}
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enum PetModelKind {
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CAT
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DOG
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}
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You can disable this automatic conversion by setting
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``convert_choices_to_enum`` attribute to ``False`` on the ``DjangoObjectType``
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``Meta`` class.
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import PetModel
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class Pet(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = PetModel
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fields = ("id", "kind",)
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convert_choices_to_enum = False
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.. code::
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type Pet {
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id: ID!
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kind: String!
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}
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You can also set ``convert_choices_to_enum`` to a list of fields that should be
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automatically converted into enums:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import PetModel
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class Pet(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = PetModel
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fields = ("id", "kind",)
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convert_choices_to_enum = ["kind"]
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**Note:** Setting ``convert_choices_to_enum = []`` is the same as setting it to
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``False``.
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Related models
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--------------
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Say you have the following models:
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.. code:: python
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from django.db import models
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class Category(models.Model):
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foo = models.CharField(max_length=256)
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class Question(models.Model):
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category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
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When ``Question`` is published as a ``DjangoObjectType`` and you want to add ``Category`` as a query-able field like so:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = ("category",)
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Then all query-able related models must be defined as DjangoObjectType subclass,
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or they will fail to show if you are trying to query those relation fields. You only
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need to create the most basic class for this to work:
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Category
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class CategoryType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Category
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fields = ("foo",)
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.. _django-objecttype-get-queryset:
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Default QuerySet
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-----------------
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If you are using ``DjangoObjectType`` you can define a custom `get_queryset` method.
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Use this to control filtering on the ObjectType level instead of the Query object level.
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.. code:: python
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from graphene_django.types import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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fields = "__all__"
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@classmethod
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def get_queryset(cls, queryset, info):
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if info.context.user.is_anonymous:
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return queryset.filter(published=True)
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return queryset
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Resolvers
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---------
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When a GraphQL query is received by the ``Schema`` object, it will map it to a "Resolver" related to it.
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This resolve method should follow this format:
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.. code:: python
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def resolve_foo(parent, info, **kwargs):
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Where "foo" is the name of the field declared in the ``Query`` object.
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.. code:: python
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import graphene
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from .models import Question
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from .types import QuestionType
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
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foo = graphene.List(QuestionType)
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def resolve_foo(root, info, **kwargs):
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id = kwargs.get("id")
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return Question.objects.get(id)
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Arguments
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~~~~~~~~~
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Additionally, Resolvers will receive **any arguments declared in the field definition**. This allows you to provide input arguments in your GraphQL server and can be useful for custom queries.
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.. code:: python
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import graphene
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from .models import Question
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from .types import QuestionType
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
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question = graphene.Field(
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QuestionType,
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foo=graphene.String(),
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bar=graphene.Int()
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)
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def resolve_question(root, info, foo, bar):
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# If `foo` or `bar` are declared in the GraphQL query they will be here, else None.
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return Question.objects.filter(foo=foo, bar=bar).first()
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Info
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~~~~
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The ``info`` argument passed to all resolve methods holds some useful information.
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For Graphene-Django, the ``info.context`` attribute is the ``HTTPRequest`` object
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that would be familiar to any Django developer. This gives you the full functionality
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of Django's ``HTTPRequest`` in your resolve methods, such as checking for authenticated users:
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.. code:: python
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import graphene
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from .models import Question
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from .types import QuestionType
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
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questions = graphene.List(QuestionType)
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def resolve_questions(root, info):
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# See if a user is authenticated
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if info.context.user.is_authenticated():
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return Question.objects.all()
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else:
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return Question.objects.none()
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DjangoObjectTypes
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A Resolver that maps to a defined `DjangoObjectType` should only use methods that return a queryset.
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Queryset methods like `values` will return dictionaries, use `defer` instead.
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Plain ObjectTypes
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-----------------
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With Graphene-Django you are not limited to just Django Models - you can use the standard
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``ObjectType`` to create custom fields or to provide an abstraction between your internal
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Django models and your external API.
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.. code:: python
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import graphene
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from .models import Question
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class MyQuestion(graphene.ObjectType):
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text = graphene.String()
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class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
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question = graphene.Field(MyQuestion, question_id=graphene.String())
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def resolve_question(root, info, question_id):
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question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
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return MyQuestion(
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text=question.question_text
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)
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For more information and more examples, please see the `core object type documentation <https://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/types/objecttypes/>`__.
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Relay
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-----
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`Relay <http://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/relay/>`__ with Graphene-Django gives us some additional features:
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- Pagination and slicing.
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- An abstract ``id`` value which contains enough info for the server to know its type and its id.
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There is one additional import and a single line of code needed to adopt this:
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Full example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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See the `Relay documentation <https://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/relay/nodes/>`__ on
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the core graphene pages for more information on customizing the Relay experience.
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.. code:: python
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from graphene import relay
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from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionType(DjangoObjectType):
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class Meta:
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model = Question
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interfaces = (relay.Node,) # make sure you add this
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fields = "__all__"
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class QuestionConnection(relay.Connection):
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class Meta:
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node = QuestionType
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class Query:
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questions = relay.ConnectionField(QuestionConnection)
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def resolve_questions(root, info, **kwargs):
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return Question.objects.all()
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You can now execute queries like:
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.. code:: python
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{
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questions (first: 2, after: "YXJyYXljb25uZWN0aW9uOjEwNQ==") {
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pageInfo {
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startCursor
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endCursor
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hasNextPage
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hasPreviousPage
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}
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edges {
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cursor
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node {
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id
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question_text
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}
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}
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}
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}
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Which returns:
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.. code:: python
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{
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"data": {
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"questions": {
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"pageInfo": {
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"startCursor": "YXJyYXljb25uZWN0aW9uOjEwNg==",
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"endCursor": "YXJyYXljb25uZWN0aW9uOjEwNw==",
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"hasNextPage": true,
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"hasPreviousPage": false
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},
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"edges": [
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{
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"cursor": "YXJyYXljb25uZWN0aW9uOjEwNg==",
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"node": {
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"id": "UGxhY2VUeXBlOjEwNw==",
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"question_text": "How did we get here?"
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}
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},
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{
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"cursor": "YXJyYXljb25uZWN0aW9uOjEwNw==",
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"node": {
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"id": "UGxhY2VUeXBlOjEwOA==",
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"name": "Where are we?"
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}
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}
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]
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}
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}
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}
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Note that relay implements :code:`pagination` capabilities automatically, adding a :code:`pageInfo` element, and including :code:`cursor` on nodes. These elements are included in the above example for illustration.
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To learn more about Pagination in general, take a look at `Pagination <https://graphql.org/learn/pagination/>`__ on the GraphQL community site.
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