Updated all str.format(…) to f-strings (#1158)

* Updated all str.format(…) to f-strings

This revamps the PR #984

* Pass black

* Fix flake8

* Updated objecttype

* Fix black version

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ repos:
     hooks:
     -   id: pyupgrade
 -   repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
-    rev: 19.3b0
+    rev: 19.10b0
     hooks:
     - id: black
       language_version: python3

UPGRADE-v2.0.md

@@ -377,10 +377,7 @@ class Base(ObjectType):
     id = ID()
 
     def resolve_id(root, info):
-        return "{type}_{id}".format(
+        return f"{root.__class__.__name__}_{root.id}"
-            type=root.__class__.__name__,
-            id=root.id
-        )
 ```
 
 ### UUID Scalar

docs/execution/middleware.rst

@@ -55,12 +55,9 @@ logs the time it takes to resolve each field
     def timing_middleware(next, root, info, **args):
         start = timer()
         return_value = next(root, info, **args)
-        duration = timer() - start
+        duration = round((timer() - start) * 1000, 2)
-        logger.debug("{parent_type}.{field_name}: {duration} ms".format(
+        parent_type_name = root._meta.name if root and hasattr(root, '_meta') else ''
-            parent_type=root._meta.name if root and hasattr(root, '_meta') else '',
+        logger.debug(f"{parent_type_name}.{info.field_name}: {duration} ms")
-            field_name=info.field_name,
-            duration=round(duration * 1000, 2)
-        ))
         return return_value
 
 

docs/relay/nodes.rst

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Example of a custom node:
 
         @staticmethod
         def to_global_id(type, id):
-            return '{}:{}'.format(type, id)
+            return f"{type}:{id}"
 
         @staticmethod
         def get_node_from_global_id(info, global_id, only_type=None):

docs/types/objecttypes.rst

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ A field can use a custom resolver from outside the class:
     from graphene import ObjectType, String
 
     def resolve_full_name(person, info):
-        return '{} {}'.format(person.first_name, person.last_name)
+        return f"{person.first_name} {person.last_name}"
 
     class Person(ObjectType):
         first_name = String()

examples/complex_example.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class GeoInput(graphene.InputObjectType):
 
     @property
     def latlng(self):
-        return "({},{})".format(self.lat, self.lng)
+        return f"({self.lat},{self.lng})"
 
 
 class Address(graphene.ObjectType):

graphene/relay/connection.py

@@ -63,16 +63,14 @@ class Connection(ObjectType):
     @classmethod
     def __init_subclass_with_meta__(cls, node=None, name=None, **options):
         _meta = ConnectionOptions(cls)
-        assert node, "You have to provide a node in {}.Meta".format(cls.__name__)
+        assert node, f"You have to provide a node in {cls.__name__}.Meta"
         assert isinstance(node, NonNull) or issubclass(
             node, (Scalar, Enum, ObjectType, Interface, Union, NonNull)
-        ), ('Received incompatible node "{}" for Connection {}.').format(
+        ), f'Received incompatible node "{node}" for Connection {cls.__name__}.'
-            node, cls.__name__
-        )
 
         base_name = re.sub("Connection$", "", name or cls.__name__) or node._meta.name
         if not name:
-            name = "{}Connection".format(base_name)
+            name = f"{base_name}Connection"
 
         edge_class = getattr(cls, "Edge", None)
         _node = node
@@ -82,11 +80,9 @@ class Connection(ObjectType):
             cursor = String(required=True, description="A cursor for use in pagination")
 
         class EdgeMeta:
-            description = "A Relay edge containing a `{}` and its cursor.".format(
+            description = f"A Relay edge containing a `{base_name}` and its cursor."
-                base_name
-            )
 
-        edge_name = "{}Edge".format(base_name)
+        edge_name = f"{base_name}Edge"
         if edge_class:
             edge_bases = (edge_class, EdgeBase, ObjectType)
         else:
@@ -141,9 +137,9 @@ class IterableConnectionField(Field):
                 "Read more: https://github.com/graphql-python/graphene/blob/v2.0.0/UPGRADE-v2.0.md#node-connections"
             )
 
-        assert issubclass(connection_type, Connection), (
+        assert issubclass(
-            '{} type has to be a subclass of Connection. Received "{}".'
+            connection_type, Connection
-        ).format(self.__class__.__name__, connection_type)
+        ), f'{self.__class__.__name__} type has to be a subclass of Connection. Received "{connection_type}".'
         return type
 
     @classmethod
@@ -152,9 +148,9 @@ class IterableConnectionField(Field):
             return resolved
 
         assert isinstance(resolved, Iterable), (
-            "Resolved value from the connection field has to be an iterable or instance of {}. "
+            f"Resolved value from the connection field has to be an iterable or instance of {connection_type}. "
-            'Received "{}"'
+            f'Received "{resolved}"'
-        ).format(connection_type, resolved)
+        )
         connection = connection_from_array(
             resolved,
             args,

graphene/relay/mutation.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ClientIDMutation(Mutation):
             input_fields = {}
 
         cls.Input = type(
-            "{}Input".format(base_name),
+            f"{base_name}Input",
             bases,
             dict(input_fields, client_mutation_id=String(name="clientMutationId")),
         )
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ class ClientIDMutation(Mutation):
         mutate_and_get_payload = getattr(cls, "mutate_and_get_payload", None)
         if cls.mutate and cls.mutate.__func__ == ClientIDMutation.mutate.__func__:
             assert mutate_and_get_payload, (
-                "{name}.mutate_and_get_payload method is required"
+                f"{name or cls.__name__}.mutate_and_get_payload method is required"
                 " in a ClientIDMutation."
-            ).format(name=name or cls.__name__)
+            )
 
         if not name:
-            name = "{}Payload".format(base_name)
+            name = f"{base_name}Payload"
 
         super(ClientIDMutation, cls).__init_subclass_with_meta__(
             output=None, arguments=arguments, name=name, **options
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ class ClientIDMutation(Mutation):
                 payload.client_mutation_id = input.get("client_mutation_id")
             except Exception:
                 raise Exception(
-                    ("Cannot set client_mutation_id in the payload object {}").format(
+                    f"Cannot set client_mutation_id in the payload object {repr(payload)}"
-                        repr(payload)
-                    )
                 )
             return payload
 

graphene/relay/node.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class NodeField(Field):
             # interface
             type or node,
             id=ID(required=True, description="The ID of the object"),
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     def get_resolver(self, parent_resolver):
@@ -93,33 +93,27 @@ class Node(AbstractNode):
         except Exception as e:
             raise Exception(
                 (
-                    'Unable to parse global ID "{global_id}". '
+                    f'Unable to parse global ID "{global_id}". '
                     'Make sure it is a base64 encoded string in the format: "TypeName:id". '
-                    "Exception message: {exception}".format(
+                    f"Exception message: {str(e)}"
-                        global_id=global_id, exception=str(e)
-                    )
                 )
             )
 
         graphene_type = info.schema.get_type(_type)
         if graphene_type is None:
-            raise Exception(
+            raise Exception(f'Relay Node "{_type}" not found in schema')
-                'Relay Node "{_type}" not found in schema'.format(_type=_type)
-            )
 
         graphene_type = graphene_type.graphene_type
 
         if only_type:
-            assert graphene_type == only_type, ("Must receive a {} id.").format(
+            assert (
-                only_type._meta.name
+                graphene_type == only_type
-            )
+            ), f"Must receive a {only_type._meta.name} id."
 
         # We make sure the ObjectType implements the "Node" interface
         if cls not in graphene_type._meta.interfaces:
             raise Exception(
-                'ObjectType "{_type}" does not implement the "{cls}" interface.'.format(
+                f'ObjectType "{_type}" does not implement the "{cls}" interface.'
-                    _type=_type, cls=cls
-                )
             )
 
         get_node = getattr(graphene_type, "get_node", None)

graphene/relay/tests/test_connection_query.py

@@ -134,32 +134,28 @@ async def test_respects_an_overly_large_last():
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after():
-    await check(
+    await check(f'first: 2, after: "{cursor_for("B")}"', "CD", has_next_page=True)
-        'first: 2, after: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("B")), "CD", has_next_page=True
-    )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_with_long_first():
-    await check('first: 10, after: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("B")), "CDE")
+    await check(f'first: 10, after: "{cursor_for("B")}"', "CDE")
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_before():
-    await check(
+    await check(f'last: 2, before: "{cursor_for("D")}"', "BC", has_previous_page=True)
-        'last: 2, before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("D")), "BC", has_previous_page=True
-    )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_before_with_long_last():
-    await check('last: 10, before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("D")), "ABC")
+    await check(f'last: 10, before: "{cursor_for("D")}"', "ABC")
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_few():
     await check(
-        'first: 2, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 2, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BC",
         has_next_page=True,
     )
@@ -168,23 +164,21 @@ async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_few():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_many():
     await check(
-        'first: 4, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 4, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"', "BCD",
-        "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_exactly_right():
     await check(
-        'first: 3, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 3, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"', "BCD",
-        "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_few():
     await check(
-        'last: 2, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 2, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "CD",
         has_previous_page=True,
     )
@@ -193,16 +187,14 @@ async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_few():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_many():
     await check(
-        'last: 4, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 4, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"', "BCD",
-        "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_exactly_right():
     await check(
-        'last: 3, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 3, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"', "BCD",
-        "BCD",
     )
 
 
@@ -219,9 +211,7 @@ async def test_returns_all_elements_if_cursors_are_invalid():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_returns_all_elements_if_cursors_are_on_the_outside():
     await check(
-        'before: "{}" after: "{}"'.format(
+        f'before: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 6)}" after: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % -1)}"',
-            base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 6), base64("arrayconnection:%s" % -1)
-        ),
         "ABCDE",
     )
 
@@ -229,9 +219,7 @@ async def test_returns_all_elements_if_cursors_are_on_the_outside():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_returns_no_elements_if_cursors_cross():
     await check(
-        'before: "{}" after: "{}"'.format(
+        f'before: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 2)}" after: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 4)}"',
-            base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 2), base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 4)
-        ),
         "",
     )
 

graphene/types/argument.py

@@ -94,18 +94,17 @@ def to_arguments(args, extra_args=None):
 
         if isinstance(arg, (InputField, Field)):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Expected {} to be Argument, but received {}. Try using Argument({}).".format(
+                f"Expected {default_name} to be Argument, "
-                    default_name, type(arg).__name__, arg.type
+                f"but received {type(arg).__name__}. Try using Argument({arg.type})."
-                )
             )
 
         if not isinstance(arg, Argument):
-            raise ValueError('Unknown argument "{}".'.format(default_name))
+            raise ValueError(f'Unknown argument "{default_name}".')
 
         arg_name = default_name or arg.name
         assert (
             arg_name not in arguments
-        ), 'More than one Argument have same name "{}".'.format(arg_name)
+        ), f'More than one Argument have same name "{arg_name}".'
         arguments[arg_name] = arg
 
     return arguments

graphene/types/base.py

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ class BaseOptions:
         if not self._frozen:
             super(BaseOptions, self).__setattr__(name, value)
         else:
-            raise Exception("Can't modify frozen Options {}".format(self))
+            raise Exception(f"Can't modify frozen Options {self}")
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<{} name={}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, repr(self.name))
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} name={repr(self.name)}>"
 
 
 class BaseType(SubclassWithMeta):

graphene/types/datetime.py

@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class Date(Scalar):
         if isinstance(date, datetime.datetime):
             date = date.date()
         if not isinstance(date, datetime.date):
-            raise GraphQLError("Date cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(date)))
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Date cannot represent value: {repr(date)}")
         return date.isoformat()
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_literal(cls, node):
         if not isinstance(node, StringValueNode):
             raise GraphQLError(
-                "Date cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(print_ast(node))
+                f"Date cannot represent non-string value: {print_ast(node)}"
             )
         return cls.parse_value(node.value)
 
@@ -37,13 +37,11 @@ class Date(Scalar):
         if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
             return value
         if not isinstance(value, str):
-            raise GraphQLError(
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Date cannot represent non-string value: {repr(value)}")
-                "Date cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(repr(value))
-            )
         try:
             return parse_date(value)
         except ValueError:
-            raise GraphQLError("Date cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(value)))
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Date cannot represent value: {repr(value)}")
 
 
 class DateTime(Scalar):
@@ -56,14 +54,14 @@ class DateTime(Scalar):
     @staticmethod
     def serialize(dt):
         if not isinstance(dt, (datetime.datetime, datetime.date)):
-            raise GraphQLError("DateTime cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(dt)))
+            raise GraphQLError(f"DateTime cannot represent value: {repr(dt)}")
         return dt.isoformat()
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_literal(cls, node):
         if not isinstance(node, StringValueNode):
             raise GraphQLError(
-                "DateTime cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(print_ast(node))
+                f"DateTime cannot represent non-string value: {print_ast(node)}"
             )
         return cls.parse_value(node.value)
 
@@ -73,14 +71,12 @@ class DateTime(Scalar):
             return value
         if not isinstance(value, str):
             raise GraphQLError(
-                "DateTime cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(repr(value))
+                f"DateTime cannot represent non-string value: {repr(value)}"
             )
         try:
             return parse_datetime(value)
         except ValueError:
-            raise GraphQLError(
+            raise GraphQLError(f"DateTime cannot represent value: {repr(value)}")
-                "DateTime cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(value))
-            )
 
 
 class Time(Scalar):
@@ -93,14 +89,14 @@ class Time(Scalar):
     @staticmethod
     def serialize(time):
         if not isinstance(time, datetime.time):
-            raise GraphQLError("Time cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(time)))
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Time cannot represent value: {repr(time)}")
         return time.isoformat()
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_literal(cls, node):
         if not isinstance(node, StringValueNode):
             raise GraphQLError(
-                "Time cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(print_ast(node))
+                f"Time cannot represent non-string value: {print_ast(node)}"
             )
         return cls.parse_value(node.value)
 
@@ -109,10 +105,8 @@ class Time(Scalar):
         if isinstance(value, datetime.time):
             return value
         if not isinstance(value, str):
-            raise GraphQLError(
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Time cannot represent non-string value: {repr(value)}")
-                "Time cannot represent non-string value: {}".format(repr(value))
-            )
         try:
             return parse_time(value)
         except ValueError:
-            raise GraphQLError("Time cannot represent value: {}".format(repr(value)))
+            raise GraphQLError(f"Time cannot represent value: {repr(value)}")

graphene/types/decimal.py

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ class Decimal(Scalar):
     def serialize(dec):
         if isinstance(dec, str):
             dec = _Decimal(dec)
-        assert isinstance(dec, _Decimal), 'Received not compatible Decimal "{}"'.format(
+        assert isinstance(
-            repr(dec)
+            dec, _Decimal
-        )
+        ), f'Received not compatible Decimal "{repr(dec)}"'
         return str(dec)
 
     @classmethod

graphene/types/field.py

@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ class Field(MountedType):
         required=False,
         _creation_counter=None,
         default_value=None,
-        **extra_args
+        **extra_args,
     ):
         super(Field, self).__init__(_creation_counter=_creation_counter)
-        assert not args or isinstance(args, Mapping), (
+        assert not args or isinstance(
-            'Arguments in a field have to be a mapping, received "{}".'
+            args, Mapping
-        ).format(args)
+        ), f'Arguments in a field have to be a mapping, received "{args}".'
         assert not (
             source and resolver
         ), "A Field cannot have a source and a resolver in at the same time."
-        assert not callable(default_value), (
+        assert not callable(
-            'The default value can not be a function but received "{}".'
+            default_value
-        ).format(base_type(default_value))
+        ), f'The default value can not be a function but received "{base_type(default_value)}".'
 
         if required:
             type = NonNull(type)

graphene/types/mountedtype.py

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ class MountedType(OrderedType):
         """
         Mount the UnmountedType instance
         """
-        assert isinstance(unmounted, UnmountedType), ("{} can't mount {}").format(
+        assert isinstance(
-            cls.__name__, repr(unmounted)
+            unmounted, UnmountedType
-        )
+        ), f"{cls.__name__} can't mount {repr(unmounted)}"
 
         return cls(
             unmounted.get_type(),
             *unmounted.args,
             _creation_counter=unmounted.creation_counter,
-            **unmounted.kwargs
+            **unmounted.kwargs,
         )

graphene/types/mutation.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class Mutation(ObjectType):
         output=None,
         arguments=None,
         _meta=None,
-        **options
+        **options,
     ):
         if not _meta:
             _meta = MutationOptions(cls)
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ class Mutation(ObjectType):
         fields = {}
 
         for interface in interfaces:
-            assert issubclass(interface, Interface), (
+            assert issubclass(
-                'All interfaces of {} must be a subclass of Interface. Received "{}".'
+                interface, Interface
-            ).format(cls.__name__, interface)
+            ), f'All interfaces of {cls.__name__} must be a subclass of Interface. Received "{interface}".'
             fields.update(interface._meta.fields)
 
         if not output:
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ class Mutation(ObjectType):
                 if input_class:
                     warn_deprecation(
                         (
-                            "Please use {name}.Arguments instead of {name}.Input."
+                            f"Please use {cls.__name__}.Arguments instead of {cls.__name__}.Input."
                             " Input is now only used in ClientMutationID.\n"
                             "Read more:"
                             " https://github.com/graphql-python/graphene/blob/v2.0.0/UPGRADE-v2.0.md#mutation-input"
-                        ).format(name=cls.__name__)
+                        )
                     )
 
             if input_class:

graphene/types/objecttype.py

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class ObjectType(BaseType):
         possible_types=(),
         default_resolver=None,
         _meta=None,
-        **options
+        **options,
     ):
         if not _meta:
             _meta = ObjectTypeOptions(cls)
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@ class ObjectType(BaseType):
         fields = {}
 
         for interface in interfaces:
-            assert issubclass(interface, Interface), (
+            assert issubclass(
-                'All interfaces of {} must be a subclass of Interface. Received "{}".'
+                interface, Interface
-            ).format(cls.__name__, interface)
+            ), f'All interfaces of {cls.__name__} must be a subclass of Interface. Received "{interface}".'
             fields.update(interface._meta.fields)
 
         for base in reversed(cls.__mro__):
             fields.update(yank_fields_from_attrs(base.__dict__, _as=Field))
 
         assert not (possible_types and cls.is_type_of), (
-            "{name}.Meta.possible_types will cause type collision with {name}.is_type_of. "
+            f"{cls.__name__}.Meta.possible_types will cause type collision with {cls.__name__}.is_type_of. "
             "Please use one or other."
-        ).format(name=cls.__name__)
+        )
 
         if _meta.fields:
             _meta.fields.update(fields)
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ class ObjectType(BaseType):
                     pass
             if kwargs:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    "'{}' is an invalid keyword argument for {}".format(
+                    f"'{list(kwargs)[0]}' is an invalid keyword argument"
-                        list(kwargs)[0], self.__class__.__name__
+                    f" for {self.__class__.__name__}"
-                    )
                 )

graphene/types/schema.py

@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ def assert_valid_root_type(type_):
         return
     is_graphene_objecttype = inspect.isclass(type_) and issubclass(type_, ObjectType)
     is_graphql_objecttype = isinstance(type_, GraphQLObjectType)
-    assert is_graphene_objecttype or is_graphql_objecttype, (
+    assert (
-        "Type {} is not a valid ObjectType."
+        is_graphene_objecttype or is_graphql_objecttype
-    ).format(type_)
+    ), f"Type {type_} is not a valid ObjectType."
 
 
 def is_graphene_type(type_):
@@ -113,9 +113,7 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
         try:
             name = graphene_type._meta.name
         except AttributeError:
-            raise TypeError(
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected Graphene type, but received: {graphene_type}.")
-                "Expected Graphene type, but received: {}.".format(graphene_type)
-            )
         graphql_type = self.get(name)
         if graphql_type:
             return graphql_type
@@ -132,9 +130,7 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
         elif issubclass(graphene_type, Union):
             graphql_type = self.construct_union(graphene_type)
         else:
-            raise TypeError(
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected Graphene type, but received: {graphene_type}.")
-                "Expected Graphene type, but received: {}.".format(graphene_type)
-            )
         self[name] = graphql_type
         return graphql_type
 
@@ -316,12 +312,15 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
                     args=args,
                     resolve=field.get_resolver(
                         self.get_resolver_for_type(
-                            graphene_type, "resolve_{}", name, field.default_value
+                            graphene_type, f"resolve_{name}", name, field.default_value
                         )
                     ),
                     subscribe=field.get_resolver(
                         self.get_resolver_for_type(
-                            graphene_type, "subscribe_{}", name, field.default_value
+                            graphene_type,
+                            f"subscribe_{name}",
+                            name,
+                            field.default_value,
                         )
                     ),
                     deprecation_reason=field.deprecation_reason,
@@ -331,10 +330,9 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
             fields[field_name] = _field
         return fields
 
-    def get_resolver_for_type(self, graphene_type, pattern, name, default_value):
+    def get_resolver_for_type(self, graphene_type, func_name, name, default_value):
         if not issubclass(graphene_type, ObjectType):
             return
-        func_name = pattern.format(name)
         resolver = getattr(graphene_type, func_name, None)
         if not resolver:
             # If we don't find the resolver in the ObjectType class, then try to
@@ -366,10 +364,10 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
 
         if inspect.isclass(type_) and issubclass(type_, ObjectType):
             graphql_type = self.get(type_._meta.name)
-            assert graphql_type, "Can't find type {} in schema".format(type_._meta.name)
+            assert graphql_type, f"Can't find type {type_._meta.name} in schema"
-            assert graphql_type.graphene_type == type_, (
+            assert (
-                "The type {} does not match with the associated graphene type {}."
+                graphql_type.graphene_type == type_
-            ).format(type_, graphql_type.graphene_type)
+            ), f"The type {type_} does not match with the associated graphene type {graphql_type.graphene_type}."
             return graphql_type
 
         return type_
@@ -377,7 +375,7 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
     def get_resolver(self, graphene_type, name, default_value):
         if not issubclass(graphene_type, ObjectType):
             return
-        resolver = getattr(graphene_type, "resolve_{}".format(name), None)
+        resolver = getattr(graphene_type, f"resolve_{name}", None)
         if not resolver:
             # If we don't find the resolver in the ObjectType class, then try to
             # find it in each of the interfaces
@@ -385,7 +383,7 @@ class TypeMap(dict):
             for interface in graphene_type._meta.interfaces:
                 if name not in interface._meta.fields:
                     continue
-                interface_resolver = getattr(interface, "resolve_{}".format(name), None)
+                interface_resolver = getattr(interface, f"resolve_{name}", None)
                 if interface_resolver:
                     break
             resolver = interface_resolver
@@ -458,7 +456,7 @@ class Schema:
         """
         _type = self.graphql_schema.get_type(type_name)
         if _type is None:
-            raise AttributeError('Type "{}" not found in the Schema'.format(type_name))
+            raise AttributeError(f'Type "{type_name}" not found in the Schema')
         if isinstance(_type, GrapheneGraphQLType):
             return _type.graphene_type
         return _type

graphene/types/structures.py

@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ class Structure(UnmountedType):
             cls_name = type(self).__name__
             of_type_name = type(of_type).__name__
             raise Exception(
-                "{} could not have a mounted {}() as inner type. Try with {}({}).".format(
+                f"{cls_name} could not have a mounted {of_type_name}()"
-                    cls_name, of_type_name, cls_name, of_type_name
+                f" as inner type. Try with {cls_name}({of_type_name})."
-                )
             )
         self._of_type = of_type
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class List(Structure):
     """
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "[{}]".format(self.of_type)
+        return f"[{self.of_type}]"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, List) and (
@@ -85,12 +84,12 @@ class NonNull(Structure):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(NonNull, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        assert not isinstance(self._of_type, NonNull), (
+        assert not isinstance(
-            "Can only create NonNull of a Nullable GraphQLType but got: {}."
+            self._of_type, NonNull
-        ).format(self._of_type)
+        ), f"Can only create NonNull of a Nullable GraphQLType but got: {self._of_type}."
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}!".format(self.of_type)
+        return f"{self.of_type}!"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, NonNull) and (

graphene/types/tests/test_datetime.py

@@ -180,9 +180,7 @@ def test_time_query_variable(sample_time):
 def test_bad_variables(sample_date, sample_datetime, sample_time):
     def _test_bad_variables(type_, input_):
         result = schema.execute(
-            """query Test($input: {}){{ {}(in: $input) }}""".format(
+            f"""query Test($input: {type_}){{ {type_.lower()}(in: $input) }}""",
-                type_, type_.lower()
-            ),
             variables={"input": input_},
         )
         assert isinstance(result.errors, list)

graphene/types/tests/test_enum.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def test_enum_construction():
 
         @property
         def description(self):
-            return "Description {}".format(self.name)
+            return f"Description {self.name}"
 
     assert RGB._meta.name == "RGB"
     assert RGB._meta.description == "Description"

graphene/types/tests/test_inputobjecttype.py

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def test_inputobjecttype_of_input():
 
         @property
         def full_name(self):
-            return "{} {}".format(self.first_name, self.last_name)
+            return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}"
 
     class Parent(InputObjectType):
         child = InputField(Child)

graphene/types/tests/test_query.py

@@ -454,15 +454,15 @@ def test_query_annotated_resolvers():
         info = String()
 
         def resolve_annotated(self, info, id):
-            return "{}-{}".format(self, id)
+            return f"{self}-{id}"
 
         def resolve_context(self, info):
             assert isinstance(info.context, Context)
-            return "{}-{}".format(self, info.context.key)
+            return f"{self}-{info.context.key}"
 
         def resolve_info(self, info):
             assert isinstance(info, ResolveInfo)
-            return "{}-{}".format(self, info.field_name)
+            return f"{self}-{info.field_name}"
 
     test_schema = Schema(Query)
 

graphene/types/tests/test_type_map.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_enum():
 
         @property
         def description(self):
-            return "Description {}={}".format(self.name, self.value)
+            return f"Description {self.name}={self.value}"
 
         @property
         def deprecation_reason(self):

graphene/types/union.py

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Union(UnmountedType, BaseType):
     def __init_subclass_with_meta__(cls, types=None, **options):
         assert (
             isinstance(types, (list, tuple)) and len(types) > 0
-        ), "Must provide types for Union {name}.".format(name=cls.__name__)
+        ), f"Must provide types for Union {cls.__name__}."
 
         _meta = UnionOptions(cls)
         _meta.types = types

graphene/types/unmountedtype.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class UnmountedType(OrderedType):
         This function is called when the UnmountedType instance
         is mounted (as a Field, InputField or Argument)
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError("get_type not implemented in {}".format(self))
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"get_type not implemented in {self}")
 
     def mount_as(self, _as):
         return _as.mounted(self)

graphene/types/uuid.py

@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ class UUID(Scalar):
         if isinstance(uuid, str):
             uuid = _UUID(uuid)
 
-        assert isinstance(uuid, _UUID), "Expected UUID instance, received {}".format(
+        assert isinstance(uuid, _UUID), f"Expected UUID instance, received {uuid}"
-            uuid
-        )
         return str(uuid)
 
     @staticmethod

graphene/utils/deprecated.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import functools
 import inspect
 import warnings
 
-string_types = (type(b""), type(u""))
+string_types = (type(b""), type(""))
 
 
 def warn_deprecation(text):
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ def deprecated(reason):
         def decorator(func1):
 
             if inspect.isclass(func1):
-                fmt1 = "Call to deprecated class {name} ({reason})."
+                fmt1 = f"Call to deprecated class {func1.__name__} ({reason})."
             else:
-                fmt1 = "Call to deprecated function {name} ({reason})."
+                fmt1 = f"Call to deprecated function {func1.__name__} ({reason})."
 
             @functools.wraps(func1)
             def new_func1(*args, **kwargs):
-                warn_deprecation(fmt1.format(name=func1.__name__, reason=reason))
+                warn_deprecation(fmt1)
                 return func1(*args, **kwargs)
 
             return new_func1
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ def deprecated(reason):
         func2 = reason
 
         if inspect.isclass(func2):
-            fmt2 = "Call to deprecated class {name}."
+            fmt2 = f"Call to deprecated class {func2.__name__}."
         else:
-            fmt2 = "Call to deprecated function {name}."
+            fmt2 = f"Call to deprecated function {func2.__name__}."
 
         @functools.wraps(func2)
         def new_func2(*args, **kwargs):
-            warn_deprecation(fmt2.format(name=func2.__name__))
+            warn_deprecation(fmt2)
             return func2(*args, **kwargs)
 
         return new_func2

graphene/utils/subclass_with_meta.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class SubclassWithMeta_Meta(type):
         return cls.__name__
 
     def __repr__(cls):
-        return "<{} meta={}>".format(cls.__name__, repr(cls._meta))
+        return f"<{cls.__name__} meta={repr(cls._meta)}>"
 
 
 class SubclassWithMeta(metaclass=SubclassWithMeta_Meta):
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ class SubclassWithMeta(metaclass=SubclassWithMeta_Meta):
                 _meta_props = props(_Meta)
             else:
                 raise Exception(
-                    "Meta have to be either a class or a dict. Received {}".format(
+                    f"Meta have to be either a class or a dict. Received {_Meta}"
-                        _Meta
-                    )
                 )
             delattr(cls, "Meta")
         options = dict(meta_options, **_meta_props)
@@ -40,8 +38,8 @@ class SubclassWithMeta(metaclass=SubclassWithMeta_Meta):
         if abstract:
             assert not options, (
                 "Abstract types can only contain the abstract attribute. "
-                "Received: abstract, {option_keys}"
+                f"Received: abstract, {', '.join(options)}"
-            ).format(option_keys=", ".join(options))
+            )
         else:
             super_class = super(cls, cls)
             if hasattr(super_class, "__init_subclass_with_meta__"):