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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>
Overview &middot; Bootstrap Material Design
</title>
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="@FezVrasta">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@FezVrasta">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Overview">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Components and options for laying out your Bootstrap project, including wrapping containers, a powerful grid system, a flexible media object, and responsive utility classes.">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://fezvrasta.github.io/assets/brand/bootstrap-social-logo.png">
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://fezvrasta.github.io/docs/4.0/layout/overview/">
<meta property="og:title" content="Overview">
<meta property="og:description" content="Components and options for laying out your Bootstrap project, including wrapping containers, a powerful grid system, a flexible media object, and responsive utility classes.">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:image" content="http://fezvrasta.github.io/assets/brand/bootstrap-social.png">
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
<!-- Meta -->
<meta name="description" content="The most popular HTML, CSS, and JS Material Design library in the world.">
<meta name="author" content="Federico Zivolo and Bootstrap contributors">
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<link href="/bootstrap-material-design/dist/css/bootstrap-material-design.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,400,500,700" rel="stylesheet" >
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/docsearch.js/2/docsearch.min.css" />
<link href="/bootstrap-material-design/assets/css/docs.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Favicons -->
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/bootstrap-material-design/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" href="/bootstrap-material-design/favicon.ico">
<script>
(function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) {
i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () {
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}, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o),
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ga('create', 'UA-80431047-1', 'auto');
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script>
</head>
<body class="bd-docs" data-spy="scroll" data-target=".bd-sidenav-active">
<a id="skippy" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">
<div class="container">
<span class="skiplink-text">Skip to main content</span>
</div>
</a>
<header class="navbar navbar-expand navbar-dark flex-column flex-md-row bd-navbar">
<a class="navbar-brand mr-0 mr-md-2" href="/bootstrap-material-design/" aria-label="Bootstrap">
<svg class="d-block" width="36" height="36" viewbox="0 0 612 612" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" focusable="false"><title>Bootstrap</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M510 8a94.3 94.3 0 0 1 94 94v408a94.3 94.3 0 0 1-94 94H102a94.3 94.3 0 0 1-94-94V102a94.3 94.3 0 0 1 94-94h408m0-8H102C45.9 0 0 45.9 0 102v408c0 56.1 45.9 102 102 102h408c56.1 0 102-45.9 102-102V102C612 45.9 566.1 0 510 0z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M196.77 471.5V154.43h124.15c54.27 0 91 31.64 91 79.1 0 33-24.17 63.72-54.71 69.21v1.76c43.07 5.49 70.75 35.82 70.75 78 0 55.81-40 89-107.45 89zm39.55-180.4h63.28c46.8 0 72.29-18.68 72.29-53 0-31.42-21.53-48.78-60-48.78h-75.57zm78.22 145.46c47.68 0 72.73-19.34 72.73-56s-25.93-55.37-76.46-55.37h-74.49v111.4z"/></svg>
</a>
<div class="navbar-nav-scroll">
<ul class="navbar-nav bd-navbar-nav flex-row">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link " href="/bootstrap-material-design/" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Navbar', 'Community links', 'Bootstrap');">Home</a>
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<a class="nav-link active" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Navbar', 'Community links', 'Docs');">Documentation</a>
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<a class="nav-link " href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/examples/" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Navbar', 'Community links', 'Examples');">Examples</a>
</li>
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<a class="nav-link" href="https://www.creative-tim.com/product/material-dashboard-pro?affiliate_id=87385" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Navbar', 'Community links', 'Material Dashboard Pro');" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Material Dashboard</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="https://www.creative-tim.com/product/material-kit-pro?affiliate_id=87385" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Navbar', 'Community links', 'Material Kit Pro');" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Material Kit</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-row ml-md-auto d-none d-md-flex">
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<a class="nav-item nav-link dropdown-toggle mr-md-2" href="#" id="bd-versions" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
v4.0
</a>
<div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="bd-versions">
<a class="dropdown-item active" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/">Latest (4.x)</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/FezVrasta/bootstrap-material-design/gh-pages-v3/index.html">v3.x</a>
</div>
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<a class="nav-link p-2" href="https://github.com/FezVrasta/bootstrap-material-design" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="GitHub">
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<a class="nav-link p-2" href="https://twitter.com/FezVrasta" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Twitter">
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</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link p-2" href="https://bootstrap-slack.herokuapp.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Slack">
<svg class="navbar-nav-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 512 512" focusable="false"><title>Slack</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M210.787 234.832l68.31-22.883 22.1 65.977-68.309 22.882z"/><path d="M490.54 185.6C437.7 9.59 361.6-31.34 185.6 21.46S-31.3 150.4 21.46 326.4 150.4 543.3 326.4 490.54 543.34 361.6 490.54 185.6zM401.7 299.8l-33.15 11.05 11.46 34.38c4.5 13.92-2.87 29.06-16.78 33.56-2.87.82-6.14 1.64-9 1.23a27.32 27.32 0 0 1-24.56-18l-11.46-34.38-68.36 22.92 11.46 34.38c4.5 13.92-2.87 29.06-16.78 33.56-2.87.82-6.14 1.64-9 1.23a27.32 27.32 0 0 1-24.56-18l-11.46-34.43-33.15 11.05c-2.87.82-6.14 1.64-9 1.23a27.32 27.32 0 0 1-24.56-18c-4.5-13.92 2.87-29.06 16.78-33.56l33.12-11.03-22.1-65.9-33.15 11.05c-2.87.82-6.14 1.64-9 1.23a27.32 27.32 0 0 1-24.56-18c-4.48-13.93 2.89-29.07 16.81-33.58l33.15-11.05-11.46-34.38c-4.5-13.92 2.87-29.06 16.78-33.56s29.06 2.87 33.56 16.78l11.46 34.38 68.36-22.92-11.46-34.38c-4.5-13.92 2.87-29.06 16.78-33.56s29.06 2.87 33.56 16.78l11.47 34.42 33.15-11.05c13.92-4.5 29.06 2.87 33.56 16.78s-2.87 29.06-16.78 33.56L329.7 194.6l22.1 65.9 33.15-11.05c13.92-4.5 29.06 2.87 33.56 16.78s-2.88 29.07-16.81 33.57z" fill="currentColor"/></svg>
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</ul>
<a class="btn btn-bd-yellow d-none d-lg-inline-block mb-3 mb-md-0 ml-md-3" href="https://github.com/FezVrasta/bootstrap-material-design/releases">Download</a>
</header>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row flex-xl-nowrap">
<div class="col-12 col-md-3 col-xl-2 bd-sidebar">
<form class="bd-search d-flex align-items-center">
<input type="search" class="form-control" id="search-input" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search for..." autocomplete="off">
<button class="btn-link bd-search-docs-toggle d-md-none p-0 ml-3" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bd-docs-nav" aria-controls="bd-docs-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle docs avigation">
<svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30" height="30" focusable="false"><title>Menu</title><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-miterlimit="10" d="M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22"/></svg>
</button>
</form>
<nav class="collapse bd-links" id="bd-docs-nav">
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/introduction/">
Getting started
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/introduction/">
Introduction
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/download/">
Download
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/contents/">
Contents
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/browsers-devices/">
Browsers & devices
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/javascript/">
JavaScript
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/options/">
Options
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/build-tools/">
Build tools
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/webpack/">
Webpack
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/getting-started/accessibility/">
Accessibility
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item active">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/layout/overview/">
Layout
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="active bd-sidenav-active">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/layout/overview/">
Overview
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/layout/grid/">
Grid
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/layout/media-object/">
Media object
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/layout/utilities-for-layout/">
Utilities for layout
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/reboot/">
Content
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/reboot/">
Reboot
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/typography/">
Typography
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/code/">
Code
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/images/">
Images
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/tables/">
Tables
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/content/figures/">
Figures
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/alerts/">
Components
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/alerts/">
Alerts
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/badge/">
Badge
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/breadcrumb/">
Breadcrumb
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/buttons/">
Buttons
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/button-group/">
Button group
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/card/">
Card
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/carousel/">
Carousel
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/collapse/">
Collapse
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/dropdowns/">
Dropdowns
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/forms/">
Forms
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/input-group/">
Input group
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/jumbotron/">
Jumbotron
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/list-group/">
List group
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/modal/">
Modal
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/navs/">
Navs
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/navbar/">
Navbar
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/pagination/">
Pagination
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/popovers/">
Popovers
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/progress/">
Progress
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/scrollspy/">
Scrollspy
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/components/tooltips/">
Tooltips
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/buttons/">
Material Design
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/buttons/">
Buttons
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/collapse-inline/">
Collapse inline
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/drawers/">
Drawers
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/extensions/">
Extensions
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/forms/">
Forms
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/labels/">
Labels
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/list-groups/">
List groups
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/menus/">
Menus
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/navs/">
Navs
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/selections/">
Selections
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/material-design/snackbars/">
Snackbars
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/borders/">
Utilities
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/borders/">
Borders
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/clearfix/">
Clearfix
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/close-icon/">
Close icon
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/colors/">
Colors
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/display/">
Display
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/embed/">
Embed
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/flex/">
Flex
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/float/">
Float
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/image-replacement/">
Image replacement
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/position/">
Position
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/screenreaders/">
Screenreaders
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/sizing/">
Sizing
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/spacing/">
Spacing
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/text/">
Text
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/vertical-align/">
Vertical align
</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/utilities/visibility/">
Visibility
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/extend/icons/">
Extend
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="">
<a href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/extend/icons/">
Icons
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bd-toc-item ">
<a class="bd-toc-link" href="/bootstrap-material-design/docs/4.0/migration/">
Migration
</a>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-xl-block col-xl-2 bd-toc">
<ul class="section-nav">
<li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#containers">Containers</a></li>
<li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#responsive-breakpoints">Responsive breakpoints</a></li>
<li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#z-index">Z-index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<main class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8 py-md-3 pl-md-5 bd-content" role="main">
<h1 class="bd-title" id="content">Overview</h1>
<p class="bd-lead">Components and options for laying out your Bootstrap project, including wrapping containers, a powerful grid system, a flexible media object, and responsive utility classes.</p>
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<h2 id="containers">Containers</h2>
<p>Containers are the most basic layout element in Bootstrap and are <strong>required when using our default grid system</strong>. Choose from a responsive, fixed-width container (meaning its <code class="highlighter-rouge">max-width</code> changes at each breakpoint) or fluid-width (meaning its <code class="highlighter-rouge">100%</code> wide all the time).</p>
<p>While containers <em>can</em> be nested, most layouts do not require a nested container.</p>
<div class="bd-example">
<div class="bd-example-container">
<div class="bd-example-container-header"></div>
<div class="bd-example-container-sidebar"></div>
<div class="bd-example-container-body"></div>
</div>
</div>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"container"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="c">&lt;!-- Content here --&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Use <code class="highlighter-rouge">.container-fluid</code> for a full width container, spanning the entire width of the viewport.</p>
<div class="bd-example">
<div class="bd-example-container bd-example-container-fluid">
<div class="bd-example-container-header"></div>
<div class="bd-example-container-sidebar"></div>
<div class="bd-example-container-body"></div>
</div>
</div>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"container-fluid"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
...
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="responsive-breakpoints">Responsive breakpoints</h2>
<p>Since Bootstrap is developed to be mobile first, we use a handful of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Media_Queries/Using_media_queries">media queries</a> to create sensible breakpoints for our layouts and interfaces. These breakpoints are mostly based on minimum viewport widths and allow us to scale up elements as the viewport changes.</p>
<p>Bootstrap primarily uses the following media query ranges—or breakpoints—in our source Sass files for our layout, grid system, and components.</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
// No media query since this is the default in Bootstrap
</span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">576px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">768px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, 992px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">992px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">1200px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Since we write our source CSS in Sass, all our media queries are available via Sass mixins:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Example usage:
</span><span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nc">.some-class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nl">display</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">block</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>We occasionally use media queries that go in the other direction (the given screen size <em>or smaller</em>):</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">575px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, less than 768px)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">767px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, less than 992px)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">991px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, less than 1200px)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">1199px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops)
</span><span class="o">//</span> <span class="nt">No</span> <span class="nt">media</span> <span class="nt">query</span> <span class="nt">since</span> <span class="nt">the</span> <span class="nt">extra-large</span> <span class="nt">breakpoint</span> <span class="nt">has</span> <span class="nt">no</span> <span class="nt">upper</span> <span class="nt">bound</span> <span class="nt">on</span> <span class="nt">its</span> <span class="nt">width</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Once again, these media queries are also available via Sass mixins:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>There are also media queries and mixins for targeting a single segment of screen sizes using the minimum and maximum breakpoint widths.</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">575px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">576px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">767px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">768px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">991px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, 992px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">992px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">1199px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up)
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">1200px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>These media queries are also available via Sass mixins:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Similarly, media queries may span multiple breakpoint widths:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Example
// Apply styles starting from medium devices and up to extra large devices
</span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">768px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="m">1199px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>The Sass mixin for targeting the same screen size range would be:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span> <span class="nd">media-breakpoint-between</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre></figure>
<h2 id="z-index">Z-index</h2>
<p>Several Bootstrap components utilize <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code>, the CSS property that helps control layout by providing a third axis to arrange content. We utilize a default z-index scale in Bootstrap thats been designed to properly layer navigation, tooltips and popovers, modals, and more.</p>
<p>We dont encourage customization of these values; should you change one, you likely need to change them all.</p>
<div class="language-scss highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nv">$zindex-dropdown-backdrop</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">990</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-dropdown</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1000</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-fixed</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1030</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-sticky</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1030</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-modal-backdrop</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1040</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-modal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1050</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-popover</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1060</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-tooltip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="m">1070</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="nb">default</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Background elements—like the backdrops that allow click-dismissing—tend to reside on a lower <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code>s, while navigation and popovers utilize higher <code class="highlighter-rouge">z-index</code>s to ensure they overlay surrounding content.</p>
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