Don't look up for Python encoding

Store the encode/decode functions for the right codec in the connection.
The Python encoding name has been dropped of the connection to avoid the
temptation to use it...

psycopg/adapter_qstring.c

@@ -36,20 +36,6 @@ static const char *default_encoding = "latin1";
 
 /* qstring_quote - do the quote process on plain and unicode strings */
 
-const char *
-_qstring_get_encoding(qstringObject *self)
-{
-    /* if the wrapped object is an unicode object we can encode it to match
-       conn->encoding but if the encoding is not specified we don't know what
-       to do and we raise an exception */
-    if (self->conn) {
-        return self->conn->pyenc;
-    }
-    else {
-        return self->encoding ? self->encoding : default_encoding;
-    }
-}
-
 static PyObject *
 qstring_quote(qstringObject *self)
 {
@@ -59,19 +45,15 @@ qstring_quote(qstringObject *self)
     const char *encoding;
     PyObject *rv = NULL;
 
-    encoding = _qstring_get_encoding(self);
-    Dprintf("qstring_quote: encoding to %s", encoding);
-
     if (PyUnicode_Check(self->wrapped)) {
-        if (encoding) {
+        if (self->conn) {
-            str = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(self->wrapped, encoding, NULL);
+            if (!(str = conn_encode(self->conn, self->wrapped))) { goto exit; }
-            Dprintf("qstring_quote: got encoded object at %p", str);
-            if (str == NULL) goto exit;
         }
         else {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            encoding = self->encoding ? self->encoding : default_encoding;
-                "missing encoding to encode unicode object");
+            if(!(str = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(self->wrapped, encoding, NULL))) {
-            goto exit;
+                goto exit;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -162,9 +144,12 @@ qstring_conform(qstringObject *self, PyObject *args)
 static PyObject *
 qstring_get_encoding(qstringObject *self)
 {
-    const char *encoding;
+    if (self->conn) {
-    encoding = _qstring_get_encoding(self);
+        return conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(self->conn->encoding, NULL);
-    return Text_FromUTF8(encoding);
+    }
+    else {
+        return Text_FromUTF8(self->encoding ? self->encoding : default_encoding);
+    }
 }
 
 static int

psycopg/connection.h

@@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ struct connectionObject {
     char *dsn;              /* data source name */
     char *critical;         /* critical error on this connection */
     char *encoding;         /* current backend encoding */
-    /* TODO: drop */
-    char *pyenc;            /* connection encoding python name */
 
     long int closed;          /* 1 means connection has been closed;
                                  2 that something horrible happened */
@@ -139,7 +137,10 @@ typedef struct {
 
 /* C-callable functions in connection_int.c and connection_ext.c */
 HIDDEN PyObject *conn_text_from_chars(connectionObject *pgconn, const char *str);
+HIDDEN PyObject *conn_encode(connectionObject *self, PyObject *b);
+HIDDEN PyObject *conn_decode(connectionObject *self, const char *str, Py_ssize_t len);
 HIDDEN int  conn_get_standard_conforming_strings(PGconn *pgconn);
+HIDDEN PyObject *conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(const char *encoding, char **clean_encoding);
 RAISES_NEG HIDDEN int  conn_get_isolation_level(connectionObject *self);
 HIDDEN int  conn_get_protocol_version(PGconn *pgconn);
 HIDDEN int  conn_get_server_version(PGconn *pgconn);

psycopg/connection_int.c

@@ -58,12 +58,75 @@ const IsolationLevel conn_isolevels[] = {
 PyObject *
 conn_text_from_chars(connectionObject *self, const char *str)
 {
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    return psycopg_text_from_chars_safe(str, -1, self ? self->pydecoder : NULL);
-        return PyString_FromString(str);
+}
-#else
+
-        const char *pyenc = self ? self->pyenc : "ascii";
+
-        return PyUnicode_Decode(str, strlen(str), pyenc, "replace");
+/* Encode an unicode object into a bytes object in the connection encoding.
-#endif
+ *
+ * If no connection or encoding is available, default to utf8
+ */
+PyObject *
+conn_encode(connectionObject *self, PyObject *u)
+{
+    PyObject *t = NULL;
+    PyObject *rv = NULL;
+
+    if (!(self && self->pyencoder)) {
+        rv = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(u);
+        goto exit;
+    }
+
+    if (!(t = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->pyencoder, u, NULL))) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
+
+    if (!(rv = PyTuple_GetItem(t, 0))) { goto exit; }
+    Py_INCREF(rv);
+
+exit:
+    Py_XDECREF(t);
+
+    return rv;
+}
+
+
+/* decode a c string into a Python unicode in the connection encoding
+ *
+ * len can be < 0: in this case it will be calculated
+ *
+ * If no connection or encoding is available, default to utf8
+ */
+PyObject *
+conn_decode(connectionObject *self, const char *str, Py_ssize_t len)
+{
+    PyObject *b = NULL;
+    PyObject *t = NULL;
+    PyObject *rv = NULL;
+
+    if (len < 0) { len = strlen(str); }
+
+    if (self) {
+        if (self->cdecoder) {
+            return self->cdecoder(str, len, NULL);
+        }
+        else if (self->pydecoder) {
+            if (!(b = Bytes_FromStringAndSize(str, len))) { goto exit; }
+            if (!(t = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(self->pydecoder, b, NULL))) {
+                goto exit;
+            }
+            rv = PyTuple_GetItem(t, 0);
+            Py_XINCREF(rv);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        return PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(str, len);
+    }
+
+exit:
+    Py_XDECREF(t);
+    Py_XDECREF(b);
+    return rv;
 }
 
 /* conn_notice_callback - process notices */
@@ -321,61 +384,20 @@ exit:
     return rv;
 }
 
-/* Convert a PostgreSQL encoding name to a Python encoding name.
- *
- * Set 'pyenc' to a new copy of the encoding name allocated on the Python heap.
- * Return 0 in case of success, else -1 and set an exception.
- *
- * 'pgenc' should be already normalized (uppercase, no - or _).
- */
-RAISES_NEG static int
-conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(const char *pgenc, char **pyenc)
-{
-    char *tmp;
-    Py_ssize_t size;
-    PyObject *opyenc = NULL;
-    int rv = -1;
-
-    /* Find the Py encoding name from the PG encoding */
-    if (!(opyenc = PyDict_GetItemString(psycoEncodings, pgenc))) {
-        PyErr_Format(OperationalError,
-            "no Python encoding for PostgreSQL encoding '%s'", pgenc);
-        goto exit;
-    }
-
-    /* Convert the encoding in a bytes string to extract the c string. */
-    Py_INCREF(opyenc);
-    if (!(opyenc = psycopg_ensure_bytes(opyenc))) {
-        goto exit;
-    }
-
-    if (-1 == Bytes_AsStringAndSize(opyenc, &tmp, &size)) {
-        goto exit;
-    }
-
-    /* have our own copy of the python encoding name */
-    rv = psycopg_strdup(pyenc, tmp, size);
-
-exit:
-    Py_XDECREF(opyenc);
-    return rv;
-}
-
-
 /* set fast access functions according to the currently selected encoding
  */
 static void
 conn_set_fast_codec(connectionObject *self)
 {
-    Dprintf("conn_set_fast_codec: encoding=%s", self->pyenc);
+    Dprintf("conn_set_fast_codec: encoding=%s", self->encoding);
 
-    if (0 == strcmp(self->pyenc, "utf_8")) {
+    if (0 == strcmp(self->encoding, "UTF8")) {
         Dprintf("conn_set_fast_codec: PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8");
         self->cdecoder = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8;
         return;
     }
 
-    if (0 == strcmp(self->pyenc, "iso8859_1")) {
+    if (0 == strcmp(self->encoding, "LATIN1")) {
         Dprintf("conn_set_fast_codec: PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1");
         self->cdecoder = PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1;
         return;
@@ -386,12 +408,45 @@ conn_set_fast_codec(connectionObject *self)
 }
 
 
+/* Return the Python encoding from a PostgreSQL encoding.
+ *
+ * Optionally return the clean version of the postgres encoding too
+ */
+PyObject *
+conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(const char *encoding, char **clean_encoding)
+{
+    char *pgenc = NULL;
+    PyObject *rv = NULL;
+
+    if (0 > clear_encoding_name(encoding, &pgenc)) { goto exit; }
+    if (!(rv = PyDict_GetItemString(psycoEncodings, pgenc))) {
+        PyErr_Format(OperationalError,
+            "no Python encoding for PostgreSQL encoding '%s'", pgenc);
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(rv);
+
+    if (clean_encoding) {
+        *clean_encoding = pgenc;
+    }
+    else {
+        PyMem_Free(pgenc);
+    }
+
+exit:
+    return rv;
+}
+
 /* Convert a Postgres encoding into Python encoding and decoding functions.
+ *
+ * Set clean_encoding to a clean version of the Postgres encoding name
+ * and pyenc and pydec to python codec functions.
  *
  * Return 0 on success, else -1 and set an exception.
  */
 RAISES_NEG static int
-conn_get_python_codec(const char *encoding, PyObject **pyenc, PyObject **pydec)
+conn_get_python_codec(const char *encoding,
+    char **clean_encoding, PyObject **pyenc, PyObject **pydec)
 {
     int rv = -1;
     char *pgenc = NULL;
@@ -399,15 +454,7 @@ conn_get_python_codec(const char *encoding, PyObject **pyenc, PyObject **pydec)
     PyObject *m = NULL, *f = NULL, *codec = NULL;
     PyObject *enc_tmp = NULL, *dec_tmp = NULL;
 
-    if (0 > clear_encoding_name(encoding, &pgenc)) { goto exit; }
+    if (!(encname = conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(encoding, &pgenc))) { goto exit; }
-
-    /* Find the Py encoding name from the PG encoding */
-    if (!(encname = PyDict_GetItemString(psycoEncodings, pgenc))) {
-        PyErr_Format(OperationalError,
-            "no Python encoding for PostgreSQL encoding '%s'", pgenc);
-        goto exit;
-    }
-    Py_INCREF(encname);
 
     /* Look up the python codec */
     if (!(m = PyImport_ImportModule("codecs"))) { goto exit; }
@@ -419,6 +466,7 @@ conn_get_python_codec(const char *encoding, PyObject **pyenc, PyObject **pydec)
     /* success */
     *pyenc = enc_tmp; enc_tmp = NULL;
     *pydec = dec_tmp; dec_tmp = NULL;
+    *clean_encoding = pgenc; pgenc = NULL;
     rv = 0;
 
 exit:
@@ -440,20 +488,17 @@ exit:
  * Return 0 on success, else -1 and set an exception.
  */
 RAISES_NEG static int
-conn_set_encoding(connectionObject *self, const char *encoding)
+conn_store_encoding(connectionObject *self, const char *encoding)
 {
     int rv = -1;
-    char *pgenc = NULL, *pyenc = NULL;
+    char *pgenc = NULL;
     PyObject *enc_tmp = NULL, *dec_tmp = NULL;
 
-    if (0 > clear_encoding_name(encoding, &pgenc)) { goto exit; } /* TODO: drop */
+    if (0 > conn_get_python_codec(encoding, &pgenc, &enc_tmp, &dec_tmp)) {
+        goto exit;
+    }
 
-    /* Look for this encoding in Python codecs. */
+    /* Good, success: store the encoding/codec in the connection. */
-    if (0 > conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(pgenc, &pyenc)) { goto exit; } /* TODO: drop */
-
-    if (0 > conn_get_python_codec(encoding, &enc_tmp, &dec_tmp)) { goto exit; }
-
-    /* Good, success: store the encoding/pyenc in the connection. */
     {
         char *tmp = self->encoding;
         self->encoding = pgenc;
@@ -461,14 +506,6 @@ conn_set_encoding(connectionObject *self, const char *encoding)
         pgenc = NULL;
     }
 
-    {
-        /* TODO: drop */
-        char *tmp = self->pyenc;
-        self->pyenc = pyenc;
-        PyMem_Free(tmp);
-        pyenc = NULL;
-    }
-
     Py_CLEAR(self->pyencoder);
     self->pyencoder = enc_tmp;
     enc_tmp = NULL;
@@ -485,7 +522,6 @@ exit:
     Py_XDECREF(enc_tmp);
     Py_XDECREF(dec_tmp);
     PyMem_Free(pgenc);
-    PyMem_Free(pyenc);
     return rv;
 }
 
@@ -508,7 +544,7 @@ conn_read_encoding(connectionObject *self, PGconn *pgconn)
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    if (0 > conn_set_encoding(self, encoding)) {
+    if (0 > conn_store_encoding(self, encoding)) {
         goto exit;
     }
 
@@ -1338,16 +1374,14 @@ conn_set_client_encoding(connectionObject *self, const char *pgenc)
     PGresult *pgres = NULL;
     char *error = NULL;
     int res = -1;
-    char *pyenc = NULL;
     char *clean_enc = NULL;
 
-    /* If the current encoding is equal to the requested one we don't
-       issue any query to the backend */
-    if (strcmp(self->encoding, pgenc) == 0) return 0;
-
     /* We must know what python encoding this encoding is. */
     if (0 > clear_encoding_name(pgenc, &clean_enc)) { goto exit; }
-    if (0 > conn_pgenc_to_pyenc(clean_enc, &pyenc)) { goto exit; }
+
+    /* If the current encoding is equal to the requested one we don't
+       issue any query to the backend */
+    if (strcmp(self->encoding, clean_enc) == 0) return 0;
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
     pthread_mutex_lock(&self->lock);
@@ -1372,14 +1406,12 @@ endlock:
         goto exit;
     }
 
-    res = conn_set_encoding(self, pgenc);
+    res = conn_store_encoding(self, pgenc);
 
-    Dprintf("conn_set_client_encoding: set encoding to %s (Python: %s)",
+    Dprintf("conn_set_client_encoding: encoding set to %s", self->encoding);
-            self->encoding, self->pyenc);
 
 exit:
     PyMem_Free(clean_enc);
-    PyMem_Free(pyenc);
 
     return res;
 }

psycopg/connection_type.c

@@ -1167,7 +1167,6 @@ connection_dealloc(PyObject* obj)
 
     PyMem_Free(self->dsn);
     PyMem_Free(self->encoding);
-    PyMem_Free(self->pyenc);
     if (self->critical) free(self->critical);
     if (self->cancel) PQfreeCancel(self->cancel);
 

psycopg/cursor_type.c

@@ -286,11 +286,7 @@ static PyObject *_psyco_curs_validate_sql_basic(
         Py_INCREF(sql);
     }
     else if (PyUnicode_Check(sql)) {
-        char *enc = self->conn->pyenc;
+        if (!(sql = conn_encode(self->conn, sql))) { goto fail; }
-        sql = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(sql, enc, NULL);
-        /* if there was an error during the encoding from unicode to the
-           target encoding, we just let the exception propagate */
-        if (sql == NULL) { goto fail; }
     }
     else {
         /* the  is not unicode or string, raise an error */

psycopg/error.h

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ typedef struct {
     PyObject *pgerror;
     PyObject *pgcode;
     cursorObject *cursor;
-    char *pyenc;
+    PyObject *pydecoder;
     PGresult *pgres;
 } errorObject;
 

psycopg/error_type.c

@@ -34,17 +34,7 @@
 PyObject *
 error_text_from_chars(errorObject *self, const char *str)
 {
-    if (str == NULL) {
+    return psycopg_text_from_chars_safe(str, -1, self->pydecoder);
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return (Py_None);
-    }
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
-        return PyString_FromString(str);
-#else
-        return PyUnicode_Decode(str, strlen(str),
-            self->pyenc ? self->pyenc : "ascii", "replace");
-#endif
 }
 
 
@@ -93,6 +83,7 @@ error_traverse(errorObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
     Py_VISIT(self->pgerror);
     Py_VISIT(self->pgcode);
     Py_VISIT(self->cursor);
+    Py_VISIT(self->pydecoder);
 
     return ((PyTypeObject *)PyExc_StandardError)->tp_traverse(
         (PyObject *)self, visit, arg);
@@ -104,6 +95,7 @@ error_clear(errorObject *self)
     Py_CLEAR(self->pgerror);
     Py_CLEAR(self->pgcode);
     Py_CLEAR(self->cursor);
+    Py_CLEAR(self->pydecoder);
 
     return ((PyTypeObject *)PyExc_StandardError)->tp_clear((PyObject *)self);
 }
@@ -113,7 +105,6 @@ error_dealloc(errorObject *self)
 {
     PyObject_GC_UnTrack((PyObject *)self);
     error_clear(self);
-    PyMem_Free(self->pyenc);
     CLEARPGRES(self->pgres);
 
     Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);

psycopg/lobject_type.c

@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@ psyco_lobj_write(lobjectObject *self, PyObject *args)
         data = obj;
     }
     else if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
-        if (!(data = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(obj, self->conn->pyenc, NULL))) {
+        if (!(data = conn_encode(self->conn, obj))) { goto exit; }
-            goto exit;
-        }
     }
     else {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ psyco_lobj_read(lobjectObject *self, PyObject *args)
     if (self->mode & LOBJECT_BINARY) {
         res = Bytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer, size);
     } else {
-        res = PyUnicode_Decode(buffer, size, self->conn->pyenc, NULL);
+        res = conn_decode(self->conn, buffer, size);
     }
     PyMem_Free(buffer);
 

psycopg/microprotocols.c

@@ -251,9 +251,7 @@ microprotocol_getquoted(PyObject *obj, connectionObject *conn)
     /* Convert to bytes. */
     if (res && PyUnicode_CheckExact(res)) {
         PyObject *b;
-        const char *pyenc;
+        b = conn_encode(conn, res);
-        pyenc = (conn && conn->pyenc) ? conn->pyenc : "utf8";
-        b = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(res, pyenc, NULL);
         Py_DECREF(res);
         res = b;
     }

psycopg/pqpath.c

@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ pq_raise(connectionObject *conn, cursorObject *curs, PGresult **pgres)
     const char *err2 = NULL;
     const char *code = NULL;
     PyObject *pyerr = NULL;
+    PyObject *pgerror = NULL, *pgcode = NULL;
 
     if (conn == NULL) {
         PyErr_SetString(DatabaseError,
@@ -221,19 +222,37 @@ pq_raise(connectionObject *conn, cursorObject *curs, PGresult **pgres)
     err2 = strip_severity(err);
     Dprintf("pq_raise: err2=%s", err2);
 
+    /* decode now the details of the error, because after psyco_set_error
+     * decoding will fail.
+     */
+    if (!(pgerror = conn_text_from_chars(conn, err))) {
+        /* we can't really handle an exception while handling this error
+         * so just print it. */
+        PyErr_Print();
+        PyErr_Clear();
+    }
+
+    if (!(pgcode = conn_text_from_chars(conn, code))) {
+        PyErr_Print();
+        PyErr_Clear();
+    }
+
     pyerr = psyco_set_error(exc, curs, err2);
 
     if (pyerr && PyObject_TypeCheck(pyerr, &errorType)) {
         errorObject *perr = (errorObject *)pyerr;
 
-        PyMem_Free(perr->pyenc);
+        Py_CLEAR(perr->pydecoder);
-        psycopg_strdup(&perr->pyenc, conn->pyenc, -1);
+        Py_XINCREF(conn->pydecoder);
+        perr->pydecoder = conn->pydecoder;
 
         Py_CLEAR(perr->pgerror);
-        perr->pgerror = error_text_from_chars(perr, err);
+        perr->pgerror = pgerror;
+        pgerror = NULL;
 
         Py_CLEAR(perr->pgcode);
-        perr->pgcode = error_text_from_chars(perr, code);
+        perr->pgcode = pgcode;
+        pgcode = NULL;
 
         CLEARPGRES(perr->pgres);
         if (pgres && *pgres) {
@@ -241,6 +260,9 @@ pq_raise(connectionObject *conn, cursorObject *curs, PGresult **pgres)
             *pgres = NULL;
         }
     }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(pgerror);
+    Py_XDECREF(pgcode);
 }
 
 /* pq_set_critical, pq_resolve_critical - manage critical errors
@@ -1332,8 +1354,7 @@ _pq_copy_in_v3(cursorObject *curs)
         /* a file may return unicode if implements io.TextIOBase */
         if (PyUnicode_Check(o)) {
             PyObject *tmp;
-            Dprintf("_pq_copy_in_v3: encoding in %s", curs->conn->pyenc);
+            if (!(tmp = conn_encode(curs->conn, o))) {
-            if (!(tmp = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(o, curs->conn->pyenc, NULL))) {
                 Dprintf("_pq_copy_in_v3: encoding() failed");
                 error = 1;
                 break;
@@ -1488,7 +1509,7 @@ _pq_copy_out_v3(cursorObject *curs)
 
         if (len > 0 && buffer) {
             if (is_text) {
-                obj = PyUnicode_Decode(buffer, len, curs->conn->pyenc, NULL);
+                obj = conn_decode(curs->conn, buffer, len);
             } else {
                 obj = Bytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer, len);
             }
@@ -1638,7 +1659,7 @@ retry:
         Dprintf("pq_read_replication_message: >>%.*s<<", data_size, buffer + hdr);
 
         if (repl->decode) {
-            str = PyUnicode_Decode(buffer + hdr, data_size, conn->pyenc, NULL);
+            str = conn_decode(conn, buffer + hdr, data_size);
         } else {
             str = Bytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer + hdr, data_size);
         }

psycopg/psycopg.h

@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ HIDDEN char *psycopg_escape_identifier(connectionObject *conn,
               const char *str, Py_ssize_t len);
 HIDDEN int psycopg_strdup(char **to, const char *from, Py_ssize_t len);
 HIDDEN int psycopg_is_text_file(PyObject *f);
+HIDDEN PyObject *psycopg_text_from_chars_safe(
+        const char *str, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *decoder);
 
 STEALS(1) HIDDEN PyObject * psycopg_ensure_bytes(PyObject *obj);
 

psycopg/typecast.c

@@ -671,8 +671,7 @@ typecast_cast(PyObject *obj, const char *str, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *curs)
 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
             s = PyString_FromStringAndSize(str, len);
 #else
-            s = PyUnicode_Decode(str, len,
+            s = conn_decode(((cursorObject *)curs)->conn, str, len);
-                ((cursorObject *)curs)->conn->pyenc, NULL);
 #endif
         }
         else {

psycopg/typecast_basic.c

@@ -98,12 +98,7 @@ typecast_UNICODE_cast(const char *s, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *curs)
     if (s == NULL) { Py_RETURN_NONE; }
 
     conn = ((cursorObject*)curs)->conn;
-    if (conn->cdecoder) {
+    return conn_decode(conn, s, len);
-        return conn->cdecoder(s, len, NULL);
-    }
-    else {
-        return PyUnicode_Decode(s, len, conn->pyenc, NULL);
-    }
 }
 
 /** BOOLEAN - cast boolean value into right python object **/

psycopg/utils.c

@@ -278,3 +278,57 @@ exit:
 
     return res;
 }
+
+
+/* Convert a C string into Python Text using a specified codec.
+ *
+ * The codec is the python function codec.getdecoder(enc). It is only used on
+ * Python 3 to return unicode: in Py2 the function returns a string.
+ *
+ * len is optional: use -1 to have it calculated by the function.
+ */
+PyObject *
+psycopg_text_from_chars_safe(const char *str, Py_ssize_t len, PyObject *decoder)
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+
+    if (!str) { Py_RETURN_NONE; }
+
+    if (len < 0) { len = strlen(str); }
+
+    return PyString_FromStringAndSize(str, len);
+
+#else
+
+    static PyObject *replace = NULL;
+    PyObject *rv = NULL;
+    PyObject *b = NULL;
+    PyObject *t = NULL;
+
+    if (!str) { Py_RETURN_NONE; }
+
+    if (len < 0) { len = strlen(str); }
+
+    if (decoder) {
+        if (!replace) {
+            if (!(replace = PyUnicode_FromString("replace"))) { goto exit; }
+        }
+        if (!(b = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(str, len))) { goto exit; }
+        if (!(t = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(decoder, b, replace, NULL))) {
+            goto exit;
+        }
+
+        if (!(rv = PyTuple_GetItem(t, 0))) { goto exit; }
+        Py_INCREF(rv);
+    }
+    else {
+        rv = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(str, len, "replace");
+    }
+
+exit:
+    Py_XDECREF(t);
+    Py_XDECREF(b);
+    return rv;
+
+#endif
+}