Pillow/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py

#
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# TIFF file handling
#
# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally
# defined by Aldus.  Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel
# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for
# "thousands of incompatible file formats," it just feels that way.
#
# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable.  For
# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag
# directory is placed first in the file.
#
# History:
# 1995-09-01 fl   Created
# 1996-05-04 fl   Handle JPEGTABLES tag
# 1996-05-18 fl   Fixed COLORMAP support
# 1997-01-05 fl   Fixed PREDICTOR support
# 1997-08-27 fl   Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)
# 1998-01-10 fl   Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)
# 1998-07-15 fl   Use private names for internal variables
# 1999-06-13 fl   Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)
# 2000-10-11 fl   Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)
# 2001-04-17 fl   Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)
# 2001-05-12 fl   Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)
# 2001-12-18 fl   Added workaround for broken Matrox library
# 2002-01-18 fl   Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)
# 2003-05-19 fl   Check FILLORDER tag
# 2003-09-26 fl   Added RGBa support
# 2004-02-24 fl   Added DPI support; fixed rational write support
# 2005-02-07 fl   Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files
# 2006-01-09 fl   Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#

from __future__ import division, print_function

from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, TiffTags
from ._binary import i8, o8

import collections
from fractions import Fraction
from numbers import Number, Rational

import io
import itertools
import os
import struct
import sys
import warnings

from .TiffTags import TYPES


__version__ = "1.3.5"
DEBUG = False  # Needs to be merged with the new logging approach.

# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.
READ_LIBTIFF = False
WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
IFD_LEGACY_API = True

II = b"II"  # little-endian (Intel style)
MM = b"MM"  # big-endian (Motorola style)

#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Read TIFF files

# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable
IMAGEWIDTH = 256
IMAGELENGTH = 257
BITSPERSAMPLE = 258
COMPRESSION = 259
PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262
FILLORDER = 266
IMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270
STRIPOFFSETS = 273
SAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277
ROWSPERSTRIP = 278
STRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279
X_RESOLUTION = 282
Y_RESOLUTION = 283
PLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284
RESOLUTION_UNIT = 296
SOFTWARE = 305
DATE_TIME = 306
ARTIST = 315
PREDICTOR = 317
COLORMAP = 320
TILEOFFSETS = 324
EXTRASAMPLES = 338
SAMPLEFORMAT = 339
JPEGTABLES = 347
COPYRIGHT = 33432
IPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723  # newsphoto properties
PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377  # photoshop properties
ICCPROFILE = 34675
EXIFIFD = 34665
XMP = 700

# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java
IMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838
IMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839

COMPRESSION_INFO = {
    # Compression => pil compression name
    1: "raw",
    2: "tiff_ccitt",
    3: "group3",
    4: "group4",
    5: "tiff_lzw",
    6: "tiff_jpeg",  # obsolete
    7: "jpeg",
    8: "tiff_adobe_deflate",
    32771: "tiff_raw_16",  # 16-bit padding
    32773: "packbits",
    32809: "tiff_thunderscan",
    32946: "tiff_deflate",
    34676: "tiff_sgilog",
    34677: "tiff_sgilog24",
}

COMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}

OPEN_INFO = {
    # (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,
    #  ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode
    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),

    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),

    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),

    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
    (II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),

    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): ("I;16", "I;12"),

    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16B", "I;16B"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16S", "I;16S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16BS", "I;16BS"),

    (II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32N"),
    (II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32S"),
    (MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I;32BS", "I;32BS"),
    (II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
    (MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),

    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),

    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # missing ExtraSamples
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGBX", "RGBX"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
    (II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10
    (MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),  # Corel Draw 10

    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
    (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
    (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),

    (II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
    (MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),

    (II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("YCbCr", "YCbCr"),
    (MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("YCbCr", "YCbCr"),

    (II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
    (MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
}

PREFIXES = [b"MM\000\052", b"II\052\000", b"II\xBC\000"]


def _accept(prefix):
    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES


def _limit_rational(val, max_val):
    inv = abs(val) > 1
    n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)
    return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d

##
# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.

_load_dispatch = {}
_write_dispatch = {}


class IFDRational(Rational):
    """ Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match
    the in the wild use of exif rationals.

    e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00  indicates that no digital zoom was used
    """

    """ If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store
    as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate

    """

    __slots__ = ('_numerator', '_denominator', '_val')

    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):
        """
        :param value: either an integer numerator, a
        float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational
        :param denominator: Optional integer denominator
        """
        self._denominator = denominator
        self._numerator = value
        self._val = float(1)

        if isinstance(value, Fraction):
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._denominator = value.denominator
            self._val = value

        if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
            self._denominator = value.denominator
            self._numerator = value.numerator
            self._val = value._val
            return

        if denominator == 0:
            self._val = float('nan')
            return

        elif denominator == 1:
            self._val = Fraction(value)
        else:
            self._val = Fraction(value, denominator)

    @property
    def numerator(a):
        return a._numerator

    @property
    def denominator(a):
        return a._denominator

    def limit_rational(self, max_denominator):
        """

        :param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value
        :returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)
        """

        if self.denominator == 0:
            return (self.numerator, self.denominator)

        f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)
        return (f.numerator, f.denominator)

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(float(self._val))

    def __hash__(self):
        return self._val.__hash__()

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self._val == other

    def _delegate(op):
        def delegate(self, *args):
            return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)
        return delegate

    """ a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub','div', 'rdiv', 'mul', 'rmul',
             'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv',
             'rfloordiv','mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',
             'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'nonzero',
             'ceil', 'floor', 'round']
        print("\n".join("__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')" % (s,s) for s in a))
        """

    __add__ = _delegate('__add__')
    __radd__ = _delegate('__radd__')
    __sub__ = _delegate('__sub__')
    __rsub__ = _delegate('__rsub__')
    __div__ = _delegate('__div__')
    __rdiv__ = _delegate('__rdiv__')
    __mul__ = _delegate('__mul__')
    __rmul__ = _delegate('__rmul__')
    __truediv__ = _delegate('__truediv__')
    __rtruediv__ = _delegate('__rtruediv__')
    __floordiv__ = _delegate('__floordiv__')
    __rfloordiv__ = _delegate('__rfloordiv__')
    __mod__ = _delegate('__mod__')
    __rmod__ = _delegate('__rmod__')
    __pow__ = _delegate('__pow__')
    __rpow__ = _delegate('__rpow__')
    __pos__ = _delegate('__pos__')
    __neg__ = _delegate('__neg__')
    __abs__ = _delegate('__abs__')
    __trunc__ = _delegate('__trunc__')
    __lt__ = _delegate('__lt__')
    __gt__ = _delegate('__gt__')
    __le__ = _delegate('__le__')
    __ge__ = _delegate('__ge__')
    __nonzero__ = _delegate('__nonzero__')
    __ceil__ = _delegate('__ceil__')
    __floor__ = _delegate('__floor__')
    __round__ = _delegate('__round__')


class ImageFileDirectory_v2(collections.MutableMapping):
    """This class represents a TIFF tag directory.  To speed things up, we
    don't decode tags unless they're asked for.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = 2
        print(ifd[key])
        'Some Data'

    Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are
    returned as tuples of the values.

    The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of
    tag types in
    `~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types
    are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added
    manually.

    Data Structures:

        * self.tagtype = {}

          * Key: numerical tiff tag number
          * Value: integer corresponding to the data type from `~PIL.TiffTags.TYPES`

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
    """
    """
    Documentation:

        'internal' data structures:
        * self._tags_v2 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values
        * self._tagdata = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: undecoded byte string from file
        * self._tags_v1 = {} Key: numerical tiff tag number
                             Value: decoded data in the v1 format

    Tags will be found in the private attributes self._tagdata, and in
    self._tags_v2 once decoded.

    Self.legacy_api is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be
    changed from outside code. In cooperation with the
    ImageFileDirectory_v1 class, if legacy_api is true, then decoded
    tags will be populated into both _tags_v1 and _tags_v2. _Tags_v2
    will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF save routine. Tags
    should be read from tags_v1 if legacy_api == true.

    """

    def __init__(self, ifh=b"II\052\0\0\0\0\0", prefix=None):
        """Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.

        To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte
        magic header to the constructor.  To only set the endianness, pass it
        as the 'prefix' keyword argument.

        :param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets
              endianness.
        :param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.
        """
        if ifh[:4] not in PREFIXES:
            raise SyntaxError("not a TIFF file (header %r not valid)" % ifh)
        self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]
        if self._prefix == MM:
            self._endian = ">"
        elif self._prefix == II:
            self._endian = "<"
        else:
            raise SyntaxError("not a TIFF IFD")
        self.reset()
        self.next, = self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])
        self._legacy_api = False

    prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)
    offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)
    legacy_api = property(lambda self: self._legacy_api)

    @legacy_api.setter
    def legacy_api(self, value):
        raise Exception("Not allowing setting of legacy api")

    def reset(self):
        self._tags_v1 = {}  # will remain empty if legacy_api is false
        self._tags_v2 = {}  # main tag storage
        self._tagdata = {}
        self.tagtype = {}   # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech
        self._next = None
        self._offset = None

    def __str__(self):
        return str(dict(self))

    def as_dict(self):
        """Return a dictionary of the image's tags.

        .. deprecated:: 3.0.0
        """
        warnings.warn("as_dict() is deprecated. " +
                      "Please use dict(ifd) instead.", DeprecationWarning)
        return dict(self)

    def named(self):
        """
        :returns: dict of name|key: value

        Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.
        """
        return dict((TiffTags.lookup(code).name, value)
                    for code, value in self.items())

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v2:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)  # check type
        val = self._tags_v2[tag]
        if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = val,
        return val

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata

    if bytes is str:
        def has_key(self, tag):
            return tag in self

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)

    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):
        basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)
        if bytes is str:
            basetypes += unicode,

        info = TiffTags.lookup(tag)
        values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value

        if tag not in self.tagtype:
            if info.type:
                self.tagtype[tag] = info.type
            else:
                self.tagtype[tag] = 7
                if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = 5
                elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):
                    if all(v < 2 ** 16 for v in values):
                        self.tagtype[tag] = 3
                    else:
                        self.tagtype[tag] = 4
                elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):
                    self.tagtype[tag] = 12
                else:
                    if bytes is str:
                        # Never treat data as binary by default on Python 2.
                        self.tagtype[tag] = 2
                    else:
                        if all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):
                            self.tagtype[tag] = 2

        if self.tagtype[tag] == 7 and bytes is not str:
            values = [value.encode("ascii", 'replace') if isinstance(value, str) else value]

        values = tuple(info.cvt_enum(value) for value in values)

        dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2

        if info.length == 1:
            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [5, 10]:
                values = values,
            dest[tag], = values
        else:
            dest[tag] = values

    def __delitem__(self, tag):
        self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)
        self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)
        self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))

    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):
        return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)

    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):
        return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)

    def _register_loader(idx, size):
        def decorator(func):
            from .TiffTags import TYPES
            if func.__name__.startswith("load_"):
                TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace("_", " ")
            _load_dispatch[idx] = size, func
            return func
        return decorator

    def _register_writer(idx):
        def decorator(func):
            _write_dispatch[idx] = func
            return func
        return decorator

    def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):
        from .TiffTags import TYPES
        idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name
        TYPES[idx] = name
        size = struct.calcsize("=" + fmt)
        _load_dispatch[idx] = size, lambda self, data, legacy_api=True: (
            self._unpack("{}{}".format(len(data) // size, fmt), data))
        _write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: (
            b"".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values))

    list(map(_register_basic,
             [(3, "H", "short"), (4, "L", "long"),
              (6, "b", "signed byte"), (8, "h", "signed short"),
              (9, "l", "signed long"), (11, "f", "float"), (12, "d", "double")]))

    @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
    def write_byte(self, data):
        return data

    @_register_loader(2, 1)
    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        if data.endswith(b"\0"):
            data = data[:-1]
        return data.decode("latin-1", "replace")

    @_register_writer(2)
    def write_string(self, value):
        # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416
        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
            value = value.decode('ascii', 'replace')
        return b"" + value.encode('ascii', 'replace') + b"\0"

    @_register_loader(5, 8)
    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}L".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b): return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)
        return tuple(combine(num, denom)
                     for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(5)
    def write_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(self._pack("2L", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 31))
                        for frac in values)

    @_register_loader(7, 1)
    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        return data

    @_register_writer(7)
    def write_undefined(self, value):
        return value

    @_register_loader(10, 8)
    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
        vals = self._unpack("{}l".format(len(data) // 4), data)

        def combine(a, b): return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)
        return tuple(combine(num, denom)
                     for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

    @_register_writer(10)
    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):
        return b"".join(self._pack("2L", *_limit_rational(frac, 2 ** 30))
                        for frac in values)

    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):
        ret = fp.read(size)
        if len(ret) != size:
            raise IOError("Corrupt EXIF data.  " +
                          "Expecting to read %d bytes but only got %d. " %
                          (size, len(ret)))
        return ret

    def load(self, fp):

        self.reset()
        self._offset = fp.tell()

        try:
            for i in range(self._unpack("H", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))[0]):
                tag, typ, count, data = self._unpack("HHL4s", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))
                if DEBUG:
                    tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag).name
                    typname = TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
                    print("tag: %s (%d) - type: %s (%d)" %
                          (tagname, tag, typname, typ), end=" ")

                try:
                    unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
                except KeyError:
                    if DEBUG:
                        print("- unsupported type", typ)
                    continue  # ignore unsupported type
                size = count * unit_size
                if size > 4:
                    here = fp.tell()
                    offset, = self._unpack("L", data)
                    if DEBUG:
                        print("Tag Location: %s - Data Location: %s" %
                              (here, offset), end=" ")
                    fp.seek(offset)
                    data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)
                    fp.seek(here)
                else:
                    data = data[:size]

                if len(data) != size:
                    warnings.warn("Possibly corrupt EXIF data.  "
                                  "Expecting to read %d bytes but only got %d. "
                                  "Skipping tag %s" % (size, len(data), tag))
                    continue

                if not data:
                    continue

                self._tagdata[tag] = data
                self.tagtype[tag] = typ

                if DEBUG:
                    if size > 32:
                        print("- value: <table: %d bytes>" % size)
                    else:
                        print("- value:", self[tag])

            self.next, = self._unpack("L", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))
        except IOError as msg:
            warnings.warn(str(msg))
            return

    def save(self, fp):

        if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages
            # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8
            fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack("HL", 42, 8))

        # FIXME What about tagdata?
        fp.write(self._pack("H", len(self._tags_v2)))

        entries = []
        offset = fp.tell() + len(self._tags_v2) * 12 + 4
        stripoffsets = None

        # pass 1: convert tags to binary format
        # always write tags in ascending order
        for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):
            if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:
                stripoffsets = len(entries)
            typ = self.tagtype.get(tag)
            if DEBUG:
                print("Tag %s, Type: %s, Value: %s" % (tag, typ, value))
            values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)
            data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)
            if DEBUG:
                tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag).name
                typname = TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
                print("save: %s (%d) - type: %s (%d)" %
                      (tagname, tag, typname, typ), end=" ")
                if len(data) >= 16:
                    print("- value: <table: %d bytes>" % len(data))
                else:
                    print("- value:", values)

            # count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data
            count = len(data) if typ in [2, 7] else len(values)
            # figure out if data fits into the entry
            if len(data) <= 4:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(4, b"\0"), b""))
            else:
                entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack("L", offset), data))
                offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2  # pad to word

        # update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data
        if stripoffsets is not None:
            tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]
            if data:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "multistrip support not yet implemented")
            value = self._pack("L", self._unpack("L", value)[0] + offset)
            entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data

        # pass 2: write entries to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            if DEBUG > 1:
                print(tag, typ, count, repr(value), repr(data))
            fp.write(self._pack("HHL4s", tag, typ, count, value))

        # -- overwrite here for multi-page --
        fp.write(b"\0\0\0\0")  # end of entries

        # pass 3: write auxiliary data to file
        for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
            fp.write(data)
            if len(data) & 1:
                fp.write(b"\0")

        return offset

ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch
ImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch
for idx, name in TYPES.items():
    name = name.replace(" ", "_")
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "load_" + name, _load_dispatch[idx][1])
    setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, "write_" + name, _write_dispatch[idx])
del _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name


# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.
class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
    """This class represents the **legacy** interface to a TIFF tag directory.

    Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()
        ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
        ifd.tagtype[key] = 2
        print(ifd[key])
        ('Some Data',)

    Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,
    `~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.

    Values are returned as a tuple.

    ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0
    """
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        ImageFileDirectory_v2.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self._legacy_api = True

    tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)
    tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)

    @classmethod
    def from_v2(cls, original):
        """ Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`

        """

        ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata
        ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype
        ifd.next = original.next  # an indicator for multipage tiffs
        return ifd

    def to_v2(self):
        """ Returns an
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
        instance with the same data as is contained in the original
        :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
        instance.

        :returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`

        """

        ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)
        ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)
        ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)
        ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)
        return ifd

    def __contains__(self, tag):
        return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata

    def __len__(self):
        return len(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))

    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
        for legacy_api in (False, True):
            self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)

    def __getitem__(self, tag):
        if tag not in self._tags_v1:  # unpack on the fly
            data = self._tagdata[tag]
            typ = self.tagtype[tag]
            size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
            for legacy in (False, True):
                self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)
        val = self._tags_v1[tag]
        if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
            val = val,
        return val


# undone -- switch this pointer when IFD_LEGACY_API == False
ImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1


##
# Image plugin for TIFF files.

class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    format = "TIFF"
    format_description = "Adobe TIFF"
    _close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False

    def _open(self):
        "Open the first image in a TIFF file"

        # Header
        ifh = self.fp.read(8)

        # image file directory (tag dictionary)
        self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)

        # legacy tag/ifd entries will be filled in later
        self.tag = self.ifd = None

        # setup frame pointers
        self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
        self.__frame = -1
        self.__fp = self.fp
        self._frame_pos = []
        self._n_frames = None
        self._is_animated = None

        if DEBUG:
            print("*** TiffImageFile._open ***")
            print("- __first:", self.__first)
            print("- ifh: ", ifh)

        # and load the first frame
        self._seek(0)

    @property
    def n_frames(self):
        if self._n_frames is None:
            current = self.tell()
            try:
                while True:
                    self._seek(self.tell() + 1)
            except EOFError:
                self._n_frames = self.tell() + 1
            self.seek(current)
        return self._n_frames

    @property
    def is_animated(self):
        if self._is_animated is None:
            current = self.tell()

            try:
                self.seek(1)
                self._is_animated = True
            except EOFError:
                self._is_animated = False

            self.seek(current)
        return self._is_animated

    def seek(self, frame):
        "Select a given frame as current image"
        self._seek(max(frame, 0))  # Questionable backwards compatibility.
        # Create a new core image object on second and
        # subsequent frames in the image. Image may be
        # different size/mode.
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)
        self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)

    def _seek(self, frame):
        self.fp = self.__fp
        while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:
            if not self.__next:
                raise EOFError("no more images in TIFF file")
            if DEBUG:
                print("Seeking to frame %s, on frame %s, "
                      "__next %s, location: %s" %
                      (frame, self.__frame, self.__next, self.fp.tell()))
            # reset python3 buffered io handle in case fp
            # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer
            self.fp.tell()
            self.fp.seek(self.__next)
            self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)
            if DEBUG:
                print("Loading tags, location: %s" % self.fp.tell())
            self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
            self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
            self.__frame += 1
        self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])
        self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
        self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
        # fill the legacy tag/ifd entries
        self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)
        self.__frame = frame
        self._setup()

    def tell(self):
        "Return the current frame number"
        return self.__frame

    def _decoder(self, rawmode, layer, tile=None):
        "Setup decoder contexts"

        args = None
        if rawmode == "RGB" and self._planar_configuration == 2:
            rawmode = rawmode[layer]
        compression = self._compression
        if compression == "raw":
            args = (rawmode, 0, 1)
        elif compression == "jpeg":
            args = rawmode, ""
            if JPEGTABLES in self.tag_v2:
                # Hack to handle abbreviated JPEG headers
                # FIXME This will fail with more than one value
                self.tile_prefix, = self.tag_v2[JPEGTABLES]
        elif compression == "packbits":
            args = rawmode
        elif compression == "tiff_lzw":
            args = rawmode
            if PREDICTOR in self.tag_v2:
                # Section 14: Differencing Predictor
                self.decoderconfig = (self.tag_v2[PREDICTOR],)

        return args

    def load(self):
        if self.use_load_libtiff:
            return self._load_libtiff()
        return super(TiffImageFile, self).load()

    def load_end(self):
        # allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next
        # This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.
        if self.__frame == 0 and not self.__next:
            self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True

    def _load_libtiff(self):
        """ Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff
            Calls out to libtiff """

        pixel = Image.Image.load(self)

        if self.tile is None:
            raise IOError("cannot load this image")
        if not self.tile:
            return pixel

        self.load_prepare()

        if not len(self.tile) == 1:
            raise IOError("Not exactly one tile")

        # (self._compression, (extents tuple),
        #   0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))
        extents = self.tile[0][1]
        args = list(self.tile[0][3]) + [self.tag_v2.offset]

        # To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a
        # file descriptor, use that instead of reading
        # into a string in python.
        # libtiff closes the file descriptor, so pass in a dup.
        try:
            fp = hasattr(self.fp, "fileno") and os.dup(self.fp.fileno())
            # flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+
            # should also eliminate the need for fp.tell for py3
            # in _seek
            if hasattr(self.fp, "flush"):
                self.fp.flush()
        except IOError:
            # io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an IOError if
            # it doesn't use a file descriptor.
            fp = False

        if fp:
            args[2] = fp

        decoder = Image._getdecoder(self.mode, 'libtiff', tuple(args),
                                    self.decoderconfig)
        try:
            decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
        except ValueError:
            raise IOError("Couldn't set the image")

        if hasattr(self.fp, "getvalue"):
            # We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.
            # The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not
            # a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.
            # unless we could do something like get the address of the
            # underlying string for stringio.
            #
            # Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno
            # that returns an IOError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to
            # deal with here by reordering.
            if DEBUG:
                print("have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue")
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())
        elif hasattr(self.fp, "fileno"):
            # we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.
            if DEBUG:
                print("have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.")
            self.fp.seek(0)
            # 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out
            n, err = decoder.decode(b"fpfp")
        else:
            # we have something else.
            if DEBUG:
                print("don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading")
            # UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.
            n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())

        self.tile = []
        self.readonly = 0
        # libtiff closed the fp in a, we need to close self.fp, if possible
        if self._exclusive_fp:
            if self.__frame == 0 and not self.__next:
                self.fp.close()
                self.fp = None  # might be shared

        if err < 0:
            raise IOError(err)

        return Image.Image.load(self)

    def _setup(self):
        "Setup this image object based on current tags"

        if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:
            raise IOError("Windows Media Photo files not yet supported")

        # extract relevant tags
        self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]
        self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)

        # photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading
        # the specification
        photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)

        fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)

        if DEBUG:
            print("*** Summary ***")
            print("- compression:", self._compression)
            print("- photometric_interpretation:", photo)
            print("- planar_configuration:", self._planar_configuration)
            print("- fill_order:", fillorder)

        # size
        xsize = self.tag_v2.get(IMAGEWIDTH)
        ysize = self.tag_v2.get(IMAGELENGTH)
        self.size = xsize, ysize

        if DEBUG:
            print("- size:", self.size)

        sampleFormat = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))
        if (len(sampleFormat) > 1
           and max(sampleFormat) == min(sampleFormat) == 1):
            # SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will
            # be (1,1,1).  But, we don't support per band pixel types,
            # and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just
            # take the first element. Revisit this if adding support
            # for more exotic images.
            sampleFormat = (1,)

        # mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel
        key = (
            self.tag_v2.prefix, photo, sampleFormat, fillorder,
            self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,)),
            self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())
            )
        if DEBUG:
            print("format key:", key)
        try:
            self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
        except KeyError:
            if DEBUG:
                print("- unsupported format")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown pixel mode")

        if DEBUG:
            print("- raw mode:", rawmode)
            print("- pil mode:", self.mode)

        self.info["compression"] = self._compression

        xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)
        yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)

        if xres and yres:
            resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)
            if resunit == 2:  # dots per inch
                self.info["dpi"] = xres, yres
            elif resunit == 3:  # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi
                self.info["dpi"] = xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54
            elif resunit is None:  # used to default to 1, but now 2)
                self.info["dpi"] = xres, yres
                # For backward compatibility, we also preserve the old behavior.
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres
            else:  # No absolute unit of measurement
                self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres

        # build tile descriptors
        x = y = l = 0
        self.tile = []
        self.use_load_libtiff = False
        if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
            # striped image
            offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]
            h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)
            w = self.size[0]
            if READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression in ["tiff_ccitt", "group3",
                                                     "group4", "tiff_jpeg",
                                                     "tiff_adobe_deflate",
                                                     "tiff_thunderscan",
                                                     "tiff_deflate",
                                                     "tiff_sgilog",
                                                     "tiff_sgilog24",
                                                     "tiff_raw_16"]:
                # if DEBUG:
                #     print("Activating g4 compression for whole file")

                # Decoder expects entire file as one tile.
                # There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)
                # so large g4 images will fail if we use that
                # function.
                #
                # Setup the one tile for the whole image, then
                # use the _load_libtiff function.

                self.use_load_libtiff = True

                # libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should
                # actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the
                # bits, so stripes of the image are reversed.  See
                # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279
                if fillorder == 2:
                    key = (
                        self.tag_v2.prefix, photo, sampleFormat, 1,
                        self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,)),
                        self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())
                        )
                    if DEBUG:
                        print("format key:", key)
                    # this should always work, since all the
                    # fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding
                    # fillorder=1 mode
                    self.mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
                # libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.
                # we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode
                # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
                # byte order.
                if self.mode in ('I;16B', 'I;16') and 'I;16' in rawmode:
                    rawmode = 'I;16N'

                # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
                # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds
                a = (rawmode, self._compression, False)
                self.tile.append(
                    (self._compression,
                     (0, 0, w, ysize),
                     0, a))
                a = None

            else:
                for i, offset in enumerate(offsets):
                    a = self._decoder(rawmode, l, i)
                    self.tile.append(
                        (self._compression,
                            (0, min(y, ysize), w, min(y+h, ysize)),
                            offset, a))
                    if DEBUG:
                        print("tiles: ", self.tile)
                    y = y + h
                    if y >= self.size[1]:
                        x = y = 0
                        l += 1
                    a = None
        elif TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
            # tiled image
            w = self.tag_v2.get(322)
            h = self.tag_v2.get(323)
            a = None
            for o in self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]:
                if not a:
                    a = self._decoder(rawmode, l)
                # FIXME: this doesn't work if the image size
                # is not a multiple of the tile size...
                self.tile.append(
                    (self._compression,
                        (x, y, x+w, y+h),
                        o, a))
                x = x + w
                if x >= self.size[0]:
                    x, y = 0, y + h
                    if y >= self.size[1]:
                        x = y = 0
                        l += 1
                        a = None
        else:
            if DEBUG:
                print("- unsupported data organization")
            raise SyntaxError("unknown data organization")

        # Fix up info.
        if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:
            self.info['icc_profile'] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]

        # fixup palette descriptor

        if self.mode == "P":
            palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]
            self.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB;L", b"".join(palette))
#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Write TIFF files

# little endian is default except for image modes with
# explicit big endian byte-order

SAVE_INFO = {
    # mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,
    #           sampleformat, bitspersample, extra
    "1": ("1", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),
    "L": ("L", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),
    "LA": ("LA", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "P": ("P", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),
    "PA": ("PA", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),
    "I": ("I;32S", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16": ("I;16", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16S": ("I;16S", II, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F": ("F;32F", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),
    "RGB": ("RGB", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "RGBX": ("RGBX", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),
    "RGBA": ("RGBA", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),
    "CMYK": ("CMYK", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),
    "YCbCr": ("YCbCr", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
    "LAB": ("LAB", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),

    "I;32BS": ("I;32BS", MM, 1, 2, (32,), None),
    "I;16B": ("I;16B", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),
    "I;16BS": ("I;16BS", MM, 1, 2, (16,), None),
    "F;32BF": ("F;32BF", MM, 1, 3, (32,), None),
}


def _save(im, fp, filename):

    try:
        rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]
    except KeyError:
        raise IOError("cannot write mode %s as TIFF" % im.mode)

    ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)

    compression = im.encoderinfo.get('compression',
                                     im.info.get('compression', 'raw'))

    libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != 'raw'

    # required for color libtiff images
    ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = getattr(im, '_planar_configuration', 1)

    ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]
    ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]

    # write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory
    info = im.encoderinfo.get("tiffinfo", {})
    if DEBUG:
        print("Tiffinfo Keys: %s" % list(info))
    if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):
        info = info.to_v2()
    for key in info:
        ifd[key] = info.get(key)
        try:
            ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]
        except:
            pass  # might not be an IFD, Might not have populated type

    # additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu
    # inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com
    if hasattr(im, 'tag_v2'):
        # preserve tags from original TIFF image file
        for key in (RESOLUTION_UNIT, X_RESOLUTION, Y_RESOLUTION,
                    IPTC_NAA_CHUNK, PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK, XMP):
            if key in im.tag_v2:
                ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]
                ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]

    # preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats
    # which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech
    if "icc_profile" in im.info:
        ifd[ICCPROFILE] = im.info["icc_profile"]

    for key, name in [(IMAGEDESCRIPTION, "description"),
                      (X_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
                      (Y_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
                      (X_RESOLUTION, "x_resolution"),
                      (Y_RESOLUTION, "y_resolution"),
                      (RESOLUTION_UNIT, "resolution_unit"),
                      (SOFTWARE, "software"),
                      (DATE_TIME, "date_time"),
                      (ARTIST, "artist"),
                      (COPYRIGHT, "copyright")]:
        if name in im.encoderinfo:
            ifd[key] = im.encoderinfo[name]

    dpi = im.encoderinfo.get("dpi")
    if dpi:
        ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2
        ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]
        ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]

    if bits != (1,):
        ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits
        if len(bits) != 1:
            ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)
    if extra is not None:
        ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra
    if format != 1:
        ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format

    ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo

    if im.mode == "P":
        lut = im.im.getpalette("RGB", "RGB;L")
        ifd[COLORMAP] = tuple(i8(v) * 256 for v in lut)
    # data orientation
    stride = len(bits) * ((im.size[0]*bits[0]+7)//8)
    ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = im.size[1]
    ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = stride * im.size[1]
    ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = 0  # this is adjusted by IFD writer
    # no compression by default:
    ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)

    if libtiff:
        if DEBUG:
            print("Saving using libtiff encoder")
            print("Items: %s" % sorted(ifd.items()))
        _fp = 0
        if hasattr(fp, "fileno"):
            try:
                fp.seek(0)
                _fp = os.dup(fp.fileno())
            except io.UnsupportedOperation:
                pass

        # STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library
        # based on the data in the strip.
        blocklist = [STRIPOFFSETS, STRIPBYTECOUNTS]
        atts = {}
        # bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.
        atts[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits[0]
        # Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from
        # the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can
        # save(load('')) == original file.
        legacy_ifd = {}
        if hasattr(im, 'tag'):
            legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()
        for tag, value in itertools.chain(ifd.items(),
                                          getattr(im, 'tag_v2', {}).items(),
                                          legacy_ifd.items()):
            # Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding
            # them to the custom dictionary. It will segfault if it attempts
            # to add a custom tag without the dictionary entry
            #
            # UNDONE --  add code for the custom dictionary
            if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:
                continue
            if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:
                if isinstance(value, unicode if bytes is str else str):
                    atts[tag] = value.encode('ascii', 'replace') + b"\0"
                elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):
                    atts[tag] = float(value)
                else:
                    atts[tag] = value

        if DEBUG:
            print("Converted items: %s" % sorted(atts.items()))

        # libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.
        # we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode
        # contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
        # byte order.
        if im.mode in ('I;16B', 'I;16'):
            rawmode = 'I;16N'

        a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, atts)
        # print(im.mode, compression, a, im.encoderconfig)
        e = Image._getencoder(im.mode, 'libtiff', a, im.encoderconfig)
        e.setimage(im.im, (0, 0)+im.size)
        while True:
            # undone, change to self.decodermaxblock:
            l, s, d = e.encode(16*1024)
            if not _fp:
                fp.write(d)
            if s:
                break
        if s < 0:
            raise IOError("encoder error %d when writing image file" % s)

    else:
        offset = ifd.save(fp)

        ImageFile._save(im, fp, [
            ("raw", (0, 0)+im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))
            ])

    # -- helper for multi-page save --
    if "_debug_multipage" in im.encoderinfo:
        # just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)
        im._debug_multipage = ifd


class AppendingTiffWriter:
    fieldSizes = [
        0,  # None
        1,  # byte
        1,  # ascii
        2,  # short
        4,  # long
        8,  # rational
        1,  # sbyte
        1,  # undefined
        2,  # sshort
        4,  # slong
        8,  # srational
        4,  # float
        8,  # double
    ]

    #    StripOffsets = 273
    #    FreeOffsets = 288
    #    TileOffsets = 324
    #    JPEGQTables = 519
    #    JPEGDCTables = 520
    #    JPEGACTables = 521
    Tags = {273, 288, 324, 519, 520, 521}

    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):
        if hasattr(fn, 'read'):
            self.f = fn
            self.close_fp = False
        else:
            self.name = fn
            self.close_fp = True
            try:
                self.f = io.open(fn, "w+b" if new else "r+b")
            except IOError:
                self.f = io.open(fn, "w+b")
        self.beginning = self.f.tell()
        self.setup()

    def setup(self):
        # Reset everything.
        self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)

        self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = None
        self.offsetOfNewPage = 0

        self.IIMM = IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # empty file - first page
            self.isFirst = True
            return

        self.isFirst = False
        if IIMM == b"II\x2a\x00":
            self.setEndian("<")
        elif IIMM == b"MM\x00\x2a":
            self.setEndian(">")
        else:
            raise RuntimeError("Invalid TIFF file header")

        self.skipIFDs()
        self.goToEnd()

    def finalize(self):
        if self.isFirst:
            return

        # fix offsets
        self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)

        IIMM = self.f.read(4)
        if not IIMM:
            # raise RuntimeError("nothing written into new page")
            # Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.
            return

        if IIMM != self.IIMM:
            raise RuntimeError("IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of "
                               "first page")

        IFDoffset = self.readLong()
        IFDoffset += self.offsetOfNewPage
        self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)
        self.writeLong(IFDoffset)
        self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
        self.fixIFD()

    def newFrame(self):
        # Call this to finish a frame.
        self.finalize()
        self.setup()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        if self.close_fp:
            self.close()
        return False

    def tell(self):
        return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage

    def seek(self, offset, whence):
        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage

        self.f.seek(offset, whence)
        return self.tell()

    def goToEnd(self):
        self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
        pos = self.f.tell()

        # pad to 16 byte boundary
        padBytes = 16 - pos % 16
        if 0 < padBytes < 16:
            self.f.write(bytes(bytearray(padBytes)))
        self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()

    def setEndian(self, endian):
        self.endian = endian
        self.longFmt = self.endian + "L"
        self.shortFmt = self.endian + "H"
        self.tagFormat = self.endian + "HHL"

    def skipIFDs(self):
        while True:
            IFDoffset = self.readLong()
            if IFDoffset == 0:
                self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - 4
                break

            self.f.seek(IFDoffset)
            numTags = self.readShort()
            self.f.seek(numTags * 12, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def write(self, data):
        return self.f.write(data)

    def readShort(self):
        value, = struct.unpack(self.shortFmt, self.f.read(2))
        return value

    def readLong(self):
        value, = struct.unpack(self.longFmt, self.f.read(4))
        return value

    def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError("wrote only %u bytes but wanted 4" %
                               bytesWritten)

    def rewriteLastShort(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError("wrote only %u bytes but wanted 2" %
                               bytesWritten)

    def rewriteLastLong(self, value):
        self.f.seek(-4, os.SEEK_CUR)
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError("wrote only %u bytes but wanted 4" %
                               bytesWritten)

    def writeShort(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.shortFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 2:
            raise RuntimeError("wrote only %u bytes but wanted 2" %
                               bytesWritten)

    def writeLong(self, value):
        bytesWritten = self.f.write(struct.pack(self.longFmt, value))
        if bytesWritten is not None and bytesWritten != 4:
            raise RuntimeError("wrote only %u bytes but wanted 4" %
                               bytesWritten)

    def close(self):
        self.finalize()
        self.f.close()

    def fixIFD(self):
        numTags = self.readShort()
        # trace("fixing IFD at %X; number of tags: %u (0x%X)", self.f.tell()-2,
        #      numTags, numTags)

        for i in range(numTags):
            tag, fieldType, count = struct.unpack(self.tagFormat, self.f.read(8))
            # trace("  at %X: tag %u (0x%X), type %u, count %u", self.f.tell()-8,
            #      tag, tag, fieldType, count)

            fieldSize = self.fieldSizes[fieldType]
            totalSize = fieldSize * count
            isLocal = (totalSize <= 4)
            if not isLocal:
                offset = self.readLong()
                offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)

            if tag in self.Tags:
                curPos = self.f.tell()

                if isLocal:
                    self.fixOffsets(count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2),
                                    isLong=(fieldSize == 4))
                    self.f.seek(curPos + 4)
                else:
                    self.f.seek(offset)
                    self.fixOffsets(count, isShort=(fieldSize == 2),
                                    isLong=(fieldSize == 4))
                    self.f.seek(curPos)

                offset = curPos = None

            elif isLocal:
                # skip the locally stored value that is not an offset
                self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)

    def fixOffsets(self, count, isShort=False, isLong=False):
        if not isShort and not isLong:
            raise RuntimeError("offset is neither short nor long")

        for i in range(count):
            offset = self.readShort() if isShort else self.readLong()
            offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
            if isShort and offset >= 65536:
                # offset is now too large - we must convert shorts to longs
                if count != 1:
                    raise RuntimeError("not implemented")  # XXX TODO

                # simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is
                # local (not referenced with another offset)
                self.rewriteLastShortToLong(offset)
                self.f.seek(-10, os.SEEK_CUR)
                self.writeShort(4)  # rewrite the type to LONG
                self.f.seek(8, os.SEEK_CUR)
            elif isShort:
                self.rewriteLastShort(offset)
            else:
                self.rewriteLastLong(offset)


def _save_all(im, fp, filename):
    if not hasattr(im, "n_frames"):
        return _save(im, fp, filename)

    cur_idx = im.tell()
    try:
        with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:
            for idx in range(im.n_frames):
                im.seek(idx)
                im.load()
                _save(im, tf, filename)
                tf.newFrame()
    finally:
        im.seek(cur_idx)

#
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Register

Image.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)
Image.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)
Image.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)

Image.register_extension(TiffImageFile.format, ".tif")
Image.register_extension(TiffImageFile.format, ".tiff")

Image.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, "image/tiff")