Merge branch 'main' into init

.ci/install.sh

@@ -37,12 +37,18 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
 
 if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    python3 -m pip install numpy
+    # TODO Update condition when NumPy supports free-threading
+    if [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then
+        python3 -m pip install numpy --index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+    else
+        python3 -m pip install numpy
+    fi
 
     # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
     if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
         sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
-        python3 -m pip install pyqt6
+        # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
+        if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
     fi
 
     # Pyroma uses non-isolated build and fails with old setuptools

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-mypy==1.10.1
+mypy==1.11.0

.clang-format

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 BasedOnStyle: Google
 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: All
 AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
-AlignAfterOpenBracket: AlwaysBreak
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: BlockIndent
 BinPackArguments: false
 BinPackParameters: false
 BreakBeforeBraces: Attach

.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ concurrency:
 
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:
+    # Disabled until google/oss-fuzz#11419 upgrades Python to 3.9+
+    if: false
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Build Fuzzers

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -50,26 +50,24 @@ jobs:
           "3.9",
         ]
         include:
-        - python-version: "3.11"
-          PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1
-          REVERSE: "--reverse"
-        - python-version: "3.10"
-          PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2
+        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
+        - { python-version: "3.10", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
+        # Free-threaded
+        - { os: "ubuntu-latest", python-version: "3.13-dev", disable-gil: true }
         # M1 only available for 3.10+
-        - os: "macos-13"
-          python-version: "3.9"
+        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.9" }
         exclude:
-        - os: "macos-14"
-          python-version: "3.9"
+        - { os: "macos-14", python-version: "3.9" }
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} ${{ matrix.disable-gil && 'free-threaded' || '' }}
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      if: "${{ !matrix.disable-gil }}"
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -78,6 +76,18 @@ jobs:
           ".ci/*.sh"
           "pyproject.toml"
 
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} (free-threaded)
+      uses: deadsnakes/action@v3.1.0
+      if: "${{ matrix.disable-gil }}"
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        nogil: ${{ matrix.disable-gil }}
+
+    - name: Set PYTHON_GIL
+      if: "${{ matrix.disable-gil }}"
+      run: |
+        echo "PYTHON_GIL=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
     - name: Build system information
       run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
 

.github/workflows/wheels-test.sh

@@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ elif [ "${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}" == "musllinux" ]; then
 else
     yum install -y fribidi
 fi
+
 if [ "${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}" != "musllinux" ]; then
+  # TODO Update condition when NumPy supports free-threading
+  if [ $(python3 -c "import sysconfig;print(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_GIL_DISABLED'))") == "1" ]; then
+    python3 -m pip install numpy --index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+  else
     python3 -m pip install numpy
+  fi
 fi
 
 if [ ! -d "test-images-main" ]; then

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Wheels
 
 on:
+  schedule:
+  #        ┌───────────── minute (0 - 59)
+  #        │  ┌───────────── hour (0 - 23)
+  #        │  │ ┌───────────── day of the month (1 - 31)
+  #        │  │ │ ┌───────────── month (1 - 12 or JAN-DEC)
+  #        │  │ │ │ ┌───────────── day of the week (0 - 6 or SUN-SAT)
+  #        │  │ │ │ │
+  - cron: "42 1 * * 0,3"
   push:
     paths:
       - ".ci/requirements-cibw.txt"
@@ -33,6 +41,7 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   build-1-QEMU-emulated-wheels:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' && github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch'
     name: aarch64 ${{ matrix.python-version }} ${{ matrix.spec }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
@@ -88,6 +97,7 @@ jobs:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
   build-2-native-wheels:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
     name: ${{ matrix.name }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
@@ -129,6 +139,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BUILD: ${{ matrix.build }}
+          CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: True
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
           CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
@@ -140,6 +151,7 @@ jobs:
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
   windows:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
     name: Windows ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
     runs-on: windows-latest
     strategy:
@@ -201,6 +213,7 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: "{package}\\winbuild\\build\\build_dep_all.cmd"
           CIBW_CACHE_PATH: "C:\\cibw"
+          CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: True
           CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
           CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"
           CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: 'docker run --rm
@@ -225,6 +238,7 @@ jobs:
           path: winbuild\build\bin\fribidi*
 
   sdist:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -243,8 +257,25 @@ jobs:
         name: dist-sdist
         path: dist/*.tar.gz
 
+  scientific-python-nightly-wheels-publish:
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    needs: [build-2-native-wheels, windows]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          pattern: dist-*
+          path: dist
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@b67d7fcc0396e1128a474d1ab2b48aa94680f9fc # 0.5.0
+        with:
+          artifacts_path: dist
+          anaconda_nightly_upload_token: ${{ secrets.ANACONDA_ORG_UPLOAD_TOKEN }}
+
   pypi-publish:
-    if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
     needs: [build-1-QEMU-emulated-wheels, build-2-native-wheels, windows, sdist]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Upload release to PyPI

CHANGES.rst

@@ -5,6 +5,18 @@ Changelog (Pillow)
 11.0.0 (unreleased)
 -------------------
 
+- Deprecate ImageMath lambda_eval and unsafe_eval options argument #8242
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Changed ContainerIO to subclass IO #8240
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Move away from APIs that use borrowed references under the free-threaded build #8216
+  [hugovk, lysnikolaou]
+
+- Allow size argument to resize() to be a NumPy array #8201
+  [radarhere]
+
 - Drop support for Python 3.8 #8183
   [hugovk, radarhere]
 

Tests/test_file_container.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Literal
-
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import ContainerIO, Image
@@ -23,6 +21,13 @@ def test_isatty() -> None:
     assert container.isatty() is False
 
 
+def test_seekable() -> None:
+    with hopper() as im:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(im, 0, 0)
+
+    assert container.seekable() is True
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "mode, expected_position",
     (
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ def test_isatty() -> None:
         (2, 100),
     ),
 )
-def test_seek_mode(mode: Literal[0, 1, 2], expected_position: int) -> None:
+def test_seek_mode(mode: int, expected_position: int) -> None:
     # Arrange
     with open(TEST_FILE, "rb") as fh:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
@@ -44,6 +49,14 @@ def test_seek_mode(mode: Literal[0, 1, 2], expected_position: int) -> None:
         assert container.tell() == expected_position
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_readable(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+    assert container.readable() is True
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_read_n0(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
     # Arrange
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ def test_read_n0(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(81)
+        assert container.seek(81) == 81
         data = container.read()
 
         # Assert
@@ -67,7 +80,7 @@ def test_read_n(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(81)
+        assert container.seek(81) == 81
         data = container.read(3)
 
         # Assert
@@ -83,7 +96,7 @@ def test_read_eof(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(100)
+        assert container.seek(100) == 100
         data = container.read()
 
         # Assert
@@ -94,21 +107,65 @@ def test_read_eof(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_readline(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
-    # Arrange
     with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
 
-        # Act
         data = container.readline()
-
-        # Assert
         if bytesmode:
             data = data.decode()
         assert data == "This is line 1\n"
 
+        data = container.readline(4)
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = data.decode()
+        assert data == "This"
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_readlines(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    expected = [
+        "This is line 1\n",
+        "This is line 2\n",
+        "This is line 3\n",
+        "This is line 4\n",
+        "This is line 5\n",
+        "This is line 6\n",
+        "This is line 7\n",
+        "This is line 8\n",
+    ]
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        data = container.readlines()
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = [line.decode() for line in data]
+        assert data == expected
+
+        assert container.seek(0) == 0
+
+        data = container.readlines(2)
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = [line.decode() for line in data]
+        assert data == expected[:2]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_write(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        assert container.writable() is False
+
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.write(b"" if bytesmode else "")
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.writelines([])
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.truncate()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_iter(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
     # Arrange
     expected = [
         "This is line 1\n",
@@ -124,9 +181,21 @@ def test_readlines(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
 
         # Act
-        data = container.readlines()
+        data = []
+        for line in container:
+            data.append(line)
 
         # Assert
         if bytesmode:
             data = [line.decode() for line in data]
         assert data == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_file(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        assert isinstance(container.fileno(), int)
+        container.flush()
+        container.close()

Tests/test_file_iptc.py

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ def test_getiptcinfo_fotostation() -> None:
         iptc = IptcImagePlugin.getiptcinfo(im)
 
     # Assert
+    assert iptc is not None
     for tag in iptc.keys():
         if tag[0] == 240:
             return

Tests/test_file_jpeg.py

@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/no-dpi-in-exif.jpg") as im:
             # Act / Assert
             # "When the image resolution is unknown, 72 [dpi] is designated."
-            # https://web.archive.org/web/20240227115053/https://exiv2.org/tags.html
+            # https://exiv2.org/tags.html
             assert im.info.get("dpi") == (72, 72)
 
     def test_invalid_exif(self) -> None:

Tests/test_file_libtiff.py

@@ -240,9 +240,10 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
 
             new_ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
             for tag, info in core_items.items():
+                assert info.type is not None
                 if info.length == 1:
                     new_ifd[tag] = values[info.type]
-                if info.length == 0:
+                elif not info.length:
                     new_ifd[tag] = tuple(values[info.type] for _ in range(3))
                 else:
                     new_ifd[tag] = tuple(values[info.type] for _ in range(info.length))

Tests/test_file_mpo.py

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, cast
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, MpoImagePlugin
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, MpoImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ test_files = ["Tests/images/sugarshack.mpo", "Tests/images/frozenpond.mpo"]
 pytestmark = skip_unless_feature("jpg")
 
 
-def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile:
+def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     out = BytesIO()
     im.save(out, "MPO", **options)
     out.seek(0)
-    return cast(MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile, Image.open(out))
+    return Image.open(out)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("test_file", test_files)
@@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ def test_exif(test_file: str) -> None:
         im_reloaded = roundtrip(im_original, save_all=True, exif=im_original.getexif())
 
     for im in (im_original, im_reloaded):
+        assert isinstance(im, MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile)
         info = im._getexif()
+        assert info is not None
         assert info[272] == "Nintendo 3DS"
         assert info[296] == 2
         assert info[34665] == 188
@@ -226,6 +228,12 @@ def test_eoferror() -> None:
         im.seek(n_frames - 1)
 
 
+def test_adopt_jpeg() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.jpg") as im:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile.adopt(im)
+
+
 def test_ultra_hdr() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/ultrahdr.jpg") as im:
         assert im.format == "JPEG"
@@ -275,6 +283,8 @@ def test_save_all() -> None:
     im_reloaded = roundtrip(im, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
 
     assert_image_equal(im, im_reloaded)
+    assert isinstance(im_reloaded, MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile)
+    assert im_reloaded.mpinfo is not None
     assert im_reloaded.mpinfo[45056] == b"0100"
 
     im_reloaded.seek(1)

Tests/test_file_pdf.py

@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ def test_pdf_append_fails_on_nonexistent_file() -> None:
 
 
 def check_pdf_pages_consistency(pdf: PdfParser.PdfParser) -> None:
+    assert pdf.pages_ref is not None
     pages_info = pdf.read_indirect(pdf.pages_ref)
     assert b"Parent" not in pages_info
     assert b"Kids" in pages_info

Tests/test_file_png.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ MAGIC = PngImagePlugin._MAGIC
 
 def chunk(cid: bytes, *data: bytes) -> bytes:
     test_file = BytesIO()
-    PngImagePlugin.putchunk(*(test_file, cid) + data)
+    PngImagePlugin.putchunk(test_file, cid, *data)
     return test_file.getvalue()
 
 
@@ -424,8 +424,10 @@ class TestFilePng:
         im = roundtrip(im, pnginfo=info)
         assert im.info == {"spam": "Eggs", "eggs": "Spam"}
         assert im.text == {"spam": "Eggs", "eggs": "Spam"}
+        assert isinstance(im.text["spam"], PngImagePlugin.iTXt)
         assert im.text["spam"].lang == "en"
         assert im.text["spam"].tkey == "Spam"
+        assert isinstance(im.text["eggs"], PngImagePlugin.iTXt)
         assert im.text["eggs"].lang == "en"
         assert im.text["eggs"].tkey == "Eggs"
 
@@ -776,7 +778,7 @@ class TestFilePng:
 
         mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
 
-        sys.stdout = mystdout  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        sys.stdout = mystdout
 
         with Image.open(TEST_PNG_FILE) as im:
             im.save(sys.stdout, "PNG")

Tests/test_file_ppm.py

@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ def test_save_stdout(buffer: bool) -> None:
 
     mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
 
-    sys.stdout = mystdout  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    sys.stdout = mystdout
 
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         im.save(sys.stdout, "PPM")

Tests/test_font_pcf.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import AnyStr
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ def test_textsize(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def _test_high_characters(
-    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path, message: str | bytes
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path, message: AnyStr
 ) -> None:
     tempname = save_font(request, tmp_path)
     font = ImageFont.load(tempname)

Tests/test_imagefile.py

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
             data = f.read()
         with ImageFile.Parser() as p:
             p.feed(data)
+            assert p.image is not None
             assert (48, 48) == p.image.size
 
     @skip_unless_feature("webp")
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
                 assert not p.image
 
                 p.feed(f.read())
+            assert p.image is not None
             assert (128, 128) == p.image.size
 
     @skip_unless_feature("zlib")
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
     def test_raise_typeerror(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
             parser = ImageFile.Parser()
-            parser.feed(1)
+            parser.feed(1)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     def test_negative_stride(self) -> None:
         with open("Tests/images/raw_negative_stride.bin", "rb") as f:
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ class TestPyDecoder(CodecsTest):
             im.load()
 
     def test_decode(self) -> None:
-        decoder = ImageFile.PyDecoder(None)
+        decoder = ImageFile.PyDecoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             decoder.decode(b"")
 
@@ -381,7 +383,7 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
             )
 
     def test_encode(self) -> None:
-        encoder = ImageFile.PyEncoder(None)
+        encoder = ImageFile.PyEncoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             encoder.encode(0)
 
@@ -393,8 +395,9 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             encoder.encode_to_pyfd()
 
+        fh = BytesIO()
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-            encoder.encode_to_file(None, None)
+            encoder.encode_to_file(fh, 0)
 
     def test_zero_height(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):

Tests/test_imagefont.py

@@ -717,14 +717,14 @@ def test_variation_set_by_name(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
 
     font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/AdobeVFPrototype.ttf", 36)
     _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_adobe.png", 11)
-    for name in ["Bold", b"Bold"]:
+    for name in ("Bold", b"Bold"):
         font.set_variation_by_name(name)
         assert font.getname()[1] == "Bold"
     _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_adobe_name.png", 16)
 
     font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/TINY5x3GX.ttf", 36)
     _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_tiny.png", 40)
-    for name in ["200", b"200"]:
+    for name in ("200", b"200"):
         font.set_variation_by_name(name)
         assert font.getname()[1] == "200"
     _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_tiny_name.png", 40)

Tests/test_imagemath_lambda_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, ImageMath
 
 
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ I = Image.new("I", (1, 1), 4)  # noqa: E741
 A2 = A.resize((2, 2))
 B2 = B.resize((2, 2))
 
-images = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
+images: dict[str, Any] = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
@@ -30,13 +34,13 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], **images))
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 3.0"
@@ -44,42 +48,47 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["int"](args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["int"](args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 3"
     )
 
 
+def test_options_deprecated() -> None:
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1, images) == 1
+
+
 def test_ops() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * -1, images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * -1, **images)) == "I -1"
 
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], **images))
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] - args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] - args["B"], **images))
         == "I -1"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * args["B"], **images))
         == "I 2"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] / args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] / args["B"], **images))
         == "I 0"
     )
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 2, images)) == "I 4"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 2, **images)) == "I 4"
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 33, images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 33, **images))
         == "I 2147483647"
     )
 
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 3.0"
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) - args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) - args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F -1.0"
@@ -95,7 +104,7 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) * args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) * args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 2.0"
@@ -103,31 +112,33 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) / args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) / args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 0.5"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 2, images))
+        pixel(
+            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 2, **images)
+        )
         == "F 4.0"
     )
     assert (
         pixel(
-            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 33, images)
+            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 33, **images)
         )
         == "F 8589934592.0"
     )
 
 
 def test_logical() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: not args["A"], images)) == 0
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: not args["A"], **images)) == 0
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] and args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] and args["B"], **images))
         == "L 2"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] or args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] or args["B"], **images))
         == "L 1"
     )
 
@@ -136,7 +147,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "L"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "L"), **images
             )
         )
         == "L 3"
@@ -144,7 +155,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "1"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "1"), **images
             )
         )
         == "1 0"
@@ -152,7 +163,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "RGB"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "RGB"), **images
             )
         )
         == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
@@ -163,7 +174,7 @@ def test_compare() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["min"](args["A"], args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["min"](args["A"], args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 1"
@@ -171,13 +182,13 @@ def test_compare() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["max"](args["A"], args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["max"](args["A"], args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 2"
     )
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 1, images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 2, images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 1, **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 2, **images)) == "I 0"
 
 
 def test_one_image_larger() -> None:

Tests/test_imagemath_unsafe_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import Any
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageMath
@@ -21,16 +23,16 @@ I = Image.new("I", (1, 1), 4)  # noqa: E741
 A2 = A.resize((2, 2))
 B2 = B.resize((2, 2))
 
-images = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
+images: dict[str, Any] = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1") == 1
     assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1+A", A=2) == 3
     assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", A=A, B=B)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", images)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", images)) == "F 3.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("int(float(A)+B)", images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", **images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", **images)) == "F 3.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("int(float(A)+B)", **images)) == "I 3"
 
 
 def test_eval_deprecated() -> None:
@@ -38,23 +40,28 @@ def test_eval_deprecated() -> None:
         assert ImageMath.eval("1") == 1
 
 
+def test_options_deprecated() -> None:
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", images) == 1
+
+
 def test_ops() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("-A", images)) == "I -1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("+B", images)) == "L 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("-A", **images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("+B", **images)) == "L 2"
 
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", images)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A-B", images)) == "I -1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A*B", images)) == "I 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A/B", images)) == "I 0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**2", images)) == "I 4"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**33", images)) == "I 2147483647"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", **images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A-B", **images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A*B", **images)) == "I 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A/B", **images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**2", **images)) == "I 4"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**33", **images)) == "I 2147483647"
 
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", images)) == "F 3.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)-B", images)) == "F -1.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)*B", images)) == "F 2.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)/B", images)) == "F 0.5"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**2", images)) == "F 4.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**33", images)) == "F 8589934592.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", **images)) == "F 3.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)-B", **images)) == "F -1.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)*B", **images)) == "F 2.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)/B", **images)) == "F 0.5"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**2", **images)) == "F 4.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**33", **images)) == "F 8589934592.0"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -72,33 +79,33 @@ def test_prevent_exec(expression: str) -> None:
 
 def test_prevent_double_underscores() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", {"__": None})
+        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", __=None)
 
 
 def test_prevent_builtins() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("(lambda: exec('exit()'))()", {"exec": None})
+        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("(lambda: exec('exit()'))()", exec=None)
 
 
 def test_logical() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("not A", images)) == 0
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A and B", images)) == "L 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A or B", images)) == "L 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("not A", **images)) == 0
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A and B", **images)) == "L 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A or B", **images)) == "L 1"
 
 
 def test_convert() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'L')", images)) == "L 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, '1')", images)) == "1 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'L')", **images)) == "L 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, '1')", **images)) == "1 0"
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'RGB')", images)) == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
+        pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'RGB')", **images)) == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
     )
 
 
 def test_compare() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("min(A, B)", images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("max(A, B)", images)) == "I 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 1", images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 2", images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("min(A, B)", **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("max(A, B)", **images)) == "I 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 1", **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 2", **images)) == "I 0"
 
 
 def test_one_image_larger() -> None:

Tests/test_imagetk.py

@@ -109,3 +109,6 @@ def test_bitmapimage() -> None:
 
     # reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
     # assert_image_equal(reloaded, im)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageTk.BitmapImage()

Tests/test_imagewin.py

@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ class TestImageWinDib:
         # Assert
         assert dib.size == (128, 128)
 
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            ImageWin.Dib(mode)
+
     def test_dib_paste(self) -> None:
         # Arrange
         im = hopper()

Tests/test_psdraw.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def test_stdout(buffer: bool) -> None:
 
     mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
 
-    sys.stdout = mystdout  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    sys.stdout = mystdout
 
     ps = PSDraw.PSDraw()
     _create_document(ps)

Tests/test_util.py

@@ -30,28 +30,6 @@ def test_is_not_path(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert not it_is_not
 
 
-def test_is_directory() -> None:
-    # Arrange
-    directory = "Tests"
-
-    # Act
-    it_is = _util.is_directory(directory)
-
-    # Assert
-    assert it_is
-
-
-def test_is_not_directory() -> None:
-    # Arrange
-    text = "abc"
-
-    # Act
-    it_is_not = _util.is_directory(text)
-
-    # Assert
-    assert not it_is_not
-
-
 def test_deferred_error() -> None:
     # Arrange
 

docs/deprecations.rst

@@ -109,6 +109,15 @@ ImageDraw.getdraw hints parameter
 
 The ``hints`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageDraw.getdraw()` has been deprecated.
 
+ImageMath.lambda_eval and ImageMath.unsafe_eval options parameter
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. deprecated:: 11.0.0
+
+The ``options`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.lambda_eval()` and
+:py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.unsafe_eval()` has been deprecated. One or more keyword
+arguments can be used instead.
+
 Removed features
 ----------------
 

docs/handbook/tutorial.rst

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ example, let’s display the image we just loaded::
 
     >>> im.show()
 
+.. image:: show_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 .. note::
 
     The standard version of :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.show` is not very
@@ -79,6 +82,9 @@ Convert files to JPEG
             except OSError:
                 print("cannot convert", infile)
 
+.. image:: ../../Tests/images/hopper.jpg
+    :align: center
+
 A second argument can be supplied to the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save`
 method which explicitly specifies a file format. If you use a non-standard
 extension, you must always specify the format this way:
@@ -103,6 +109,9 @@ Create JPEG thumbnails
             except OSError:
                 print("cannot create thumbnail for", infile)
 
+.. image:: thumbnail_hopper.jpg
+    :align: center
+
 It is important to note that the library doesn’t decode or load the raster data
 unless it really has to. When you open a file, the file header is read to
 determine the file format and extract things like mode, size, and other
@@ -140,16 +149,19 @@ Copying a subrectangle from an image
 
 ::
 
-    box = (100, 100, 400, 400)
+    box = (0, 0, 64, 64)
     region = im.crop(box)
 
 The region is defined by a 4-tuple, where coordinates are (left, upper, right,
 lower). The Python Imaging Library uses a coordinate system with (0, 0) in the
 upper left corner. Also note that coordinates refer to positions between the
-pixels, so the region in the above example is exactly 300x300 pixels.
+pixels, so the region in the above example is exactly 64x64 pixels.
 
 The region could now be processed in a certain manner and pasted back.
 
+.. image:: cropped_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Processing a subrectangle, and pasting it back
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -164,6 +176,9 @@ modes of the original image and the region do not need to match. If they don’t
 the region is automatically converted before being pasted (see the section on
 :ref:`color-transforms` below for details).
 
+.. image:: pasted_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Here’s an additional example:
 
 Rolling an image
@@ -186,6 +201,9 @@ Rolling an image
 
         return im
 
+.. image:: rolled_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Or if you would like to merge two images into a wider image:
 
 Merging images
@@ -203,6 +221,9 @@ Merging images
 
         return im
 
+.. image:: merged_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 For more advanced tricks, the paste method can also take a transparency mask as
 an optional argument. In this mask, the value 255 indicates that the pasted
 image is opaque in that position (that is, the pasted image should be used as
@@ -229,6 +250,9 @@ Note that for a single-band image, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.split` returns
 the image itself. To work with individual color bands, you may want to convert
 the image to “RGB” first.
 
+.. image:: rebanded_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Geometrical transforms
 ----------------------
 
@@ -245,6 +269,9 @@ Simple geometry transforms
     out = im.resize((128, 128))
     out = im.rotate(45) # degrees counter-clockwise
 
+.. image:: rotated_hopper_90.webp
+    :align: center
+
 To rotate the image in 90 degree steps, you can either use the
 :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.rotate` method or the
 :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.transpose` method. The latter can also be used to
@@ -256,11 +283,38 @@ Transposing an image
 ::
 
     out = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
+
+.. image:: flip_left_right_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
+::
+
     out = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM)
+
+.. image:: flip_top_bottom_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
+::
+
     out = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90)
+
+.. image:: rotated_hopper_90.webp
+    :align: center
+
+::
+
     out = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.ROTATE_180)
+
+.. image:: rotated_hopper_180.webp
+    :align: center
+
+::
+
     out = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270)
 
+.. image:: rotated_hopper_270.webp
+    :align: center
+
 ``transpose(ROTATE)`` operations can also be performed identically with
 :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.rotate` operations, provided the ``expand`` flag is
 true, to provide for the same changes to the image's size.
@@ -278,7 +332,7 @@ choose to resize relative to a given size.
 
     from PIL import Image, ImageOps
     size = (100, 150)
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.webp") as im:
+    with Image.open("hopper.webp") as im:
         ImageOps.contain(im, size).save("imageops_contain.webp")
         ImageOps.cover(im, size).save("imageops_cover.webp")
         ImageOps.fit(im, size).save("imageops_fit.webp")
@@ -342,6 +396,9 @@ Applying filters
     from PIL import ImageFilter
     out = im.filter(ImageFilter.DETAIL)
 
+.. image:: enhanced_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Point Operations
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -355,8 +412,11 @@ Applying point transforms
 
 ::
 
-    # multiply each pixel by 1.2
-    out = im.point(lambda i: i * 1.2)
+    # multiply each pixel by 20
+    out = im.point(lambda i: i * 20)
+
+.. image:: transformed_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
 
 Using the above technique, you can quickly apply any simple expression to an
 image. You can also combine the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` and
@@ -388,6 +448,9 @@ Note the syntax used to create the mask::
 
     imout = im.point(lambda i: expression and 255)
 
+.. image:: masked_hopper.webp
+    :align: center
+
 Python only evaluates the portion of a logical expression as is necessary to
 determine the outcome, and returns the last value examined as the result of the
 expression. So if the expression above is false (0), Python does not look at
@@ -412,6 +475,10 @@ Enhancing images
     enh = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im)
     enh.enhance(1.3).show("30% more contrast")
 
+
+.. image:: contrasted_hopper.jpg
+    :align: center
+
 Image sequences
 ---------------
 
@@ -444,10 +511,43 @@ Reading sequences
 As seen in this example, you’ll get an :py:exc:`EOFError` exception when the
 sequence ends.
 
+Writing sequences
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can create animated GIFs with Pillow, e.g.
+
+::
+
+    from PIL import Image
+
+    # List of image filenames
+    image_filenames = [
+        "hopper.jpg",
+        "rotated_hopper_270.jpg",
+        "rotated_hopper_180.jpg",
+        "rotated_hopper_90.jpg",
+    ]
+
+    # Open images and create a list
+    images = [Image.open(filename) for filename in image_filenames]
+
+    # Save the images as an animated GIF
+    images[0].save(
+        "animated_hopper.gif",
+        save_all=True,
+        append_images=images[1:],
+        duration=500,  # duration of each frame in milliseconds
+        loop=0,  # loop forever
+    )
+
+
+.. image:: animated_hopper.gif
+    :align: center
+
 The following class lets you use the for-statement to loop over the sequence:
 
-Using the ImageSequence Iterator class
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Using the :py:class:`~PIL.ImageSequence.Iterator` class
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 ::
 
@@ -467,25 +567,61 @@ Drawing PostScript
 
 ::
 
-    from PIL import Image
-    from PIL import PSDraw
+    from PIL import Image, PSDraw
+    import os
 
-    with Image.open("hopper.ppm") as im:
-        title = "hopper"
-        box = (1 * 72, 2 * 72, 7 * 72, 10 * 72)  # in points
+    # Define the PostScript file
+    ps_file = open("hopper.ps", "wb")
 
-        ps = PSDraw.PSDraw()  # default is sys.stdout or sys.stdout.buffer
-        ps.begin_document(title)
+    # Create a PSDraw object
+    ps = PSDraw.PSDraw(ps_file)
 
-        # draw the image (75 dpi)
-        ps.image(box, im, 75)
-        ps.rectangle(box)
+    # Start the document
+    ps.begin_document()
 
-        # draw title
-        ps.setfont("HelveticaNarrow-Bold", 36)
-        ps.text((3 * 72, 4 * 72), title)
+    # Set the text to be drawn
+    text = "Hopper"
 
-        ps.end_document()
+    # Define the PostScript font
+    font_name = "Helvetica-Narrow-Bold"
+    font_size = 36
+
+    # Calculate text size (approximation as PSDraw doesn't provide direct method)
+    # Assuming average character width as 0.6 of the font size
+    text_width = len(text) * font_size * 0.6
+    text_height = font_size
+
+    # Set the position (top-center)
+    page_width, page_height = 595, 842  # A4 size in points
+    text_x = (page_width - text_width) // 2
+    text_y = page_height - text_height - 50  # Distance from the top of the page
+
+    # Load the image
+    image_path = "hopper.ppm"  # Update this with your image path
+    with Image.open(image_path) as im:
+        # Resize the image if it's too large
+        im.thumbnail((page_width - 100, page_height // 2))
+
+        # Define the box where the image will be placed
+        img_x = (page_width - im.width) // 2
+        img_y = text_y + text_height - 200  # 200 points below the text
+
+        # Draw the image (75 dpi)
+        ps.image((img_x, img_y, img_x + im.width, img_y + im.height), im, 75)
+
+    # Draw the text
+    ps.setfont(font_name, font_size)
+    ps.text((text_x, text_y), text)
+
+    # End the document
+    ps.end_document()
+    ps_file.close()
+
+.. image:: hopper_ps.webp
+
+.. note::
+
+    PostScript converted to PDF for display purposes
 
 More on reading images
 ----------------------
@@ -553,7 +689,7 @@ Reading from a tar archive
 
     from PIL import Image, TarIO
 
-    fp = TarIO.TarIO("Tests/images/hopper.tar", "hopper.jpg")
+    fp = TarIO.TarIO("hopper.tar", "hopper.jpg")
     im = Image.open(fp)
 
 
@@ -568,7 +704,6 @@ in the current directory can be saved as JPEGs at reduced quality.
     import glob
     from PIL import Image
 
-
     def compress_image(source_path, dest_path):
         with Image.open(source_path) as img:
             if img.mode != "RGB":

docs/reference/ImageFile.rst

@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ Example: Parse an image
 Classes
 -------
 
+.. autoclass:: PIL.ImageFile._Tile()
+    :member-order: bysource
+    :members:
+    :show-inheritance:
+
 .. autoclass:: PIL.ImageFile.Parser()
     :members:
 

docs/reference/ImageFont.rst

@@ -91,3 +91,11 @@ Constants
     Set to 1,000,000, to protect against potential DOS attacks. Pillow will
     raise a :py:exc:`ValueError` if the number of characters is over this limit. The
     check can be disabled by setting ``ImageFont.MAX_STRING_LENGTH = None``.
+
+Dictionaries
+------------
+
+.. autoclass:: Axis
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+    :show-inheritance:

docs/reference/ImageMath.rst

@@ -31,20 +31,21 @@ Example: Using the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageMath` module
               b=im2
             )
 
-.. py:function:: lambda_eval(expression, options)
+.. py:function:: lambda_eval(expression, options, **kw)
 
     Returns the result of an image function.
 
     :param expression: A function that receives a dictionary.
-    :param options: Values to add to the function's dictionary, mapping image
-                    names to Image instances. You can use one or more keyword
-                    arguments instead of a dictionary, as shown in the above
-                    example. Note that the names must be valid Python
-                    identifiers.
+    :param options: Values to add to the function's dictionary. Note that the names
+                    must be valid Python identifiers. Deprecated.
+                    You can instead use one or more keyword arguments, as
+                    shown in the above example.
+    :param \**kw: Values to add to the function's dictionary, mapping image names to
+                 Image instances.
     :return: An image, an integer value, a floating point value,
              or a pixel tuple, depending on the expression.
 
-.. py:function:: unsafe_eval(expression, options)
+.. py:function:: unsafe_eval(expression, options, **kw)
 
     Evaluates an image expression.
 
@@ -61,11 +62,12 @@ Example: Using the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageMath` module
     :param expression: A string which uses the standard Python expression
                        syntax. In addition to the standard operators, you can
                        also use the functions described below.
-    :param options: Values to add to the function's dictionary, mapping image
-                    names to Image instances. You can use one or more keyword
-                    arguments instead of a dictionary, as shown in the above
-                    example. Note that the names must be valid Python
-                    identifiers.
+    :param options: Values to add to the evaluation context. Note that the names must
+                    be valid Python identifiers. Deprecated.
+                    You can instead use one or more keyword arguments, as
+                    shown in the above example.
+    :param \**kw: Values to add to the evaluation context, mapping image names to Image
+                 instances.
     :return: An image, an integer value, a floating point value,
              or a pixel tuple, depending on the expression.
 

docs/reference/internal_modules.rst

@@ -78,3 +78,7 @@ on some Python versions.
 
 An internal interface module previously known as :mod:`~PIL._imaging`,
 implemented in :file:`_imaging.c`.
+
+.. py:class:: ImagingCore
+
+    A representation of the image data.

docs/releasenotes/11.0.0.rst

@@ -43,10 +43,12 @@ similarly removed.
 Deprecations
 ============
 
-TODO
-^^^^
+ImageMath.lambda_eval and ImageMath.unsafe_eval options parameter
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-TODO
+The ``options`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.lambda_eval()` and
+:py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.unsafe_eval()` has been deprecated. One or more
+keyword arguments can be used instead.
 
 API Changes
 ===========

pyproject.toml

@@ -159,7 +159,4 @@ exclude = [
   '^Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzz_font.py$',
   '^Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzz_pillow.py$',
   '^Tests/test_qt_image_qapplication.py$',
-  '^Tests/test_font_pcf_charsets.py$',
-  '^Tests/test_font_pcf.py$',
-  '^Tests/test_file_tar.py$',
 ]

src/PIL/BlpImagePlugin.py

@@ -313,6 +313,7 @@ class _BLPBaseDecoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
         self._blp_lengths = struct.unpack("<16I", self._safe_read(16 * 4))
 
     def _safe_read(self, length: int) -> bytes:
+        assert self.fd is not None
         return ImageFile._safe_read(self.fd, length)
 
     def _read_palette(self) -> list[tuple[int, int, int, int]]:

src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-from typing import IO
+from typing import IO, Any
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette
 from ._binary import i16le as i16
@@ -72,16 +72,20 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
     for k, v in COMPRESSIONS.items():
         vars()[k] = v
 
-    def _bitmap(self, header=0, offset=0):
+    def _bitmap(self, header: int = 0, offset: int = 0) -> None:
         """Read relevant info about the BMP"""
         read, seek = self.fp.read, self.fp.seek
         if header:
             seek(header)
         # read bmp header size @offset 14 (this is part of the header size)
-        file_info = {"header_size": i32(read(4)), "direction": -1}
+        file_info: dict[str, bool | int | tuple[int, ...]] = {
+            "header_size": i32(read(4)),
+            "direction": -1,
+        }
 
         # -------------------- If requested, read header at a specific position
         # read the rest of the bmp header, without its size
+        assert isinstance(file_info["header_size"], int)
         header_data = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, file_info["header_size"] - 4)
 
         # ------------------------------- Windows Bitmap v2, IBM OS/2 Bitmap v1
@@ -92,7 +96,7 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             file_info["height"] = i16(header_data, 2)
             file_info["planes"] = i16(header_data, 4)
             file_info["bits"] = i16(header_data, 6)
-            file_info["compression"] = self.RAW
+            file_info["compression"] = self.COMPRESSIONS["RAW"]
             file_info["palette_padding"] = 3
 
         # --------------------------------------------- Windows Bitmap v3 to v5
@@ -122,8 +126,9 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             )
             file_info["colors"] = i32(header_data, 28)
             file_info["palette_padding"] = 4
+            assert isinstance(file_info["pixels_per_meter"], tuple)
             self.info["dpi"] = tuple(x / 39.3701 for x in file_info["pixels_per_meter"])
-            if file_info["compression"] == self.BITFIELDS:
+            if file_info["compression"] == self.COMPRESSIONS["BITFIELDS"]:
                 masks = ["r_mask", "g_mask", "b_mask"]
                 if len(header_data) >= 48:
                     if len(header_data) >= 52:
@@ -144,6 +149,10 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     file_info["a_mask"] = 0x0
                     for mask in masks:
                         file_info[mask] = i32(read(4))
+                assert isinstance(file_info["r_mask"], int)
+                assert isinstance(file_info["g_mask"], int)
+                assert isinstance(file_info["b_mask"], int)
+                assert isinstance(file_info["a_mask"], int)
                 file_info["rgb_mask"] = (
                     file_info["r_mask"],
                     file_info["g_mask"],
@@ -164,24 +173,26 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._size = file_info["width"], file_info["height"]
 
         # ------- If color count was not found in the header, compute from bits
+        assert isinstance(file_info["bits"], int)
         file_info["colors"] = (
             file_info["colors"]
             if file_info.get("colors", 0)
             else (1 << file_info["bits"])
         )
+        assert isinstance(file_info["colors"], int)
         if offset == 14 + file_info["header_size"] and file_info["bits"] <= 8:
             offset += 4 * file_info["colors"]
 
         # ---------------------- Check bit depth for unusual unsupported values
-        self._mode, raw_mode = BIT2MODE.get(file_info["bits"], (None, None))
-        if self.mode is None:
+        self._mode, raw_mode = BIT2MODE.get(file_info["bits"], ("", ""))
+        if not self.mode:
             msg = f"Unsupported BMP pixel depth ({file_info['bits']})"
             raise OSError(msg)
 
         # ---------------- Process BMP with Bitfields compression (not palette)
         decoder_name = "raw"
-        if file_info["compression"] == self.BITFIELDS:
-            SUPPORTED = {
+        if file_info["compression"] == self.COMPRESSIONS["BITFIELDS"]:
+            SUPPORTED: dict[int, list[tuple[int, ...]]] = {
                 32: [
                     (0xFF0000, 0xFF00, 0xFF, 0x0),
                     (0xFF000000, 0xFF0000, 0xFF00, 0x0),
@@ -213,12 +224,14 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     file_info["bits"] == 32
                     and file_info["rgba_mask"] in SUPPORTED[file_info["bits"]]
                 ):
+                    assert isinstance(file_info["rgba_mask"], tuple)
                     raw_mode = MASK_MODES[(file_info["bits"], file_info["rgba_mask"])]
                     self._mode = "RGBA" if "A" in raw_mode else self.mode
                 elif (
                     file_info["bits"] in (24, 16)
                     and file_info["rgb_mask"] in SUPPORTED[file_info["bits"]]
                 ):
+                    assert isinstance(file_info["rgb_mask"], tuple)
                     raw_mode = MASK_MODES[(file_info["bits"], file_info["rgb_mask"])]
                 else:
                     msg = "Unsupported BMP bitfields layout"
@@ -226,10 +239,13 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             else:
                 msg = "Unsupported BMP bitfields layout"
                 raise OSError(msg)
-        elif file_info["compression"] == self.RAW:
+        elif file_info["compression"] == self.COMPRESSIONS["RAW"]:
             if file_info["bits"] == 32 and header == 22:  # 32-bit .cur offset
                 raw_mode, self._mode = "BGRA", "RGBA"
-        elif file_info["compression"] in (self.RLE8, self.RLE4):
+        elif file_info["compression"] in (
+            self.COMPRESSIONS["RLE8"],
+            self.COMPRESSIONS["RLE4"],
+        ):
             decoder_name = "bmp_rle"
         else:
             msg = f"Unsupported BMP compression ({file_info['compression']})"
@@ -242,6 +258,7 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                 msg = f"Unsupported BMP Palette size ({file_info['colors']})"
                 raise OSError(msg)
             else:
+                assert isinstance(file_info["palette_padding"], int)
                 padding = file_info["palette_padding"]
                 palette = read(padding * file_info["colors"])
                 grayscale = True
@@ -269,10 +286,11 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         # ---------------------------- Finally set the tile data for the plugin
         self.info["compression"] = file_info["compression"]
-        args = [raw_mode]
+        args: list[Any] = [raw_mode]
         if decoder_name == "bmp_rle":
-            args.append(file_info["compression"] == self.RLE4)
+            args.append(file_info["compression"] == self.COMPRESSIONS["RLE4"])
         else:
+            assert isinstance(file_info["width"], int)
             args.append(((file_info["width"] * file_info["bits"] + 31) >> 3) & (~3))
         args.append(file_info["direction"])
         self.tile = [

src/PIL/ContainerIO.py

@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
-from typing import IO, AnyStr, Generic, Literal
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import IO, AnyStr, NoReturn
 
 
-class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
+class ContainerIO(IO[AnyStr]):
     """
     A file object that provides read access to a part of an existing
     file (for example a TAR file).
@@ -45,7 +46,10 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
     def isatty(self) -> bool:
         return False
 
-    def seek(self, offset: int, mode: Literal[0, 1, 2] = io.SEEK_SET) -> None:
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def seek(self, offset: int, mode: int = io.SEEK_SET) -> int:
         """
         Move file pointer.
 
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
         :param mode: Starting position. Use 0 for beginning of region, 1
            for current offset, and 2 for end of region.  You cannot move
            the pointer outside the defined region.
+        :returns: Offset from start of region, in bytes.
         """
         if mode == 1:
             self.pos = self.pos + offset
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
         # clamp
         self.pos = max(0, min(self.pos, self.length))
         self.fh.seek(self.offset + self.pos)
+        return self.pos
 
     def tell(self) -> int:
         """
@@ -72,27 +78,32 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
         """
         return self.pos
 
-    def read(self, n: int = 0) -> AnyStr:
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def read(self, n: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
         """
         Read data.
 
-        :param n: Number of bytes to read. If omitted or zero,
+        :param n: Number of bytes to read. If omitted, zero or negative,
             read until end of region.
         :returns: An 8-bit string.
         """
-        if n:
+        if n > 0:
             n = min(n, self.length - self.pos)
         else:
             n = self.length - self.pos
-        if not n:  # EOF
+        if n <= 0:  # EOF
             return b"" if "b" in self.fh.mode else ""  # type: ignore[return-value]
         self.pos = self.pos + n
         return self.fh.read(n)
 
-    def readline(self) -> AnyStr:
+    def readline(self, n: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
         """
         Read a line of text.
 
+        :param n: Number of bytes to read. If omitted, zero or negative,
+            read until end of line.
         :returns: An 8-bit string.
         """
         s: AnyStr = b"" if "b" in self.fh.mode else ""  # type: ignore[assignment]
@@ -102,14 +113,16 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
             if not c:
                 break
             s = s + c
-            if c == newline_character:
+            if c == newline_character or len(s) == n:
                 break
         return s
 
-    def readlines(self) -> list[AnyStr]:
+    def readlines(self, n: int | None = -1) -> list[AnyStr]:
         """
         Read multiple lines of text.
 
+        :param n: Number of lines to read. If omitted, zero, negative or None,
+            read until end of region.
         :returns: A list of 8-bit strings.
         """
         lines = []
@@ -118,4 +131,43 @@ class ContainerIO(Generic[AnyStr]):
             if not s:
                 break
             lines.append(s)
+            if len(lines) == n:
+                break
         return lines
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def write(self, b: AnyStr) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[AnyStr]) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def truncate(self, size: int | None = None) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ContainerIO[AnyStr]:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args: object) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> ContainerIO[AnyStr]:
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self) -> AnyStr:
+        line = self.readline()
+        if not line:
+            msg = "end of region"
+            raise StopIteration(msg)
+        return line
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return self.fh.fileno()
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        self.fh.flush()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.fh.close()

src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def has_ghostscript() -> bool:
     return gs_binary is not False
 
 
-def Ghostscript(tile, size, fp, scale=1, transparency=False):
+def Ghostscript(tile, size, fp, scale=1, transparency: bool = False) -> Image.Image:
     """Render an image using Ghostscript"""
     global gs_binary
     if not has_ghostscript():

src/PIL/IcoImagePlugin.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import warnings
 from io import BytesIO
 from math import ceil, log
-from typing import IO
+from typing import IO, NamedTuple
 
 from . import BmpImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile, PngImagePlugin
 from ._binary import i16le as i16
@@ -119,8 +119,22 @@ def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
     return prefix[:4] == _MAGIC
 
 
+class IconHeader(NamedTuple):
+    width: int
+    height: int
+    nb_color: int
+    reserved: int
+    planes: int
+    bpp: int
+    size: int
+    offset: int
+    dim: tuple[int, int]
+    square: int
+    color_depth: int
+
+
 class IcoFile:
-    def __init__(self, buf) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, buf: IO[bytes]) -> None:
         """
         Parse image from file-like object containing ico file data
         """
@@ -141,51 +155,44 @@ class IcoFile:
         for i in range(self.nb_items):
             s = buf.read(16)
 
-            icon_header = {
-                "width": s[0],
-                "height": s[1],
-                "nb_color": s[2],  # No. of colors in image (0 if >=8bpp)
-                "reserved": s[3],
-                "planes": i16(s, 4),
-                "bpp": i16(s, 6),
-                "size": i32(s, 8),
-                "offset": i32(s, 12),
-            }
-
             # See Wikipedia
-            for j in ("width", "height"):
-                if not icon_header[j]:
-                    icon_header[j] = 256
+            width = s[0] or 256
+            height = s[1] or 256
 
-            # See Wikipedia notes about color depth.
-            # We need this just to differ images with equal sizes
-            icon_header["color_depth"] = (
-                icon_header["bpp"]
-                or (
-                    icon_header["nb_color"] != 0
-                    and ceil(log(icon_header["nb_color"], 2))
-                )
-                or 256
+            # No. of colors in image (0 if >=8bpp)
+            nb_color = s[2]
+            bpp = i16(s, 6)
+            icon_header = IconHeader(
+                width=width,
+                height=height,
+                nb_color=nb_color,
+                reserved=s[3],
+                planes=i16(s, 4),
+                bpp=i16(s, 6),
+                size=i32(s, 8),
+                offset=i32(s, 12),
+                dim=(width, height),
+                square=width * height,
+                # See Wikipedia notes about color depth.
+                # We need this just to differ images with equal sizes
+                color_depth=bpp or (nb_color != 0 and ceil(log(nb_color, 2))) or 256,
             )
 
-            icon_header["dim"] = (icon_header["width"], icon_header["height"])
-            icon_header["square"] = icon_header["width"] * icon_header["height"]
-
             self.entry.append(icon_header)
 
-        self.entry = sorted(self.entry, key=lambda x: x["color_depth"])
+        self.entry = sorted(self.entry, key=lambda x: x.color_depth)
         # ICO images are usually squares
-        self.entry = sorted(self.entry, key=lambda x: x["square"], reverse=True)
+        self.entry = sorted(self.entry, key=lambda x: x.square, reverse=True)
 
     def sizes(self) -> set[tuple[int, int]]:
         """
-        Get a list of all available icon sizes and color depths.
+        Get a set of all available icon sizes and color depths.
         """
-        return {(h["width"], h["height"]) for h in self.entry}
+        return {(h.width, h.height) for h in self.entry}
 
     def getentryindex(self, size: tuple[int, int], bpp: int | bool = False) -> int:
         for i, h in enumerate(self.entry):
-            if size == h["dim"] and (bpp is False or bpp == h["color_depth"]):
+            if size == h.dim and (bpp is False or bpp == h.color_depth):
                 return i
         return 0
 
@@ -202,9 +209,9 @@ class IcoFile:
 
         header = self.entry[idx]
 
-        self.buf.seek(header["offset"])
+        self.buf.seek(header.offset)
         data = self.buf.read(8)
-        self.buf.seek(header["offset"])
+        self.buf.seek(header.offset)
 
         im: Image.Image
         if data[:8] == PngImagePlugin._MAGIC:
@@ -222,8 +229,7 @@ class IcoFile:
             im.tile[0] = d, (0, 0) + im.size, o, a
 
             # figure out where AND mask image starts
-            bpp = header["bpp"]
-            if 32 == bpp:
+            if header.bpp == 32:
                 # 32-bit color depth icon image allows semitransparent areas
                 # PIL's DIB format ignores transparency bits, recover them.
                 # The DIB is packed in BGRX byte order where X is the alpha
@@ -253,7 +259,7 @@ class IcoFile:
                 # padded row size * height / bits per char
 
                 total_bytes = int((w * im.size[1]) / 8)
-                and_mask_offset = header["offset"] + header["size"] - total_bytes
+                and_mask_offset = header.offset + header.size - total_bytes
 
                 self.buf.seek(and_mask_offset)
                 mask_data = self.buf.read(total_bytes)
@@ -307,7 +313,7 @@ class IcoImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
     def _open(self) -> None:
         self.ico = IcoFile(self.fp)
         self.info["sizes"] = self.ico.sizes()
-        self.size = self.ico.entry[0]["dim"]
+        self.size = self.ico.entry[0].dim
         self.load()
 
     @property

src/PIL/Image.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import struct
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, MutableMapping, Sequence
 from enum import IntEnum
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import (
@@ -218,6 +218,8 @@ if hasattr(core, "DEFAULT_STRATEGY"):
 # Registries
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element
+
     from . import ImageFile, ImagePalette
     from ._typing import NumpyArray, StrOrBytesPath, TypeGuard
 ID: list[str] = []
@@ -241,9 +243,9 @@ ENCODERS: dict[str, type[ImageFile.PyEncoder]] = {}
 _ENDIAN = "<" if sys.byteorder == "little" else ">"
 
 
-def _conv_type_shape(im):
+def _conv_type_shape(im: Image) -> tuple[tuple[int, ...], str]:
     m = ImageMode.getmode(im.mode)
-    shape = (im.height, im.width)
+    shape: tuple[int, ...] = (im.height, im.width)
     extra = len(m.bands)
     if extra != 1:
         shape += (extra,)
@@ -466,40 +468,40 @@ def _getencoder(
 
 
 class _E:
-    def __init__(self, scale, offset) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, scale: float, offset: float) -> None:
         self.scale = scale
         self.offset = offset
 
-    def __neg__(self):
+    def __neg__(self) -> _E:
         return _E(-self.scale, -self.offset)
 
-    def __add__(self, other):
+    def __add__(self, other: _E | float) -> _E:
         if isinstance(other, _E):
             return _E(self.scale + other.scale, self.offset + other.offset)
         return _E(self.scale, self.offset + other)
 
     __radd__ = __add__
 
-    def __sub__(self, other):
+    def __sub__(self, other: _E | float) -> _E:
         return self + -other
 
-    def __rsub__(self, other):
+    def __rsub__(self, other: _E | float) -> _E:
         return other + -self
 
-    def __mul__(self, other):
+    def __mul__(self, other: _E | float) -> _E:
         if isinstance(other, _E):
             return NotImplemented
         return _E(self.scale * other, self.offset * other)
 
     __rmul__ = __mul__
 
-    def __truediv__(self, other):
+    def __truediv__(self, other: _E | float) -> _E:
         if isinstance(other, _E):
             return NotImplemented
         return _E(self.scale / other, self.offset / other)
 
 
-def _getscaleoffset(expr):
+def _getscaleoffset(expr) -> tuple[float, float]:
     a = expr(_E(1, 0))
     return (a.scale, a.offset) if isinstance(a, _E) else (0, a)
 
@@ -728,9 +730,9 @@ class Image:
         return self._repr_image("JPEG")
 
     @property
-    def __array_interface__(self):
+    def __array_interface__(self) -> dict[str, str | bytes | int | tuple[int, ...]]:
         # numpy array interface support
-        new = {"version": 3}
+        new: dict[str, str | bytes | int | tuple[int, ...]] = {"version": 3}
         try:
             if self.mode == "1":
                 # Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
@@ -752,11 +754,11 @@ class Image:
         new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
         return new
 
-    def __getstate__(self):
+    def __getstate__(self) -> list[Any]:
         im_data = self.tobytes()  # load image first
         return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), im_data]
 
-    def __setstate__(self, state) -> None:
+    def __setstate__(self, state: list[Any]) -> None:
         self._prepare()
         info, mode, size, palette, data = state
         self.info = info
@@ -1428,7 +1430,7 @@ class Image:
             return out
         return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
 
-    def getdata(self, band: int | None = None):
+    def getdata(self, band: int | None = None) -> core.ImagingCore:
         """
         Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
         containing pixel values.  The sequence object is flattened, so
@@ -1477,8 +1479,8 @@ class Image:
         def get_name(tag: str) -> str:
             return re.sub("^{[^}]+}", "", tag)
 
-        def get_value(element):
-            value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
+        def get_value(element: Element) -> str | dict[str, Any] | None:
+            value: dict[str, Any] = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
             children = list(element)
             if children:
                 for child in children:
@@ -1691,7 +1693,9 @@ class Image:
         x, y = self.im.getprojection()
         return list(x), list(y)
 
-    def histogram(self, mask: Image | None = None, extrema=None) -> list[int]:
+    def histogram(
+        self, mask: Image | None = None, extrema: tuple[float, float] | None = None
+    ) -> list[int]:
         """
         Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
         list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
@@ -1717,12 +1721,14 @@ class Image:
             mask.load()
             return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
         if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
-            if extrema is None:
-                extrema = self.getextrema()
-            return self.im.histogram(extrema)
+            return self.im.histogram(
+                extrema if extrema is not None else self.getextrema()
+            )
         return self.im.histogram()
 
-    def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
+    def entropy(
+        self, mask: Image | None = None, extrema: tuple[float, float] | None = None
+    ) -> float:
         """
         Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
 
@@ -1743,9 +1749,9 @@ class Image:
             mask.load()
             return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
         if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
-            if extrema is None:
-                extrema = self.getextrema()
-            return self.im.entropy(extrema)
+            return self.im.entropy(
+                extrema if extrema is not None else self.getextrema()
+            )
         return self.im.entropy()
 
     def paste(
@@ -2006,7 +2012,7 @@ class Image:
 
     def putdata(
         self,
-        data: Sequence[float] | Sequence[Sequence[int]] | NumpyArray,
+        data: Sequence[float] | Sequence[Sequence[int]] | core.ImagingCore | NumpyArray,
         scale: float = 1.0,
         offset: float = 0.0,
     ) -> None:
@@ -2194,7 +2200,12 @@ class Image:
 
         return m_im
 
-    def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
+    def _get_safe_box(
+        self,
+        size: tuple[int, int],
+        resample: Resampling,
+        box: tuple[float, float, float, float],
+    ) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
         """Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
         that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
         """
@@ -2304,7 +2315,7 @@ class Image:
             factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
             factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
             if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
-                reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
+                reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, cast(Resampling, resample), box)
                 factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
                 self = (
                     self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
@@ -2440,7 +2451,7 @@ class Image:
             0.0,
         ]
 
-        def transform(x, y, matrix):
+        def transform(x: float, y: float, matrix: list[float]) -> tuple[float, float]:
             (a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
             return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
 
@@ -2455,9 +2466,9 @@ class Image:
             xx = []
             yy = []
             for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
-                x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
-                xx.append(x)
-                yy.append(y)
+                transformed_x, transformed_y = transform(x, y, matrix)
+                xx.append(transformed_x)
+                yy.append(transformed_y)
             nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
             nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
 
@@ -2715,7 +2726,7 @@ class Image:
         provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
 
         def preserve_aspect_ratio() -> tuple[int, int] | None:
-            def round_aspect(number, key):
+            def round_aspect(number: float, key: Callable[[int], float]) -> int:
                 return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
 
             x, y = provided_size
@@ -2859,7 +2870,13 @@ class Image:
         return im
 
     def __transformer(
-        self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
+        self,
+        box: tuple[int, int, int, int],
+        image: Image,
+        method,
+        data,
+        resample: int = Resampling.NEAREST,
+        fill: bool = True,
     ):
         w = box[2] - box[0]
         h = box[3] - box[1]
@@ -2909,11 +2926,12 @@ class Image:
             Resampling.BICUBIC,
         ):
             if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
-                msg = {
+                unusable: dict[int, str] = {
                     Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
                     Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
                     Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
-                }[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
+                }
+                msg = unusable[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
             else:
                 msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
 
@@ -3299,7 +3317,7 @@ def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
 
 
-def fromqimage(im):
+def fromqimage(im) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     """Creates an image instance from a QImage image"""
     from . import ImageQt
 
@@ -3309,7 +3327,7 @@ def fromqimage(im):
     return ImageQt.fromqimage(im)
 
 
-def fromqpixmap(im):
+def fromqpixmap(im) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     """Creates an image instance from a QPixmap image"""
     from . import ImageQt
 
@@ -3856,7 +3874,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
       print(gps_ifd[ExifTags.GPS.GPSDateStamp])  # 1999:99:99 99:99:99
     """
 
-    endian = None
+    endian: str | None = None
     bigtiff = False
     _loaded = False
 
@@ -3880,7 +3898,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
         # returns a dict with any single item tuples/lists as individual values
         return {k: self._fixup(v) for k, v in src_dict.items()}
 
-    def _get_ifd_dict(self, offset, group=None):
+    def _get_ifd_dict(self, offset: int, group: int | None = None):
         try:
             # an offset pointer to the location of the nested embedded IFD.
             # It should be a long, but may be corrupted.
@@ -3894,7 +3912,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
             info.load(self.fp)
             return self._fixup_dict(info)
 
-    def _get_head(self):
+    def _get_head(self) -> bytes:
         version = b"\x2B" if self.bigtiff else b"\x2A"
         if self.endian == "<":
             head = b"II" + version + b"\x00" + o32le(8)
@@ -3905,7 +3923,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
             head += b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
         return head
 
-    def load(self, data):
+    def load(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         # Extract EXIF information.  This is highly experimental,
         # and is likely to be replaced with something better in a future
         # version.
@@ -3924,7 +3942,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
             self._info = None
             return
 
-        self.fp = io.BytesIO(data)
+        self.fp: IO[bytes] = io.BytesIO(data)
         self.head = self.fp.read(8)
         # process dictionary
         from . import TiffImagePlugin
@@ -3934,7 +3952,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
         self.fp.seek(self._info.next)
         self._info.load(self.fp)
 
-    def load_from_fp(self, fp, offset=None):
+    def load_from_fp(self, fp: IO[bytes], offset: int | None = None) -> None:
         self._loaded_exif = None
         self._data.clear()
         self._hidden_data.clear()
@@ -4115,16 +4133,16 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
             keys.update(self._info)
         return len(keys)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, tag):
+    def __getitem__(self, tag: int):
         if self._info is not None and tag not in self._data and tag in self._info:
             self._data[tag] = self._fixup(self._info[tag])
             del self._info[tag]
         return self._data[tag]
 
-    def __contains__(self, tag) -> bool:
+    def __contains__(self, tag: object) -> bool:
         return tag in self._data or (self._info is not None and tag in self._info)
 
-    def __setitem__(self, tag, value) -> None:
+    def __setitem__(self, tag: int, value) -> None:
         if self._info is not None and tag in self._info:
             del self._info[tag]
         self._data[tag] = value
@@ -4135,7 +4153,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
         else:
             del self._data[tag]
 
-    def __iter__(self):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]:
         keys = set(self._data)
         if self._info is not None:
             keys.update(self._info)

src/PIL/ImageDraw.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import numbers
 import struct
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, Callable, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, AnyStr, Callable, Union, cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageColor
 from ._deprecate import deprecate
@@ -561,7 +561,12 @@ class ImageDraw:
     def _multiline_split(self, text: AnyStr) -> list[AnyStr]:
         return text.split("\n" if isinstance(text, str) else b"\n")
 
-    def _multiline_spacing(self, font, spacing, stroke_width):
+    def _multiline_spacing(
+        self,
+        font: ImageFont.ImageFont | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont | ImageFont.TransposedFont,
+        spacing: float,
+        stroke_width: float,
+    ) -> float:
         return (
             self.textbbox((0, 0), "A", font, stroke_width=stroke_width)[3]
             + stroke_width
@@ -571,25 +576,25 @@ class ImageDraw:
     def text(
         self,
         xy: tuple[float, float],
-        text: str,
-        fill=None,
+        text: AnyStr,
+        fill: _Ink | None = None,
         font: (
             ImageFont.ImageFont
             | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
             | ImageFont.TransposedFont
             | None
         ) = None,
-        anchor=None,
-        spacing=4,
-        align="left",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        stroke_fill=None,
-        embedded_color=False,
-        *args,
-        **kwargs,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        spacing: float = 4,
+        align: str = "left",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        stroke_fill: _Ink | None = None,
+        embedded_color: bool = False,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> None:
         """Draw text."""
         if embedded_color and self.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
@@ -623,15 +628,14 @@ class ImageDraw:
                 return fill_ink
             return ink
 
-        def draw_text(ink, stroke_width=0, stroke_offset=None) -> None:
+        def draw_text(ink: int, stroke_width: float = 0) -> None:
             mode = self.fontmode
             if stroke_width == 0 and embedded_color:
                 mode = "RGBA"
             coord = []
-            start = []
             for i in range(2):
                 coord.append(int(xy[i]))
-                start.append(math.modf(xy[i])[0])
+            start = (math.modf(xy[0])[0], math.modf(xy[1])[0])
             try:
                 mask, offset = font.getmask2(  # type: ignore[union-attr,misc]
                     text,
@@ -664,8 +668,6 @@ class ImageDraw:
                     )
                 except TypeError:
                     mask = font.getmask(text)
-            if stroke_offset:
-                coord = [coord[0] + stroke_offset[0], coord[1] + stroke_offset[1]]
             if mode == "RGBA":
                 # font.getmask2(mode="RGBA") returns color in RGB bands and mask in A
                 # extract mask and set text alpha
@@ -699,25 +701,25 @@ class ImageDraw:
     def multiline_text(
         self,
         xy: tuple[float, float],
-        text: str,
-        fill=None,
+        text: AnyStr,
+        fill: _Ink | None = None,
         font: (
             ImageFont.ImageFont
             | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
             | ImageFont.TransposedFont
             | None
         ) = None,
-        anchor=None,
-        spacing=4,
-        align="left",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        stroke_fill=None,
-        embedded_color=False,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        spacing: float = 4,
+        align: str = "left",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        stroke_fill: _Ink | None = None,
+        embedded_color: bool = False,
         *,
-        font_size=None,
+        font_size: float | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if direction == "ttb":
             msg = "ttb direction is unsupported for multiline text"
@@ -790,19 +792,19 @@ class ImageDraw:
 
     def textlength(
         self,
-        text: str,
+        text: AnyStr,
         font: (
             ImageFont.ImageFont
             | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
             | ImageFont.TransposedFont
             | None
         ) = None,
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        embedded_color=False,
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        embedded_color: bool = False,
         *,
-        font_size=None,
+        font_size: float | None = None,
     ) -> float:
         """Get the length of a given string, in pixels with 1/64 precision."""
         if self._multiline_check(text):
@@ -819,20 +821,25 @@ class ImageDraw:
 
     def textbbox(
         self,
-        xy,
-        text,
-        font=None,
-        anchor=None,
-        spacing=4,
-        align="left",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        embedded_color=False,
+        xy: tuple[float, float],
+        text: AnyStr,
+        font: (
+            ImageFont.ImageFont
+            | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
+            | ImageFont.TransposedFont
+            | None
+        ) = None,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        spacing: float = 4,
+        align: str = "left",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        embedded_color: bool = False,
         *,
-        font_size=None,
-    ) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+        font_size: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float, float, float]:
         """Get the bounding box of a given string, in pixels."""
         if embedded_color and self.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
             msg = "Embedded color supported only in RGB and RGBA modes"
@@ -864,20 +871,25 @@ class ImageDraw:
 
     def multiline_textbbox(
         self,
-        xy,
-        text,
-        font=None,
-        anchor=None,
-        spacing=4,
-        align="left",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        embedded_color=False,
+        xy: tuple[float, float],
+        text: AnyStr,
+        font: (
+            ImageFont.ImageFont
+            | ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
+            | ImageFont.TransposedFont
+            | None
+        ) = None,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        spacing: float = 4,
+        align: str = "left",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        embedded_color: bool = False,
         *,
-        font_size=None,
-    ) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+        font_size: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float, float, float]:
         if direction == "ttb":
             msg = "ttb direction is unsupported for multiline text"
             raise ValueError(msg)
@@ -916,7 +928,7 @@ class ImageDraw:
         elif anchor[1] == "d":
             top -= (len(lines) - 1) * line_spacing
 
-        bbox: tuple[int, int, int, int] | None = None
+        bbox: tuple[float, float, float, float] | None = None
 
         for idx, line in enumerate(lines):
             left = xy[0]

src/PIL/ImageDraw2.py

@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import BinaryIO
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, BinaryIO
 
 from . import Image, ImageColor, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImagePath
-from ._typing import StrOrBytesPath
+from ._typing import Coords, StrOrBytesPath
 
 
 class Pen:
@@ -74,12 +74,14 @@ class Draw:
             image = Image.new(image, size, color)
         self.draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
         self.image = image
-        self.transform = None
+        self.transform: tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float] | None = None
 
     def flush(self) -> Image.Image:
         return self.image
 
-    def render(self, op, xy, pen, brush=None):
+    def render(
+        self, op: str, xy: Coords, pen: Pen | Brush, brush: Brush | Pen | None = None
+    ) -> None:
         # handle color arguments
         outline = fill = None
         width = 1
@@ -95,20 +97,21 @@ class Draw:
             fill = pen.color
         # handle transformation
         if self.transform:
-            xy = ImagePath.Path(xy)
-            xy.transform(self.transform)
+            path = ImagePath.Path(xy)
+            path.transform(self.transform)
+            xy = path
         # render the item
         if op == "line":
             self.draw.line(xy, fill=outline, width=width)
         else:
             getattr(self.draw, op)(xy, fill=fill, outline=outline)
 
-    def settransform(self, offset):
+    def settransform(self, offset: tuple[float, float]) -> None:
         """Sets a transformation offset."""
         (xoffset, yoffset) = offset
         self.transform = (1, 0, xoffset, 0, 1, yoffset)
 
-    def arc(self, xy, start, end, *options):
+    def arc(self, xy: Coords, start, end, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Draws an arc (a portion of a circle outline) between the start and end
         angles, inside the given bounding box.
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("arc", xy, start, end, *options)
 
-    def chord(self, xy, start, end, *options):
+    def chord(self, xy: Coords, start, end, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Same as :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageDraw2.Draw.arc`, but connects the end points
         with a straight line.
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("chord", xy, start, end, *options)
 
-    def ellipse(self, xy, *options):
+    def ellipse(self, xy: Coords, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Draws an ellipse inside the given bounding box.
 
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("ellipse", xy, *options)
 
-    def line(self, xy, *options):
+    def line(self, xy: Coords, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Draws a line between the coordinates in the ``xy`` list.
 
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("line", xy, *options)
 
-    def pieslice(self, xy, start, end, *options):
+    def pieslice(self, xy: Coords, start, end, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Same as arc, but also draws straight lines between the end points and the
         center of the bounding box.
@@ -151,7 +154,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("pieslice", xy, start, end, *options)
 
-    def polygon(self, xy, *options):
+    def polygon(self, xy: Coords, *options: Any) -> None:
         """
         Draws a polygon.
 
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("polygon", xy, *options)
 
-    def rectangle(self, xy, *options):
+    def rectangle(self, xy: Coords, *options) -> None:
         """
         Draws a rectangle.
 
@@ -172,18 +175,21 @@ class Draw:
         """
         self.render("rectangle", xy, *options)
 
-    def text(self, xy, text, font):
+    def text(self, xy: tuple[float, float], text: AnyStr, font: Font) -> None:
         """
         Draws the string at the given position.
 
         .. seealso:: :py:meth:`PIL.ImageDraw.ImageDraw.text`
         """
         if self.transform:
-            xy = ImagePath.Path(xy)
-            xy.transform(self.transform)
+            path = ImagePath.Path(xy)
+            path.transform(self.transform)
+            xy = path
         self.draw.text(xy, text, font=font.font, fill=font.color)
 
-    def textbbox(self, xy, text, font):
+    def textbbox(
+        self, xy: tuple[float, float], text: AnyStr, font: Font
+    ) -> tuple[float, float, float, float]:
         """
         Returns bounding box (in pixels) of given text.
 
@@ -192,11 +198,12 @@ class Draw:
         .. seealso:: :py:meth:`PIL.ImageDraw.ImageDraw.textbbox`
         """
         if self.transform:
-            xy = ImagePath.Path(xy)
-            xy.transform(self.transform)
+            path = ImagePath.Path(xy)
+            path.transform(self.transform)
+            xy = path
         return self.draw.textbbox(xy, text, font=font.font)
 
-    def textlength(self, text, font):
+    def textlength(self, text: AnyStr, font: Font) -> float:
         """
         Returns length (in pixels) of given text.
         This is the amount by which following text should be offset.

src/PIL/ImageFile.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def raise_oserror(error: int) -> OSError:
     raise _get_oserror(error, encoder=False)
 
 
-def _tilesort(t):
+def _tilesort(t) -> int:
     # sort on offset
     return t[2]
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class ImageFile(Image.Image):
             return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
         return None
 
-    def __setstate__(self, state):
+    def __setstate__(self, state) -> None:
         self.tile = []
         super().__setstate__(state)
 
@@ -333,14 +333,14 @@ class ImageFile(Image.Image):
     # def load_read(self, read_bytes: int) -> bytes:
     #     pass
 
-    def _seek_check(self, frame):
+    def _seek_check(self, frame: int) -> bool:
         if (
             frame < self._min_frame
             # Only check upper limit on frames if additional seek operations
             # are not required to do so
             or (
                 not (hasattr(self, "_n_frames") and self._n_frames is None)
-                and frame >= self.n_frames + self._min_frame
+                and frame >= getattr(self, "n_frames") + self._min_frame
             )
         ):
             msg = "attempt to seek outside sequence"
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class StubImageFile(ImageFile):
         msg = "StubImageFile subclass must implement _open"
         raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
-    def load(self):
+    def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
         loader = self._load()
         if loader is None:
             msg = f"cannot find loader for this {self.format} file"
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ class StubImageFile(ImageFile):
         image = loader.load(self)
         assert image is not None
         # become the other object (!)
-        self.__class__ = image.__class__
+        self.__class__ = image.__class__  # type: ignore[assignment]
         self.__dict__ = image.__dict__
         return image.load()
 
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ class Parser:
 
     incremental = None
     image: Image.Image | None = None
-    data = None
-    decoder = None
+    data: bytes | None = None
+    decoder: Image.core.ImagingDecoder | PyDecoder | None = None
     offset = 0
     finished = 0
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class Parser:
         """
         assert self.data is None, "cannot reuse parsers"
 
-    def feed(self, data):
+    def feed(self, data: bytes) -> None:
         """
         (Consumer) Feed data to the parser.
 
@@ -485,13 +485,13 @@ class Parser:
 
                 self.image = im
 
-    def __enter__(self):
+    def __enter__(self) -> Parser:
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, *args: object) -> None:
         self.close()
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> Image.Image:
         """
         (Consumer) Close the stream.
 
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class Parser:
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def _save(im, fp, tile, bufsize=0) -> None:
+def _save(im, fp, tile, bufsize: int = 0) -> None:
     """Helper to save image based on tile list
 
     :param im: Image object.
@@ -553,7 +553,9 @@ def _save(im, fp, tile, bufsize=0) -> None:
         fp.flush()
 
 
-def _encode_tile(im, fp, tile: list[_Tile], bufsize, fh, exc=None):
+def _encode_tile(
+    im, fp: IO[bytes], tile: list[_Tile], bufsize: int, fh, exc=None
+) -> None:
     for encoder_name, extents, offset, args in tile:
         if offset > 0:
             fp.seek(offset)
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ def _encode_tile(im, fp, tile: list[_Tile], bufsize, fh, exc=None):
             encoder.cleanup()
 
 
-def _safe_read(fp, size):
+def _safe_read(fp: IO[bytes], size: int) -> bytes:
     """
     Reads large blocks in a safe way.  Unlike fp.read(n), this function
     doesn't trust the user.  If the requested size is larger than
@@ -601,18 +603,18 @@ def _safe_read(fp, size):
             msg = "Truncated File Read"
             raise OSError(msg)
         return data
-    data = []
+    blocks: list[bytes] = []
     remaining_size = size
     while remaining_size > 0:
         block = fp.read(min(remaining_size, SAFEBLOCK))
         if not block:
             break
-        data.append(block)
+        blocks.append(block)
         remaining_size -= len(block)
-    if sum(len(d) for d in data) < size:
+    if sum(len(block) for block in blocks) < size:
         msg = "Truncated File Read"
         raise OSError(msg)
-    return b"".join(data)
+    return b"".join(blocks)
 
 
 class PyCodecState:
@@ -629,18 +631,18 @@ class PyCodecState:
 class PyCodec:
     fd: IO[bytes] | None
 
-    def __init__(self, mode, *args):
-        self.im = None
+    def __init__(self, mode: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        self.im: Image.core.ImagingCore | None = None
         self.state = PyCodecState()
         self.fd = None
         self.mode = mode
         self.init(args)
 
-    def init(self, args):
+    def init(self, args: tuple[Any, ...]) -> None:
         """
         Override to perform codec specific initialization
 
-        :param args: Array of args items from the tile entry
+        :param args: Tuple of arg items from the tile entry
         :returns: None
         """
         self.args = args
@@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ class PyCodec:
         """
         pass
 
-    def setfd(self, fd):
+    def setfd(self, fd: IO[bytes]) -> None:
         """
         Called from ImageFile to set the Python file-like object
 
@@ -662,7 +664,7 @@ class PyCodec:
         """
         self.fd = fd
 
-    def setimage(self, im, extents: tuple[int, int, int, int] | None = None) -> None:
+    def setimage(self, im, extents=None):
         """
         Called from ImageFile to set the core output image for the codec
 
@@ -793,7 +795,7 @@ class PyEncoder(PyCodec):
             self.fd.write(data)
         return bytes_consumed, errcode
 
-    def encode_to_file(self, fh, bufsize):
+    def encode_to_file(self, fh: IO[bytes], bufsize: int) -> int:
         """
         :param fh: File handle.
         :param bufsize: Buffer size.

src/PIL/ImageFont.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import warnings
 from enum import IntEnum
 from io import BytesIO
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, TypedDict
 
 from . import Image
 from ._typing import StrOrBytesPath
@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ._imagingft import Font
 
 
+class Axis(TypedDict):
+    minimum: int | None
+    default: int | None
+    maximum: int | None
+    name: bytes | None
+
+
 class Layout(IntEnum):
     BASIC = 0
     RAQM = 1
@@ -138,7 +145,9 @@ class ImageFont:
 
         self.font = Image.core.font(image.im, data)
 
-    def getmask(self, text, mode="", *args, **kwargs):
+    def getmask(
+        self, text: str | bytes, mode: str = "", *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Image.core.ImagingCore:
         """
         Create a bitmap for the text.
 
@@ -236,7 +245,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
 
         self.layout_engine = layout_engine
 
-        def load_from_bytes(f):
+        def load_from_bytes(f) -> None:
             self.font_bytes = f.read()
             self.font = core.getfont(
                 "", size, index, encoding, self.font_bytes, layout_engine
@@ -283,7 +292,12 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         return self.font.ascent, self.font.descent
 
     def getlength(
-        self, text: str | bytes, mode="", direction=None, features=None, language=None
+        self,
+        text: str | bytes,
+        mode: str = "",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
     ) -> float:
         """
         Returns length (in pixels with 1/64 precision) of given text when rendered
@@ -424,16 +438,16 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
 
     def getmask(
         self,
-        text,
-        mode="",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        anchor=None,
-        ink=0,
-        start=None,
-    ):
+        text: str | bytes,
+        mode: str = "",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        ink: int = 0,
+        start: tuple[float, float] | None = None,
+    ) -> Image.core.ImagingCore:
         """
         Create a bitmap for the text.
 
@@ -516,17 +530,17 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
     def getmask2(
         self,
         text: str | bytes,
-        mode="",
-        direction=None,
-        features=None,
-        language=None,
-        stroke_width=0,
-        anchor=None,
-        ink=0,
-        start=None,
-        *args,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
+        mode: str = "",
+        direction: str | None = None,
+        features: list[str] | None = None,
+        language: str | None = None,
+        stroke_width: float = 0,
+        anchor: str | None = None,
+        ink: int = 0,
+        start: tuple[float, float] | None = None,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[Image.core.ImagingCore, tuple[int, int]]:
         """
         Create a bitmap for the text.
 
@@ -599,7 +613,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         if start is None:
             start = (0, 0)
 
-        def fill(width, height):
+        def fill(width: int, height: int) -> Image.core.ImagingCore:
             size = (width, height)
             Image._decompression_bomb_check(size)
             return Image.core.fill("RGBA" if mode == "RGBA" else "L", size)
@@ -619,8 +633,13 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         )
 
     def font_variant(
-        self, font=None, size=None, index=None, encoding=None, layout_engine=None
-    ):
+        self,
+        font: StrOrBytesPath | BinaryIO | None = None,
+        size: float | None = None,
+        index: int | None = None,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        layout_engine: Layout | None = None,
+    ) -> FreeTypeFont:
         """
         Create a copy of this FreeTypeFont object,
         using any specified arguments to override the settings.
@@ -655,7 +674,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
             raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
         return [name.replace(b"\x00", b"") for name in names]
 
-    def set_variation_by_name(self, name):
+    def set_variation_by_name(self, name: str | bytes) -> None:
         """
         :param name: The name of the style.
         :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
@@ -674,7 +693,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
 
         self.font.setvarname(index)
 
-    def get_variation_axes(self):
+    def get_variation_axes(self) -> list[Axis]:
         """
         :returns: A list of the axes in a variation font.
         :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
@@ -704,7 +723,9 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
 class TransposedFont:
     """Wrapper for writing rotated or mirrored text"""
 
-    def __init__(self, font, orientation=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, font: ImageFont | FreeTypeFont, orientation: Image.Transpose | None = None
+    ):
         """
         Wrapper that creates a transposed font from any existing font
         object.
@@ -718,13 +739,17 @@ class TransposedFont:
         self.font = font
         self.orientation = orientation  # any 'transpose' argument, or None
 
-    def getmask(self, text, mode="", *args, **kwargs):
+    def getmask(
+        self, text: str | bytes, mode: str = "", *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Image.core.ImagingCore:
         im = self.font.getmask(text, mode, *args, **kwargs)
         if self.orientation is not None:
             return im.transpose(self.orientation)
         return im
 
-    def getbbox(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
+    def getbbox(
+        self, text: str | bytes, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[int, int, float, float]:
         # TransposedFont doesn't support getmask2, move top-left point to (0, 0)
         # this has no effect on ImageFont and simulates anchor="lt" for FreeTypeFont
         left, top, right, bottom = self.font.getbbox(text, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -734,7 +759,7 @@ class TransposedFont:
             return 0, 0, height, width
         return 0, 0, width, height
 
-    def getlength(self, text: str | bytes, *args, **kwargs) -> float:
+    def getlength(self, text: str | bytes, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> float:
         if self.orientation in (Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90, Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270):
             msg = "text length is undefined for text rotated by 90 or 270 degrees"
             raise ValueError(msg)

src/PIL/ImageMath.py

@@ -249,14 +249,21 @@ def lambda_eval(
     :py:func:`~PIL.Image.merge` function.
 
     :param expression: A function that receives a dictionary.
-    :param options: Values to add to the function's dictionary. You
-                    can either use a dictionary, or one or more keyword
-                    arguments.
+    :param options: Values to add to the function's dictionary. Deprecated.
+                    You can instead use one or more keyword arguments.
+    :param **kw: Values to add to the function's dictionary.
     :return: The expression result. This is usually an image object, but can
              also be an integer, a floating point value, or a pixel tuple,
              depending on the expression.
     """
 
+    if options:
+        deprecate(
+            "ImageMath.lambda_eval options",
+            12,
+            "ImageMath.lambda_eval keyword arguments",
+        )
+
     args: dict[str, Any] = ops.copy()
     args.update(options)
     args.update(kw)
@@ -287,14 +294,21 @@ def unsafe_eval(
     :py:func:`~PIL.Image.merge` function.
 
     :param expression: A string containing a Python-style expression.
-    :param options: Values to add to the evaluation context.  You
-                    can either use a dictionary, or one or more keyword
-                    arguments.
+    :param options: Values to add to the evaluation context. Deprecated.
+                    You can instead use one or more keyword arguments.
+    :param **kw: Values to add to the evaluation context.
     :return: The evaluated expression. This is usually an image object, but can
              also be an integer, a floating point value, or a pixel tuple,
              depending on the expression.
     """
 
+    if options:
+        deprecate(
+            "ImageMath.unsafe_eval options",
+            12,
+            "ImageMath.unsafe_eval keyword arguments",
+        )
+
     # build execution namespace
     args: dict[str, Any] = ops.copy()
     for k in list(options.keys()) + list(kw.keys()):

src/PIL/ImageQt.py

@@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable
 
 from . import Image
 from ._util import is_path
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import ImageFile
+
 qt_version: str | None
 qt_versions = [
     ["6", "PyQt6"],
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ else:
     qt_version = None
 
 
-def rgb(r, g, b, a=255):
+def rgb(r: int, g: int, b: int, a: int = 255) -> int:
     """(Internal) Turns an RGB color into a Qt compatible color integer."""
     # use qRgb to pack the colors, and then turn the resulting long
     # into a negative integer with the same bitpattern.
@@ -90,11 +93,11 @@ def fromqimage(im):
     return Image.open(b)
 
 
-def fromqpixmap(im):
+def fromqpixmap(im) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     return fromqimage(im)
 
 
-def align8to32(bytes, width, mode):
+def align8to32(bytes: bytes, width: int, mode: str) -> bytes:
     """
     converts each scanline of data from 8 bit to 32 bit aligned
     """
@@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ def _toqclass_helper(im):
 if qt_is_installed:
 
     class ImageQt(QImage):
-        def __init__(self, im):
+        def __init__(self, im) -> None:
             """
             An PIL image wrapper for Qt.  This is a subclass of PyQt's QImage
             class.

src/PIL/ImageSequence.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Iterator:
     :param im: An image object.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, im: Image.Image):
+    def __init__(self, im: Image.Image) -> None:
         if not hasattr(im, "seek"):
             msg = "im must have seek method"
             raise AttributeError(msg)

src/PIL/ImageTk.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import tkinter
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ def _get_image_from_kw(kw: dict[str, Any]) -> ImageFile.ImageFile | None:
     return Image.open(source)
 
 
-def _pyimagingtkcall(command, photo, id):
+def _pyimagingtkcall(
+    command: str, photo: PhotoImage | tkinter.PhotoImage, id: int
+) -> None:
     tk = photo.tk
     try:
         tk.call(command, photo, id)
@@ -215,11 +217,14 @@ class BitmapImage:
     :param image: A PIL image.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, image=None, **kw):
+    def __init__(self, image: Image.Image | None = None, **kw: Any) -> None:
         # Tk compatibility: file or data
         if image is None:
             image = _get_image_from_kw(kw)
 
+        if image is None:
+            msg = "Image is required"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
         self.__mode = image.mode
         self.__size = image.size
 
@@ -278,18 +283,23 @@ def getimage(photo: PhotoImage) -> Image.Image:
     return im
 
 
-def _show(image, title):
+def _show(image: Image.Image, title: str | None) -> None:
     """Helper for the Image.show method."""
 
     class UI(tkinter.Label):
-        def __init__(self, master, im):
+        def __init__(self, master: tkinter.Toplevel, im: Image.Image) -> None:
+            self.image: BitmapImage | PhotoImage
             if im.mode == "1":
                 self.image = BitmapImage(im, foreground="white", master=master)
             else:
                 self.image = PhotoImage(im, master=master)
-            super().__init__(master, image=self.image, bg="black", bd=0)
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                image = cast(tkinter._Image, self.image)
+            else:
+                image = self.image
+            super().__init__(master, image=image, bg="black", bd=0)
 
-    if not tkinter._default_root:
+    if not getattr(tkinter, "_default_root"):
         msg = "tkinter not initialized"
         raise OSError(msg)
     top = tkinter.Toplevel()

src/PIL/ImageWin.py

@@ -70,11 +70,14 @@ class Dib:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, image: Image.Image | str, size: tuple[int, int] | list[int] | None = None
+        self, image: Image.Image | str, size: tuple[int, int] | None = None
     ) -> None:
         if isinstance(image, str):
             mode = image
             image = ""
+            if size is None:
+                msg = "If first argument is mode, size is required"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
         else:
             mode = image.mode
             size = image.size
@@ -87,7 +90,7 @@ class Dib:
             assert not isinstance(image, str)
             self.paste(image)
 
-    def expose(self, handle):
+    def expose(self, handle: int | HDC | HWND) -> None:
         """
         Copy the bitmap contents to a device context.
 
@@ -98,14 +101,18 @@ class Dib:
         if isinstance(handle, HWND):
             dc = self.image.getdc(handle)
             try:
-                result = self.image.expose(dc)
+                self.image.expose(dc)
             finally:
                 self.image.releasedc(handle, dc)
         else:
-            result = self.image.expose(handle)
-        return result
+            self.image.expose(handle)
 
-    def draw(self, handle, dst, src=None):
+    def draw(
+        self,
+        handle: int | HDC | HWND,
+        dst: tuple[int, int, int, int],
+        src: tuple[int, int, int, int] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """
         Same as expose, but allows you to specify where to draw the image, and
         what part of it to draw.
@@ -115,19 +122,18 @@ class Dib:
         the destination have different sizes, the image is resized as
         necessary.
         """
-        if not src:
+        if src is None:
             src = (0, 0) + self.size
         if isinstance(handle, HWND):
             dc = self.image.getdc(handle)
             try:
-                result = self.image.draw(dc, dst, src)
+                self.image.draw(dc, dst, src)
             finally:
                 self.image.releasedc(handle, dc)
         else:
-            result = self.image.draw(handle, dst, src)
-        return result
+            self.image.draw(handle, dst, src)
 
-    def query_palette(self, handle):
+    def query_palette(self, handle: int | HDC | HWND) -> int:
         """
         Installs the palette associated with the image in the given device
         context.
@@ -139,8 +145,8 @@ class Dib:
 
         :param handle: Device context (HDC), cast to a Python integer, or an
                        HDC or HWND instance.
-        :return: A true value if one or more entries were changed (this
-                 indicates that the image should be redrawn).
+        :return: The number of entries that were changed (if one or more entries,
+                 this indicates that the image should be redrawn).
         """
         if isinstance(handle, HWND):
             handle = self.image.getdc(handle)
@@ -202,22 +208,22 @@ class Window:
             title, self.__dispatcher, width or 0, height or 0
         )
 
-    def __dispatcher(self, action, *args):
-        return getattr(self, f"ui_handle_{action}")(*args)
+    def __dispatcher(self, action: str, *args: int) -> None:
+        getattr(self, f"ui_handle_{action}")(*args)
 
-    def ui_handle_clear(self, dc, x0, y0, x1, y1):
+    def ui_handle_clear(self, dc: int, x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def ui_handle_damage(self, x0, y0, x1, y1):
+    def ui_handle_damage(self, x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int) -> None:
         pass
 
     def ui_handle_destroy(self) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def ui_handle_repair(self, dc, x0, y0, x1, y1):
+    def ui_handle_repair(self, dc: int, x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def ui_handle_resize(self, width, height):
+    def ui_handle_resize(self, width: int, height: int) -> None:
         pass
 
     def mainloop(self) -> None:
@@ -227,12 +233,12 @@ class Window:
 class ImageWindow(Window):
     """Create an image window which displays the given image."""
 
-    def __init__(self, image, title="PIL"):
+    def __init__(self, image: Image.Image | Dib, title: str = "PIL") -> None:
         if not isinstance(image, Dib):
             image = Dib(image)
         self.image = image
         width, height = image.size
         super().__init__(title, width=width, height=height)
 
-    def ui_handle_repair(self, dc, x0, y0, x1, y1):
+    def ui_handle_repair(self, dc: int, x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int) -> None:
         self.image.draw(dc, (x0, y0, x1, y1))

src/PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from io import BytesIO
+from typing import cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@@ -184,7 +185,9 @@ Image.register_open(IptcImageFile.format, IptcImageFile)
 Image.register_extension(IptcImageFile.format, ".iim")
 
 
-def getiptcinfo(im):
+def getiptcinfo(
+    im: ImageFile.ImageFile,
+) -> dict[tuple[int, int], bytes | list[bytes]] | None:
     """
     Get IPTC information from TIFF, JPEG, or IPTC file.
 
@@ -221,16 +224,17 @@ def getiptcinfo(im):
     class FakeImage:
         pass
 
-    im = FakeImage()
-    im.__class__ = IptcImageFile
+    fake_im = FakeImage()
+    fake_im.__class__ = IptcImageFile  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    iptc_im = cast(IptcImageFile, fake_im)
 
     # parse the IPTC information chunk
-    im.info = {}
-    im.fp = BytesIO(data)
+    iptc_im.info = {}
+    iptc_im.fp = BytesIO(data)
 
     try:
-        im._open()
+        iptc_im._open()
     except (IndexError, KeyError):
         pass  # expected failure
 
-    return im.info
+    return iptc_im.info

src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class BoxReader:
     and to easily step into and read sub-boxes.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fp, length=-1):
+    def __init__(self, fp: IO[bytes], length: int = -1) -> None:
         self.fp = fp
         self.has_length = length >= 0
         self.length = length
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class BoxReader:
         return tbox
 
 
-def _parse_codestream(fp) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], str]:
+def _parse_codestream(fp: IO[bytes]) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], str]:
     """Parse the JPEG 2000 codestream to extract the size and component
     count from the SIZ marker segment, returning a PIL (size, mode) tuple."""
 
@@ -137,7 +137,15 @@ def _res_to_dpi(num: int, denom: int, exp: int) -> float | None:
     return (254 * num * (10**exp)) / (10000 * denom)
 
 
-def _parse_jp2_header(fp):
+def _parse_jp2_header(
+    fp: IO[bytes],
+) -> tuple[
+    tuple[int, int],
+    str,
+    str | None,
+    tuple[float, float] | None,
+    ImagePalette.ImagePalette | None,
+]:
     """Parse the JP2 header box to extract size, component count,
     color space information, and optionally DPI information,
     returning a (size, mode, mimetype, dpi) tuple."""
@@ -155,6 +163,7 @@ def _parse_jp2_header(fp):
         elif tbox == b"ftyp":
             if reader.read_fields(">4s")[0] == b"jpx ":
                 mimetype = "image/jpx"
+    assert header is not None
 
     size = None
     mode = None
@@ -168,6 +177,9 @@ def _parse_jp2_header(fp):
 
         if tbox == b"ihdr":
             height, width, nc, bpc = header.read_fields(">IIHB")
+            assert isinstance(height, int)
+            assert isinstance(width, int)
+            assert isinstance(bpc, int)
             size = (width, height)
             if nc == 1 and (bpc & 0x7F) > 8:
                 mode = "I;16"
@@ -185,11 +197,21 @@ def _parse_jp2_header(fp):
                 mode = "CMYK"
         elif tbox == b"pclr" and mode in ("L", "LA"):
             ne, npc = header.read_fields(">HB")
-            bitdepths = header.read_fields(">" + ("B" * npc))
-            if max(bitdepths) <= 8:
+            assert isinstance(ne, int)
+            assert isinstance(npc, int)
+            max_bitdepth = 0
+            for bitdepth in header.read_fields(">" + ("B" * npc)):
+                assert isinstance(bitdepth, int)
+                if bitdepth > max_bitdepth:
+                    max_bitdepth = bitdepth
+            if max_bitdepth <= 8:
                 palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
                 for i in range(ne):
-                    palette.getcolor(header.read_fields(">" + ("B" * npc)))
+                    color: list[int] = []
+                    for value in header.read_fields(">" + ("B" * npc)):
+                        assert isinstance(value, int)
+                        color.append(value)
+                    palette.getcolor(tuple(color))
                 mode = "P" if mode == "L" else "PA"
         elif tbox == b"res ":
             res = header.read_boxes()
@@ -197,6 +219,12 @@ def _parse_jp2_header(fp):
                 tres = res.next_box_type()
                 if tres == b"resc":
                     vrcn, vrcd, hrcn, hrcd, vrce, hrce = res.read_fields(">HHHHBB")
+                    assert isinstance(vrcn, int)
+                    assert isinstance(vrcd, int)
+                    assert isinstance(hrcn, int)
+                    assert isinstance(hrcd, int)
+                    assert isinstance(vrce, int)
+                    assert isinstance(hrce, int)
                     hres = _res_to_dpi(hrcn, hrcd, hrce)
                     vres = _res_to_dpi(vrcn, vrcd, vrce)
                     if hres is not None and vres is not None:

src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def Skip(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
     ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, n)
 
 
-def APP(self, marker):
+def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
     #
     # Application marker.  Store these in the APP dictionary.
     # Also look for well-known application markers.
@@ -133,13 +133,14 @@ def APP(self, marker):
                 offset += 4
                 data = s[offset : offset + size]
                 if code == 0x03ED:  # ResolutionInfo
-                    data = {
+                    photoshop[code] = {
                         "XResolution": i32(data, 0) / 65536,
                         "DisplayedUnitsX": i16(data, 4),
                         "YResolution": i32(data, 8) / 65536,
                         "DisplayedUnitsY": i16(data, 12),
                     }
-                photoshop[code] = data
+                else:
+                    photoshop[code] = data
                 offset += size
                 offset += offset & 1  # align
             except struct.error:
@@ -338,6 +339,7 @@ class JpegImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         # Create attributes
         self.bits = self.layers = 0
+        self._exif_offset = 0
 
         # JPEG specifics (internal)
         self.layer = []
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ class JpegImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         self.tile = []
 
-    def _getexif(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    def _getexif(self) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         return _getexif(self)
 
     def _read_dpi_from_exif(self) -> None:
@@ -498,17 +500,17 @@ class JpegImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         ):
             self.info["dpi"] = 72, 72
 
-    def _getmp(self):
+    def _getmp(self) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         return _getmp(self)
 
 
-def _getexif(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+def _getexif(self: JpegImageFile) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
     if "exif" not in self.info:
         return None
     return self.getexif()._get_merged_dict()
 
 
-def _getmp(self):
+def _getmp(self: JpegImageFile) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
     # Extract MP information.  This method was inspired by the "highly
     # experimental" _getexif version that's been in use for years now,
     # itself based on the ImageFileDirectory class in the TIFF plugin.
@@ -616,7 +618,7 @@ samplings = {
 # fmt: on
 
 
-def get_sampling(im):
+def get_sampling(im: Image.Image) -> int:
     # There's no subsampling when images have only 1 layer
     # (grayscale images) or when they are CMYK (4 layers),
     # so set subsampling to the default value.
@@ -624,7 +626,7 @@ def get_sampling(im):
     # NOTE: currently Pillow can't encode JPEG to YCCK format.
     # If YCCK support is added in the future, subsampling code will have
     # to be updated (here and in JpegEncode.c) to deal with 4 layers.
-    if not hasattr(im, "layers") or im.layers in (1, 4):
+    if not isinstance(im, JpegImageFile) or im.layers in (1, 4):
         return -1
     sampling = im.layer[0][1:3] + im.layer[1][1:3] + im.layer[2][1:3]
     return samplings.get(sampling, -1)
@@ -683,7 +685,11 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
             raise ValueError(msg)
         subsampling = get_sampling(im)
 
-    def validate_qtables(qtables):
+    def validate_qtables(
+        qtables: (
+            str | tuple[list[int], ...] | list[list[int]] | dict[int, list[int]] | None
+        )
+    ) -> list[list[int]] | None:
         if qtables is None:
             return qtables
         if isinstance(qtables, str):
@@ -713,12 +719,12 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
                     if len(table) != 64:
                         msg = "Invalid quantization table"
                         raise TypeError(msg)
-                    table = array.array("H", table)
+                    table_array = array.array("H", table)
                 except TypeError as e:
                     msg = "Invalid quantization table"
                     raise ValueError(msg) from e
                 else:
-                    qtables[idx] = list(table)
+                    qtables[idx] = list(table_array)
             return qtables
 
     if qtables == "keep":
@@ -825,11 +831,11 @@ def _save_cjpeg(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
 
 ##
 # Factory for making JPEG and MPO instances
-def jpeg_factory(fp=None, filename=None):
+def jpeg_factory(fp: IO[bytes] | None = None, filename: str | bytes | None = None):
     im = JpegImageFile(fp, filename)
     try:
         mpheader = im._getmp()
-        if mpheader[45057] > 1:
+        if mpheader is not None and mpheader[45057] > 1:
             for segment, content in im.applist:
                 if segment == "APP1" and b' hdrgm:Version="' in content:
                     # Ultra HDR images are not yet supported

src/PIL/JpegPresets.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ You can get the subsampling of a JPEG with the
 :func:`.JpegImagePlugin.get_sampling` function.
 
 In JPEG compressed data a JPEG marker is used instead of an EXIF tag.
-(ref.: https://web.archive.org/web/20240227115053/https://exiv2.org/tags.html)
+(ref.: https://exiv2.org/tags.html)
 
 
 Quantization tables

src/PIL/MpoImagePlugin.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import itertools
 import os
 import struct
-from typing import IO
+from typing import IO, Any, cast
 
 from . import (
     Image,
@@ -101,8 +101,11 @@ class MpoImageFile(JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile):
         JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile._open(self)
         self._after_jpeg_open()
 
-    def _after_jpeg_open(self, mpheader=None):
+    def _after_jpeg_open(self, mpheader: dict[int, Any] | None = None) -> None:
         self.mpinfo = mpheader if mpheader is not None else self._getmp()
+        if self.mpinfo is None:
+            msg = "Image appears to be a malformed MPO file"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
         self.n_frames = self.mpinfo[0xB001]
         self.__mpoffsets = [
             mpent["DataOffset"] + self.info["mpoffset"] for mpent in self.mpinfo[0xB002]
@@ -149,7 +152,10 @@ class MpoImageFile(JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile):
         return self.__frame
 
     @staticmethod
-    def adopt(jpeg_instance, mpheader=None):
+    def adopt(
+        jpeg_instance: JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile,
+        mpheader: dict[int, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> MpoImageFile:
         """
         Transform the instance of JpegImageFile into
         an instance of MpoImageFile.
@@ -161,8 +167,9 @@ class MpoImageFile(JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile):
         double call to _open.
         """
         jpeg_instance.__class__ = MpoImageFile
-        jpeg_instance._after_jpeg_open(mpheader)
-        return jpeg_instance
+        mpo_instance = cast(MpoImageFile, jpeg_instance)
+        mpo_instance._after_jpeg_open(mpheader)
+        return mpo_instance
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------

src/PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py

@@ -174,12 +174,15 @@ def _write_image(im, filename, existing_pdf, image_refs):
     return image_ref, procset
 
 
-def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
+def _save(
+    im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes, save_all: bool = False
+) -> None:
     is_appending = im.encoderinfo.get("append", False)
+    filename_str = filename.decode() if isinstance(filename, bytes) else filename
     if is_appending:
-        existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename, mode="r+b")
+        existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename_str, mode="r+b")
     else:
-        existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename, mode="w+b")
+        existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename_str, mode="w+b")
 
     dpi = im.encoderinfo.get("dpi")
     if dpi:
@@ -228,12 +231,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
     for im in ims:
         im_number_of_pages = 1
         if save_all:
-            try:
-                im_number_of_pages = im.n_frames
-            except AttributeError:
-                # Image format does not have n_frames.
-                # It is a single frame image
-                pass
+            im_number_of_pages = getattr(im, "n_frames", 1)
         number_of_pages += im_number_of_pages
         for i in range(im_number_of_pages):
             image_refs.append(existing_pdf.next_object_id(0))
@@ -250,7 +248,9 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
 
     page_number = 0
     for im_sequence in ims:
-        im_pages = ImageSequence.Iterator(im_sequence) if save_all else [im_sequence]
+        im_pages: ImageSequence.Iterator | list[Image.Image] = (
+            ImageSequence.Iterator(im_sequence) if save_all else [im_sequence]
+        )
         for im in im_pages:
             image_ref, procset = _write_image(im, filename, existing_pdf, image_refs)
 

src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py

@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ import re
 import struct
 import warnings
 import zlib
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NoReturn
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, NoReturn
 
 from . import Image, ImageChops, ImageFile, ImagePalette, ImageSequence
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ class Blend(IntEnum):
     """
 
 
-def _safe_zlib_decompress(s):
+def _safe_zlib_decompress(s: bytes) -> bytes:
     dobj = zlib.decompressobj()
     plaintext = dobj.decompress(s, MAX_TEXT_CHUNK)
     if dobj.unconsumed_tail:
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ def _safe_zlib_decompress(s):
     return plaintext
 
 
-def _crc32(data, seed=0):
+def _crc32(data: bytes, seed: int = 0) -> int:
     return zlib.crc32(data, seed) & 0xFFFFFFFF
 
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ class ChunkStream:
         assert self.queue is not None
         self.queue.append((cid, pos, length))
 
-    def call(self, cid, pos, length):
+    def call(self, cid: bytes, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         """Call the appropriate chunk handler"""
 
         logger.debug("STREAM %r %s %s", cid, pos, length)
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ class ChunkStream:
 
         cids = []
 
+        assert self.fp is not None
         while True:
             try:
                 cid, pos, length = self.read()
@@ -407,6 +409,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_iCCP(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # ICC profile
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         # according to PNG spec, the iCCP chunk contains:
         # Profile name  1-79 bytes (character string)
@@ -434,6 +437,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_IHDR(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # image header
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if length < 13:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
@@ -471,6 +475,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_PLTE(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # palette
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if self.im_mode == "P":
             self.im_palette = "RGB", s
@@ -478,6 +483,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_tRNS(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # transparency
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if self.im_mode == "P":
             if _simple_palette.match(s):
@@ -498,6 +504,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_gAMA(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # gamma setting
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         self.im_info["gamma"] = i32(s) / 100000.0
         return s
@@ -506,6 +513,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
         # chromaticity, 8 unsigned ints, actual value is scaled by 100,000
         # WP x,y, Red x,y, Green x,y Blue x,y
 
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         raw_vals = struct.unpack(">%dI" % (len(s) // 4), s)
         self.im_info["chromaticity"] = tuple(elt / 100000.0 for elt in raw_vals)
@@ -518,6 +526,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
         # 2 saturation
         # 3 absolute colorimetric
 
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if length < 1:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
@@ -529,6 +538,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_pHYs(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # pixels per unit
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if length < 9:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
@@ -546,6 +556,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
     def chunk_tEXt(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # text
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         try:
             k, v = s.split(b"\0", 1)
@@ -554,17 +565,18 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
             k = s
             v = b""
         if k:
-            k = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
+            k_str = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
             v_str = v.decode("latin-1", "replace")
 
-            self.im_info[k] = v if k == "exif" else v_str
-            self.im_text[k] = v_str
+            self.im_info[k_str] = v if k == b"exif" else v_str
+            self.im_text[k_str] = v_str
             self.check_text_memory(len(v_str))
 
         return s
 
     def chunk_zTXt(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # compressed text
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         try:
             k, v = s.split(b"\0", 1)
@@ -589,16 +601,17 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
             v = b""
 
         if k:
-            k = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
-            v = v.decode("latin-1", "replace")
+            k_str = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
+            v_str = v.decode("latin-1", "replace")
 
-            self.im_info[k] = self.im_text[k] = v
-            self.check_text_memory(len(v))
+            self.im_info[k_str] = self.im_text[k_str] = v_str
+            self.check_text_memory(len(v_str))
 
         return s
 
     def chunk_iTXt(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
         # international text
+        assert self.fp is not None
         r = s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         try:
             k, r = r.split(b"\0", 1)
@@ -627,25 +640,27 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
         if k == b"XML:com.adobe.xmp":
             self.im_info["xmp"] = v
         try:
-            k = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
-            lang = lang.decode("utf-8", "strict")
-            tk = tk.decode("utf-8", "strict")
-            v = v.decode("utf-8", "strict")
+            k_str = k.decode("latin-1", "strict")
+            lang_str = lang.decode("utf-8", "strict")
+            tk_str = tk.decode("utf-8", "strict")
+            v_str = v.decode("utf-8", "strict")
         except UnicodeError:
             return s
 
-        self.im_info[k] = self.im_text[k] = iTXt(v, lang, tk)
-        self.check_text_memory(len(v))
+        self.im_info[k_str] = self.im_text[k_str] = iTXt(v_str, lang_str, tk_str)
+        self.check_text_memory(len(v_str))
 
         return s
 
     def chunk_eXIf(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         self.im_info["exif"] = b"Exif\x00\x00" + s
         return s
 
     # APNG chunks
     def chunk_acTL(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if length < 8:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
@@ -666,6 +681,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
         return s
 
     def chunk_fcTL(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
+        assert self.fp is not None
         s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
         if length < 26:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
@@ -695,6 +711,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
         return s
 
     def chunk_fdAT(self, pos: int, length: int) -> bytes:
+        assert self.fp is not None
         if length < 4:
             if ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
                 s = ImageFile._safe_read(self.fp, length)
@@ -767,7 +784,7 @@ class PngImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._mode = self.png.im_mode
         self._size = self.png.im_size
         self.info = self.png.im_info
-        self._text = None
+        self._text: dict[str, str | iTXt] | None = None
         self.tile = self.png.im_tile
         self.custom_mimetype = self.png.im_custom_mimetype
         self.n_frames = self.png.im_n_frames or 1
@@ -794,7 +811,7 @@ class PngImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self.is_animated = self.n_frames > 1
 
     @property
-    def text(self):
+    def text(self) -> dict[str, str | iTXt]:
         # experimental
         if self._text is None:
             # iTxt, tEXt and zTXt chunks may appear at the end of the file
@@ -806,6 +823,7 @@ class PngImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             self.load()
             if self.is_animated:
                 self.seek(frame)
+        assert self._text is not None
         return self._text
 
     def verify(self) -> None:
@@ -1038,7 +1056,7 @@ class PngImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                 self._prev_im.paste(updated, self.dispose_extent, mask)
                 self.im = self._prev_im
 
-    def _getexif(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    def _getexif(self) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         if "exif" not in self.info:
             self.load()
         if "exif" not in self.info and "Raw profile type exif" not in self.info:
@@ -1075,21 +1093,21 @@ _OUTMODES = {
 }
 
 
-def putchunk(fp, cid, *data):
+def putchunk(fp: IO[bytes], cid: bytes, *data: bytes) -> None:
     """Write a PNG chunk (including CRC field)"""
 
-    data = b"".join(data)
+    byte_data = b"".join(data)
 
-    fp.write(o32(len(data)) + cid)
-    fp.write(data)
-    crc = _crc32(data, _crc32(cid))
+    fp.write(o32(len(byte_data)) + cid)
+    fp.write(byte_data)
+    crc = _crc32(byte_data, _crc32(cid))
     fp.write(o32(crc))
 
 
 class _idat:
     # wrap output from the encoder in IDAT chunks
 
-    def __init__(self, fp, chunk):
+    def __init__(self, fp: IO[bytes], chunk: Callable[..., None]) -> None:
         self.fp = fp
         self.chunk = chunk
 
@@ -1100,7 +1118,7 @@ class _idat:
 class _fdat:
     # wrap encoder output in fdAT chunks
 
-    def __init__(self, fp, chunk, seq_num):
+    def __init__(self, fp: IO[bytes], chunk: Callable[..., None], seq_num: int) -> None:
         self.fp = fp
         self.chunk = chunk
         self.seq_num = seq_num
@@ -1110,7 +1128,21 @@ class _fdat:
         self.seq_num += 1
 
 
-def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_images):
+class _Frame(NamedTuple):
+    im: Image.Image
+    bbox: tuple[int, int, int, int] | None
+    encoderinfo: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def _write_multiple_frames(
+    im: Image.Image,
+    fp: IO[bytes],
+    chunk: Callable[..., None],
+    mode: str,
+    rawmode: str,
+    default_image: Image.Image | None,
+    append_images: list[Image.Image],
+) -> Image.Image | None:
     duration = im.encoderinfo.get("duration")
     loop = im.encoderinfo.get("loop", im.info.get("loop", 0))
     disposal = im.encoderinfo.get("disposal", im.info.get("disposal", Disposal.OP_NONE))
@@ -1121,7 +1153,7 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_i
     else:
         chain = itertools.chain([im], append_images)
 
-    im_frames = []
+    im_frames: list[_Frame] = []
     frame_count = 0
     for im_seq in chain:
         for im_frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(im_seq):
@@ -1142,24 +1174,24 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_i
 
             if im_frames:
                 previous = im_frames[-1]
-                prev_disposal = previous["encoderinfo"].get("disposal")
-                prev_blend = previous["encoderinfo"].get("blend")
+                prev_disposal = previous.encoderinfo.get("disposal")
+                prev_blend = previous.encoderinfo.get("blend")
                 if prev_disposal == Disposal.OP_PREVIOUS and len(im_frames) < 2:
                     prev_disposal = Disposal.OP_BACKGROUND
 
                 if prev_disposal == Disposal.OP_BACKGROUND:
-                    base_im = previous["im"].copy()
+                    base_im = previous.im.copy()
                     dispose = Image.core.fill("RGBA", im.size, (0, 0, 0, 0))
-                    bbox = previous["bbox"]
+                    bbox = previous.bbox
                     if bbox:
                         dispose = dispose.crop(bbox)
                     else:
                         bbox = (0, 0) + im.size
                     base_im.paste(dispose, bbox)
                 elif prev_disposal == Disposal.OP_PREVIOUS:
-                    base_im = im_frames[-2]["im"]
+                    base_im = im_frames[-2].im
                 else:
-                    base_im = previous["im"]
+                    base_im = previous.im
                 delta = ImageChops.subtract_modulo(
                     im_frame.convert("RGBA"), base_im.convert("RGBA")
                 )
@@ -1170,14 +1202,14 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_i
                     and prev_blend == encoderinfo.get("blend")
                     and "duration" in encoderinfo
                 ):
-                    previous["encoderinfo"]["duration"] += encoderinfo["duration"]
+                    previous.encoderinfo["duration"] += encoderinfo["duration"]
                     continue
             else:
                 bbox = None
-            im_frames.append({"im": im_frame, "bbox": bbox, "encoderinfo": encoderinfo})
+            im_frames.append(_Frame(im_frame, bbox, encoderinfo))
 
     if len(im_frames) == 1 and not default_image:
-        return im_frames[0]["im"]
+        return im_frames[0].im
 
     # animation control
     chunk(
@@ -1195,14 +1227,14 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_i
 
     seq_num = 0
     for frame, frame_data in enumerate(im_frames):
-        im_frame = frame_data["im"]
-        if not frame_data["bbox"]:
+        im_frame = frame_data.im
+        if not frame_data.bbox:
             bbox = (0, 0) + im_frame.size
         else:
-            bbox = frame_data["bbox"]
+            bbox = frame_data.bbox
             im_frame = im_frame.crop(bbox)
         size = im_frame.size
-        encoderinfo = frame_data["encoderinfo"]
+        encoderinfo = frame_data.encoderinfo
         frame_duration = int(round(encoderinfo.get("duration", 0)))
         frame_disposal = encoderinfo.get("disposal", disposal)
         frame_blend = encoderinfo.get("blend", blend)
@@ -1237,13 +1269,20 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_i
                 [("zip", (0, 0) + im_frame.size, 0, rawmode)],
             )
             seq_num = fdat_chunks.seq_num
+    return None
 
 
 def _save_all(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
     _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=True)
 
 
-def _save(im, fp, filename, chunk=putchunk, save_all=False):
+def _save(
+    im: Image.Image,
+    fp: IO[bytes],
+    filename: str | bytes,
+    chunk: Callable[..., None] = putchunk,
+    save_all: bool = False,
+) -> None:
     # save an image to disk (called by the save method)
 
     if save_all:
@@ -1419,12 +1458,15 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, chunk=putchunk, save_all=False):
             exif = exif[6:]
         chunk(fp, b"eXIf", exif)
 
+    single_im: Image.Image | None = im
     if save_all:
-        im = _write_multiple_frames(
+        single_im = _write_multiple_frames(
             im, fp, chunk, mode, rawmode, default_image, append_images
         )
-    if im:
-        ImageFile._save(im, _idat(fp, chunk), [("zip", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, rawmode)])
+    if single_im:
+        ImageFile._save(
+            single_im, _idat(fp, chunk), [("zip", (0, 0) + single_im.size, 0, rawmode)]
+        )
 
     if info:
         for info_chunk in info.chunks:
@@ -1445,32 +1487,26 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, chunk=putchunk, save_all=False):
 # PNG chunk converter
 
 
-def getchunks(im, **params):
+def getchunks(im: Image.Image, **params: Any) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes]]:
     """Return a list of PNG chunks representing this image."""
+    from io import BytesIO
 
-    class collector:
-        data = []
+    chunks = []
 
-        def write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
-            pass
+    def append(fp: IO[bytes], cid: bytes, *data: bytes) -> None:
+        byte_data = b"".join(data)
+        crc = o32(_crc32(byte_data, _crc32(cid)))
+        chunks.append((cid, byte_data, crc))
 
-        def append(self, chunk: bytes) -> None:
-            self.data.append(chunk)
-
-    def append(fp, cid, *data):
-        data = b"".join(data)
-        crc = o32(_crc32(data, _crc32(cid)))
-        fp.append((cid, data, crc))
-
-    fp = collector()
+    fp = BytesIO()
 
     try:
         im.encoderinfo = params
-        _save(im, fp, None, append)
+        _save(im, fp, "", append)
     finally:
         del im.encoderinfo
 
-    return fp.data
+    return chunks
 
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------

src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
 from functools import cached_property
+from typing import IO
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette
 from ._binary import i8
@@ -142,7 +143,9 @@ class PsdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._min_frame = 1
 
     @cached_property
-    def layers(self):
+    def layers(
+        self,
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, str, tuple[int, int, int, int], list[ImageFile._Tile]]]:
         layers = []
         if self._layers_position is not None:
             self._fp.seek(self._layers_position)
@@ -181,11 +184,13 @@ class PsdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         return self.frame
 
 
-def _layerinfo(fp, ct_bytes):
+def _layerinfo(
+    fp: IO[bytes], ct_bytes: int
+) -> list[tuple[str, str, tuple[int, int, int, int], list[ImageFile._Tile]]]:
     # read layerinfo block
     layers = []
 
-    def read(size):
+    def read(size: int) -> bytes:
         return ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)
 
     ct = si16(read(2))
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ def _layerinfo(fp, ct_bytes):
         x1 = si32(read(4))
 
         # image info
-        mode = []
+        bands = []
         ct_types = i16(read(2))
         if ct_types > 4:
             fp.seek(ct_types * 6 + 12, io.SEEK_CUR)
@@ -215,23 +220,23 @@ def _layerinfo(fp, ct_bytes):
             type = i16(read(2))
 
             if type == 65535:
-                m = "A"
+                b = "A"
             else:
-                m = "RGBA"[type]
+                b = "RGBA"[type]
 
-            mode.append(m)
+            bands.append(b)
             read(4)  # size
 
         # figure out the image mode
-        mode.sort()
-        if mode == ["R"]:
+        bands.sort()
+        if bands == ["R"]:
             mode = "L"
-        elif mode == ["B", "G", "R"]:
+        elif bands == ["B", "G", "R"]:
             mode = "RGB"
-        elif mode == ["A", "B", "G", "R"]:
+        elif bands == ["A", "B", "G", "R"]:
             mode = "RGBA"
         else:
-            mode = None  # unknown
+            mode = ""  # unknown
 
         # skip over blend flags and extra information
         read(12)  # filler
@@ -258,19 +263,22 @@ def _layerinfo(fp, ct_bytes):
         layers.append((name, mode, (x0, y0, x1, y1)))
 
     # get tiles
+    layerinfo = []
     for i, (name, mode, bbox) in enumerate(layers):
         tile = []
         for m in mode:
             t = _maketile(fp, m, bbox, 1)
             if t:
                 tile.extend(t)
-        layers[i] = name, mode, bbox, tile
+        layerinfo.append((name, mode, bbox, tile))
 
-    return layers
+    return layerinfo
 
 
-def _maketile(file, mode, bbox, channels):
-    tile = None
+def _maketile(
+    file: IO[bytes], mode: str, bbox: tuple[int, int, int, int], channels: int
+) -> list[ImageFile._Tile] | None:
+    tiles = None
     read = file.read
 
     compression = i16(read(2))
@@ -283,26 +291,26 @@ def _maketile(file, mode, bbox, channels):
     if compression == 0:
         #
         # raw compression
-        tile = []
+        tiles = []
         for channel in range(channels):
             layer = mode[channel]
             if mode == "CMYK":
                 layer += ";I"
-            tile.append(("raw", bbox, offset, layer))
+            tiles.append(ImageFile._Tile("raw", bbox, offset, layer))
             offset = offset + xsize * ysize
 
     elif compression == 1:
         #
         # packbits compression
         i = 0
-        tile = []
+        tiles = []
         bytecount = read(channels * ysize * 2)
         offset = file.tell()
         for channel in range(channels):
             layer = mode[channel]
             if mode == "CMYK":
                 layer += ";I"
-            tile.append(("packbits", bbox, offset, layer))
+            tiles.append(ImageFile._Tile("packbits", bbox, offset, layer))
             for y in range(ysize):
                 offset = offset + i16(bytecount, i)
                 i += 2
@@ -312,7 +320,7 @@ def _maketile(file, mode, bbox, channels):
     if offset & 1:
         read(1)  # padding
 
-    return tile
+    return tiles
 
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------

src/PIL/TarIO.py

@@ -55,13 +55,3 @@ class TarIO(ContainerIO.ContainerIO[bytes]):
 
         # Open region
         super().__init__(self.fh, self.fh.tell(), size)
-
-    # Context manager support
-    def __enter__(self) -> TarIO:
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args: object) -> None:
-        self.close()
-
-    def close(self) -> None:
-        self.fh.close()

src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py

@@ -334,12 +334,13 @@ class IFDRational(Rational):
 
     __slots__ = ("_numerator", "_denominator", "_val")
 
-    def __init__(self, value, denominator=1):
+    def __init__(self, value, denominator: int = 1) -> None:
         """
         :param value: either an integer numerator, a
         float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational
         :param denominator: Optional integer denominator
         """
+        self._val: Fraction | float
         if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
             self._numerator = value.numerator
             self._denominator = value.denominator
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ class IFDRational(Rational):
         __int__ = _delegate("__int__")
 
 
-def _register_loader(idx, size):
+def _register_loader(idx: int, size: int):
     def decorator(func):
         from .TiffTags import TYPES
 
@@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ def _register_loader(idx, size):
     return decorator
 
 
-def _register_writer(idx):
+def _register_writer(idx: int):
     def decorator(func):
         _write_dispatch[idx] = func  # noqa: F821
         return func
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ def _register_writer(idx):
     return decorator
 
 
-def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name):
+def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name: tuple[int, str, str]) -> None:
     from .TiffTags import TYPES
 
     idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name
@@ -583,8 +584,10 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         self.tagtype: dict[int, int] = {}
         """ Dictionary of tag types """
         self.reset()
-        (self.next,) = (
-            self._unpack("Q", ifh[8:]) if self._bigtiff else self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])
+        self.next = (
+            self._unpack("Q", ifh[8:])[0]
+            if self._bigtiff
+            else self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])[0]
         )
         self._legacy_api = False
 
@@ -636,13 +639,13 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
             val = (val,)
         return val
 
-    def __contains__(self, tag):
+    def __contains__(self, tag: object) -> bool:
         return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata
 
-    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
+    def __setitem__(self, tag: int, value) -> None:
         self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)
 
-    def _setitem(self, tag, value, legacy_api):
+    def _setitem(self, tag: int, value, legacy_api: bool) -> None:
         basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)
 
         info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)
@@ -730,10 +733,10 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v2))
 
-    def _unpack(self, fmt, data):
+    def _unpack(self, fmt: str, data: bytes):
         return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)
 
-    def _pack(self, fmt, *values):
+    def _pack(self, fmt: str, *values):
         return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)
 
     list(
@@ -754,11 +757,11 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
     )
 
     @_register_loader(1, 1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
-    def load_byte(self, data, legacy_api=True):
+    def load_byte(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> bytes:
         return data
 
     @_register_writer(1)  # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
-    def write_byte(self, data):
+    def write_byte(self, data: bytes | int | IFDRational) -> bytes:
         if isinstance(data, IFDRational):
             data = int(data)
         if isinstance(data, int):
@@ -766,13 +769,13 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         return data
 
     @_register_loader(2, 1)
-    def load_string(self, data, legacy_api=True):
+    def load_string(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> str:
         if data.endswith(b"\0"):
             data = data[:-1]
         return data.decode("latin-1", "replace")
 
     @_register_writer(2)
-    def write_string(self, value):
+    def write_string(self, value: str | bytes | int) -> bytes:
         # remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416
         if isinstance(value, int):
             value = str(value)
@@ -781,7 +784,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         return value + b"\0"
 
     @_register_loader(5, 8)
-    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
+    def load_rational(self, data, legacy_api: bool = True):
         vals = self._unpack(f"{len(data) // 4}L", data)
 
         def combine(a, b):
@@ -790,17 +793,17 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))
 
     @_register_writer(5)
-    def write_rational(self, *values):
+    def write_rational(self, *values) -> bytes:
         return b"".join(
             self._pack("2L", *_limit_rational(frac, 2**32 - 1)) for frac in values
         )
 
     @_register_loader(7, 1)
-    def load_undefined(self, data, legacy_api=True):
+    def load_undefined(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> bytes:
         return data
 
     @_register_writer(7)
-    def write_undefined(self, value):
+    def write_undefined(self, value: bytes | int | IFDRational) -> bytes:
         if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
             value = int(value)
         if isinstance(value, int):
@@ -808,7 +811,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         return value
 
     @_register_loader(10, 8)
-    def load_signed_rational(self, data, legacy_api=True):
+    def load_signed_rational(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True):
         vals = self._unpack(f"{len(data) // 4}l", data)
 
         def combine(a, b):
@@ -817,13 +820,13 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
         return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))
 
     @_register_writer(10)
-    def write_signed_rational(self, *values):
+    def write_signed_rational(self, *values) -> bytes:
         return b"".join(
             self._pack("2l", *_limit_signed_rational(frac, 2**31 - 1, -(2**31)))
             for frac in values
         )
 
-    def _ensure_read(self, fp, size):
+    def _ensure_read(self, fp: IO[bytes], size: int) -> bytes:
         ret = fp.read(size)
         if len(ret) != size:
             msg = (
@@ -977,7 +980,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
 
         return result
 
-    def save(self, fp):
+    def save(self, fp: IO[bytes]) -> int:
         if fp.tell() == 0:  # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages
             # tiff header -- PIL always starts the first IFD at offset 8
             fp.write(self._prefix + self._pack("HL", 42, 8))
@@ -1017,7 +1020,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
     ..  deprecated:: 3.0.0
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._legacy_api = True
 
@@ -1029,7 +1032,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
     """Dictionary of tag types"""
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_v2(cls, original):
+    def from_v2(cls, original: ImageFileDirectory_v2) -> ImageFileDirectory_v1:
         """Returns an
         :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
         instance with the same data as is contained in the original
@@ -1063,7 +1066,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
         ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)
         return ifd
 
-    def __contains__(self, tag):
+    def __contains__(self, tag: object) -> bool:
         return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata
 
     def __len__(self) -> int:
@@ -1072,7 +1075,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(set(self._tagdata) | set(self._tags_v1))
 
-    def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
+    def __setitem__(self, tag: int, value) -> None:
         for legacy_api in (False, True):
             self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)
 
@@ -1122,7 +1125,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)
 
         # legacy IFD entries will be filled in later
-        self.ifd = None
+        self.ifd: ImageFileDirectory_v1 | None = None
 
         # setup frame pointers
         self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
@@ -1139,13 +1142,15 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._seek(0)
 
     @property
-    def n_frames(self):
-        if self._n_frames is None:
+    def n_frames(self) -> int:
+        current_n_frames = self._n_frames
+        if current_n_frames is None:
             current = self.tell()
             self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))
             while self._n_frames is None:
                 self._seek(self.tell() + 1)
             self.seek(current)
+        assert self._n_frames is not None
         return self._n_frames
 
     def seek(self, frame: int) -> None:
@@ -1211,7 +1216,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         """Return the current frame number"""
         return self.__frame
 
-    def get_photoshop_blocks(self):
+    def get_photoshop_blocks(self) -> dict[int, dict[str, bytes]]:
         """
         Returns a dictionary of Photoshop "Image Resource Blocks".
         The keys are the image resource ID. For more information, see
@@ -1258,7 +1263,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         if ExifTags.Base.Orientation in self.tag_v2:
             del self.tag_v2[ExifTags.Base.Orientation]
 
-    def _load_libtiff(self):
+    def _load_libtiff(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
         """Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff
         Calls out to libtiff"""
 
@@ -1343,7 +1348,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         return Image.Image.load(self)
 
-    def _setup(self):
+    def _setup(self) -> None:
         """Setup this image object based on current tags"""
 
         if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:
@@ -1537,13 +1542,13 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     # adjust stride width accordingly
                     stride /= bps_count
 
-                a = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)
+                args = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)
                 self.tile.append(
                     (
                         self._compression,
                         (x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),
                         offset,
-                        a,
+                        args,
                     )
                 )
                 x = x + w
@@ -1938,7 +1943,7 @@ class AppendingTiffWriter:
         521,  # JPEGACTables
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, fn, new=False):
+    def __init__(self, fn, new: bool = False) -> None:
         if hasattr(fn, "read"):
             self.f = fn
             self.close_fp = False
@@ -2015,7 +2020,7 @@ class AppendingTiffWriter:
     def tell(self) -> int:
         return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage
 
-    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence=io.SEEK_SET) -> int:
         if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
             offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
 

src/PIL/TiffTags.py

@@ -32,17 +32,24 @@ class _TagInfo(NamedTuple):
 class TagInfo(_TagInfo):
     __slots__: list[str] = []
 
-    def __new__(cls, value=None, name="unknown", type=None, length=None, enum=None):
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        value: int | None = None,
+        name: str = "unknown",
+        type: int | None = None,
+        length: int | None = None,
+        enum: dict[str, int] | None = None,
+    ) -> TagInfo:
         return super().__new__(cls, value, name, type, length, enum or {})
 
-    def cvt_enum(self, value):
+    def cvt_enum(self, value: str) -> int | str:
         # Using get will call hash(value), which can be expensive
         # for some types (e.g. Fraction). Since self.enum is rarely
         # used, it's usually better to test it first.
         return self.enum.get(value, value) if self.enum else value
 
 
-def lookup(tag, group=None):
+def lookup(tag: int, group: int | None = None) -> TagInfo:
     """
     :param tag: Integer tag number
     :param group: Which :py:data:`~PIL.TiffTags.TAGS_V2_GROUPS` to look in
@@ -89,7 +96,7 @@ DOUBLE = 12
 IFD = 13
 LONG8 = 16
 
-_tags_v2 = {
+_tags_v2: dict[int, tuple[str, int, int] | tuple[str, int, int, dict[str, int]]] = {
     254: ("NewSubfileType", LONG, 1),
     255: ("SubfileType", SHORT, 1),
     256: ("ImageWidth", LONG, 1),
@@ -233,7 +240,7 @@ _tags_v2 = {
     50838: ("ImageJMetaDataByteCounts", LONG, 0),  # Can be more than one
     50839: ("ImageJMetaData", UNDEFINED, 1),  # see Issue #2006
 }
-TAGS_V2_GROUPS = {
+_tags_v2_groups = {
     # ExifIFD
     34665: {
         36864: ("ExifVersion", UNDEFINED, 1),
@@ -281,7 +288,7 @@ TAGS_V2_GROUPS = {
 
 # Legacy Tags structure
 # these tags aren't included above, but were in the previous versions
-TAGS = {
+TAGS: dict[int | tuple[int, int], str] = {
     347: "JPEGTables",
     700: "XMP",
     # Additional Exif Info
@@ -426,9 +433,10 @@ TAGS = {
 }
 
 TAGS_V2: dict[int, TagInfo] = {}
+TAGS_V2_GROUPS: dict[int, dict[int, TagInfo]] = {}
 
 
-def _populate():
+def _populate() -> None:
     for k, v in _tags_v2.items():
         # Populate legacy structure.
         TAGS[k] = v[0]
@@ -438,9 +446,8 @@ def _populate():
 
         TAGS_V2[k] = TagInfo(k, *v)
 
-    for tags in TAGS_V2_GROUPS.values():
-        for k, v in tags.items():
-            tags[k] = TagInfo(k, *v)
+    for group, tags in _tags_v2_groups.items():
+        TAGS_V2_GROUPS[group] = {k: TagInfo(k, *v) for k, v in tags.items()}
 
 
 _populate()

src/PIL/WalImageFile.py

@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ and has been tested with a few sample files found using google.
 """
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import IO
+
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 from ._binary import i32le as i32
+from ._typing import StrOrBytesPath
 
 
 class WalImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ class WalImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         return Image.Image.load(self)
 
 
-def open(filename):
+def open(filename: StrOrBytesPath | IO[bytes]) -> WalImageFile:
     """
     Load texture from a Quake2 WAL texture file.
 

src/PIL/WebPImagePlugin.py

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class WebPImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         # Initialize seek state
         self._reset(reset=False)
 
-    def _getexif(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    def _getexif(self) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         if "exif" not in self.info:
             return None
         return self.getexif()._get_merged_dict()
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class WebPImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self.__loaded = -1
         self.__timestamp = 0
 
-    def _get_next(self):
+    def _get_next(self) -> tuple[bytes, int, int]:
         # Get next frame
         ret = self._decoder.get_next()
         self.__physical_frame += 1

src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class WmfStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):
     def _load(self) -> ImageFile.StubHandler | None:
         return _handler
 
-    def load(self, dpi=None):
+    def load(self, dpi: int | None = None) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
         if dpi is not None and self._inch is not None:
             self.info["dpi"] = dpi
             x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.info["wmf_bbox"]

src/PIL/_imaging.pyi

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from typing import Any
 
 class ImagingCore:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> float: ...
     def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any: ...
 
 class ImagingFont:

src/PIL/_imagingft.pyi

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-from typing import Any, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
-from . import _imaging
-
-class _Axis(TypedDict):
-    minimum: int | None
-    default: int | None
-    maximum: int | None
-    name: bytes | None
+from . import ImageFont, _imaging
 
 class Font:
     @property
@@ -28,42 +22,48 @@ class Font:
     def render(
         self,
         string: str | bytes,
-        fill,
-        mode=...,
-        dir=...,
-        features=...,
-        lang=...,
-        stroke_width=...,
-        anchor=...,
-        foreground_ink_long=...,
-        x_start=...,
-        y_start=...,
+        fill: Callable[[int, int], _imaging.ImagingCore],
+        mode: str,
+        dir: str | None,
+        features: list[str] | None,
+        lang: str | None,
+        stroke_width: float,
+        anchor: str | None,
+        foreground_ink_long: int,
+        x_start: float,
+        y_start: float,
         /,
     ) -> tuple[_imaging.ImagingCore, tuple[int, int]]: ...
     def getsize(
         self,
         string: str | bytes | bytearray,
-        mode=...,
-        dir=...,
-        features=...,
-        lang=...,
-        anchor=...,
+        mode: str,
+        dir: str | None,
+        features: list[str] | None,
+        lang: str | None,
+        anchor: str | None,
         /,
     ) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]: ...
     def getlength(
-        self, string: str | bytes, mode=..., dir=..., features=..., lang=..., /
+        self,
+        string: str | bytes,
+        mode: str,
+        dir: str | None,
+        features: list[str] | None,
+        lang: str | None,
+        /,
     ) -> float: ...
     def getvarnames(self) -> list[bytes]: ...
-    def getvaraxes(self) -> list[_Axis] | None: ...
+    def getvaraxes(self) -> list[ImageFont.Axis]: ...
     def setvarname(self, instance_index: int, /) -> None: ...
     def setvaraxes(self, axes: list[float], /) -> None: ...
 
 def getfont(
     filename: str | bytes,
     size: float,
-    index=...,
-    encoding=...,
-    font_bytes=...,
-    layout_engine=...,
+    index: int,
+    encoding: str,
+    font_bytes: bytes,
+    layout_engine: int,
 ) -> Font: ...
 def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...

src/PIL/_imagingtk.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...

src/PIL/_util.py

@@ -10,11 +10,6 @@ def is_path(f: Any) -> TypeGuard[StrOrBytesPath]:
     return isinstance(f, (bytes, str, os.PathLike))
 
 
-def is_directory(f: Any) -> TypeGuard[StrOrBytesPath]:
-    """Checks if an object is a string, and that it points to a directory."""
-    return is_path(f) and os.path.isdir(f)
-
-
 class DeferredError:
     def __init__(self, ex: BaseException):
         self.ex = ex

src/Tk/_tkmini.h

@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ typedef struct Tcl_Command_ *Tcl_Command;
 typedef void *ClientData;
 
 typedef int(Tcl_CmdProc)(
-    ClientData clientData, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char *argv[]);
+    ClientData clientData, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char *argv[]
+);
 typedef void(Tcl_CmdDeleteProc)(ClientData clientData);
 
 /* Typedefs derived from function signatures in Tcl header */
@@ -90,7 +91,8 @@ typedef Tcl_Command (*Tcl_CreateCommand_t)(
     const char *cmdName,
     Tcl_CmdProc *proc,
     ClientData clientData,
-    Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *deleteProc);
+    Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *deleteProc
+);
 /* Tcl_AppendResult */
 typedef void (*Tcl_AppendResult_t)(Tcl_Interp *interp, ...);
 
@@ -127,7 +129,8 @@ typedef int (*Tk_PhotoPutBlock_t)(
     int y,
     int width,
     int height,
-    int compRule);
+    int compRule
+);
 /* Tk_FindPhoto */
 typedef Tk_PhotoHandle (*Tk_FindPhoto_t)(Tcl_Interp *interp, const char *imageName);
 /* Tk_PhotoGetImage */

src/Tk/tkImaging.c

@@ -73,14 +73,16 @@ ImagingFind(const char *name) {
 
 static int
 PyImagingPhotoPut(
-    ClientData clientdata, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char **argv) {
+    ClientData clientdata, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char **argv
+) {
     Imaging im;
     Tk_PhotoHandle photo;
     Tk_PhotoImageBlock block;
 
     if (argc != 3) {
         TCL_APPEND_RESULT(
-            interp, "usage: ", argv[0], " destPhoto srcImage", (char *)NULL);
+            interp, "usage: ", argv[0], " destPhoto srcImage", (char *)NULL
+        );
         return TCL_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -128,14 +130,16 @@ PyImagingPhotoPut(
     block.pixelPtr = (unsigned char *)im->block;
 
     TK_PHOTO_PUT_BLOCK(
-        interp, photo, &block, 0, 0, block.width, block.height, TK_PHOTO_COMPOSITE_SET);
+        interp, photo, &block, 0, 0, block.width, block.height, TK_PHOTO_COMPOSITE_SET
+    );
 
     return TCL_OK;
 }
 
 static int
 PyImagingPhotoGet(
-    ClientData clientdata, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char **argv) {
+    ClientData clientdata, Tcl_Interp *interp, int argc, const char **argv
+) {
     Imaging im;
     Tk_PhotoHandle photo;
     Tk_PhotoImageBlock block;
@@ -143,7 +147,8 @@ PyImagingPhotoGet(
 
     if (argc != 3) {
         TCL_APPEND_RESULT(
-            interp, "usage: ", argv[0], " srcPhoto destImage", (char *)NULL);
+            interp, "usage: ", argv[0], " srcPhoto destImage", (char *)NULL
+        );
         return TCL_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -183,13 +188,15 @@ TkImaging_Init(Tcl_Interp *interp) {
         "PyImagingPhoto",
         PyImagingPhotoPut,
         (ClientData)0,
-        (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL);
+        (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL
+    );
     TCL_CREATE_COMMAND(
         interp,
         "PyImagingPhotoGet",
         PyImagingPhotoGet,
         (ClientData)0,
-        (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL);
+        (Tcl_CmdDeleteProc *)NULL
+    );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -394,7 +401,8 @@ _func_loader(void *lib) {
     }
     return (
         (TK_PHOTO_PUT_BLOCK = (Tk_PhotoPutBlock_t)_dfunc(lib, "Tk_PhotoPutBlock")) ==
-        NULL);
+        NULL
+    );
 }
 
 int

src/_imaging.c

@@ -290,7 +290,8 @@ ImagingError_ModeError(void) {
 void *
 ImagingError_ValueError(const char *message) {
     PyErr_SetString(
-        PyExc_ValueError, (message) ? (char *)message : "unrecognized argument value");
+        PyExc_ValueError, (message) ? (char *)message : "unrecognized argument value"
+    );
     return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -467,7 +468,8 @@ getpixel(Imaging im, ImagingAccess access, int x, int y) {
                     return Py_BuildValue("BBB", pixel.b[0], pixel.b[1], pixel.b[2]);
                 case 4:
                     return Py_BuildValue(
-                        "BBBB", pixel.b[0], pixel.b[1], pixel.b[2], pixel.b[3]);
+                        "BBBB", pixel.b[0], pixel.b[1], pixel.b[2], pixel.b[3]
+                    );
             }
             break;
         case IMAGING_TYPE_INT32:
@@ -518,7 +520,8 @@ getink(PyObject *color, Imaging im, char *ink) {
             rIsInt = 1;
         } else if (im->bands == 1) {
             PyErr_SetString(
-                PyExc_TypeError, "color must be int or single-element tuple");
+                PyExc_TypeError, "color must be int or single-element tuple"
+            );
             return NULL;
         } else if (tupleSize == -1) {
             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "color must be int or tuple");
@@ -534,8 +537,8 @@ getink(PyObject *color, Imaging im, char *ink) {
                 if (rIsInt != 1) {
                     if (tupleSize != 1) {
                         PyErr_SetString(
-                            PyExc_TypeError,
-                            "color must be int or single-element tuple");
+                            PyExc_TypeError, "color must be int or single-element tuple"
+                        );
                         return NULL;
                     } else if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(color, "L", &r)) {
                         return NULL;
@@ -556,7 +559,8 @@ getink(PyObject *color, Imaging im, char *ink) {
                         if (tupleSize != 1 && tupleSize != 2) {
                             PyErr_SetString(
                                 PyExc_TypeError,
-                                "color must be int, or tuple of one or two elements");
+                                "color must be int, or tuple of one or two elements"
+                            );
                             return NULL;
                         } else if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(color, "L|i", &r, &a)) {
                             return NULL;
@@ -567,7 +571,8 @@ getink(PyObject *color, Imaging im, char *ink) {
                             PyErr_SetString(
                                 PyExc_TypeError,
                                 "color must be int, or tuple of one, three or four "
-                                "elements");
+                                "elements"
+                            );
                             return NULL;
                         } else if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(color, "Lii|i", &r, &g, &b, &a)) {
                             return NULL;
@@ -608,7 +613,8 @@ getink(PyObject *color, Imaging im, char *ink) {
                 } else if (tupleSize != 3) {
                     PyErr_SetString(
                         PyExc_TypeError,
-                        "color must be int, or tuple of one or three elements");
+                        "color must be int, or tuple of one or three elements"
+                    );
                     return NULL;
                 } else if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(color, "iiL", &b, &g, &r)) {
                     return NULL;
@@ -733,7 +739,8 @@ _alpha_composite(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     ImagingObject *imagep2;
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O!O!", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2)) {
+            args, "O!O!", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -748,7 +755,8 @@ _blend(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     alpha = 0.5;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O!O!|d", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2, &alpha)) {
+            args, "O!O!|d", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2, &alpha
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -827,7 +835,8 @@ _prepare_lut_table(PyObject *table, Py_ssize_t table_size) {
                 break;
             case TYPE_FLOAT32:
                 memcpy(
-                    &item, ((char *)table_data) + i * sizeof(FLOAT32), sizeof(FLOAT32));
+                    &item, ((char *)table_data) + i * sizeof(FLOAT32), sizeof(FLOAT32)
+                );
                 break;
             case TYPE_DOUBLE:
                 memcpy(&dtmp, ((char *)table_data) + i * sizeof(dtmp), sizeof(dtmp));
@@ -878,7 +887,8 @@ _color_lut_3d(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &size1D,
             &size2D,
             &size3D,
-            &table)) {
+            &table
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -896,7 +906,8 @@ _color_lut_3d(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     if (2 > size1D || size1D > 65 || 2 > size2D || size2D > 65 || 2 > size3D ||
         size3D > 65) {
         PyErr_SetString(
-            PyExc_ValueError, "Table size in any dimension should be from 2 to 65");
+            PyExc_ValueError, "Table size in any dimension should be from 2 to 65"
+        );
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -913,13 +924,8 @@ _color_lut_3d(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     if (!ImagingColorLUT3D_linear(
-            imOut,
-            self->image,
-            table_channels,
-            size1D,
-            size2D,
-            size3D,
-            prepared_table)) {
+            imOut, self->image, table_channels, size1D, size2D, size3D, prepared_table
+        )) {
         free(prepared_table);
         ImagingDelete(imOut);
         return NULL;
@@ -943,7 +949,8 @@ _convert(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         if (!PyImaging_Check(paletteimage)) {
             PyObject_Print((PyObject *)paletteimage, stderr, 0);
             PyErr_SetString(
-                PyExc_ValueError, "palette argument must be image with mode 'P'");
+                PyExc_ValueError, "palette argument must be image with mode 'P'"
+            );
             return NULL;
         }
         if (paletteimage->image->palette == NULL) {
@@ -953,7 +960,8 @@ _convert(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     return PyImagingNew(ImagingConvert(
-        self->image, mode, paletteimage ? paletteimage->image->palette : NULL, dither));
+        self->image, mode, paletteimage ? paletteimage->image->palette : NULL, dither
+    ));
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -961,7 +969,8 @@ _convert2(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     ImagingObject *imagep1;
     ImagingObject *imagep2;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O!O!", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2)) {
+            args, "O!O!", &Imaging_Type, &imagep1, &Imaging_Type, &imagep2
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -994,7 +1003,8 @@ _convert_matrix(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 m + 8,
                 m + 9,
                 m + 10,
-                m + 11)) {
+                m + 11
+            )) {
             return NULL;
         }
     }
@@ -1055,7 +1065,8 @@ _filter(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     float divisor, offset;
     PyObject *kernel = NULL;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "(ii)ffO", &xsize, &ysize, &divisor, &offset, &kernel)) {
+            args, "(ii)ffO", &xsize, &ysize, &divisor, &offset, &kernel
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1138,7 +1149,8 @@ _getpalette(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     pack(
-        (UINT8 *)PyBytes_AsString(palette), self->image->palette->palette, palettesize);
+        (UINT8 *)PyBytes_AsString(palette), self->image->palette->palette, palettesize
+    );
 
     return palette;
 }
@@ -1232,7 +1244,8 @@ union hist_extrema {
 
 static union hist_extrema *
 parse_histogram_extremap(
-    ImagingObject *self, PyObject *extremap, union hist_extrema *ep) {
+    ImagingObject *self, PyObject *extremap, union hist_extrema *ep
+) {
     int i0, i1;
     double f0, f1;
 
@@ -1392,7 +1405,8 @@ _paste(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     int x0, y0, x1, y1;
     ImagingObject *maskp = NULL;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O(iiii)|O!", &source, &x0, &y0, &x1, &y1, &Imaging_Type, &maskp)) {
+            args, "O(iiii)|O!", &source, &x0, &y0, &x1, &y1, &Imaging_Type, &maskp
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1404,14 +1418,16 @@ _paste(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             x0,
             y0,
             x1,
-            y1);
+            y1
+        );
 
     } else {
         if (!getink(source, self->image, ink)) {
             return NULL;
         }
         status = ImagingFill2(
-            self->image, ink, (maskp) ? maskp->image : NULL, x0, y0, x1, y1);
+            self->image, ink, (maskp) ? maskp->image : NULL, x0, y0, x1, y1
+        );
     }
 
     if (status < 0) {
@@ -1729,7 +1745,8 @@ _putpalette(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     UINT8 *palette;
     Py_ssize_t palettesize;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "ssy#", &palette_mode, &rawmode, &palette, &palettesize)) {
+            args, "ssy#", &palette_mode, &rawmode, &palette, &palettesize
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1887,7 +1904,8 @@ _resize(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &box[0],
             &box[1],
             &box[2],
-            &box[3])) {
+            &box[3]
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1923,7 +1941,8 @@ _resize(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         imOut = ImagingNewDirty(imIn->mode, xsize, ysize);
 
         imOut = ImagingTransform(
-            imOut, imIn, IMAGING_TRANSFORM_AFFINE, 0, 0, xsize, ysize, a, filter, 1);
+            imOut, imIn, IMAGING_TRANSFORM_AFFINE, 0, 0, xsize, ysize, a, filter, 1
+        );
     } else {
         imOut = ImagingResample(imIn, xsize, ysize, filter, box);
     }
@@ -1944,14 +1963,8 @@ _reduce(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     box[3] = imIn->ysize;
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args,
-            "(ii)|(iiii)",
-            &xscale,
-            &yscale,
-            &box[0],
-            &box[1],
-            &box[2],
-            &box[3])) {
+            args, "(ii)|(iiii)", &xscale, &yscale, &box[0], &box[1], &box[2], &box[3]
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -2053,7 +2066,8 @@ _transform(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &method,
             &data,
             &filter,
-            &fill)) {
+            &fill
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -2077,7 +2091,8 @@ _transform(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     imOut = ImagingTransform(
-        self->image, imagep->image, method, x0, y0, x1, y1, a, filter, fill);
+        self->image, imagep->image, method, x0, y0, x1, y1, a, filter, fill
+    );
 
     free(a);
 
@@ -2250,7 +2265,13 @@ _getcolors(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         for (i = 0; i < colors; i++) {
             ImagingColorItem *v = &items[i];
             PyObject *item = Py_BuildValue(
-                "iN", v->count, getpixel(self->image, self->access, v->x, v->y));
+                "iN", v->count, getpixel(self->image, self->access, v->x, v->y)
+            );
+            if (item == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(out);
+                free(items);
+                return NULL;
+            }
             PyList_SetItem(out, i, item);
         }
     }
@@ -2311,14 +2332,16 @@ _getprojection(ImagingObject *self) {
     }
 
     ImagingGetProjection(
-        self->image, (unsigned char *)xprofile, (unsigned char *)yprofile);
+        self->image, (unsigned char *)xprofile, (unsigned char *)yprofile
+    );
 
     result = Py_BuildValue(
         "y#y#",
         xprofile,
         (Py_ssize_t)self->image->xsize,
         yprofile,
-        (Py_ssize_t)self->image->ysize);
+        (Py_ssize_t)self->image->ysize
+    );
 
     free(xprofile);
     free(yprofile);
@@ -2392,7 +2415,8 @@ _merge(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &Imaging_Type,
             &band2,
             &Imaging_Type,
-            &band3)) {
+            &band3
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -2638,7 +2662,8 @@ _font_new(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args) {
     unsigned char *glyphdata;
     Py_ssize_t glyphdata_length;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O!y#", &Imaging_Type, &imagep, &glyphdata, &glyphdata_length)) {
+            args, "O!y#", &Imaging_Type, &imagep, &glyphdata, &glyphdata_length
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -2796,7 +2821,8 @@ _font_getmask(ImagingFontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         if (i == 0 || text[i] != text[i - 1]) {
             ImagingDelete(bitmap);
             bitmap = ImagingCrop(
-                self->bitmap, glyph->sx0, glyph->sy0, glyph->sx1, glyph->sy1);
+                self->bitmap, glyph->sx0, glyph->sy0, glyph->sx1, glyph->sy1
+            );
             if (!bitmap) {
                 goto failed;
             }
@@ -2808,7 +2834,8 @@ _font_getmask(ImagingFontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             glyph->dx0 + x,
             glyph->dy0 + b,
             glyph->dx1 + x,
-            glyph->dy1 + b);
+            glyph->dy1 + b
+        );
         if (status < 0) {
             goto failed;
         }
@@ -2947,7 +2974,8 @@ _draw_arc(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         end,
         &ink,
         width,
-        self->blend);
+        self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -2977,13 +3005,15 @@ _draw_bitmap(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
     if (n != 1) {
         PyErr_SetString(
-            PyExc_TypeError, "coordinate list must contain exactly 1 coordinate");
+            PyExc_TypeError, "coordinate list must contain exactly 1 coordinate"
+        );
         free(xy);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     n = ImagingDrawBitmap(
-        self->image->image, (int)xy[0], (int)xy[1], bitmap->image, &ink, self->blend);
+        self->image->image, (int)xy[0], (int)xy[1], bitmap->image, &ink, self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -3039,7 +3069,8 @@ _draw_chord(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &ink,
         fill,
         width,
-        self->blend);
+        self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -3093,7 +3124,8 @@ _draw_ellipse(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &ink,
         fill,
         width,
-        self->blend);
+        self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -3133,14 +3165,16 @@ _draw_lines(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                     (int)p[2],
                     (int)p[3],
                     &ink,
-                    self->blend) < 0) {
+                    self->blend
+                ) < 0) {
                 free(xy);
                 return NULL;
             }
         }
         if (p) { /* draw last point */
             ImagingDrawPoint(
-                self->image->image, (int)p[2], (int)p[3], &ink, self->blend);
+                self->image->image, (int)p[2], (int)p[3], &ink, self->blend
+            );
         }
     } else {
         for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
@@ -3153,7 +3187,8 @@ _draw_lines(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                     (int)p[3],
                     &ink,
                     width,
-                    self->blend) < 0) {
+                    self->blend
+                ) < 0) {
                 free(xy);
                 return NULL;
             }
@@ -3185,7 +3220,8 @@ _draw_points(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
         double *p = &xy[i + i];
         if (ImagingDrawPoint(
-                self->image->image, (int)p[0], (int)p[1], &ink, self->blend) < 0) {
+                self->image->image, (int)p[0], (int)p[1], &ink, self->blend
+            ) < 0) {
             free(xy);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -3274,7 +3310,8 @@ _draw_pieslice(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &ink,
         fill,
         width,
-        self->blend);
+        self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -3306,7 +3343,8 @@ _draw_polygon(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
     if (n < 2) {
         PyErr_SetString(
-            PyExc_TypeError, "coordinate list must contain at least 2 coordinates");
+            PyExc_TypeError, "coordinate list must contain at least 2 coordinates"
+        );
         free(xy);
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -3379,7 +3417,8 @@ _draw_rectangle(ImagingDrawObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &ink,
         fill,
         width,
-        self->blend);
+        self->blend
+    );
 
     free(xy);
 
@@ -3519,7 +3558,8 @@ _effect_mandelbrot(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &extent[1],
             &extent[2],
             &extent[3],
-            &quality)) {
+            &quality
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -3747,7 +3787,8 @@ _getattr_unsafe_ptrs(ImagingObject *self, void *closure) {
         "image32",
         self->image->image32,
         "image",
-        self->image->image);
+        self->image->image
+    );
 }
 
 static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
@@ -3757,7 +3798,8 @@ static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
     {"id", (getter)_getattr_id},
     {"ptr", (getter)_getattr_ptr},
     {"unsafe_ptrs", (getter)_getattr_unsafe_ptrs},
-    {NULL}};
+    {NULL}
+};
 
 /* basic sequence semantics */
 
@@ -4066,9 +4108,8 @@ _set_blocks_max(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     if (blocks_max < 0) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "blocks_max should be greater than 0");
         return NULL;
-    } else if (
-        (unsigned long)blocks_max >
-        SIZE_MAX / sizeof(ImagingDefaultArena.blocks_pool[0])) {
+    } else if ((unsigned long)blocks_max >
+               SIZE_MAX / sizeof(ImagingDefaultArena.blocks_pool[0])) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "blocks_max is too large");
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -4423,7 +4464,8 @@ setup_module(PyObject *m) {
 
     PyObject *pillow_version = PyUnicode_FromString(version);
     PyDict_SetItemString(
-        d, "PILLOW_VERSION", pillow_version ? pillow_version : Py_None);
+        d, "PILLOW_VERSION", pillow_version ? pillow_version : Py_None
+    );
     Py_XDECREF(pillow_version);
 
     return 0;
@@ -4448,5 +4490,9 @@ PyInit__imaging(void) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_imagingcms.c

@@ -331,7 +331,8 @@ pyCMScopyAux(cmsHTRANSFORM hTransform, Imaging imDst, const Imaging imSrc) {
                 memcpy(
                     pDstExtras + x * dstChunkSize,
                     pSrcExtras + x * srcChunkSize,
-                    channelSize);
+                    channelSize
+                );
             }
         }
     }
@@ -373,7 +374,8 @@ _buildTransform(
     char *sInMode,
     char *sOutMode,
     int iRenderingIntent,
-    cmsUInt32Number cmsFLAGS) {
+    cmsUInt32Number cmsFLAGS
+) {
     cmsHTRANSFORM hTransform;
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
@@ -385,7 +387,8 @@ _buildTransform(
             hOutputProfile,
             findLCMStype(sOutMode),
             iRenderingIntent,
-            cmsFLAGS);
+            cmsFLAGS
+        );
 
     Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
 
@@ -405,7 +408,8 @@ _buildProofTransform(
     char *sOutMode,
     int iRenderingIntent,
     int iProofIntent,
-    cmsUInt32Number cmsFLAGS) {
+    cmsUInt32Number cmsFLAGS
+) {
     cmsHTRANSFORM hTransform;
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
@@ -419,7 +423,8 @@ _buildProofTransform(
             hProofProfile,
             iRenderingIntent,
             iProofIntent,
-            cmsFLAGS);
+            cmsFLAGS
+        );
 
     Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
 
@@ -454,7 +459,8 @@ buildTransform(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &sInMode,
             &sOutMode,
             &iRenderingIntent,
-            &cmsFLAGS)) {
+            &cmsFLAGS
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -464,7 +470,8 @@ buildTransform(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         sInMode,
         sOutMode,
         iRenderingIntent,
-        cmsFLAGS);
+        cmsFLAGS
+    );
 
     if (!transform) {
         return NULL;
@@ -499,7 +506,8 @@ buildProofTransform(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &sOutMode,
             &iRenderingIntent,
             &iProofIntent,
-            &cmsFLAGS)) {
+            &cmsFLAGS
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -511,7 +519,8 @@ buildProofTransform(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         sOutMode,
         iRenderingIntent,
         iProofIntent,
-        cmsFLAGS);
+        cmsFLAGS
+    );
 
     if (!transform) {
         return NULL;
@@ -563,7 +572,8 @@ createProfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 PyErr_SetString(
                     PyExc_ValueError,
                     "ERROR: Could not calculate white point from color temperature "
-                    "provided, must be float in degrees Kelvin");
+                    "provided, must be float in degrees Kelvin"
+                );
                 return NULL;
             }
             hProfile = cmsCreateLab2Profile(&whitePoint);
@@ -624,7 +634,8 @@ cms_get_display_profile_win32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     HANDLE handle = 0;
     int is_dc = 0;
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "|" F_HANDLE "i:get_display_profile", &handle, &is_dc)) {
+            args, "|" F_HANDLE "i:get_display_profile", &handle, &is_dc
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -729,7 +740,8 @@ _xyz_py(cmsCIEXYZ *XYZ) {
     cmsCIExyY xyY;
     cmsXYZ2xyY(&xyY, XYZ);
     return Py_BuildValue(
-        "((d,d,d),(d,d,d))", XYZ->X, XYZ->Y, XYZ->Z, xyY.x, xyY.y, xyY.Y);
+        "((d,d,d),(d,d,d))", XYZ->X, XYZ->Y, XYZ->Z, xyY.x, xyY.y, xyY.Y
+    );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -758,7 +770,8 @@ _xyz3_py(cmsCIEXYZ *XYZ) {
         xyY[1].Y,
         xyY[2].x,
         xyY[2].y,
-        xyY[2].Y);
+        xyY[2].Y
+    );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -809,7 +822,8 @@ _profile_read_ciexyy_triple(CmsProfileObject *self, cmsTagSignature info) {
         triple->Green.Y,
         triple->Blue.x,
         triple->Blue.y,
-        triple->Blue.Y);
+        triple->Blue.Y
+    );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -873,7 +887,8 @@ _calculate_rgb_primaries(CmsProfileObject *self, cmsCIEXYZTRIPLE *result) {
         hXYZ,
         TYPE_XYZ_DBL,
         INTENT_RELATIVE_COLORIMETRIC,
-        cmsFLAGS_NOCACHE | cmsFLAGS_NOOPTIMIZE);
+        cmsFLAGS_NOCACHE | cmsFLAGS_NOOPTIMIZE
+    );
     cmsCloseProfile(hXYZ);
     if (hTransform == NULL) {
         return 0;
@@ -889,7 +904,8 @@ _check_intent(
     int clut,
     cmsHPROFILE hProfile,
     cmsUInt32Number Intent,
-    cmsUInt32Number UsedDirection) {
+    cmsUInt32Number UsedDirection
+) {
     if (clut) {
         return cmsIsCLUT(hProfile, Intent, UsedDirection);
     } else {
@@ -934,7 +950,8 @@ _is_intent_supported(CmsProfileObject *self, int clut) {
             _check_intent(clut, self->profile, intent, LCMS_USED_AS_OUTPUT) ? Py_True
                                                                             : Py_False,
             _check_intent(clut, self->profile, intent, LCMS_USED_AS_PROOF) ? Py_True
-                                                                           : Py_False);
+                                                                           : Py_False
+        );
         if (id == NULL || entry == NULL) {
             Py_XDECREF(id);
             Py_XDECREF(entry);
@@ -968,7 +985,8 @@ static PyMethodDef pyCMSdll_methods[] = {
     {"get_display_profile_win32", cms_get_display_profile_win32, METH_VARARGS},
 #endif
 
-    {NULL, NULL}};
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
 
 static struct PyMethodDef cms_profile_methods[] = {
     {"is_intent_supported", (PyCFunction)cms_profile_is_intent_supported, METH_VARARGS},
@@ -1028,7 +1046,8 @@ cms_profile_getattr_creation_date(CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
     }
 
     return PyDateTime_FromDateAndTime(
-        1900 + ct.tm_year, ct.tm_mon, ct.tm_mday, ct.tm_hour, ct.tm_min, ct.tm_sec, 0);
+        1900 + ct.tm_year, ct.tm_mon, ct.tm_mday, ct.tm_hour, ct.tm_min, ct.tm_sec, 0
+    );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1106,13 +1125,15 @@ cms_profile_getattr_colorimetric_intent(CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
 
 static PyObject *
 cms_profile_getattr_perceptual_rendering_intent_gamut(
-    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
+    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure
+) {
     return _profile_read_signature(self, cmsSigPerceptualRenderingIntentGamutTag);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
 cms_profile_getattr_saturation_rendering_intent_gamut(
-    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
+    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure
+) {
     return _profile_read_signature(self, cmsSigSaturationRenderingIntentGamutTag);
 }
 
@@ -1145,7 +1166,8 @@ cms_profile_getattr_blue_colorant(CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
 
 static PyObject *
 cms_profile_getattr_media_white_point_temperature(
-    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure) {
+    CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure
+) {
     cmsCIEXYZ *XYZ;
     cmsCIExyY xyY;
     cmsFloat64Number tempK;
@@ -1329,7 +1351,8 @@ cms_profile_getattr_icc_measurement_condition(CmsProfileObject *self, void *clos
         "flare",
         mc->Flare,
         "illuminant_type",
-        _illu_map(mc->IlluminantType));
+        _illu_map(mc->IlluminantType)
+    );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1359,7 +1382,8 @@ cms_profile_getattr_icc_viewing_condition(CmsProfileObject *self, void *closure)
         vc->SurroundXYZ.Y,
         vc->SurroundXYZ.Z,
         "illuminant_type",
-        _illu_map(vc->IlluminantType));
+        _illu_map(vc->IlluminantType)
+    );
 }
 
 static struct PyGetSetDef cms_profile_getsetters[] = {
@@ -1407,11 +1431,12 @@ static struct PyGetSetDef cms_profile_getsetters[] = {
     {"colorant_table_out", (getter)cms_profile_getattr_colorant_table_out},
     {"intent_supported", (getter)cms_profile_getattr_is_intent_supported},
     {"clut", (getter)cms_profile_getattr_is_clut},
-    {"icc_measurement_condition",
-     (getter)cms_profile_getattr_icc_measurement_condition},
+    {"icc_measurement_condition", (getter)cms_profile_getattr_icc_measurement_condition
+    },
     {"icc_viewing_condition", (getter)cms_profile_getattr_icc_viewing_condition},
 
-    {NULL}};
+    {NULL}
+};
 
 static PyTypeObject CmsProfile_Type = {
     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) "PIL.ImageCms.core.CmsProfile", /*tp_name*/
@@ -1538,5 +1563,9 @@ PyInit__imagingcms(void) {
 
     PyDateTime_IMPORT;
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_imagingft.c

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
 #include "Python.h"
+#include "thirdparty/pythoncapi_compat.h"
 #include "libImaging/Imaging.h"
 
 #include <ft2build.h>
@@ -125,7 +126,8 @@ getfont(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) {
     unsigned char *font_bytes;
     Py_ssize_t font_bytes_size = 0;
     static char *kwlist[] = {
-        "filename", "size", "index", "encoding", "font_bytes", "layout_engine", NULL};
+        "filename", "size", "index", "encoding", "font_bytes", "layout_engine", NULL
+    };
 
     if (!library) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "failed to initialize FreeType library");
@@ -147,7 +149,8 @@ getfont(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) {
             &encoding,
             &font_bytes,
             &font_bytes_size,
-            &layout_engine)) {
+            &layout_engine
+        )) {
         PyConfig_Clear(&config);
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -165,7 +168,8 @@ getfont(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) {
             &encoding,
             &font_bytes,
             &font_bytes_size,
-            &layout_engine)) {
+            &layout_engine
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 #endif
@@ -198,7 +202,8 @@ getfont(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) {
                 (FT_Byte *)self->font_bytes,
                 font_bytes_size,
                 index,
-                &self->face);
+                &self->face
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -242,7 +247,8 @@ text_layout_raqm(
     const char *dir,
     PyObject *features,
     const char *lang,
-    GlyphInfo **glyph_info) {
+    GlyphInfo **glyph_info
+) {
     size_t i = 0, count = 0, start = 0;
     raqm_t *rq;
     raqm_glyph_t *glyphs = NULL;
@@ -296,13 +302,14 @@ text_layout_raqm(
 #if !defined(RAQM_VERSION_ATLEAST)
             /* RAQM_VERSION_ATLEAST was added in Raqm 0.7.0 */
             PyErr_SetString(
-                PyExc_ValueError,
-                "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction");
+                PyExc_ValueError, "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction"
+            );
             goto failed;
 #endif
         } else {
             PyErr_SetString(
-                PyExc_ValueError, "direction must be either 'rtl', 'ltr' or 'ttb'");
+                PyExc_ValueError, "direction must be either 'rtl', 'ltr' or 'ttb'"
+            );
             goto failed;
         }
     }
@@ -398,7 +405,8 @@ text_layout_fallback(
     const char *lang,
     GlyphInfo **glyph_info,
     int mask,
-    int color) {
+    int color
+) {
     int error, load_flags, i;
     char *buffer = NULL;
     FT_ULong ch;
@@ -411,7 +419,8 @@ text_layout_fallback(
         PyErr_SetString(
             PyExc_KeyError,
             "setting text direction, language or font features is not supported "
-            "without libraqm");
+            "without libraqm"
+        );
     }
 
     if (PyUnicode_Check(string)) {
@@ -458,7 +467,8 @@ text_layout_fallback(
                     last_index,
                     (*glyph_info)[i].index,
                     ft_kerning_default,
-                    &delta) == 0) {
+                    &delta
+                ) == 0) {
                 (*glyph_info)[i - 1].x_advance += PIXEL(delta.x);
                 (*glyph_info)[i - 1].y_advance += PIXEL(delta.y);
             }
@@ -482,7 +492,8 @@ text_layout(
     const char *lang,
     GlyphInfo **glyph_info,
     int mask,
-    int color) {
+    int color
+) {
     size_t count;
 #ifdef HAVE_RAQM
     if (have_raqm && self->layout_engine == LAYOUT_RAQM) {
@@ -491,7 +502,8 @@ text_layout(
 #endif
     {
         count = text_layout_fallback(
-            string, self, dir, features, lang, glyph_info, mask, color);
+            string, self, dir, features, lang, glyph_info, mask, color
+        );
     }
     return count;
 }
@@ -513,7 +525,8 @@ font_getlength(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     /* calculate size and bearing for a given string */
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O|zzOz:getlength", &string, &mode, &dir, &features, &lang)) {
+            args, "O|zzOz:getlength", &string, &mode, &dir, &features, &lang
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -555,7 +568,8 @@ bounding_box_and_anchors(
     int *width,
     int *height,
     int *x_offset,
-    int *y_offset) {
+    int *y_offset
+) {
     int position; /* pen position along primary axis, in 26.6 precision */
     int advanced; /* pen position along primary axis, in pixels */
     int px, py;   /* position of current glyph, in pixels */
@@ -660,7 +674,8 @@ bounding_box_and_anchors(
                 case 'm':  // middle (ascender + descender) / 2
                     y_anchor = PIXEL(
                         (face->size->metrics.ascender + face->size->metrics.descender) /
-                        2);
+                        2
+                    );
                     break;
                 case 's':  // horizontal baseline
                     y_anchor = 0;
@@ -740,7 +755,8 @@ font_getsize(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     /* calculate size and bearing for a given string */
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "O|zzOzz:getsize", &string, &mode, &dir, &features, &lang, &anchor)) {
+            args, "O|zzOzz:getsize", &string, &mode, &dir, &features, &lang, &anchor
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -772,7 +788,8 @@ font_getsize(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &width,
         &height,
         &x_offset,
-        &y_offset);
+        &y_offset
+    );
     if (glyph_info) {
         PyMem_Free(glyph_info);
         glyph_info = NULL;
@@ -841,7 +858,8 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &anchor,
             &foreground_ink_long,
             &x_start,
-            &y_start)) {
+            &y_start
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -888,7 +906,8 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         &width,
         &height,
         &x_offset,
-        &y_offset);
+        &y_offset
+    );
     if (error) {
         PyMem_Del(glyph_info);
         return NULL;
@@ -928,7 +947,8 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             (FT_Fixed)stroke_width * 64,
             FT_STROKER_LINECAP_ROUND,
             FT_STROKER_LINEJOIN_ROUND,
-            0);
+            0
+        );
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1103,8 +1123,8 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                                     BLEND(src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 2], src_blue, tmp);
                                 target[k * 4 + 3] = CLIP8(
                                     src_alpha +
-                                    MULDIV255(
-                                        target[k * 4 + 3], (255 - src_alpha), tmp));
+                                    MULDIV255(target[k * 4 + 3], (255 - src_alpha), tmp)
+                                );
                             } else {
                                 /* paste unpremultiplied RGBA values */
                                 target[k * 4 + 0] = src_red;
@@ -1122,15 +1142,20 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                             if (src_alpha > 0) {
                                 if (target[k * 4 + 3] > 0) {
                                     target[k * 4 + 0] = BLEND(
-                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 0], ink[0], tmp);
+                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 0], ink[0], tmp
+                                    );
                                     target[k * 4 + 1] = BLEND(
-                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 1], ink[1], tmp);
+                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 1], ink[1], tmp
+                                    );
                                     target[k * 4 + 2] = BLEND(
-                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 2], ink[2], tmp);
+                                        src_alpha, target[k * 4 + 2], ink[2], tmp
+                                    );
                                     target[k * 4 + 3] = CLIP8(
                                         src_alpha +
                                         MULDIV255(
-                                            target[k * 4 + 3], (255 - src_alpha), tmp));
+                                            target[k * 4 + 3], (255 - src_alpha), tmp
+                                        )
+                                    );
                                 } else {
                                     target[k * 4 + 0] = ink[0];
                                     target[k * 4 + 1] = ink[1];
@@ -1148,7 +1173,9 @@ font_render(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                                         ? CLIP8(
                                               src_alpha +
                                               MULDIV255(
-                                                  target[k], (255 - src_alpha), tmp))
+                                                  target[k], (255 - src_alpha), tmp
+                                              )
+                                          )
                                         : src_alpha;
                             }
                         }
@@ -1209,30 +1236,49 @@ font_getvarnames(FontObject *self) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    int *list_names_filled = PyMem_Malloc(num_namedstyles * sizeof(int));
+    if (list_names_filled == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(list_names);
+        FT_Done_MM_Var(library, master);
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_namedstyles; i++) {
+        list_names_filled[i] = 0;
+    }
+
     name_count = FT_Get_Sfnt_Name_Count(self->face);
     for (i = 0; i < name_count; i++) {
         error = FT_Get_Sfnt_Name(self->face, i, &name);
         if (error) {
+            PyMem_Free(list_names_filled);
             Py_DECREF(list_names);
             FT_Done_MM_Var(library, master);
             return geterror(error);
         }
 
         for (j = 0; j < num_namedstyles; j++) {
-            if (PyList_GetItem(list_names, j) != NULL) {
+            if (list_names_filled[j]) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (master->namedstyle[j].strid == name.name_id) {
                 list_name = Py_BuildValue("y#", name.string, name.string_len);
+                if (list_name == NULL) {
+                    PyMem_Free(list_names_filled);
+                    Py_DECREF(list_names);
+                    FT_Done_MM_Var(library, master);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
                 PyList_SetItem(list_names, j, list_name);
+                list_names_filled[j] = 1;
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 
+    PyMem_Free(list_names_filled);
     FT_Done_MM_Var(library, master);
-
     return list_names;
 }
 
@@ -1289,9 +1335,14 @@ font_getvaraxes(FontObject *self) {
 
             if (name.name_id == axis.strid) {
                 axis_name = Py_BuildValue("y#", name.string, name.string_len);
-                PyDict_SetItemString(
-                    list_axis, "name", axis_name ? axis_name : Py_None);
-                Py_XDECREF(axis_name);
+                if (axis_name == NULL) {
+                    Py_DECREF(list_axis);
+                    Py_DECREF(list_axes);
+                    FT_Done_MM_Var(library, master);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                PyDict_SetItemString(list_axis, "name", axis_name);
+                Py_DECREF(axis_name);
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -1345,7 +1396,12 @@ font_setvaraxes(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         return PyErr_NoMemory();
     }
     for (i = 0; i < num_coords; i++) {
-        item = PyList_GET_ITEM(axes, i);
+        item = PyList_GetItemRef(axes, i);
+        if (item == NULL) {
+            free(coords);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
         if (PyFloat_Check(item)) {
             coord = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(item);
         } else if (PyLong_Check(item)) {
@@ -1353,10 +1409,12 @@ font_setvaraxes(FontObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         } else if (PyNumber_Check(item)) {
             coord = PyFloat_AsDouble(item);
         } else {
+            Py_DECREF(item);
             free(coords);
             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "list must contain numbers");
             return NULL;
         }
+        Py_DECREF(item);
         coords[i] = coord * 65536;
     }
 
@@ -1393,7 +1451,8 @@ static PyMethodDef font_methods[] = {
     {"setvarname", (PyCFunction)font_setvarname, METH_VARARGS},
     {"setvaraxes", (PyCFunction)font_setvaraxes, METH_VARARGS},
 #endif
-    {NULL, NULL}};
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
 
 static PyObject *
 font_getattr_family(FontObject *self, void *closure) {
@@ -1450,7 +1509,8 @@ static struct PyGetSetDef font_getsetters[] = {
     {"x_ppem", (getter)font_getattr_x_ppem},
     {"y_ppem", (getter)font_getattr_y_ppem},
     {"glyphs", (getter)font_getattr_glyphs},
-    {NULL}};
+    {NULL}
+};
 
 static PyTypeObject Font_Type = {
     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) "Font", /*tp_name*/
@@ -1486,7 +1546,8 @@ static PyTypeObject Font_Type = {
 };
 
 static PyMethodDef _functions[] = {
-    {"getfont", (PyCFunction)getfont, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS}, {NULL, NULL}};
+    {"getfont", (PyCFunction)getfont, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS}, {NULL, NULL}
+};
 
 static int
 setup_module(PyObject *m) {
@@ -1576,5 +1637,9 @@ PyInit__imagingft(void) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_imagingmath.c

@@ -209,7 +209,8 @@ _binop(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 }
 
 static PyMethodDef _functions[] = {
-    {"unop", _unop, 1}, {"binop", _binop, 1}, {NULL, NULL}};
+    {"unop", _unop, 1}, {"binop", _binop, 1}, {NULL, NULL}
+};
 
 static void
 install(PyObject *d, char *name, void *value) {
@@ -290,5 +291,9 @@ PyInit__imagingmath(void) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_imagingmorph.c

@@ -253,7 +253,8 @@ static PyMethodDef functions[] = {
     {"apply", (PyCFunction)apply, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
     {"get_on_pixels", (PyCFunction)get_on_pixels, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
     {"match", (PyCFunction)match, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}};
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
 
 PyMODINIT_FUNC
 PyInit__imagingmorph(void) {
@@ -269,5 +270,9 @@ PyInit__imagingmorph(void) {
 
     m = PyModule_Create(&module_def);
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_imagingtk.c

@@ -62,5 +62,10 @@ PyInit__imagingtk(void) {
         Py_DECREF(m);
         return NULL;
     }
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/_webp.c

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ static const char *const kErrorMessages[-WEBP_MUX_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA + 1] = {
     "WEBP_MUX_INVALID_ARGUMENT",
     "WEBP_MUX_BAD_DATA",
     "WEBP_MUX_MEMORY_ERROR",
-    "WEBP_MUX_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA"};
+    "WEBP_MUX_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA"
+};
 
 PyObject *
 HandleMuxError(WebPMuxError err, char *chunk) {
@@ -61,7 +62,8 @@ HandleMuxError(WebPMuxError err, char *chunk) {
             sprintf(message, "could not assemble chunks: %s", kErrorMessages[-err]);
     } else {
         message_len = sprintf(
-            message, "could not set %.4s chunk: %s", chunk, kErrorMessages[-err]);
+            message, "could not set %.4s chunk: %s", chunk, kErrorMessages[-err]
+        );
     }
     if (message_len < 0) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "failed to construct error message");
@@ -138,7 +140,8 @@ _anim_encoder_new(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &kmin,
             &kmax,
             &allow_mixed,
-            &verbose)) {
+            &verbose
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -214,7 +217,8 @@ _anim_encoder_add(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &lossless,
             &quality_factor,
             &alpha_quality_factor,
-            &method)) {
+            &method
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -283,7 +287,8 @@ _anim_encoder_assemble(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &exif_bytes,
             &exif_size,
             &xmp_bytes,
-            &xmp_size)) {
+            &xmp_size
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -421,7 +426,8 @@ _anim_decoder_get_info(PyObject *self) {
         info->loop_count,
         info->bgcolor,
         info->frame_count,
-        decp->mode);
+        decp->mode
+    );
 }
 
 PyObject *
@@ -466,7 +472,8 @@ _anim_decoder_get_next(PyObject *self) {
     }
 
     bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-        (char *)buf, decp->info.canvas_width * 4 * decp->info.canvas_height);
+        (char *)buf, decp->info.canvas_width * 4 * decp->info.canvas_height
+    );
 
     ret = Py_BuildValue("Si", bytes, timestamp);
 
@@ -621,7 +628,8 @@ WebPEncode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &exif_bytes,
             &exif_size,
             &xmp_bytes,
-            &xmp_size)) {
+            &xmp_size
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -828,12 +836,14 @@ WebPDecode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
             if (WEBP_MUX_OK == WebPMuxGetChunk(mux, "ICCP", &icc_profile_data)) {
                 icc_profile = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-                    (const char *)icc_profile_data.bytes, icc_profile_data.size);
+                    (const char *)icc_profile_data.bytes, icc_profile_data.size
+                );
             }
 
             if (WEBP_MUX_OK == WebPMuxGetChunk(mux, "EXIF", &exif_data)) {
                 exif = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-                    (const char *)exif_data.bytes, exif_data.size);
+                    (const char *)exif_data.bytes, exif_data.size
+                );
             }
 
             WebPDataClear(&image.bitstream);
@@ -848,12 +858,14 @@ WebPDecode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     if (config.output.colorspace < MODE_YUV) {
         bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-            (char *)config.output.u.RGBA.rgba, config.output.u.RGBA.size);
+            (char *)config.output.u.RGBA.rgba, config.output.u.RGBA.size
+        );
     } else {
         // Skipping YUV for now. Need Test Images.
         // UNDONE -- unclear if we'll ever get here if we set mode_rgb*
         bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-            (char *)config.output.u.YUVA.y, config.output.u.YUVA.y_size);
+            (char *)config.output.u.YUVA.y, config.output.u.YUVA.y_size
+        );
     }
 
     pymode = PyUnicode_FromString(mode);
@@ -864,7 +876,8 @@ WebPDecode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         config.output.height,
         pymode,
         NULL == icc_profile ? Py_None : icc_profile,
-        NULL == exif ? Py_None : exif);
+        NULL == exif ? Py_None : exif
+    );
 
 end:
     WebPFreeDecBuffer(&config.output);
@@ -898,7 +911,8 @@ WebPDecoderVersion_str(void) {
         "%d.%d.%d",
         version_number >> 16,
         (version_number >> 8) % 0x100,
-        version_number % 0x100);
+        version_number % 0x100
+    );
     return version;
 }
 
@@ -932,7 +946,8 @@ static PyMethodDef webpMethods[] = {
      WebPDecoderBuggyAlpha_wrapper,
      METH_NOARGS,
      "WebPDecoderBuggyAlpha"},
-    {NULL, NULL}};
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
 
 void
 addMuxFlagToModule(PyObject *m) {
@@ -1005,5 +1020,9 @@ PyInit__webp(void) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
     return m;
 }

src/decode.c

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
 
 typedef struct {
     PyObject_HEAD int (*decode)(
-        Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, Py_ssize_t bytes);
+        Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, Py_ssize_t bytes
+    );
     int (*cleanup)(ImagingCodecState state);
     struct ImagingCodecStateInstance state;
     Imaging im;
@@ -889,7 +890,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KDecoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     PY_LONG_LONG length = -1;
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args, "ss|iiiL", &mode, &format, &reduce, &layers, &fd, &length)) {
+            args, "ss|iiiL", &mode, &format, &reduce, &layers, &fd, &length
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 

src/display.c

@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ _draw(ImagingDisplayObject *display, PyObject *args) {
             src + 0,
             src + 1,
             src + 2,
-            src + 3)) {
+            src + 3
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -221,7 +222,8 @@ _tobytes(ImagingDisplayObject *display, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-        display->dib->bits, display->dib->ysize * display->dib->linesize);
+        display->dib->bits, display->dib->ysize * display->dib->linesize
+    );
 }
 
 static struct PyMethodDef methods[] = {
@@ -247,7 +249,8 @@ _getattr_size(ImagingDisplayObject *self, void *closure) {
 }
 
 static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
-    {"mode", (getter)_getattr_mode}, {"size", (getter)_getattr_size}, {NULL}};
+    {"mode", (getter)_getattr_mode}, {"size", (getter)_getattr_size}, {NULL}
+};
 
 static PyTypeObject ImagingDisplayType = {
     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0) "ImagingDisplay", /*tp_name*/
@@ -341,9 +344,8 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     // added in Windows 10 (1607)
     // loaded dynamically to avoid link errors
     user32 = LoadLibraryA("User32.dll");
-    SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function =
-        (Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext)GetProcAddress(
-            user32, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
+    SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext
+    )GetProcAddress(user32, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
     if (SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function != NULL) {
         // DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE = ((DPI_CONTEXT_HANDLE)-3)
         dpiAwareness = SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function((HANDLE)-3);
@@ -403,7 +405,8 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             height,
             PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer),
             (BITMAPINFO *)&core,
-            DIB_RGB_COLORS)) {
+            DIB_RGB_COLORS
+        )) {
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -547,7 +550,8 @@ windowCallback(HWND wnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
                 ps.rcPaint.left,
                 ps.rcPaint.top,
                 ps.rcPaint.right,
-                ps.rcPaint.bottom);
+                ps.rcPaint.bottom
+            );
             if (result) {
                 Py_DECREF(result);
             } else {
@@ -562,7 +566,8 @@ windowCallback(HWND wnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
                 0,
                 0,
                 rect.right - rect.left,
-                rect.bottom - rect.top);
+                rect.bottom - rect.top
+            );
             if (result) {
                 Py_DECREF(result);
             } else {
@@ -577,7 +582,8 @@ windowCallback(HWND wnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
                 0,
                 0,
                 rect.right - rect.left,
-                rect.bottom - rect.top);
+                rect.bottom - rect.top
+            );
             if (result) {
                 Py_DECREF(result);
             } else {
@@ -591,7 +597,8 @@ windowCallback(HWND wnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
         case WM_SIZE:
             /* resize window */
             result = PyObject_CallFunction(
-                callback, "sii", "resize", LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam));
+                callback, "sii", "resize", LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam)
+            );
             if (result) {
                 InvalidateRect(wnd, NULL, 1);
                 Py_DECREF(result);
@@ -670,7 +677,8 @@ PyImaging_CreateWindowWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         HWND_DESKTOP,
         NULL,
         NULL,
-        NULL);
+        NULL
+    );
 
     if (!wnd) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "failed to create window");
@@ -732,7 +740,8 @@ PyImaging_DrawWmf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &x0,
             &x1,
             &y0,
-            &y1)) {
+            &y1
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -844,7 +853,8 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenX11(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         PyErr_Format(
             PyExc_OSError,
             "X connection failed: error %i",
-            xcb_connection_has_error(connection));
+            xcb_connection_has_error(connection)
+        );
         xcb_disconnect(connection);
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -878,8 +888,10 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenX11(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             0,
             width,
             height,
-            0x00ffffff),
-        &error);
+            0x00ffffff
+        ),
+        &error
+    );
     if (reply == NULL) {
         PyErr_Format(
             PyExc_OSError,
@@ -887,7 +899,8 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenX11(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             error->error_code,
             error->major_code,
             error->minor_code,
-            error->resource_id);
+            error->resource_id
+        );
         free(error);
         xcb_disconnect(connection);
         return NULL;
@@ -897,7 +910,8 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenX11(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     if (reply->depth == 24) {
         buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-            (char *)xcb_get_image_data(reply), xcb_get_image_data_length(reply));
+            (char *)xcb_get_image_data(reply), xcb_get_image_data_length(reply)
+        );
     } else {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_OSError, "unsupported bit depth: %i", reply->depth);
     }

src/encode.c

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
 #include "Python.h"
 
+#include "thirdparty/pythoncapi_compat.h"
 #include "libImaging/Imaging.h"
 #include "libImaging/Gif.h"
 
@@ -38,7 +39,8 @@
 
 typedef struct {
     PyObject_HEAD int (*encode)(
-        Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, int bytes);
+        Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, int bytes
+    );
     int (*cleanup)(ImagingCodecState state);
     struct ImagingCodecStateInstance state;
     Imaging im;
@@ -134,7 +136,8 @@ _encode(ImagingEncoderObject *encoder, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     status = encoder->encode(
-        encoder->im, &encoder->state, (UINT8 *)PyBytes_AsString(buf), bufsize);
+        encoder->im, &encoder->state, (UINT8 *)PyBytes_AsString(buf), bufsize
+    );
 
     /* adjust string length to avoid slicing in encoder */
     if (_PyBytes_Resize(&buf, (status > 0) ? status : 0) < 0) {
@@ -571,7 +574,8 @@ PyImaging_ZipEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &compress_level,
             &compress_type,
             &dictionary,
-            &dictionary_size)) {
+            &dictionary_size
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -652,15 +656,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     PyObject *item;
 
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
-            args,
-            "sssnsOO",
-            &mode,
-            &rawmode,
-            &compname,
-            &fp,
-            &filename,
-            &tags,
-            &types)) {
+            args, "sssnsOO", &mode, &rawmode, &compname, &fp, &filename, &tags, &types
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -671,11 +668,17 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         tags_size = PyList_Size(tags);
         TRACE(("tags size: %d\n", (int)tags_size));
         for (pos = 0; pos < tags_size; pos++) {
-            item = PyList_GetItem(tags, pos);
+            item = PyList_GetItemRef(tags, pos);
+            if (item == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
             if (!PyTuple_Check(item) || PyTuple_Size(item) != 2) {
+                Py_DECREF(item);
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid tags list");
                 return NULL;
             }
+            Py_DECREF(item);
         }
         pos = 0;
     }
@@ -703,11 +706,17 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     num_core_tags = sizeof(core_tags) / sizeof(int);
     for (pos = 0; pos < tags_size; pos++) {
-        item = PyList_GetItem(tags, pos);
+        item = PyList_GetItemRef(tags, pos);
+        if (item == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
         // We already checked that tags is a 2-tuple list.
-        key = PyTuple_GetItem(item, 0);
+        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 0);
         key_int = (int)PyLong_AsLong(key);
-        value = PyTuple_GetItem(item, 1);
+        value = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 1);
+        Py_DECREF(item);
+
         status = 0;
         is_core_tag = 0;
         is_var_length = 0;
@@ -721,7 +730,10 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         }
 
         if (!is_core_tag) {
-            PyObject *tag_type = PyDict_GetItem(types, key);
+            PyObject *tag_type;
+            if (PyDict_GetItemRef(types, key, &tag_type) < 0) {
+                return NULL;  // Exception has been already set
+            }
             if (tag_type) {
                 int type_int = PyLong_AsLong(tag_type);
                 if (type_int >= TIFF_BYTE && type_int <= TIFF_DOUBLE) {
@@ -769,7 +781,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 is_var_length = 1;
             }
             if (ImagingLibTiffMergeFieldInfo(
-                    &encoder->state, type, key_int, is_var_length)) {
+                    &encoder->state, type, key_int, is_var_length
+                )) {
                 continue;
             }
         }
@@ -779,7 +792,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 &encoder->state,
                 (ttag_t)key_int,
                 PyBytes_Size(value),
-                PyBytes_AsString(value));
+                PyBytes_AsString(value)
+            );
         } else if (is_var_length) {
             Py_ssize_t len, i;
             TRACE(("Setting from Tuple: %d \n", key_int));
@@ -789,7 +803,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 int stride = 256;
                 if (len != 768) {
                     PyErr_SetString(
-                        PyExc_ValueError, "Requiring 768 items for Colormap");
+                        PyExc_ValueError, "Requiring 768 items for Colormap"
+                    );
                     return NULL;
                 }
                 UINT16 *av;
@@ -804,7 +819,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         (ttag_t)key_int,
                         av,
                         av + stride,
-                        av + stride * 2);
+                        av + stride * 2
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (key_int == TIFFTAG_YCBCRSUBSAMPLING) {
@@ -812,7 +828,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                     &encoder->state,
                     (ttag_t)key_int,
                     (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, 0)),
-                    (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, 1)));
+                    (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, 1))
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_SHORT) {
                 UINT16 *av;
                 /* malloc check ok, calloc checks for overflow */
@@ -822,7 +839,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_LONG) {
@@ -834,7 +852,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (UINT32)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_SBYTE) {
@@ -846,7 +865,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (INT8)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_SSHORT) {
@@ -858,7 +878,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (INT16)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_SLONG) {
@@ -870,7 +891,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (INT32)PyLong_AsLong(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_FLOAT) {
@@ -882,7 +904,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = (FLOAT32)PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             } else if (type == TIFF_DOUBLE) {
@@ -894,43 +917,54 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         av[i] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(value, i));
                     }
                     status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av);
+                        &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, len, av
+                    );
                     free(av);
                 }
             }
         } else {
             if (type == TIFF_SHORT) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (UINT16)PyLong_AsLong(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_LONG) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, PyLong_AsLongLong(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, PyLong_AsLongLong(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_SSHORT) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT16)PyLong_AsLong(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT16)PyLong_AsLong(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_SLONG) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT32)PyLong_AsLong(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT32)PyLong_AsLong(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_FLOAT) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT32)PyFloat_AsDouble(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT32)PyFloat_AsDouble(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_DOUBLE) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT64)PyFloat_AsDouble(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT64)PyFloat_AsDouble(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_SBYTE) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT8)PyLong_AsLong(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (INT8)PyLong_AsLong(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_ASCII) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, PyBytes_AsString(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, PyBytes_AsString(value)
+                );
             } else if (type == TIFF_RATIONAL) {
                 status = ImagingLibTiffSetField(
-                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT64)PyFloat_AsDouble(value));
+                    &encoder->state, (ttag_t)key_int, (FLOAT64)PyFloat_AsDouble(value)
+                );
             } else {
                 TRACE(
                     ("Unhandled type for key %d : %s \n",
                      key_int,
-                     PyBytes_AsString(PyObject_Str(value))));
+                     PyBytes_AsString(PyObject_Str(value)))
+                );
             }
         }
         if (!status) {
@@ -991,7 +1025,8 @@ get_qtables_arrays(PyObject *qtables, int *qtablesLen) {
     if (num_tables < 1 || num_tables > NUM_QUANT_TBLS) {
         PyErr_SetString(
             PyExc_ValueError,
-            "Not a valid number of quantization tables. Should be between 1 and 4.");
+            "Not a valid number of quantization tables. Should be between 1 and 4."
+        );
         Py_DECREF(tables);
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -1080,7 +1115,8 @@ PyImaging_JpegEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &extra,
             &extra_size,
             &rawExif,
-            &rawExifLen)) {
+            &rawExifLen
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1150,29 +1186,27 @@ PyImaging_JpegEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     encoder->encode = ImagingJpegEncode;
 
-    strncpy(((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->rawmode, rawmode, 8);
-
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->keep_rgb = keep_rgb;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->quality = quality;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->qtables = qarrays;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->qtablesLen = qtablesLen;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->subsampling = subsampling;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->progressive = progressive;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->smooth = smooth;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->optimize = optimize;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->streamtype = streamtype;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->xdpi = xdpi;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->ydpi = ydpi;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->restart_marker_blocks =
-        restart_marker_blocks;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->restart_marker_rows =
-        restart_marker_rows;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->comment = comment;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->comment_size = comment_size;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->extra = extra;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->extra_size = extra_size;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->rawExif = rawExif;
-    ((JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context)->rawExifLen = rawExifLen;
+    JPEGENCODERSTATE *jpeg_encoder_state = (JPEGENCODERSTATE *)encoder->state.context;
+    strncpy(jpeg_encoder_state->rawmode, rawmode, 8);
+    jpeg_encoder_state->keep_rgb = keep_rgb;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->quality = quality;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->qtables = qarrays;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->qtablesLen = qtablesLen;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->subsampling = subsampling;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->progressive = progressive;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->smooth = smooth;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->optimize = optimize;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->streamtype = streamtype;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->xdpi = xdpi;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->ydpi = ydpi;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->restart_marker_blocks = restart_marker_blocks;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->restart_marker_rows = restart_marker_rows;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->comment = comment;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->comment_size = comment_size;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->extra = extra;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->extra_size = extra_size;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->rawExif = rawExif;
+    jpeg_encoder_state->rawExifLen = rawExifLen;
 
     return (PyObject *)encoder;
 }
@@ -1250,7 +1284,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             &fd,
             &comment,
             &comment_size,
-            &plt)) {
+            &plt
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1307,7 +1342,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     j2k_decode_coord_tuple(offset, &context->offset_x, &context->offset_y);
     j2k_decode_coord_tuple(
-        tile_offset, &context->tile_offset_x, &context->tile_offset_y);
+        tile_offset, &context->tile_offset_x, &context->tile_offset_y
+    );
     j2k_decode_coord_tuple(tile_size, &context->tile_size_x, &context->tile_size_y);
 
     /* Error on illegal tile offsets */
@@ -1317,7 +1353,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             PyErr_SetString(
                 PyExc_ValueError,
                 "JPEG 2000 tile offset too small; top left tile must "
-                "intersect image area");
+                "intersect image area"
+            );
             Py_DECREF(encoder);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -1325,8 +1362,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         if (context->tile_offset_x > context->offset_x ||
             context->tile_offset_y > context->offset_y) {
             PyErr_SetString(
-                PyExc_ValueError,
-                "JPEG 2000 tile offset too large to cover image area");
+                PyExc_ValueError, "JPEG 2000 tile offset too large to cover image area"
+            );
             Py_DECREF(encoder);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -1360,7 +1397,8 @@ PyImaging_Jpeg2KEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     j2k_decode_coord_tuple(cblk_size, &context->cblk_width, &context->cblk_height);
     j2k_decode_coord_tuple(
-        precinct_size, &context->precinct_width, &context->precinct_height);
+        precinct_size, &context->precinct_width, &context->precinct_height
+    );
 
     context->irreversible = PyObject_IsTrue(irreversible);
     context->progression = prog_order;

src/libImaging/Access.c

@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ add_item(const char *mode) {
             "AccessInit: hash collision: %d for both %s and %s\n",
             i,
             mode,
-            access_table[i].mode);
+            access_table[i].mode
+        );
         exit(1);
     }
     access_table[i].mode = mode;

src/libImaging/BcnDecode.c

@@ -243,7 +243,8 @@ static const bc7_mode_info bc7_modes[] = {
     {1, 0, 2, 1, 5, 6, 0, 0, 2, 3},
     {1, 0, 2, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 2, 2},
     {1, 0, 0, 0, 7, 7, 1, 0, 4, 0},
-    {2, 6, 0, 0, 5, 5, 1, 0, 2, 0}};
+    {2, 6, 0, 0, 5, 5, 1, 0, 2, 0}
+};
 
 /* Subset indices:
    Table.P2, 1 bit per index */
@@ -254,7 +255,8 @@ static const UINT16 bc7_si2[] = {
     0x718e, 0x399c, 0xaaaa, 0xf0f0, 0x5a5a, 0x33cc, 0x3c3c, 0x55aa, 0x9696, 0xa55a,
     0x73ce, 0x13c8, 0x324c, 0x3bdc, 0x6996, 0xc33c, 0x9966, 0x0660, 0x0272, 0x04e4,
     0x4e40, 0x2720, 0xc936, 0x936c, 0x39c6, 0x639c, 0x9336, 0x9cc6, 0x817e, 0xe718,
-    0xccf0, 0x0fcc, 0x7744, 0xee22};
+    0xccf0, 0x0fcc, 0x7744, 0xee22
+};
 
 /* Table.P3, 2 bits per index */
 static const UINT32 bc7_si3[] = {
@@ -267,20 +269,23 @@ static const UINT32 bc7_si3[] = {
     0x66660000, 0xa5a0a5a0, 0x50a050a0, 0x69286928, 0x44aaaa44, 0x66666600, 0xaa444444,
     0x54a854a8, 0x95809580, 0x96969600, 0xa85454a8, 0x80959580, 0xaa141414, 0x96960000,
     0xaaaa1414, 0xa05050a0, 0xa0a5a5a0, 0x96000000, 0x40804080, 0xa9a8a9a8, 0xaaaaaa44,
-    0x2a4a5254};
+    0x2a4a5254
+};
 
 /* Anchor indices:
    Table.A2 */
-static const char bc7_ai0[] = {
-    15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 2,  8, 2, 2, 8,
-    8,  15, 2,  8,  2,  2,  8,  8,  2,  2,  15, 15, 6,  8,  2,  8,  15, 15, 2, 8, 2, 2,
-    2,  15, 15, 6,  6,  2,  6,  8,  15, 15, 2,  2,  15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 2,  2, 15};
+static const char bc7_ai0[] = {15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
+                               15, 15, 15, 15, 2,  8,  2,  2,  8,  8,  15, 2,  8,
+                               2,  2,  8,  8,  2,  2,  15, 15, 6,  8,  2,  8,  15,
+                               15, 2,  8,  2,  2,  2,  15, 15, 6,  6,  2,  6,  8,
+                               15, 15, 2,  2,  15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 2,  2,  15};
 
 /* Table.A3a */
-static const char bc7_ai1[] = {
-    3,  3,  15, 15, 8, 3,  15, 15, 8,  8,  6, 6,  6, 5,  3, 3,  3,  3,  8,  15, 3,  3,
-    6,  10, 5,  8,  8, 6,  8,  5,  15, 15, 8, 15, 3, 5,  6, 10, 8,  15, 15, 3,  15, 5,
-    15, 15, 15, 15, 3, 15, 5,  5,  5,  8,  5, 10, 5, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 3,  3};
+static const char bc7_ai1[] = {3,  3,  15, 15, 8,  3,  15, 15, 8,  8,  6,  6,  6,
+                               5,  3,  3,  3,  3,  8,  15, 3,  3,  6,  10, 5,  8,
+                               8,  6,  8,  5,  15, 15, 8,  15, 3,  5,  6,  10, 8,
+                               15, 15, 3,  15, 5,  15, 15, 15, 15, 3,  15, 5,  5,
+                               5,  8,  5,  10, 5,  10, 8,  13, 15, 12, 3,  3};
 
 /* Table.A3b */
 static const char bc7_ai2[] = {15, 8,  8,  3,  15, 15, 3,  8,  15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
@@ -293,7 +298,8 @@ static const char bc7_ai2[] = {15, 8,  8,  3,  15, 15, 3,  8,  15, 15, 15, 15, 1
 static const char bc7_weights2[] = {0, 21, 43, 64};
 static const char bc7_weights3[] = {0, 9, 18, 27, 37, 46, 55, 64};
 static const char bc7_weights4[] = {
-    0, 4, 9, 13, 17, 21, 26, 30, 34, 38, 43, 47, 51, 55, 60, 64};
+    0, 4, 9, 13, 17, 21, 26, 30, 34, 38, 43, 47, 51, 55, 60, 64
+};
 
 static const char *
 bc7_get_weights(int n) {
@@ -526,7 +532,8 @@ static const bc6_mode_info bc6_modes[] = {
     {1, 0, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10},
     {1, 1, 0, 11, 9, 9, 9},
     {1, 1, 0, 12, 8, 8, 8},
-    {1, 1, 0, 16, 4, 4, 4}};
+    {1, 1, 0, 16, 4, 4, 4}
+};
 
 /* Table.F, encoded as a sequence of bit indices */
 static const UINT8 bc6_bit_packings[][75] = {
@@ -591,7 +598,8 @@ static const UINT8 bc6_bit_packings[][75] = {
      64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 27, 26, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 43, 42},
     {0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
      32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10,
-     64, 65, 66, 67, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 80, 81, 82, 83, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42}};
+     64, 65, 66, 67, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 80, 81, 82, 83, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42}
+};
 
 static void
 bc6_sign_extend(UINT16 *v, int prec) {
@@ -830,7 +838,8 @@ decode_bcn(
     int bytes,
     int N,
     int C,
-    char *pixel_format) {
+    char *pixel_format
+) {
     int ymax = state->ysize + state->yoff;
     const UINT8 *ptr = src;
     switch (N) {

src/libImaging/BoxBlur.c

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ void static inline ImagingLineBoxBlur32(
     int edgeA,
     int edgeB,
     UINT32 ww,
-    UINT32 fw) {
+    UINT32 fw
+) {
     int x;
     UINT32 acc[4];
     UINT32 bulk[4];
@@ -109,7 +110,8 @@ void static inline ImagingLineBoxBlur8(
     int edgeA,
     int edgeB,
     UINT32 ww,
-    UINT32 fw) {
+    UINT32 fw
+) {
     int x;
     UINT32 acc;
     UINT32 bulk;
@@ -198,7 +200,8 @@ ImagingHorizontalBoxBlur(Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, float floatRadius) {
                 edgeA,
                 edgeB,
                 ww,
-                fw);
+                fw
+            );
             if (imIn == imOut) {
                 // Commit.
                 memcpy(imOut->image8[y], lineOut, imIn->xsize);
@@ -214,7 +217,8 @@ ImagingHorizontalBoxBlur(Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, float floatRadius) {
                 edgeA,
                 edgeB,
                 ww,
-                fw);
+                fw
+            );
             if (imIn == imOut) {
                 // Commit.
                 memcpy(imOut->image32[y], lineOut, imIn->xsize * 4);
@@ -314,11 +318,13 @@ _gaussian_blur_radius(float radius, int passes) {
 
 Imaging
 ImagingGaussianBlur(
-    Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, float xradius, float yradius, int passes) {
+    Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn, float xradius, float yradius, int passes
+) {
     return ImagingBoxBlur(
         imOut,
         imIn,
         _gaussian_blur_radius(xradius, passes),
         _gaussian_blur_radius(yradius, passes),
-        passes);
+        passes
+    );
 }

src/libImaging/Chops.c

@@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ ImagingChopSoftLight(Imaging imIn1, Imaging imIn2) {
     CHOP2(
         (((255 - in1[x]) * (in1[x] * in2[x])) / 65536) +
             (in1[x] * (255 - ((255 - in1[x]) * (255 - in2[x]) / 255))) / 255,
-        NULL);
+        NULL
+    );
 }
 
 Imaging
@@ -150,7 +151,8 @@ ImagingChopHardLight(Imaging imIn1, Imaging imIn2) {
     CHOP2(
         (in2[x] < 128) ? ((in1[x] * in2[x]) / 127)
                        : 255 - (((255 - in2[x]) * (255 - in1[x])) / 127),
-        NULL);
+        NULL
+    );
 }
 
 Imaging
@@ -158,5 +160,6 @@ ImagingOverlay(Imaging imIn1, Imaging imIn2) {
     CHOP2(
         (in1[x] < 128) ? ((in1[x] * in2[x]) / 127)
                        : 255 - (((255 - in1[x]) * (255 - in2[x])) / 127),
-        NULL);
+        NULL
+    );
 }