diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 643273e58..4573fde90 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ jobs:
         - python-version: "3.10"
           PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2
         # M1 only available for 3.10+
-        - os: "macos-latest"
+        - os: "macos-13"
           python-version: "3.9"
-        - os: "macos-latest"
+        - os: "macos-13"
           python-version: "3.8"
         exclude:
         - os: "macos-14"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
index 36bb54050..b2fbd3140 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - name: "macOS x86_64"
-            os: macos-latest
+            os: macos-13
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.10"
           - name: "macOS arm64"
diff --git a/CHANGES.rst b/CHANGES.rst
index 196f8ed20..85dc0b43c 100644
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@@ -5,6 +5,18 @@ Changelog (Pillow)
 10.4.0 (unreleased)
 -------------------
 
+- Support reading P mode TIFF images with padding #7996
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Deprecate support for libtiff < 4 #7998
+  [radarhere, hugovk]
+
+- Corrected ImageShow UnixViewer command #7987
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Use functools.cached_property in ImageStat #7952
+  [nulano, hugovk, radarhere]
+
 - Add support for reading BITMAPV2INFOHEADER and BITMAPV3INFOHEADER #7956
   [Cirras, radarhere]
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 823ea76d0..b4c6d2987 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ The core image library is designed for fast access to data stored in a few basic
 ## More Information
 
 - [Documentation](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/)
-  - [Installation](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html)
+  - [Installation](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation/basic-installation.html)
   - [Handbook](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/handbook/index.html)
 - [Contribute](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md)
   - [Issues](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues)
diff --git a/Tests/test_features.py b/Tests/test_features.py
index 3a528a7c8..2d402ca91 100644
--- a/Tests/test_features.py
+++ b/Tests/test_features.py
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ def test_version() -> None:
         else:
             assert function(name) == version
             if name != "PIL":
+                if name == "zlib" and version is not None:
+                    version = version.replace(".zlib-ng", "")
                 assert version is None or re.search(r"\d+(\.\d+)*$", version)
 
     for module in features.modules:
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py b/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
index 6c32b5ad4..11883ad24 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             assert field in reloaded, f"{field} not in metadata"
 
     @pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error(reason="Known invalid metadata")
-    def test_additional_metadata(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_additional_metadata(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
         # these should not crash. Seriously dummy data, most of it doesn't make
         # any sense, so we're running up against limits where we're asking
         # libtiff to do stupid things.
@@ -236,13 +238,28 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             del new_ifd[338]
 
             out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-            TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+            monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
 
             im.save(out, tiffinfo=new_ifd)
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "libtiff",
+        (
+            pytest.param(
+                True,
+                marks=pytest.mark.skipif(
+                    not getattr(Image.core, "libtiff_support_custom_tags", False),
+                    reason="Custom tags not supported by older libtiff",
+                ),
+            ),
+            False,
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_custom_metadata(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path, libtiff: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", libtiff)
 
-    def test_custom_metadata(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         class Tc(NamedTuple):
             value: Any
             type: int
@@ -281,53 +298,43 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             )
         }
 
-        libtiffs = [False]
-        if Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
-            libtiffs.append(True)
+        def check_tags(
+            tiffinfo: TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2 | dict[int, str]
+        ) -> None:
+            im = hopper()
 
-        for libtiff in libtiffs:
-            TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = libtiff
+            out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
+            im.save(out, tiffinfo=tiffinfo)
 
-            def check_tags(
-                tiffinfo: TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2 | dict[int, str]
-            ) -> None:
-                im = hopper()
+            with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+                for tag, value in tiffinfo.items():
+                    reloaded_value = reloaded.tag_v2[tag]
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(reloaded_value, TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational)
+                        and libtiff
+                    ):
+                        # libtiff does not support real RATIONALS
+                        assert round(abs(float(reloaded_value) - float(value)), 7) == 0
+                        continue
 
-                out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-                im.save(out, tiffinfo=tiffinfo)
+                    assert reloaded_value == value
 
-                with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-                    for tag, value in tiffinfo.items():
-                        reloaded_value = reloaded.tag_v2[tag]
-                        if (
-                            isinstance(reloaded_value, TiffImagePlugin.IFDRational)
-                            and libtiff
-                        ):
-                            # libtiff does not support real RATIONALS
-                            assert (
-                                round(abs(float(reloaded_value) - float(value)), 7) == 0
-                            )
-                            continue
+        # Test with types
+        ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+        for tag, tagdata in custom.items():
+            ifd[tag] = tagdata.value
+            ifd.tagtype[tag] = tagdata.type
+        check_tags(ifd)
 
-                        assert reloaded_value == value
-
-            # Test with types
-            ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
-            for tag, tagdata in custom.items():
-                ifd[tag] = tagdata.value
-                ifd.tagtype[tag] = tagdata.type
-            check_tags(ifd)
-
-            # Test without types. This only works for some types, int for example are
-            # always encoded as LONG and not SIGNED_LONG.
-            check_tags(
-                {
-                    tag: tagdata.value
-                    for tag, tagdata in custom.items()
-                    if tagdata.supported_by_default
-                }
-            )
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
+        # Test without types. This only works for some types, int for example are
+        # always encoded as LONG and not SIGNED_LONG.
+        check_tags(
+            {
+                tag: tagdata.value
+                for tag, tagdata in custom.items()
+                if tagdata.supported_by_default
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_osubfiletype(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
@@ -343,24 +350,24 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             # Should not segfault
             im.save(outfile)
 
-    def test_xmlpacket_tag(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+    def test_xmlpacket_tag(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
 
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
         hopper().save(out, tiffinfo={700: b"xmlpacket tag"})
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
 
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             if 700 in reloaded.tag_v2:
                 assert reloaded.tag_v2[700] == b"xmlpacket tag"
 
-    def test_int_dpi(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_int_dpi(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         # issue #1765
         im = hopper("RGB")
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
         im.save(out, dpi=(72, 72))
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             assert reloaded.info["dpi"] == (72.0, 72.0)
 
@@ -422,13 +429,13 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             assert "temp.tif" == reread.tag_v2[269]
             assert "temp.tif" == reread.tag[269][0]
 
-    def test_12bit_rawmode(self) -> None:
+    def test_12bit_rawmode(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         """Are we generating the same interpretation
         of the image as Imagemagick is?"""
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/12bit.cropped.tif") as im:
             im.load()
-            TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
+            monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", False)
             # to make the target --
             # convert 12bit.cropped.tif -depth 16 tmp.tif
             # convert tmp.tif -evaluate RightShift 4 12in16bit2.tif
@@ -514,12 +521,13 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, out)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("im", (hopper("P"), Image.new("P", (1, 1), "#000")))
-    def test_palette_save(self, im: Image.Image, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_palette_save(
+        self, im: Image.Image, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
         im.save(out)
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
 
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             # colormap/palette tag
@@ -548,9 +556,9 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         with pytest.raises(OSError):
             os.close(fn)
 
-    def test_multipage(self) -> None:
+    def test_multipage(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # issue #862
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
             # file is a multipage tiff,  10x10 green, 10x10 red, 20x20 blue
 
@@ -569,11 +577,9 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             assert im.size == (20, 20)
             assert im.convert("RGB").getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 255)
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
-
-    def test_multipage_nframes(self) -> None:
+    def test_multipage_nframes(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # issue #862
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
             frames = im.n_frames
             assert frames == 3
@@ -582,10 +588,8 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
                 # Should not raise ValueError: I/O operation on closed file
                 im.load()
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
-
-    def test_multipage_seek_backwards(self) -> None:
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+    def test_multipage_seek_backwards(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
             im.seek(1)
             im.load()
@@ -593,24 +597,21 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             im.seek(0)
             assert im.convert("RGB").getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 128, 0)
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
-
-    def test__next(self) -> None:
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+    def test__next(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.tif") as im:
             assert not im.tag.next
             im.load()
             assert not im.tag.next
 
-    def test_4bit(self) -> None:
+    def test_4bit(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # Arrange
         test_file = "Tests/images/hopper_gray_4bpp.tif"
         original = hopper("L")
 
         # Act
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open(test_file) as im:
-            TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
 
             # Assert
             assert im.size == (128, 128)
@@ -650,12 +651,12 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
                     assert im2.mode == "L"
                     assert_image_equal(im, im2)
 
-    def test_save_bytesio(self) -> None:
+    def test_save_bytesio(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # PR 1011
         # Test TIFF saving to io.BytesIO() object.
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
 
         # Generate test image
         pilim = hopper()
@@ -672,9 +673,6 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         save_bytesio("packbits")
         save_bytesio("tiff_lzw")
 
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
-
     def test_save_ycbcr(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = hopper("YCbCr")
         outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
@@ -694,15 +692,16 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             if Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
                 assert reloaded.tag_v2[34665] == 125456
 
-    def test_crashing_metadata(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_crashing_metadata(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
         # issue 1597
         with Image.open("Tests/images/rdf.tif") as im:
             out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
 
-            TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+            monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
             # this shouldn't crash
             im.save(out, format="TIFF")
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
 
     def test_page_number_x_0(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         # Issue 973
@@ -733,36 +732,41 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         # Should not raise PermissionError.
         os.remove(tmpfile)
 
-    def test_read_icc(self) -> None:
+    def test_read_icc(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif") as img:
             icc = img.info.get("icc_profile")
             assert icc is not None
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif") as img:
             icc_libtiff = img.info.get("icc_profile")
             assert icc_libtiff is not None
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
         assert icc == icc_libtiff
 
-    def test_write_icc(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        def check_write(libtiff: bool) -> None:
-            TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = libtiff
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "libtiff",
+        (
+            pytest.param(
+                True,
+                marks=pytest.mark.skipif(
+                    not getattr(Image.core, "libtiff_support_custom_tags", False),
+                    reason="Custom tags not supported by older libtiff",
+                ),
+            ),
+            False,
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_write_icc(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path, libtiff: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", libtiff)
 
-            with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif") as img:
-                icc_profile = img.info["icc_profile"]
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.iccprofile.tif") as img:
+            icc_profile = img.info["icc_profile"]
 
-                out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-                img.save(out, icc_profile=icc_profile)
-            with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-                assert icc_profile == reloaded.info["icc_profile"]
-
-        libtiffs = []
-        if Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
-            libtiffs.append(True)
-        libtiffs.append(False)
-
-        for libtiff in libtiffs:
-            check_write(libtiff)
+            out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
+            img.save(out, icc_profile=icc_profile)
+        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+            assert icc_profile == reloaded.info["icc_profile"]
 
     def test_multipage_compression(self) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/compression.tif") as im:
@@ -840,12 +844,13 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
 
             assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/copyleft.png", mode="RGB")
 
-    def test_sampleformat_write(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_sampleformat_write(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
         im = Image.new("F", (1, 1))
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", True)
         im.save(out)
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
 
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             assert reloaded.mode == "F"
@@ -1091,15 +1096,14 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         with Image.open(out) as im:
             im.load()
 
-    def test_realloc_overflow(self) -> None:
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
+    def test_realloc_overflow(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/tiff_overflow_rows_per_strip.tif") as im:
             with pytest.raises(OSError) as e:
                 im.load()
 
             # Assert that the error code is IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY
             assert str(e.value) == "-9"
-        TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression", ("tiff_adobe_deflate", "jpeg"))
     def test_save_multistrip(self, compression: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_png.py b/Tests/test_file_png.py
index 30fb14c44..19462dcb5 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_png.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_png.py
@@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ class TestFilePng:
 
     def test_sanity(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         # internal version number
-        assert re.search(r"\d+(\.\d+){1,3}$", features.version_codec("zlib"))
+        assert re.search(
+            r"\d+(\.\d+){1,3}(\.zlib\-ng)?$", features.version_codec("zlib")
+        )
 
         test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
 
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_array.py b/Tests/test_image_array.py
index cf85ee4fa..342bd8654 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_array.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_array.py
@@ -91,6 +91,16 @@ def test_fromarray() -> None:
         Image.fromarray(wrapped)
 
 
+def test_fromarray_strides_without_tobytes() -> None:
+    class Wrapper:
+        def __init__(self, arr_params: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            self.__array_interface__ = arr_params
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        wrapped = Wrapper({"shape": (1, 1), "strides": (1, 1)})
+        Image.fromarray(wrapped, "L")
+
+
 def test_fromarray_palette() -> None:
     # Arrange
     i = im.convert("L")
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagesequence.py b/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
index 7f3a3d141..9b37435eb 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ def test_iterator_min_frame() -> None:
             assert i[index] == next(i)
 
 
-def _test_multipage_tiff() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "libtiff", (pytest.param(True, marks=skip_unless_feature("libtiff")), False)
+)
+def test_multipage_tiff(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, libtiff: bool) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", libtiff)
     with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
         for index, frame in enumerate(ImageSequence.Iterator(im)):
             frame.load()
@@ -55,17 +59,6 @@ def _test_multipage_tiff() -> None:
             frame.convert("RGB")
 
 
-def test_tiff() -> None:
-    _test_multipage_tiff()
-
-
-@skip_unless_feature("libtiff")
-def test_libtiff() -> None:
-    TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = True
-    _test_multipage_tiff()
-    TiffImagePlugin.READ_LIBTIFF = False
-
-
 def test_consecutive() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
         first_frame = None
diff --git a/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py b/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
index f6adae3e6..ae80b98b8 100644
--- a/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
+++ b/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from fractions import Fraction
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from PIL import Image, TiffImagePlugin, features
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image, TiffImagePlugin
 from PIL.TiffImagePlugin import IFDRational
 
-from .helper import hopper
+from .helper import hopper, skip_unless_feature
 
 
 def _test_equal(num, denom, target) -> None:
@@ -52,18 +54,18 @@ def test_nonetype() -> None:
     assert xres and yres
 
 
-def test_ifd_rational_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    methods = [True]
-    if features.check("libtiff"):
-        methods.append(False)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "libtiff", (pytest.param(True, marks=skip_unless_feature("libtiff")), False)
+)
+def test_ifd_rational_save(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path, libtiff: bool
+) -> None:
+    im = hopper()
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tiff")
+    res = IFDRational(301, 1)
 
-    for libtiff in methods:
-        TiffImagePlugin.WRITE_LIBTIFF = libtiff
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "WRITE_LIBTIFF", libtiff)
+    im.save(out, dpi=(res, res), compression="raw")
 
-        im = hopper()
-        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tiff")
-        res = IFDRational(301, 1)
-        im.save(out, dpi=(res, res), compression="raw")
-
-        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-            assert float(IFDRational(301, 1)) == float(reloaded.tag_v2[282])
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert float(IFDRational(301, 1)) == float(reloaded.tag_v2[282])
diff --git a/docs/Makefile b/docs/Makefile
index 3b4deb9bf..6495e5866 100644
--- a/docs/Makefile
+++ b/docs/Makefile
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ clean:
 	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
 
 install-sphinx:
-	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --quiet furo olefile sphinx sphinx-copybutton sphinx-inline-tabs sphinx-removed-in sphinxext-opengraph
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --quiet furo olefile sphinx sphinx-copybutton sphinx-inline-tabs sphinxext-opengraph
 
 .PHONY: html
 html:
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 483535f96..392cf317e 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import PIL
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-needs_sphinx = "2.4"
+needs_sphinx = "7.3"
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
     "sphinx_copybutton",
     "sphinx_inline_tabs",
-    "sphinx_removed_in",
     "sphinxext.opengraph",
 ]
 
@@ -121,12 +120,7 @@ nitpicky = True
 # generating warnings in “nitpicky mode”. Note that type should include the domain name
 # if present. Example entries would be ('py:func', 'int') or
 # ('envvar', 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH').
-nitpick_ignore = [
-    # Sphinx does not understand typing.Literal[-1]
-    # Will be fixed in a future version.
-    # https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/pull/11904
-    ("py:obj", "typing.Literal[-1, 1]"),
-]
+# nitpick_ignore = []
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/deprecations.rst b/docs/deprecations.rst
index da4e9e597..b2cd968fe 100644
--- a/docs/deprecations.rst
+++ b/docs/deprecations.rst
@@ -107,6 +107,14 @@ BGR;15, BGR 16 and BGR;24
 
 The experimental BGR;15, BGR;16 and BGR;24 modes have been deprecated.
 
+Support for LibTIFF earlier than 4
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. deprecated:: 10.4.0
+
+Support for LibTIFF earlier than version 4 has been deprecated.
+Upgrade to a newer version of LibTIFF instead.
+
 Removed features
 ----------------
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/Image.rst b/docs/reference/Image.rst
index 4281b182c..0d9b4d93d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/Image.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/Image.rst
@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ Constructing images
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 .. autofunction:: new
+.. autoclass:: SupportsArrayInterface
+    :show-inheritance:
 .. autofunction:: fromarray
 .. autofunction:: frombytes
 .. autofunction:: frombuffer
diff --git a/docs/reference/ImageStat.rst b/docs/reference/ImageStat.rst
index f61d12313..f69466382 100644
--- a/docs/reference/ImageStat.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ImageStat.rst
@@ -7,67 +7,6 @@
 The :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageStat` module calculates global statistics for an image, or
 for a region of an image.
 
-.. py:class:: Stat(image_or_list, mask=None)
-
-    Calculate statistics for the given image. If a mask is included,
-    only the regions covered by that mask are included in the
-    statistics. You can also pass in a previously calculated histogram.
-
-    :param image: A PIL image, or a precalculated histogram.
-
-        .. note::
-
-            For a PIL image, calculations rely on the
-            :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.histogram` method. The pixel counts are
-            grouped into 256 bins, even if the image has more than 8 bits per
-            channel. So ``I`` and ``F`` mode images have a maximum ``mean``,
-            ``median`` and ``rms`` of 255, and cannot have an ``extrema`` maximum
-            of more than 255.
-
-    :param mask: An optional mask.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: extrema
-
-        Min/max values for each band in the image.
-
-        .. note::
-
-            This relies on the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.histogram` method, and
-            simply returns the low and high bins used. This is correct for
-            images with 8 bits per channel, but fails for other modes such as
-            ``I`` or ``F``. Instead, use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getextrema` to
-            return per-band extrema for the image. This is more correct and
-            efficient because, for non-8-bit modes, the histogram method uses
-            :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getextrema` to determine the bins used.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: count
-
-        Total number of pixels for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: sum
-
-        Sum of all pixels for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: sum2
-
-        Squared sum of all pixels for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: mean
-
-        Average (arithmetic mean) pixel level for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: median
-
-        Median pixel level for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: rms
-
-        RMS (root-mean-square) for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: var
-
-        Variance for each band in the image.
-
-    .. py:attribute:: stddev
-
-        Standard deviation for each band in the image.
+.. autoclass:: Stat
+    :members:
+    :special-members: __init__
diff --git a/docs/releasenotes/10.4.0.rst b/docs/releasenotes/10.4.0.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c2926732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/10.4.0.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+10.4.0
+------
+
+Security
+========
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+:cve:`YYYY-XXXXX`: TODO
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+Backwards Incompatible Changes
+==============================
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+Deprecations
+============
+
+Support for LibTIFF earlier than 4
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Support for LibTIFF earlier than version 4 has been deprecated.
+Upgrade to a newer version of LibTIFF instead.
+
+API Changes
+===========
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+API Additions
+=============
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+Other Changes
+=============
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
diff --git a/docs/releasenotes/index.rst b/docs/releasenotes/index.rst
index 089d44b90..6ee5fb6c8 100644
--- a/docs/releasenotes/index.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/index.rst
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ expected to be backported to earlier versions.
 .. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2
 
+  10.4.0
   10.3.0
   10.2.0
   10.1.0
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 3ce082fb9..20e87ad32 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -42,10 +42,9 @@ dynamic = [
 docs = [
   "furo",
   "olefile",
-  "sphinx>=2.4",
+  "sphinx>=7.3",
   "sphinx-copybutton",
   "sphinx-inline-tabs",
-  "sphinx-removed-in",
   "sphinxext-opengraph",
 ]
 fpx = [
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index ac401dde7..7d8e1c1ee 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ The headers or library files could not be found for {str(err)},
 a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.
 
 Please see the install instructions at:
-   https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html
+   https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation/basic-installation.html
 
 """
     sys.stderr.write(msg)
diff --git a/src/PIL/Image.py b/src/PIL/Image.py
index 26be42779..a17edfa39 100644
--- a/src/PIL/Image.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Image.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import warnings
 from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
 from enum import IntEnum
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Protocol, cast
 
 # VERSION was removed in Pillow 6.0.0.
 # PILLOW_VERSION was removed in Pillow 9.0.0.
@@ -3025,7 +3025,7 @@ def frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args) -> Image:
     return im
 
 
-def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
+def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args) -> Image:
     """
     Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
 
@@ -3081,7 +3081,17 @@ def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
     return frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, args)
 
 
-def fromarray(obj, mode=None):
+class SupportsArrayInterface(Protocol):
+    """
+    An object that has an ``__array_interface__`` dictionary.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def __array_interface__(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     """
     Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
     (using the buffer protocol)::
@@ -3160,8 +3170,11 @@ def fromarray(obj, mode=None):
     if strides is not None:
         if hasattr(obj, "tobytes"):
             obj = obj.tobytes()
-        else:
+        elif hasattr(obj, "tostring"):
             obj = obj.tostring()
+        else:
+            msg = "'strides' requires either tobytes() or tostring()"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
 
     return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageCms.py b/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
index 4af1b79e2..5f5c5df54 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
@@ -838,8 +838,8 @@ def getProfileName(profile: _CmsProfileCompatible) -> str:
 
         if not (model or manufacturer):
             return (profile.profile.profile_description or "") + "\n"
-        if not manufacturer or len(model) > 30:  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-            return model + "\n"  # type: ignore[operator]
+        if not manufacturer or (model and len(model) > 30):
+            return f"{model}\n"
         return f"{model} - {manufacturer}\n"
 
     except (AttributeError, OSError, TypeError, ValueError) as v:
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageShow.py b/src/PIL/ImageShow.py
index 4e505f2ee..f60b1e11e 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageShow.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageShow.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class UnixViewer(Viewer):
 
     def get_command(self, file: str, **options: Any) -> str:
         command = self.get_command_ex(file, **options)[0]
-        return f"({command} {quote(file)}"
+        return f"{command} {quote(file)}"
 
 
 class XDGViewer(UnixViewer):
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageStat.py b/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
index 13864e59c..8bc504526 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
@@ -23,35 +23,58 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math
+from functools import cached_property
+
+from . import Image
 
 
 class Stat:
-    def __init__(self, image_or_list, mask=None):
-        try:
-            if mask:
-                self.h = image_or_list.histogram(mask)
-            else:
-                self.h = image_or_list.histogram()
-        except AttributeError:
-            self.h = image_or_list  # assume it to be a histogram list
-        if not isinstance(self.h, list):
-            msg = "first argument must be image or list"
+    def __init__(
+        self, image_or_list: Image.Image | list[int], mask: Image.Image | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Calculate statistics for the given image. If a mask is included,
+        only the regions covered by that mask are included in the
+        statistics. You can also pass in a previously calculated histogram.
+
+        :param image: A PIL image, or a precalculated histogram.
+
+            .. note::
+
+                For a PIL image, calculations rely on the
+                :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.histogram` method. The pixel counts are
+                grouped into 256 bins, even if the image has more than 8 bits per
+                channel. So ``I`` and ``F`` mode images have a maximum ``mean``,
+                ``median`` and ``rms`` of 255, and cannot have an ``extrema`` maximum
+                of more than 255.
+
+        :param mask: An optional mask.
+        """
+        if isinstance(image_or_list, Image.Image):
+            self.h = image_or_list.histogram(mask)
+        elif isinstance(image_or_list, list):
+            self.h = image_or_list
+        else:
+            msg = "first argument must be image or list"  # type: ignore[unreachable]
             raise TypeError(msg)
         self.bands = list(range(len(self.h) // 256))
 
-    def __getattr__(self, id):
-        """Calculate missing attribute"""
-        if id[:4] == "_get":
-            raise AttributeError(id)
-        # calculate missing attribute
-        v = getattr(self, "_get" + id)()
-        setattr(self, id, v)
-        return v
+    @cached_property
+    def extrema(self) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
+        """
+        Min/max values for each band in the image.
 
-    def _getextrema(self):
-        """Get min/max values for each band in the image"""
+        .. note::
+            This relies on the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.histogram` method, and
+            simply returns the low and high bins used. This is correct for
+            images with 8 bits per channel, but fails for other modes such as
+            ``I`` or ``F``. Instead, use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getextrema` to
+            return per-band extrema for the image. This is more correct and
+            efficient because, for non-8-bit modes, the histogram method uses
+            :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getextrema` to determine the bins used.
+        """
 
-        def minmax(histogram):
+        def minmax(histogram: list[int]) -> tuple[int, int]:
             res_min, res_max = 255, 0
             for i in range(256):
                 if histogram[i]:
@@ -65,12 +88,14 @@ class Stat:
 
         return [minmax(self.h[i:]) for i in range(0, len(self.h), 256)]
 
-    def _getcount(self):
-        """Get total number of pixels in each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def count(self) -> list[int]:
+        """Total number of pixels for each band in the image."""
         return [sum(self.h[i : i + 256]) for i in range(0, len(self.h), 256)]
 
-    def _getsum(self):
-        """Get sum of all pixels in each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def sum(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Sum of all pixels for each band in the image."""
 
         v = []
         for i in range(0, len(self.h), 256):
@@ -80,8 +105,9 @@ class Stat:
             v.append(layer_sum)
         return v
 
-    def _getsum2(self):
-        """Get squared sum of all pixels in each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def sum2(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Squared sum of all pixels for each band in the image."""
 
         v = []
         for i in range(0, len(self.h), 256):
@@ -91,12 +117,14 @@ class Stat:
             v.append(sum2)
         return v
 
-    def _getmean(self):
-        """Get average pixel level for each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def mean(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Average (arithmetic mean) pixel level for each band in the image."""
         return [self.sum[i] / self.count[i] for i in self.bands]
 
-    def _getmedian(self):
-        """Get median pixel level for each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def median(self) -> list[int]:
+        """Median pixel level for each band in the image."""
 
         v = []
         for i in self.bands:
@@ -110,19 +138,22 @@ class Stat:
             v.append(j)
         return v
 
-    def _getrms(self):
-        """Get RMS for each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def rms(self) -> list[float]:
+        """RMS (root-mean-square) for each band in the image."""
         return [math.sqrt(self.sum2[i] / self.count[i]) for i in self.bands]
 
-    def _getvar(self):
-        """Get variance for each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def var(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Variance for each band in the image."""
         return [
             (self.sum2[i] - (self.sum[i] ** 2.0) / self.count[i]) / self.count[i]
             for i in self.bands
         ]
 
-    def _getstddev(self):
-        """Get standard deviation for each layer"""
+    @cached_property
+    def stddev(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Standard deviation for each band in the image."""
         return [math.sqrt(self.var[i]) for i in self.bands]
 
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
index 10ac9ea3a..c78c223b3 100644
--- a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ from . import ExifTags, Image, ImageFile, ImageOps, ImagePalette, TiffTags
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
 from ._binary import i32be as i32
 from ._binary import o8
+from ._deprecate import deprecate
 from .TiffTags import TYPES
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ OPEN_INFO = {
     (MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
     (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
     (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
+    (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (0,)): ("P", "PX"),
     (II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
     (MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
     (II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
@@ -276,6 +278,9 @@ PREFIXES = [
     b"II\x2B\x00",  # BigTIFF with little-endian byte order
 ]
 
+if not getattr(Image.core, "libtiff_support_custom_tags", True):
+    deprecate("Support for LibTIFF earlier than version 4", 12)
+
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
     return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES
diff --git a/src/_imaging.c b/src/_imaging.c
index 520e50793..9b521f552 100644
--- a/src/_imaging.c
+++ b/src/_imaging.c
@@ -3737,7 +3737,7 @@ _getattr_unsafe_ptrs(ImagingObject *self, void *closure) {
         self->image->image32,
         "image",
         self->image->image);
-};
+}
 
 static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
     {"mode", (getter)_getattr_mode},
diff --git a/src/display.c b/src/display.c
index ef2ff3754..6b66ddafb 100644
--- a/src/display.c
+++ b/src/display.c
@@ -427,7 +427,6 @@ error:
 
 PyObject *
 PyImaging_GrabClipboardWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
-    int clip;
     HANDLE handle = NULL;
     int size;
     void *data;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Convert.c b/src/libImaging/Convert.c
index 7e60a960c..64840d08c 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Convert.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Convert.c
@@ -254,9 +254,8 @@ static void
 rgb2i16l(UINT8 *out_, const UINT8 *in, int xsize) {
     int x;
     for (x = 0; x < xsize; x++, in += 4) {
-        UINT8 v = CLIP16(L24(in) >> 16);
-        *out_++ = v;
-        *out_++ = v >> 8;
+        *out_++ = L24(in) >> 16;
+        *out_++ = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -264,9 +263,8 @@ static void
 rgb2i16b(UINT8 *out_, const UINT8 *in, int xsize) {
     int x;
     for (x = 0; x < xsize; x++, in += 4) {
-        UINT8 v = CLIP16(L24(in) >> 16);
-        *out_++ = v >> 8;
-        *out_++ = v;
+        *out_++ = 0;
+        *out_++ = L24(in) >> 16;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Matrix.c b/src/libImaging/Matrix.c
index 182eb62a7..ec7f4d93e 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Matrix.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Matrix.c
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ ImagingConvertMatrix(Imaging im, const char *mode, float m[]) {
     ImagingSectionCookie cookie;
 
     /* Assume there's enough data in the buffer */
-    if (!im) {
+    if (!im || im->bands != 3) {
         return (Imaging)ImagingError_ModeError();
     }
 
-    if (strcmp(mode, "L") == 0 && im->bands == 3) {
+    if (strcmp(mode, "L") == 0) {
         imOut = ImagingNewDirty("L", im->xsize, im->ysize);
         if (!imOut) {
             return NULL;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ ImagingConvertMatrix(Imaging im, const char *mode, float m[]) {
         }
         ImagingSectionLeave(&cookie);
 
-    } else if (strlen(mode) == 3 && im->bands == 3) {
+    } else if (strlen(mode) == 3) {
         imOut = ImagingNewDirty(mode, im->xsize, im->ysize);
         if (!imOut) {
             return NULL;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Unpack.c b/src/libImaging/Unpack.c
index a84dc0a6f..e351aa2f1 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Unpack.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Unpack.c
@@ -1582,6 +1582,7 @@ static struct {
     {"P", "P", 8, copy1},
     {"P", "P;R", 8, unpackLR},
     {"P", "L", 8, copy1},
+    {"P", "PX", 16, unpackL16B},
 
     /* palette w. alpha */
     {"PA", "PA", 16, unpackLA},