Merge branch 'main' into main

.ci/install.sh

@@ -13,24 +13,21 @@ aptget_update()
         return 1
     fi
 }
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
+aptget_update || aptget_update retry || aptget_update retry
-    aptget_update || aptget_update retry || aptget_update retry
-fi
 
 set -e
 
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
+sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
-    sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
                          ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
                          cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
                          sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev nasm
-fi
 
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade wheel
 python3 -m pip install coverage
 python3 -m pip install defusedxml
 python3 -m pip install ipython
+python3 -m pip install numpy
 python3 -m pip install olefile
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
@@ -40,36 +37,24 @@ python3 -m pip install pyroma
 # fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
 python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
 
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
+# PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
-    python3 -m pip install numpy
+if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
-
-    # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
-    if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
     sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
     # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
     if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
-    fi
-
-    # Pyroma uses non-isolated build and fails with old setuptools
-    if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.9 ]]; then
-        # To match pyproject.toml
-        python3 -m pip install "setuptools>=77"
-    fi
-
-    # webp
-    pushd depends && ./install_webp.sh && popd
-
-    # libimagequant
-    pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
-
-    # raqm
-    pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
-
-    # libavif
-    pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
-
-    # extra test images
-    pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
-else
-    cd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && cd ..
 fi
+
+# webp
+pushd depends && ./install_webp.sh && popd
+
+# libimagequant
+pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
+
+# raqm
+pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
+
+# libavif
+pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
+
+# extra test images
+pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd

.ci/requirements-cibw.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==3.0.1
+cibuildwheel==3.1.4

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-mypy==1.16.1
+mypy==1.18.1
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PyQt6
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PySide6
 ipython
 numpy
 packaging
 pyarrow-stubs
+pybind11
 pytest
 sphinx
 types-atheris

.github/mergify.yml

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pull_request_rules:
       - status-success=Docker Test Successful
       - status-success=Windows Test Successful
       - status-success=MinGW
-      - status-success=Cygwin Test Successful
     actions:
       merge:
         method: merge

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ jobs:
     name: Docs
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
         cache: pip

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Lint
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           lint-pre-commit-
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
         cache: pip

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: "Check issues"
-      uses: actions/stale@v9
+      uses: actions/stale@v10
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         only-labels: "Awaiting OP Action"

.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml

@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-name: Test Cygwin
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-env:
-  COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        python-minor-version: [9]
-
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-
-    name: Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Fix line endings
-        run: |
-          git config --global core.autocrlf input
-
-      - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Install Cygwin
-        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v5
-        with:
-          packages: >
-            gcc-g++
-            ghostscript
-            git
-            ImageMagick
-            jpeg
-            libfreetype-devel
-            libimagequant-devel
-            libjpeg-devel
-            liblapack-devel
-            liblcms2-devel
-            libopenjp2-devel
-            libraqm-devel
-            libtiff-devel
-            libwebp-devel
-            libxcb-devel
-            libxcb-xinerama0
-            make
-            netpbm
-            perl
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-cython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-devel
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-ipython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-numpy
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-sip
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-tkinter
-            wget
-            xorg-server-extra
-            zlib-devel
-
-      - name: Add Lapack to PATH
-        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v4
-        with:
-          dirs: 'C:\cygwin\bin;C:\cygwin\lib\lapack'
-
-      - name: Select Python version
-        run: |
-          ln -sf c:/cygwin/bin/python3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }} c:/cygwin/bin/python3
-
-      - name: pip cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: 'C:\cygwin\home\runneradmin\.cache\pip'
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-${{ hashFiles('.ci/install.sh') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-
-
-      - name: Build system information
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py"
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/install.sh
-
-      - name: Build
-        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
-        run: |
-          .ci/build.sh
-
-      - name: Test
-        run: |
-          bash.exe xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' .ci/test.sh
-
-      - name: Prepare to upload errors
-        if: failure()
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "mkdir -p Tests/errors"
-
-      - name: Upload errors
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        if: failure()
-        with:
-          name: errors
-          path: Tests/errors
-
-      - name: After success
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/after_success.sh
-          rm C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE
-
-      - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
-        with:
-          files: ./coverage.xml
-          flags: GHA_Cygwin
-          name: Cygwin Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
-
-  success:
-    permissions:
-      contents: none
-    needs: build
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: Cygwin Test Successful
-    steps:
-      - name: Success
-        run: echo Cygwin Test Successful

.github/workflows/test-docker.yml

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ jobs:
           centos-stream-10-amd64,
           debian-12-bookworm-x86,
           debian-12-bookworm-amd64,
+          debian-13-trixie-x86,
+          debian-13-trixie-amd64,
           fedora-41-amd64,
           fedora-42-amd64,
           gentoo,
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", ">=3.13.5", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
         architecture: ["x64"]
         include:
             # Test the oldest Python on 32-bit
-            - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86" }
+            - { python-version: "3.10", architecture: "x86" }
 
     timeout-minutes: 45
 
@@ -47,19 +47,19 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Pillow
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Checkout cached dependencies
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/pillow-depends
         path: winbuild\depends
 
     - name: Checkout extra test images
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/test-images
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # sets env: pythonLocation
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ jobs:
         ]
         python-version: [
           "pypy3.11",
-          "pypy3.10",
           "3.14t",
           "3.14",
           "3.13t",
@@ -50,29 +49,28 @@ jobs:
           "3.12",
           "3.11",
           "3.10",
-          "3.9",
         ]
         include:
-        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
+        - { python-version: "3.12", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
-        - { python-version: "3.10", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
+        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
         # Free-threaded
         - { python-version: "3.14t", disable-gil: true }
         - { python-version: "3.13t", disable-gil: true }
-        # M1 only available for 3.10+
+        # Intel
-        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.9" }
+        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.10" }
         exclude:
-        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.9" }
+        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.10" }
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ jobs:
         GHA_PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     - name: Register gcc problem matcher
-      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.13'"
+      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.14'"
       run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/problem-matchers/gcc.json"
 
     - name: Build

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 # annotations have a source code patch that is required for some platforms. If
 # you change those versions, ensure the patch is also updated.
 FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.3
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=11.2.1
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=11.4.5
-LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.49
+LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.50
-JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.1
+JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.2
 OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.3
 XZ_VERSION=5.8.1
+ZSTD_VERSION=1.5.7
 TIFF_VERSION=4.7.0
 LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
-ZLIB_VERSION=1.3.1
+ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.5
-ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.4
 LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.6.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
 LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ function build_brotli {
     local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/google/brotli/archive/v$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz brotli-$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz)
     (cd $out_dir \
         && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . \
-        && make install)
+        && make -j4 install)
     touch brotli-stamp
 }
 
@@ -186,30 +186,43 @@ function build_libavif {
 
     python3 -m pip install meson ninja
 
-    if [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
+    if ([[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] && [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]) || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
         build_simple nasm 2.16.03 https://www.nasm.us/pub/nasm/releasebuilds/2.16.03
     fi
 
     local build_type=MinSizeRel
+    local build_shared=ON
     local lto=ON
 
     local libavif_cmake_flags
 
-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         lto=OFF
         libavif_cmake_flags=(
             -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
             -DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,-S,-x,-dead_strip_dylibs" \
         )
+        if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+            build_shared=OFF
+        fi
     else
         if [[ "$MB_ML_VER" == 2014 ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
             build_type=Release
         fi
         libavif_cmake_flags=(-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,--strip-all,-z,relro,-z,now")
     fi
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(-DAOM_TARGET_CPU=generic)
+    else
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM_DECODE=OFF \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL
+        )
+    fi
 
     local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz libavif-$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz)
+
     # CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 is a flag for libaom (included as a subproject
     # of libavif) that disables support for encoding high bit depth images.
     (cd $out_dir \
@@ -217,33 +230,44 @@ function build_libavif {
             -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX \
             -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
             -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
-            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=$build_shared \
             -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
             -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
             -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL \
             -DCONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 \
-            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM_DECODE=OFF \
-            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL \
             -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=$lto \
             -DCMAKE_C_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=$build_type \
             "${libavif_cmake_flags[@]}" \
-            . \
+            $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . )
-        && make install)
+
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        # libavif's CMake configuration generates a meson cross file... but it
+        # doesn't work for iOS cross-compilation. Copy in Pillow-generated
+        # meson-cross config to replace the cmake-generated version.
+        cp $WORKDIR/meson-cross.txt $out_dir/crossfile-apple.meson
+    fi
+
+    (cd $out_dir && make -j4 install)
+
     touch libavif-stamp
 }
 
+function build_zstd {
+    if [ -e zstd-stamp ]; then return; fi
+    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v$ZSTD_VERSION/zstd-$ZSTD_VERSION.tar.gz)
+    (cd $out_dir \
+        && make -j4 install)
+    touch zstd-stamp
+}
+
 function build {
     build_xz
     if [ -z "$IS_ALPINE" ] && [ -z "$SANITIZER" ] && [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
         yum remove -y zlib-devel
     fi
-    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] && [[ "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.10" || "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.13" ]]; then
-        build_new_zlib
-    else
     build_zlib_ng
-    fi
 
     build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
     if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
@@ -265,13 +289,11 @@ function build {
             --with-jpeg-include-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/include --with-jpeg-lib-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
             --disable-webp --disable-libdeflate --disable-zstd
     else
+        build_zstd
         build_tiff
     fi
 
-    if [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
-        # Short term workaround; don't build libavif on iOS
     build_libavif
-    fi
     build_libpng
     build_lcms2
     build_openjpeg

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -99,19 +99,19 @@ jobs:
             cibw_arch: arm64_iphoneos
           - name: "iOS arm64 simulator"
             platform: ios
-            os: macos-latest
+            os: macos-14
             cibw_arch: arm64_iphonesimulator
           - name: "iOS x86_64 simulator"
             platform: ios
             os: macos-13
             cibw_arch: x86_64_iphonesimulator
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           submodules: true
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -153,18 +153,18 @@ jobs:
           - cibw_arch: ARM64
             os: windows-11-arm
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Checkout extra test images
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           repository: python-pillow/test-images
           path: Tests\test-images
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -234,12 +234,12 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist

.github/zizmor.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Configuration for the zizmor static analysis tool, run via pre-commit in CI
-# https://woodruffw.github.io/zizmor/configuration/
+# https://docs.zizmor.sh/configuration/
 rules:
   unpinned-uses:
     config:

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.12.2
+    rev: v0.12.11
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-check
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ repos:
         exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$|\.patch$)
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v20.1.7
+    rev: v21.1.0
     hooks:
       - id: clang-format
         types: [c]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ repos:
       - id: rst-backticks
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v5.0.0
+    rev: v6.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
       - id: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ repos:
         exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/|\.patch$
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.33.2
+    rev: 0.33.3
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
       - id: check-readthedocs
       - id: check-renovate
 
-  - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
+  - repo: https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.11.0
+    rev: v1.12.1
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ repos:
         additional_dependencies: [trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/tox-ini-fmt
-    rev: 1.5.0
+    rev: 1.6.0
     hooks:
       - id: tox-ini-fmt
 

MANIFEST.in

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ include LICENSE
 include Makefile
 include tox.ini
 graft Tests
+graft Tests/images
 graft checks
 graft patches
 graft src
@@ -28,8 +29,19 @@ exclude .editorconfig
 exclude .readthedocs.yml
 exclude codecov.yml
 exclude renovate.json
+exclude Tests/images/README.md
+exclude Tests/images/crash*.tif
+exclude Tests/images/string_dimension.tiff
 global-exclude .git*
 global-exclude *.pyc
 global-exclude *.so
 prune .ci
 prune wheels
+prune winbuild/build
+prune winbuild/depends
+prune Tests/errors
+prune Tests/images/jpeg2000
+prune Tests/images/msp
+prune Tests/images/picins
+prune Tests/images/sunraster
+prune Tests/test-images

README.md

@@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ As of 2019, Pillow development is
             <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-mingw.yml"><img
                 alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test MinGW)"
                 src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20MinGW/badge.svg"></a>
-            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-cygwin.yml"><img
-                alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Cygwin)"
-                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Cygwin/badge.svg"></a>
             <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-docker.yml"><img
                 alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Docker)"
                 src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Docker/badge.svg"></a>

Tests/helper.py

@@ -10,17 +10,20 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from io import BytesIO
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import pytest
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageFile, ImageMath, features
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+    from pathlib import Path
+    from typing import Any
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 uploader = None
@@ -172,6 +175,14 @@ def skip_unless_feature(feature: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
     return pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check(feature), reason=reason)
 
 
+def has_feature_version(feature: str, required: str) -> bool:
+    version = features.version(feature)
+    assert version is not None
+    version_required = parse_version(required)
+    version_available = parse_version(version)
+    return version_available >= version_required
+
+
 def skip_unless_feature_version(
     feature: str, required: str, reason: str | None = None
 ) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:

Tests/test_features.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
 import re
-from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -10,6 +9,10 @@ from PIL import features
 
 from .helper import skip_unless_feature
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 
 def test_check() -> None:
     # Check the correctness of the convenience function
@@ -18,10 +21,6 @@ def test_check() -> None:
     for codec in features.codecs:
         assert features.check_codec(codec) == features.check(codec)
     for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="webp"):
-                assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
-        else:
         assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
 
 
@@ -48,10 +47,6 @@ def test_version() -> None:
     for codec in features.codecs:
         test(codec, features.version_codec)
     for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="webp"):
-                test(feature, features.version_feature)
-        else:
         test(feature, features.version_feature)
 
 
@@ -112,6 +107,25 @@ def test_unsupported_module() -> None:
         features.version_module(module)
 
 
+def test_unsupported_feature() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    feature = "unsupported_feature"
+    # Act / Assert
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.check_feature(feature)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.version_feature(feature)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_version() -> None:
+    assert features.version("unsupported_version") is None
+
+
+def test_modulenotfound(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(features, "features", {"test": ("PIL._test", "", "")})
+    assert features.check_feature("test") is None
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("supported_formats", (True, False))
 def test_pilinfo(supported_formats: bool) -> None:
     buf = io.StringIO()

Tests/test_file_dds.py

@@ -380,21 +380,28 @@ def test_palette() -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/transparent.gif")
 
 
+def test_unsupported_header_size() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported header size 0"):
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(b"DDS " + b"\x00" * 4)):
+            pass
+
+
 def test_unsupported_bitcount() -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported bitcount 24 for 131072"):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/unsupported_bitcount.dds"):
             pass
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "test_file",
+    "test_file, message",
     (
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds",
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds", "Unimplemented DXGI format 93"),
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds",
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pixel_format.dds", "Unimplemented pixel format 0"),
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds", "Unknown pixel format flags 8"),
     ),
 )
-def test_not_implemented(test_file: str) -> None:
+def test_not_implemented(test_file: str, message: str) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=message):
         with Image.open(test_file):
             pass
 

Tests/test_file_gbr.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image, _binary
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
 
@@ -31,8 +33,49 @@ def test_multiple_load_operations() -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/gbr.png")
 
 
-def test_invalid_file() -> None:
+def create_gbr_image(info: dict[str, int] = {}, magic_number=b"") -> BytesIO:
-    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+    return BytesIO(
+        b"".join(
+            _binary.o32be(i)
+            for i in [
+                info.get("header_size", 20),
+                info.get("version", 1),
+                info.get("width", 1),
+                info.get("height", 1),
+                info.get("color_depth", 1),
+            ]
+        )
+        + magic_number
+    )
 
-    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+
+def test_invalid_file() -> None:
+    for f in [
+        create_gbr_image({"header_size": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"width": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"height": 0}),
+    ]:
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush"):
+            GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush version"):
         GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_gimp_brush() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"color_depth": 2})
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush color depth: 2"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_bad_magic_number() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"version": 2}, magic_number=b"badm")
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush, bad magic number"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_L() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image()
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.mode == "L"

Tests/test_file_iptc.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from io import BytesIO
 
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, IptcImagePlugin, TiffImagePlugin, TiffTags
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
@@ -9,21 +11,78 @@ from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
 TEST_FILE = "Tests/images/iptc.jpg"
 
 
+def create_iptc_image(info: dict[str, int] = {}) -> BytesIO:
+    def field(tag, value):
+        return bytes((0x1C,) + tag + (0, len(value))) + value
+
+    data = field((3, 60), bytes((info.get("layers", 1), info.get("component", 0))))
+    data += field((3, 120), bytes((info.get("compression", 1),)))
+    if "band" in info:
+        data += field((3, 65), bytes((info["band"] + 1,)))
+    data += field((3, 20), b"\x01")  # width
+    data += field((3, 30), b"\x01")  # height
+    data += field(
+        (8, 10),
+        bytes((info.get("data", 0),)),
+    )
+
+    return BytesIO(data)
+
+
 def test_open() -> None:
     expected = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
 
-    f = BytesIO(
+    f = create_iptc_image()
-        b"\x1c\x03<\x00\x02\x01\x00\x1c\x03x\x00\x01\x01\x1c\x03\x14\x00\x01\x01"
-        b"\x1c\x03\x1e\x00\x01\x01\x1c\x08\n\x00\x01\x00"
-    )
     with Image.open(f) as im:
-        assert im.tile == [("iptc", (0, 0, 1, 1), 25, "raw")]
+        assert im.tile == [("iptc", (0, 0, 1, 1), 25, ("raw", None))]
         assert_image_equal(im, expected)
 
     with Image.open(f) as im:
         assert im.load() is not None
 
 
+def test_field_length() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image()
+    f.seek(28)
+    f.write(b"\xff")
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="illegal field length in IPTC/NAA file"):
+        with Image.open(f):
+            pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("layers, mode", ((3, "RGB"), (4, "CMYK")))
+def test_layers(layers: int, mode: str) -> None:
+    for band in range(-1, layers):
+        info = {"layers": layers, "component": 1, "data": 5}
+        if band != -1:
+            info["band"] = band
+        f = create_iptc_image(info)
+        with Image.open(f) as im:
+            assert im.mode == mode
+
+            data = [0] * layers
+            data[max(band, 0)] = 5
+            assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == tuple(data)
+
+
+def test_unknown_compression() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image({"compression": 2})
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unknown IPTC image compression"):
+        with Image.open(f):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_getiptcinfo() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image()
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert IptcImagePlugin.getiptcinfo(im) == {
+            (3, 60): b"\x01\x00",
+            (3, 120): b"\x01",
+            (3, 20): b"\x01",
+            (3, 30): b"\x01",
+        }
+
+
 def test_getiptcinfo_jpg_none() -> None:
     # Arrange
     with hopper() as im:

Tests/test_file_libtiff.py

@@ -365,7 +365,6 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
 
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             assert isinstance(reloaded, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
-            if 700 in reloaded.tag_v2:
             assert reloaded.tag_v2[700] == b"xmlpacket tag"
 
     def test_int_dpi(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_pcd.py

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image
 
 
 def test_load_raw() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.pcd") as im:
+        assert im.size == (768, 512)
         im.load()  # should not segfault.
 
     # Note that this image was created with a resized hopper
@@ -15,3 +20,13 @@ def test_load_raw() -> None:
 
     # target = hopper().resize((768,512))
     # assert_image_similar(im, target, 10)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("orientation", (1, 3))
+def test_rotated(orientation: int) -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/hopper.pcd", "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[2048 + 1538] = orientation
+    f = BytesIO(data)
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.size == (512, 768)

Tests/test_file_wal.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 from PIL import WalImageFile
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
@@ -13,12 +15,22 @@ def test_open() -> None:
         assert im.format_description == "Quake2 Texture"
         assert im.mode == "P"
         assert im.size == (128, 128)
+        assert "next_name" not in im.info
 
         assert isinstance(im, WalImageFile.WalImageFile)
 
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/hopper_wal.png")
 
 
+def test_next_name() -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[56:60] = b"Test"
+    f = BytesIO(data)
+    with WalImageFile.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.info["next_name"] == b"Test"
+
+
 def test_load() -> None:
     with WalImageFile.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         px = im.load()

Tests/test_file_webp_animated.py

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from collections.abc import Generator
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
-from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, WebPImagePlugin, features
+from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, WebPImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
     assert_image_similar,
+    has_feature_version,
     is_big_endian,
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
@@ -53,10 +53,7 @@ def test_write_animation_L(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             im.load()
             assert_image_similar(im, orig.convert("RGBA"), 32.9)
 
-            if is_big_endian():
+            if is_big_endian() and not has_feature_version("webp", "1.2.2"):
-                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                assert version is not None
-                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
                 pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
             orig.seek(orig.n_frames - 1)
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
@@ -81,10 +78,7 @@ def test_write_animation_RGB(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             assert_image_equal(im, frame1.convert("RGBA"))
 
             # Compare second frame to original
-            if is_big_endian():
+            if is_big_endian() and not has_feature_version("webp", "1.2.2"):
-                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                assert version is not None
-                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
                 pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
             im.seek(1)
             im.load()

Tests/test_file_wmf.py

@@ -44,6 +44,18 @@ def test_load_zero_inch() -> None:
             pass
 
 
+def test_load_unsupported_wmf() -> None:
+    b = BytesIO(b"\xd7\xcd\xc6\x9a\x00\x00" + b"\x01" * 10)
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported WMF file format"):
+        WmfImagePlugin.WmfStubImageFile(b)
+
+
+def test_load_unsupported() -> None:
+    b = BytesIO(b"\x01\x00\x00\x00")
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported file format"):
+        WmfImagePlugin.WmfStubImageFile(b)
+
+
 def test_render() -> None:
     with open("Tests/images/drawing.emf", "rb") as fp:
         data = fp.read()

Tests/test_font_crash.py

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ from .helper import skip_unless_feature
 
 class TestFontCrash:
     def _fuzz_font(self, font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
-        # from fuzzers.fuzz_font
+        # Copy of the code from fuzz_font() in Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzzers.py
+        # that triggered a problem when fuzzing
         font.getbbox("ABC")
         font.getmask("test text")
         with Image.new(mode="RGBA", size=(200, 200)) as im:

Tests/test_format_hsv.py

@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import colorsys
 import itertools
-from typing import Callable
 
 from PIL import Image
 
 from .helper import assert_image_similar, hopper
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 
 def int_to_float(i: int) -> float:
     return i / 255

Tests/test_image.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from PIL import (
     ImageDraw,
     ImageFile,
     ImagePalette,
+    ImageShow,
     UnidentifiedImageError,
     features,
 )
@@ -388,6 +389,37 @@ class TestImage:
         assert img_colors is not None
         assert sorted(img_colors) == expected_colors
 
+    def test_alpha_composite_la(self) -> None:
+        # Arrange
+        expected_colors = sorted(
+            [
+                (3300, (255, 255)),
+                (1156, (170, 192)),
+                (1122, (128, 255)),
+                (1089, (0, 0)),
+                (1122, (255, 128)),
+                (1122, (0, 128)),
+                (1089, (0, 255)),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dst = Image.new("LA", size=(100, 100), color=(0, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(dst)
+        draw.rectangle((0, 33, 100, 66), fill=(0, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((0, 67, 100, 100), fill=(0, 0))
+        src = Image.new("LA", size=(100, 100), color=(255, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(src)
+        draw.rectangle((33, 0, 66, 100), fill=(255, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((67, 0, 100, 100), fill=(255, 0))
+
+        # Act
+        img = Image.alpha_composite(dst, src)
+
+        # Assert
+        img_colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert img_colors is not None
+        assert sorted(img_colors) == expected_colors
+
     def test_alpha_inplace(self) -> None:
         src = Image.new("RGBA", (128, 128), "blue")
 
@@ -922,6 +954,17 @@ class TestImage:
         reloaded_exif.load(exif.tobytes())
         assert reloaded_exif.get_ifd(0x8769) == exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
 
+    def test_delete_ifd_tag(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
+        assert 0x8769 in exif
+        del exif[0x8769]
+
+        reloaded_exif = Image.Exif()
+        reloaded_exif.load(exif.tobytes())
+        assert 0x8769 not in reloaded_exif
+
     def test_exif_load_from_fp(self) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
             data = im.info["exif"]
@@ -1005,6 +1048,13 @@ class TestImage:
         with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="Image.Image.get_child_images"):
             assert im.get_child_images() == []
 
+    def test_show(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(ImageShow, "_viewers", [])
+
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="Image._show"):
+            Image._show(im)
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)))
     def test_zero_tobytes(self, size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", size)

Tests/test_image_access.py

@@ -315,3 +315,10 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
         process = subprocess.Popen(["embed_pil.exe"], env=env)
         process.communicate()
         assert process.returncode == 0
+
+    def teardown_method(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            os.remove("embed_pil.c")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            # If the test was skipped or failed, the file won't exist
+            pass

Tests/test_image_array.py

@@ -101,8 +101,7 @@ def test_fromarray_strides_without_tobytes() -> None:
             self.__array_interface__ = arr_params
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        wrapped = Wrapper({"shape": (1, 1), "strides": (1, 1)})
+        wrapped = Wrapper({"shape": (1, 1), "strides": (1, 1), "typestr": "|u1"})
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="'mode' parameter"):
         Image.fromarray(wrapped, "L")
 
 
@@ -112,9 +111,16 @@ def test_fromarray_palette() -> None:
     a = numpy.array(i)
 
     # Act
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="'mode' parameter"):
     out = Image.fromarray(a, "P")
 
     # Assert that the Python and C palettes match
     assert out.palette is not None
     assert len(out.palette.colors) == len(out.im.getpalette()) / 3
+
+
+def test_deprecation() -> None:
+    a = numpy.array(im.convert("L"))
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning, match="'mode' parameter for changing data types"
+    ):
+        Image.fromarray(a, "1")

Tests/test_image_histogram.py

@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ def test_histogram() -> None:
 
     assert histogram("1") == (256, 0, 10994)
     assert histogram("L") == (256, 0, 662)
+    assert histogram("LA") == (512, 0, 16384)
+    assert histogram("La") == (512, 0, 16384)
     assert histogram("I") == (256, 0, 662)
     assert histogram("F") == (256, 0, 662)
     assert histogram("P") == (256, 0, 1551)
+    assert histogram("PA") == (512, 0, 16384)
     assert histogram("RGB") == (768, 4, 675)
     assert histogram("RGBA") == (1024, 0, 16384)
     assert histogram("CMYK") == (1024, 0, 16384)

Tests/test_image_quantize.py

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import pytest
-from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from PIL import Image, features
+from PIL import Image
 
-from .helper import assert_image_similar, hopper, is_ppc64le, skip_unless_feature
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_similar,
+    has_feature_version,
+    hopper,
+    is_ppc64le,
+    skip_unless_feature,
+)
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
@@ -23,10 +28,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 @skip_unless_feature("libimagequant")
 def test_libimagequant_quantize() -> None:
     image = hopper()
-    if is_ppc64le():
+    if is_ppc64le() and not has_feature_version("libimagequant", "4"):
-        version = features.version_feature("libimagequant")
-        assert version is not None
-        if parse_version(version) < parse_version("4"):
         pytest.skip("Fails with libimagequant earlier than 4.0.0 on ppc64le")
     converted = image.quantize(100, Image.Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT)
     assert converted.mode == "P"

Tests/test_image_transform.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math
-from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -9,6 +8,10 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageTransform
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_similar, hopper
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 
 class TestImageTransform:
     def test_sanity(self) -> None:

Tests/test_imagechops.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Callable
-
 from PIL import Image, ImageChops
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
 BROWN = (127, 64, 0)
 CYAN = (0, 255, 255)

Tests/test_imagecms.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Literal, cast
+from typing import Literal, cast
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ except ImportError:
     # Skipped via setup_module()
     pass
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any
 
 SRGB = "Tests/icc/sRGB_IEC61966-2-1_black_scaled.icc"
 HAVE_PROFILE = os.path.exists(SRGB)
@@ -208,9 +211,10 @@ def test_exceptions() -> None:
         ImageCms.getProfileName(None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     skip_missing()
 
-    # Python <= 3.9: "an integer is required (got type NoneType)"
+    with pytest.raises(
-    # Python > 3.9: "'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer"
+        ImageCms.PyCMSError,
-    with pytest.raises(ImageCms.PyCMSError, match="integer"):
+        match="'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer",
+    ):
         ImageCms.isIntentSupported(SRGB, None, None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
@@ -690,3 +694,17 @@ def test_cmyk_lab() -> None:
     im = Image.new("CMYK", (1, 1))
     converted_im = im.convert("LAB")
     assert converted_im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 128, 128)
+
+
+def test_deprecation() -> None:
+    profile = ImageCmsProfile(ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB"))
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning, match="ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name"
+    ):
+        profile.product_name
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning, match="ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_info"
+    ):
+        profile.product_info
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        profile.this_attribute_does_not_exist

Tests/test_imagedraw.py

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os.path
-from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageColor, ImageDraw, ImageFont, features
-from PIL._typing import Coords
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
@@ -17,6 +14,12 @@ from .helper import (
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+
+    from PIL._typing import Coords
+
 BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
 WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
 GRAY = (190, 190, 190)

Tests/test_imagefontctl.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal_tofile,
     assert_image_similar_tofile,
+    has_feature_version,
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
 
@@ -104,11 +105,9 @@ def test_text_direction_ttb() -> None:
 
     im = Image.new(mode="RGB", size=(100, 300))
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    try:
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
-        draw.text((0, 0), "English あい", font=ttf, fill=500, direction="ttb")
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
         pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    draw.text((0, 0), "English あい", font=ttf, fill=500, direction="ttb")
 
     target = "Tests/images/test_direction_ttb.png"
     assert_image_similar_tofile(im, target, 2.8)
@@ -119,7 +118,8 @@ def test_text_direction_ttb_stroke() -> None:
 
     im = Image.new(mode="RGB", size=(100, 300))
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    try:
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
     draw.text(
         (27, 27),
         "あい",
@@ -129,9 +129,6 @@ def test_text_direction_ttb_stroke() -> None:
         stroke_width=2,
         stroke_fill="#0f0",
     )
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
 
     target = "Tests/images/test_direction_ttb_stroke.png"
     assert_image_similar_tofile(im, target, 19.4)
@@ -219,14 +216,9 @@ def test_getlength(
     im = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 0)
     d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 
-    try:
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
-        assert d.textlength(text, ttf, direction) == expected
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if (
-            direction == "ttb"
-            and str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction"
-        ):
         pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    assert d.textlength(text, ttf, direction) == expected
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "1"))
@@ -242,17 +234,12 @@ def test_getlength_combine(mode: str, direction: str, text: str) -> None:
 
     ttf = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/NotoSans-Regular.ttf", 48)
 
-    try:
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
     target = ttf.getlength("ii", mode, direction)
     actual = ttf.getlength(text, mode, direction)
 
     assert actual == target
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if (
-            direction == "ttb"
-            and str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction"
-        ):
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("anchor", ("lt", "mm", "rb", "sm"))
@@ -265,11 +252,9 @@ def test_anchor_ttb(anchor: str) -> None:
     d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     d.line(((0, 200), (200, 200)), "gray")
     d.line(((100, 0), (100, 400)), "gray")
-    try:
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
-        d.text((100, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction="ttb", font=f)
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
         pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    d.text((100, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction="ttb", font=f)
 
     assert_image_similar_tofile(im, path, 1)  # fails at 5
 
@@ -310,10 +295,12 @@ combine_tests = (
 
 # this tests various combining characters for anchor alignment and clipping
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "name, text, anchor, dir, epsilon", combine_tests, ids=[r[0] for r in combine_tests]
+    "name, text, anchor, direction, epsilon",
+    combine_tests,
+    ids=[r[0] for r in combine_tests],
 )
 def test_combine(
-    name: str, text: str, dir: str | None, anchor: str | None, epsilon: float
+    name: str, text: str, direction: str | None, anchor: str | None, epsilon: float
 ) -> None:
     path = f"Tests/images/test_combine_{name}.png"
     f = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/NotoSans-Regular.ttf", 48)
@@ -322,11 +309,9 @@ def test_combine(
     d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     d.line(((0, 200), (400, 200)), "gray")
     d.line(((200, 0), (200, 400)), "gray")
-    try:
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
-        d.text((200, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction=dir, font=f)
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
         pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    d.text((200, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction=direction, font=f)
 
     assert_image_similar_tofile(im, path, epsilon)
 

Tests/test_imagemorph.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageMorph, _imagingmorph
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper
+from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper, timeout_unless_slower_valgrind
 
 
 def string_to_img(image_string: str) -> Image.Image:
@@ -266,16 +266,18 @@ def test_unknown_pattern() -> None:
         ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name="unknown")
 
 
-def test_pattern_syntax_error() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "pattern", ("a pattern with a syntax error", "4:(" + "X" * 30000)
+)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(1)
+def test_pattern_syntax_error(pattern: str) -> None:
     # Arrange
     lb = ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name="corner")
-    new_patterns = ["a pattern with a syntax error"]
+    new_patterns = [pattern]
     lb.add_patterns(new_patterns)
 
     # Act / Assert
-    with pytest.raises(
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match='Syntax error in pattern "'):
-        Exception, match='Syntax error in pattern "a pattern with a syntax error"'
-    ):
         lb.build_lut()
 
 

Tests/test_imageshow.py

@@ -59,15 +59,12 @@ def test_show(mode: str) -> None:
     assert ImageShow.show(im)
 
 
-def test_show_without_viewers() -> None:
+def test_show_without_viewers(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
-    viewers = ImageShow._viewers
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ImageShow, "_viewers", [])
-    ImageShow._viewers = []
 
     with hopper() as im:
         assert not ImageShow.show(im)
 
-    ImageShow._viewers = viewers
-
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "viewer",

Tests/test_imagestat.py

@@ -57,3 +57,13 @@ def test_constant() -> None:
     assert st.rms[0] == 128
     assert st.var[0] == 0
     assert st.stddev[0] == 0
+
+
+def test_zero_count() -> None:
+    im = Image.new("L", (0, 0))
+
+    st = ImageStat.Stat(im)
+
+    assert st.mean == [0]
+    assert st.rms == [0]
+    assert st.var == [0]

Tests/test_numpy.py

@@ -28,15 +28,13 @@ def test_numpy_to_image() -> None:
             a = numpy.array(data, dtype=dtype)
             a.shape = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE
             i = Image.fromarray(a)
-            if list(i.getdata()) != data:
+            assert list(i.getdata()) == data
-                print("data mismatch for", dtype)
         else:
             data = list(range(100))
             a = numpy.array([[x] * bands for x in data], dtype=dtype)
             a.shape = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0], TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1], bands
             i = Image.fromarray(a)
-            if list(i.getchannel(0).getdata()) != list(range(100)):
+            assert list(i.getchannel(0).getdata()) == list(range(100))
-                print("data mismatch for", dtype)
         return i
 
     # Check supported 1-bit integer formats

Tests/test_pyroma.py

@@ -9,9 +9,30 @@ from PIL import __version__
 pyroma = pytest.importorskip("pyroma", reason="Pyroma not installed")
 
 
+def map_metadata_keys(md):
+    # Convert installed wheel metadata into canonical Core Metadata 2.4 format.
+    # This was a utility method in pyroma 4.3.3; it was removed in 5.0.
+    # This implementation is constructed from the relevant logic from
+    # Pyroma 5.0's `build_metadata()` implementation. This has been submitted
+    # upstream to Pyroma as https://github.com/regebro/pyroma/pull/116,
+    # so it may be possible to simplify this test in future.
+    data = {}
+    for key in set(md.keys()):
+        value = md.get_all(key)
+        key = pyroma.projectdata.normalize(key)
+
+        if len(value) == 1:
+            value = value[0]
+            if value.strip() == "UNKNOWN":
+                continue
+
+        data[key] = value
+    return data
+
+
 def test_pyroma() -> None:
     # Arrange
-    data = pyroma.projectdata.map_metadata_keys(metadata("Pillow"))
+    data = map_metadata_keys(metadata("Pillow"))
 
     # Act
     rating = pyroma.ratings.rate(data)

Tests/test_qt_image_qapplication.py

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union
-
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageQt
@@ -11,18 +8,8 @@ from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, assert_image_similar, hopper
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import PyQt6
+    from pathlib import Path
-    import PySide6
 
-    QApplication = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QApplication, PySide6.QtWidgets.QApplication]
-    QHBoxLayout = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout, PySide6.QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout]
-    QImage = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QImage, PySide6.QtGui.QImage]
-    QLabel = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QLabel, PySide6.QtWidgets.QLabel]
-    QPainter = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPainter, PySide6.QtGui.QPainter]
-    QPixmap = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPixmap, PySide6.QtGui.QPixmap]
-    QPoint = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QPoint, PySide6.QtCore.QPoint]
-    QRegion = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QRegion, PySide6.QtGui.QRegion]
-    QWidget = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QWidget, PySide6.QtWidgets.QWidget]
 
 if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
     from PIL.ImageQt import QPixmap
@@ -32,11 +19,16 @@ if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
         from PyQt6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion
         from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QHBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
     elif ImageQt.qt_version == "side6":
-        from PySide6.QtCore import QPoint
+        from PySide6.QtCore import QPoint  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion
+        from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QHBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
+        from PySide6.QtWidgets import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            QApplication,
+            QHBoxLayout,
+            QLabel,
+            QWidget,
+        )
 
-    class Example(QWidget):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    class Example(QWidget):
         def __init__(self) -> None:
             super().__init__()
 
@@ -47,9 +39,9 @@ if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
             pixmap1 = getattr(ImageQt.QPixmap, "fromImage")(qimage)
 
             # hbox
-            QHBoxLayout(self)  # type: ignore[operator]
+            QHBoxLayout(self)
 
-            lbl = QLabel(self)  # type: ignore[operator]
+            lbl = QLabel(self)
             # Segfault in the problem
             lbl.setPixmap(pixmap1.copy())
 
@@ -63,7 +55,7 @@ def roundtrip(expected: Image.Image) -> None:
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not ImageQt.qt_is_installed, reason="Qt bindings are not installed")
 def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Segfault test
-    app: QApplication | None = QApplication([])  # type: ignore[operator]
+    app: QApplication | None = QApplication([])
     ex = Example()
     assert app  # Silence warning
     assert ex  # Silence warning
@@ -84,11 +76,11 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         imageqt = ImageQt.ImageQt(im)
         data = getattr(QPixmap, "fromImage")(imageqt)
         qt_format = getattr(QImage, "Format") if ImageQt.qt_version == "6" else QImage
-        qimage = QImage(128, 128, getattr(qt_format, "Format_ARGB32"))  # type: ignore[operator]
+        qimage = QImage(128, 128, getattr(qt_format, "Format_ARGB32"))
-        painter = QPainter(qimage)  # type: ignore[operator]
+        painter = QPainter(qimage)
-        image_label = QLabel()  # type: ignore[operator]
+        image_label = QLabel()
         image_label.setPixmap(data)
-        image_label.render(painter, QPoint(0, 0), QRegion(0, 0, 128, 128))  # type: ignore[operator]
+        image_label.render(painter, QPoint(0, 0), QRegion(0, 0, 128, 128))
         painter.end()
         rendered_tempfile = str(tmp_path / f"temp_rendered_{mode}.png")
         qimage.save(rendered_tempfile)

Tests/test_qt_image_toqimage.py

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import ImageQt
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
     not ImageQt.qt_is_installed, reason="Qt bindings are not installed"
 )
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def test_sanity(mode: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     src = hopper(mode)
     data = ImageQt.toqimage(src)
 
-    assert isinstance(data, QImage)  # type: ignore[arg-type, misc]
+    assert isinstance(data, QImage)
     assert not data.isNull()
 
     # reload directly from the qimage

Tests/test_shell_injection.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import shutil
 from io import BytesIO
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import IO, Callable
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -11,6 +9,12 @@ from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, JpegImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import djpeg_available, is_win32, netpbm_available
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from pathlib import Path
+    from typing import IO
+
 TEST_JPG = "Tests/images/hopper.jpg"
 TEST_GIF = "Tests/images/hopper.gif"
 

checks/check_imaging_leaks.py

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Callable
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image
 
-from .helper import is_win32
-
 min_iterations = 100
 max_iterations = 10000
 
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+)
 
 
 def _get_mem_usage() -> float:

checks/check_j2k_leaks.py

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image
+from PIL import Image, features
-
-from .helper import is_win32, skip_unless_feature
 
 # Limits for testing the leak
 mem_limit = 1024 * 1048576
@@ -15,8 +14,10 @@ iterations = int((mem_limit / stack_size) * 2)
 test_file = "Tests/images/rgb_trns_ycbc.jp2"
 
 pytestmark = [
-    pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS"),
+    pytest.mark.skipif(
-    skip_unless_feature("jpg_2000"),
+        sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+    ),
+    pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check("jpg_2000"), reason="jpg_2000 not available"),
 ]
 
 

checks/check_jpeg_leaks.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 
 import pytest
 
-from .helper import hopper, is_win32
+from PIL import Image
 
 iterations = 5000
 
@@ -18,7 +19,9 @@ valgrind --tool=massif python test-installed.py -s -v checks/check_jpeg_leaks.py
 """
 
 
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+)
 
 """
 pre patch:
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ standard_chrominance_qtable = (
     ),
 )
 def test_qtables_leak(qtables: tuple[tuple[int, ...]] | list[tuple[int, ...]]) -> None:
-    im = hopper("RGB")
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
         for _ in range(iterations):
             test_output = BytesIO()
             im.save(test_output, "JPEG", qtables=qtables)
@@ -173,9 +176,9 @@ def test_exif_leak() -> None:
        0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Gi
          0                                                                   11.33
     """
-    im = hopper("RGB")
     exif = b"12345678" * 4096
 
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
         for _ in range(iterations):
             test_output = BytesIO()
             im.save(test_output, "JPEG", exif=exif)
@@ -207,8 +210,7 @@ def test_base_save() -> None:
          | :@ @@ @ # : : :: :: @:: :::: :::: :::: : : : : : : :::::::::::: :::@:::
        0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Gi
          0                                                                   7.882"""
-    im = hopper("RGB")
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
-
         for _ in range(iterations):
             test_output = BytesIO()
             im.save(test_output, "JPEG")

checks/check_wheel.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import platform
 import sys
 
 from PIL import features
-from Tests.helper import is_pypy
 
 
 def test_wheel_modules() -> None:
@@ -25,8 +24,7 @@ def test_wheel_modules() -> None:
 
     elif sys.platform == "ios":
         # tkinter is not available on iOS
-        # libavif is not available on iOS (for now)
+        expected_modules.remove("tkinter")
-        expected_modules -= {"tkinter", "avif"}
 
     assert set(features.get_supported_modules()) == expected_modules
 
@@ -49,8 +47,6 @@ def test_wheel_features() -> None:
 
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         expected_features.remove("xcb")
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin" and not is_pypy() and platform.processor() != "arm":
-        expected_features.remove("zlib_ng")
     elif sys.platform == "ios":
         # Can't distribute raqm due to licensing, and there's no system version;
         # fribidi and harfbuzz won't be available if raqm isn't available.

depends/install_imagequant.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # install libimagequant
 
 archive_name=libimagequant
-archive_version=4.3.4
+archive_version=4.4.0
 
 archive=$archive_name-$archive_version
 

depends/install_raqm.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # install raqm
 
 
-archive=libraqm-0.10.2
+archive=libraqm-0.10.3
 
 ./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz
 

docs/deprecations.rst

@@ -35,8 +35,12 @@ Image.fromarray mode parameter
 
 .. deprecated:: 11.3.0
 
-The ``mode`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.fromarray()` has been deprecated. The
+Using the ``mode`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.fromarray()` was deprecated in
-mode can be automatically determined from the object's shape and type instead.
+Pillow 11.3.0. In Pillow 12.0.0, this was partially reverted, and it is now only
+deprecated when changing data types. Since pixel values do not contain information
+about palettes or color spaces, the parameter can still be used to place grayscale L
+mode data within a P mode image, or read RGB data as YCbCr for example. If omitted, the
+mode will be automatically determined from the object's shape and type.
 
 Saving I mode images as PNG
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -52,6 +56,23 @@ another mode before saving::
     im = Image.new("I", (1, 1))
     im.convert("I;16").save("out.png")
 
+ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name and .product_info
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. deprecated:: 12.0.0
+
+``ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name`` and the corresponding
+``.product_info`` attributes have been deprecated, and will be removed in
+Pillow 13 (2026-10-15). They have been set to ``None`` since Pillow 2.3.0.
+
+Image._show
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. deprecated:: 12.0.0
+
+``Image._show`` has been deprecated, and will be removed in Pillow 13 (2026-10-15).
+Use :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageShow.show` instead.
+
 Removed features
 ----------------
 

docs/handbook/third-party-plugins.rst

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Here is a list of PyPI projects that offer additional plugins:
 * :pypi:`heif-image-plugin`: Simple HEIF/HEIC images plugin, based on the pyheif library.
 * :pypi:`jxlpy`: Introduces reading and writing support for JPEG XL.
 * :pypi:`pillow-heif`: Python bindings to libheif for working with HEIF images.
-* :pypi:`pillow-jpls`: Plugin for the JPEG-LS codec, based on the Charls JPEG-LS implemetation. Python bindings implemented using pybind11.
+* :pypi:`pillow-jpls`: Plugin for the JPEG-LS codec, based on the Charls JPEG-LS implementation. Python bindings implemented using pybind11.
 * :pypi:`pillow-jxl-plugin`: Plugin for JPEG-XL, using Rust for bindings.
 * :pypi:`pillow-mbm`: Adds support for KSP's proprietary MBM texture format.
 * :pypi:`pillow-svg`: Implements basic SVG read support. Supports basic paths, shapes, and text.

docs/index.rst

@@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ Pillow for enterprise is available via the Tidelift Subscription. `Learn more <h
    :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-mingw.yml
    :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Test MinGW)
 
-.. image:: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Cygwin/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
-   :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Test Cygwin)
-
 .. image:: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Wheels/badge.svg
    :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml
    :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Wheels)

docs/installation/building-from-source.rst

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
 
 * **libimagequant** provides improved color quantization
 
-  * Pillow has been tested with libimagequant **2.6-4.3.4**
+  * Pillow has been tested with libimagequant **2.6-4.4.0**
   * Libimagequant is licensed GPLv3, which is more restrictive than
     the Pillow license, therefore we will not be distributing binaries
     with libimagequant support enabled.
@@ -276,10 +276,9 @@ Build options
 
 * Config setting: ``-C parallel=n``. Can also be given
   with environment variable: ``MAX_CONCURRENCY=n``. Pillow can use
-  multiprocessing to build the extension. Setting ``-C parallel=n``
+  multiprocessing to build the extensions. Setting ``-C parallel=n``
   sets the number of CPUs to use to ``n``, or can disable parallel building by
-  using a setting of 1. By default, it uses 4 CPUs, or if 4 are not
+  using a setting of 1. By default, it uses as many CPUs as are present.
-  available, as many as are present.
 
 * Config settings: ``-C zlib=disable``, ``-C jpeg=disable``,
   ``-C tiff=disable``, ``-C freetype=disable``, ``-C raqm=disable``,

docs/installation/newer-versions.csv

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-Python,3.13,3.12,3.11,3.10,3.9,3.8,3.7,3.6,3.5
+Python,3.14,3.13,3.12,3.11,3.10,3.9,3.8,3.7,3.6,3.5
-Pillow >= 11,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,
+Pillow 12,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,
-Pillow 10.1 - 10.4,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
+Pillow 11,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,
-Pillow 10.0,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
+Pillow 10.1 - 10.4,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
-Pillow 9.3 - 9.5,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
+Pillow 10.0,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
-Pillow 9.0 - 9.2,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
+Pillow 9.3 - 9.5,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
-Pillow 8.3.2 - 8.4,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
+Pillow 9.0 - 9.2,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
-Pillow 8.0 - 8.3.1,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
+Pillow 8.3.2 - 8.4,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
-Pillow 7.0 - 7.2,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes
+Pillow 8.0 - 8.3.1,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
+Pillow 7.0 - 7.2,,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes

docs/installation/platform-support.rst

@@ -19,45 +19,45 @@ These platforms are built and tested for every change.
 +==================================+============================+=====================+
 | Alpine                           | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Amazon Linux 2                   | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| Amazon Linux 2                   | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Amazon Linux 2023                | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| Amazon Linux 2023                | 3.11                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Arch                             | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| CentOS Stream 9                  | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| CentOS Stream 9                  | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | CentOS Stream 10                 | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Debian 12 Bookworm               | 3.11                       | x86, x86-64         |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
+| Debian 13 Trixie                 | 3.13                       | x86, x86-64         |
++----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Fedora 41                        | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Fedora 42                        | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Gentoo                           | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| macOS 13 Ventura                 | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| macOS 13 Ventura                 | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| macOS 14 Sonoma                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | arm64               |
+| macOS 15 Sequoia                 | 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14     | arm64               |
-|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
+|                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS (Jammy)   | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.9, 3.10, 3.11,           | x86-64              |
+| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
-|                                  | 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, PyPy3    |                     |
+|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.12                       | arm64v8, ppc64le,   |
 |                                  |                            | s390x               |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Windows Server 2022              | 3.9                        | x86                 |
+| Windows Server 2022              | 3.10                       | x86                 |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
-|                                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
+|                                  | 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14,    | x86-64              |
-|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
+|                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.12 (MinGW)               | x86-64              |
-|                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
-|                                  | 3.9 (Cygwin)               | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 
 

docs/reference/ImageFile.rst

@@ -74,5 +74,6 @@ Constants
 ---------
 
 .. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES
+.. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.MAXBLOCK
 .. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.ERRORS
     :annotation:

docs/reference/ImageGrab.rst

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ or the clipboard to a PIL image memory.
     used as a fallback if they are installed. To disable this behaviour, pass
     ``xdisplay=""`` instead.
 
-    .. versionadded:: 1.1.3 (Windows), 3.0.0 (macOS), 7.1.0 (Linux)
+    .. versionadded:: 1.1.3 Windows support
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0 macOS support
+    .. versionadded:: 7.1.0 Linux support
 
     :param bbox: What region to copy. Default is the entire screen.
                  On macOS, this is not increased to 2x for Retina screens, so the full
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ or the clipboard to a PIL image memory.
 
     On Linux, ``wl-paste`` or ``xclip`` is required.
 
-    .. versionadded:: 1.1.4 (Windows), 3.3.0 (macOS), 9.4.0 (Linux)
+    .. versionadded:: 1.1.4 Windows support
+    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0 macOS support
+    .. versionadded:: 9.4.0 Linux support
 
     :return: On Windows, an image, a list of filenames,
              or None if the clipboard does not contain image data or filenames.

docs/reference/internal_modules.rst

@@ -53,11 +53,6 @@ on some Python versions.
 
     An object that supports the read method.
 
-.. py:data:: TypeGuard
-    :value: typing.TypeGuard
-
-    See :py:obj:`typing.TypeGuard`.
-
 :mod:`~PIL._util` module
 ------------------------
 

docs/releasenotes/11.3.0.rst

@@ -29,6 +29,13 @@ Image.fromarray mode parameter
 The ``mode`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.fromarray()` has been deprecated. The
 mode can be automatically determined from the object's shape and type instead.
 
+.. note::
+
+    Since pixel values do not contain information about palettes or color spaces, part
+    of this functionality was restored in Pillow 12.0.0. The parameter can be used to
+    place grayscale L mode data within a P mode image, or read RGB data as YCbCr for
+    example.
+
 Saving I mode images as PNG
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 

docs/releasenotes/12.0.0.rst

@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ TODO
 Backwards incompatible changes
 ==============================
 
+Python 3.9
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pillow has dropped support for Python 3.9,
+which reached end-of-life in October 2025.
+
 ImageFile.raise_oserror
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -110,10 +116,18 @@ vulnerability introduced in FreeType 2.6 (:cve:`2020-15999`).
 Deprecations
 ============
 
-TODO
+Image._show
-^^^^
+^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-TODO
+``Image._show`` has been deprecated, and will be removed in Pillow 13 (2026-10-15).
+Use :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageShow.show` instead.
+
+ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name and .product_info
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name`` and the corresponding
+``.product_info`` attributes have been deprecated, and will be removed in
+Pillow 13 (2026-10-15). They have been set to ``None`` since Pillow 2.3.0.
 
 API changes
 ===========
@@ -134,7 +148,27 @@ TODO
 Other changes
 =============
 
-TODO
+Python 3.14
-^^^^
+^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-TODO
+Pillow 11.3.0 had wheels built against Python 3.14 beta, available as a preview to help
+others prepare for 3.14, and to ensure Pillow could be used immediately at the release
+of 3.14.0 final (2025-10-07, :pep:`745`).
+
+Pillow 12.0.0 now officially supports Python 3.14.
+
+Image.fromarray mode parameter
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In Pillow 11.3.0, the ``mode`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.fromarray()` was
+deprecated. Part of this functionality has been restored in Pillow 12.0.0. Since pixel
+values do not contain information about palettes or color spaces, the parameter can be
+used to place grayscale L mode data within a P mode image, or read RGB data as YCbCr
+for example.
+
+ImageMorph operations must have length 1
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Valid ImageMorph operations are 4, N, 1 and M. By limiting the length to 1 character
+within Pillow, long execution times can be avoided if a user provided long pattern
+strings. Reported by `Jang Choi <https://github.com/uko3211>`__.

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [build-system]
 build-backend = "backend"
 requires = [
+  "pybind11",
   "setuptools>=77",
 ]
 backend-path = [
@@ -19,15 +20,15 @@ license-files = [ "LICENSE" ]
 authors = [
   { name = "Jeffrey A. Clark", email = "aclark@aclark.net" },
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 classifiers = [
   "Development Status :: 6 - Mature",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
   "Topic :: Multimedia :: Graphics",
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
   "markdown2",
   "olefile",
   "packaging",
-  "pyroma",
+  "pyroma>=5",
   "pytest",
   "pytest-cov",
   "pytest-timeout",
@@ -74,9 +75,6 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
   "trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12",
 ]
 
-optional-dependencies.typing = [
-  "typing-extensions; python_version<'3.10'",
-]
 optional-dependencies.xmp = [
   "defusedxml",
 ]
@@ -187,8 +185,8 @@ lint.ignore = [
   "PT011",  # pytest-raises-too-broad
   "PT012",  # pytest-raises-with-multiple-statements
   "PT017",  # pytest-assert-in-except
-  "PYI026", # flake8-pyi: typing.TypeAlias added in Python 3.10
   "PYI034", # flake8-pyi: typing.Self added in Python 3.11
+  "UP038",  # pyupgrade: deprecated rule
 ]
 lint.per-file-ignores."Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzz_font.py" = [
   "I002",
@@ -205,7 +203,7 @@ lint.isort.required-imports = [
 ]
 
 [tool.pyproject-fmt]
-max_supported_python = "3.13"
+max_supported_python = "3.14"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "-ra --color=auto"
@@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ testpaths = [
 ]
 
 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.9"
+python_version = "3.10"
 pretty = true
 disallow_any_generics = true
 enable_error_code = "ignore-without-code"

setup.py

@@ -17,9 +17,20 @@ import sys
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 
+from pybind11.setup_helpers import ParallelCompile
 from setuptools import Extension, setup
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext
 
+configuration: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+
+# parse configuration from _custom_build/backend.py
+while sys.argv[-1].startswith("--pillow-configuration="):
+    _, key, value = sys.argv.pop().split("=", 2)
+    configuration.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+
+default = int(configuration.get("parallel", ["0"])[-1])
+ParallelCompile("MAX_CONCURRENCY", default).install()
+
 
 def get_version() -> str:
     version_file = "src/PIL/_version.py"
@@ -27,9 +38,6 @@ def get_version() -> str:
         return f.read().split('"')[1]
 
 
-configuration: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
-
-
 PILLOW_VERSION = get_version()
 AVIF_ROOT = None
 FREETYPE_ROOT = None
@@ -386,9 +394,7 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
             cpu_count = os.cpu_count()
             if cpu_count is not None:
                 try:
-                    self.parallel = int(
+                    self.parallel = int(os.environ.get("MAX_CONCURRENCY", cpu_count))
-                        os.environ.get("MAX_CONCURRENCY", min(4, cpu_count))
-                    )
                 except TypeError:
                     pass
         for x in self.feature:
@@ -1083,11 +1089,6 @@ ext_modules = [
 ]
 
 
-# parse configuration from _custom_build/backend.py
-while sys.argv[-1].startswith("--pillow-configuration="):
-    _, key, value = sys.argv.pop().split("=", 2)
-    configuration.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
-
 try:
     setup(
         cmdclass={"build_ext": pil_build_ext},

src/PIL/FliImagePlugin.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from ._util import DeferredError
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
     return (
-        len(prefix) >= 6
+        len(prefix) >= 16
         and i16(prefix, 4) in [0xAF11, 0xAF12]
         and i16(prefix, 14) in [0, 3]  # flags
     )

src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         width = i32(self.fp.read(4))
         height = i32(self.fp.read(4))
         color_depth = i32(self.fp.read(4))
-        if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
+        if width == 0 or height == 0:
             msg = "not a GIMP brush"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
         if color_depth not in (1, 4):
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                 raise SyntaxError(msg)
             self.info["spacing"] = i32(self.fp.read(4))
 
-        comment = self.fp.read(comment_length)[:-1]
+        self.info["comment"] = self.fp.read(comment_length)[:-1]
 
         if color_depth == 1:
             self._mode = "L"
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         self._size = width, height
 
-        self.info["comment"] = comment
-
         # Image might not be small
         Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)
 

src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 from enum import IntEnum
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, NamedTuple, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple, cast
 
 from . import (
     Image,
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ from ._util import DeferredError
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Literal
+
     from . import _imaging
     from ._typing import Buffer
 
@@ -535,7 +537,7 @@ def _normalize_mode(im: Image.Image) -> Image.Image:
     return im.convert("L")
 
 
-_Palette = Union[bytes, bytearray, list[int], ImagePalette.ImagePalette]
+_Palette = bytes | bytearray | list[int] | ImagePalette.ImagePalette
 
 
 def _normalize_palette(

src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py

@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ See the GIMP distribution for more information.)
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from math import log, pi, sin, sqrt
-from typing import IO, Callable
 
 from ._binary import o8
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import IO
+
 EPSILON = 1e-10
 """"""  # Enable auto-doc for data member
 

src/PIL/GimpPaletteFile.py

@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import IO
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO
 
 
 class GimpPaletteFile:

src/PIL/GribStubImagePlugin.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def register_handler(handler: ImageFile.StubHandler | None) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix.startswith(b"GRIB") and prefix[7] == 1
+    return len(prefix) >= 8 and prefix.startswith(b"GRIB") and prefix[7] == 1
 
 
 class GribStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):

src/PIL/Image.py

@@ -38,10 +38,9 @@ import struct
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 from enum import IntEnum
-from types import ModuleType
+from typing import IO, Protocol, cast
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, cast
 
 # VERSION was removed in Pillow 6.0.0.
 # PILLOW_VERSION was removed in Pillow 9.0.0.
@@ -64,6 +63,12 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     ElementTree = None
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any, Literal
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -98,7 +103,6 @@ try:
         raise ImportError(msg)
 
 except ImportError as v:
-    core = DeferredError.new(ImportError("The _imaging C module is not installed."))
     # Explanations for ways that we know we might have an import error
     if str(v).startswith("Module use of python"):
         # The _imaging C module is present, but not compiled for
@@ -2628,7 +2632,9 @@ class Image:
         :param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
         """
 
-        _show(self, title=title)
+        from . import ImageShow
+
+        ImageShow.show(self, title)
 
     def split(self) -> tuple[Image, ...]:
         """
@@ -3253,19 +3259,10 @@ def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     transferred. This means that P and PA mode images will lose their palette.
 
     :param obj: Object with array interface
-    :param mode: Optional mode to use when reading ``obj``. Will be determined from
+    :param mode: Optional mode to use when reading ``obj``. Since pixel values do not
-      type if ``None``. Deprecated.
+      contain information about palettes or color spaces, this can be used to place
-
+      grayscale L mode data within a P mode image, or read RGB data as YCbCr for
-      This will not be used to convert the data after reading, but will be used to
+      example.
-      change how the data is read::
-
-        from PIL import Image
-        import numpy as np
-        a = np.full((1, 1), 300)
-        im = Image.fromarray(a, mode="L")
-        im.getpixel((0, 0))  # 44
-        im = Image.fromarray(a, mode="RGB")
-        im.getpixel((0, 0))  # (44, 1, 0)
 
       See: :ref:`concept-modes` for general information about modes.
     :returns: An image object.
@@ -3276,21 +3273,28 @@ def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     shape = arr["shape"]
     ndim = len(shape)
     strides = arr.get("strides", None)
-    if mode is None:
     try:
         typekey = (1, 1) + shape[2:], arr["typestr"]
     except KeyError as e:
+        if mode is not None:
+            typekey = None
+            color_modes: list[str] = []
+        else:
             msg = "Cannot handle this data type"
             raise TypeError(msg) from e
+    if typekey is not None:
         try:
-            mode, rawmode = _fromarray_typemap[typekey]
+            typemode, rawmode, color_modes = _fromarray_typemap[typekey]
         except KeyError as e:
             typekey_shape, typestr = typekey
             msg = f"Cannot handle this data type: {typekey_shape}, {typestr}"
             raise TypeError(msg) from e
-    else:
+    if mode is not None:
-        deprecate("'mode' parameter", 13)
+        if mode != typemode and mode not in color_modes:
+            deprecate("'mode' parameter for changing data types", 13)
         rawmode = mode
+    else:
+        mode = typemode
     if mode in ["1", "L", "I", "P", "F"]:
         ndmax = 2
     elif mode == "RGB":
@@ -3387,29 +3391,29 @@ def fromqpixmap(im: ImageQt.QPixmap) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
 
 
 _fromarray_typemap = {
-    # (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode
+    # (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode, color modes
     # first two members of shape are set to one
-    ((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1;8"),
+    ((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1;8", []),
-    ((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L"),
+    ((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L", ["P"]),
-    ((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8"),
+    ((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16"),
+    ((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B"),
+    ((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S"),
+    ((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS"),
+    ((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32"),
+    ((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B"),
+    ((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S"),
+    ((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS"),
+    ((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"),
+    ((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"),
+    ((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF", []),
-    ((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"),
+    ((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F", []),
-    ((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"),
+    ((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF", []),
-    ((1, 1, 2), "|u1"): ("LA", "LA"),
+    ((1, 1, 2), "|u1"): ("LA", "LA", ["La", "PA"]),
-    ((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"),
+    ((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB", ["YCbCr", "LAB", "HSV"]),
-    ((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
+    ((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA", ["RGBa", "RGBX", "CMYK"]),
     # shortcuts:
-    ((1, 1), f"{_ENDIAN}i4"): ("I", "I"),
+    ((1, 1), f"{_ENDIAN}i4"): ("I", "I", []),
-    ((1, 1), f"{_ENDIAN}f4"): ("F", "F"),
+    ((1, 1), f"{_ENDIAN}f4"): ("F", "F", []),
 }
 
 
@@ -3566,9 +3570,8 @@ def alpha_composite(im1: Image, im2: Image) -> Image:
     """
     Alpha composite im2 over im1.
 
-    :param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA.
+    :param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA or LA.
-    :param im2: The second image.  Must have mode RGBA, and the same size as
+    :param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as the first image.
-       the first image.
     :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
     """
 
@@ -3794,6 +3797,7 @@ def register_encoder(name: str, encoder: type[ImageFile.PyEncoder]) -> None:
 def _show(image: Image, **options: Any) -> None:
     from . import ImageShow
 
+    deprecate("Image._show", 13, "ImageShow.show")
     ImageShow.show(image, **options)
 
 
@@ -4215,6 +4219,8 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
             del self._info[tag]
         else:
             del self._data[tag]
+            if tag in self._ifds:
+                del self._ifds[tag]
 
     def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]:
         keys = set(self._data)

src/PIL/ImageCms.py

@@ -23,9 +23,10 @@ import operator
 import sys
 from enum import IntEnum, IntFlag
 from functools import reduce
-from typing import Literal, SupportsFloat, SupportsInt, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal, SupportsFloat, SupportsInt, Union
 
 from . import Image
+from ._deprecate import deprecate
 from ._typing import SupportsRead
 
 try:
@@ -233,9 +234,7 @@ class ImageCmsProfile:
             low-level profile object
 
         """
-        self.filename = None
+        self.filename: str | None = None
-        self.product_name = None  # profile.product_name
-        self.product_info = None  # profile.product_info
 
         if isinstance(profile, str):
             if sys.platform == "win32":
@@ -256,6 +255,13 @@ class ImageCmsProfile:
             msg = "Invalid type for Profile"  # type: ignore[unreachable]
             raise TypeError(msg)
 
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if name in ("product_name", "product_info"):
+            deprecate(f"ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.{name}", 13)
+            return None
+        msg = f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object has no attribute '{name}'"
+        raise AttributeError(msg)
+
     def tobytes(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Returns the profile in a format suitable for embedding in

src/PIL/ImageDraw.py

@@ -34,20 +34,23 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import math
 import struct
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from types import ModuleType
+from typing import cast
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Union, cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageColor
-from ._typing import Coords
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any, AnyStr
+
+    from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont
+    from ._typing import Coords
 
 # experimental access to the outline API
 Outline: Callable[[], Image.core._Outline] = Image.core.outline
 
-TYPE_CHECKING = False
+_Ink = float | tuple[int, ...] | str
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont
-
-_Ink = Union[float, tuple[int, ...], str]
 
 """
 A simple 2D drawing interface for PIL images.

src/PIL/ImageFile.py

@@ -46,6 +46,18 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 MAXBLOCK = 65536
+"""
+By default, Pillow processes image data in blocks. This helps to prevent excessive use
+of resources. Codecs may disable this behaviour with ``_pulls_fd`` or ``_pushes_fd``.
+
+When reading an image, this is the number of bytes to read at once.
+
+When writing an image, this is the number of bytes to write at once.
+If the image width times 4 is greater, then that will be used instead.
+Plugins may also set a greater number.
+
+User code may set this to another number.
+"""
 
 SAFEBLOCK = 1024 * 1024
 

src/PIL/ImageFilter.py

@@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import abc
 import functools
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from types import ModuleType
+from typing import cast
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any
+
     from . import _imaging
     from ._typing import NumpyArray
 

src/PIL/ImageFont.py

@@ -671,11 +671,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         :returns: A list of the named styles in a variation font.
         :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
         """
-        try:
         names = self.font.getvarnames()
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
         return [name.replace(b"\x00", b"") for name in names]
 
     def set_variation_by_name(self, name: str | bytes) -> None:
@@ -702,11 +698,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         :returns: A list of the axes in a variation font.
         :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
         """
-        try:
         axes = self.font.getvaraxes()
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
         for axis in axes:
             if axis["name"]:
                 axis["name"] = axis["name"].replace(b"\x00", b"")
@@ -717,11 +709,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
         :param axes: A list of values for each axis.
         :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
         """
-        try:
         self.font.setvaraxes(axes)
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
 
 
 class TransposedFont:

src/PIL/ImageMath.py

@@ -17,11 +17,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import builtins
-from types import CodeType
-from typing import Any, Callable
 
 from . import Image, _imagingmath
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import CodeType
+    from typing import Any
+
 
 class _Operand:
     """Wraps an image operand, providing standard operators"""

src/PIL/ImageMorph.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class LutBuilder:
 
         # Parse and create symmetries of the patterns strings
         for p in self.patterns:
-            m = re.search(r"(\w*):?\s*\((.+?)\)\s*->\s*(\d)", p.replace("\n", ""))
+            m = re.search(r"(\w):?\s*\((.+?)\)\s*->\s*(\d)", p.replace("\n", ""))
             if not m:
                 msg = 'Syntax error in pattern "' + p + '"'
                 raise Exception(msg)

src/PIL/ImageQt.py

@@ -19,23 +19,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, Callable, Union
 
 from . import Image
 from ._util import is_path
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import PyQt6
+    from collections.abc import Callable
-    import PySide6
+    from typing import Any
 
     from . import ImageFile
 
     QBuffer: type
-    QByteArray = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QByteArray, PySide6.QtCore.QByteArray]
-    QIODevice = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QIODevice, PySide6.QtCore.QIODevice]
-    QImage = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QImage, PySide6.QtGui.QImage]
-    QPixmap = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPixmap, PySide6.QtGui.QPixmap]
 
 qt_version: str | None
 qt_versions = [
@@ -49,11 +44,15 @@ for version, qt_module in qt_versions:
     try:
         qRgba: Callable[[int, int, int, int], int]
         if qt_module == "PyQt6":
-            from PyQt6.QtCore import QBuffer, QIODevice
+            from PyQt6.QtCore import QBuffer, QByteArray, QIODevice
             from PyQt6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba
         elif qt_module == "PySide6":
-            from PySide6.QtCore import QBuffer, QIODevice
+            from PySide6.QtCore import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
-            from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba
+                QBuffer,
+                QByteArray,
+                QIODevice,
+            )
+            from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba  # type: ignore[assignment]
     except (ImportError, RuntimeError):
         continue
     qt_is_installed = True
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ def _toqclass_helper(im: Image.Image | str | QByteArray) -> dict[str, Any]:
 
 if qt_is_installed:
 
-    class ImageQt(QImage):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    class ImageQt(QImage):
         def __init__(self, im: Image.Image | str | QByteArray) -> None:
             """
             An PIL image wrapper for Qt.  This is a subclass of PyQt's QImage

src/PIL/ImageSequence.py

@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 ##
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Callable
-
 from . import Image
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 
 class Iterator:
     """

src/PIL/ImageStat.py

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Stat:
     @cached_property
     def mean(self) -> list[float]:
         """Average (arithmetic mean) pixel level for each band in the image."""
-        return [self.sum[i] / self.count[i] for i in self.bands]
+        return [self.sum[i] / self.count[i] if self.count[i] else 0 for i in self.bands]
 
     @cached_property
     def median(self) -> list[int]:
@@ -141,13 +141,20 @@ class Stat:
     @cached_property
     def rms(self) -> list[float]:
         """RMS (root-mean-square) for each band in the image."""
-        return [math.sqrt(self.sum2[i] / self.count[i]) for i in self.bands]
+        return [
+            math.sqrt(self.sum2[i] / self.count[i]) if self.count[i] else 0
+            for i in self.bands
+        ]
 
     @cached_property
     def var(self) -> list[float]:
         """Variance for each band in the image."""
         return [
+            (
                 (self.sum2[i] - (self.sum[i] ** 2.0) / self.count[i]) / self.count[i]
+                if self.count[i]
+                else 0
+            )
             for i in self.bands
         ]
 

src/PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py

@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ def _i(c: bytes) -> int:
     return i32((b"\0\0\0\0" + c)[-4:])
 
 
-def _i8(c: int | bytes) -> int:
-    return c if isinstance(c, int) else c[0]
-
-
 ##
 # Image plugin for IPTC/NAA datastreams.  To read IPTC/NAA fields
 # from TIFF and JPEG files, use the <b>getiptcinfo</b> function.
@@ -100,16 +96,18 @@ class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         # mode
         layers = self.info[(3, 60)][0]
         component = self.info[(3, 60)][1]
-        if (3, 65) in self.info:
-            id = self.info[(3, 65)][0] - 1
-        else:
-            id = 0
         if layers == 1 and not component:
             self._mode = "L"
-        elif layers == 3 and component:
+            band = None
-            self._mode = "RGB"[id]
+        else:
+            if layers == 3 and component:
+                self._mode = "RGB"
             elif layers == 4 and component:
-            self._mode = "CMYK"[id]
+                self._mode = "CMYK"
+            if (3, 65) in self.info:
+                band = self.info[(3, 65)][0] - 1
+            else:
+                band = 0
 
         # size
         self._size = self.getint((3, 20)), self.getint((3, 30))
@@ -124,16 +122,16 @@ class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         # tile
         if tag == (8, 10):
             self.tile = [
-                ImageFile._Tile("iptc", (0, 0) + self.size, offset, compression)
+                ImageFile._Tile("iptc", (0, 0) + self.size, offset, (compression, band))
             ]
 
     def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
-        if len(self.tile) != 1 or self.tile[0][0] != "iptc":
+        if self.tile:
-            return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
+            args = self.tile[0].args
+            assert isinstance(args, tuple)
+            compression, band = args
 
-        offset, compression = self.tile[0][2:]
+            self.fp.seek(self.tile[0].offset)
-
-        self.fp.seek(offset)
 
             # Copy image data to temporary file
             o = BytesIO()
@@ -153,10 +151,15 @@ class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     size -= len(s)
 
             with Image.open(o) as _im:
+                if band is not None:
+                    bands = [Image.new("L", _im.size)] * Image.getmodebands(self.mode)
+                    bands[band] = _im
+                    _im = Image.merge(self.mode, bands)
+                else:
                     _im.load()
                 self.im = _im.im
             self.tile = []
-        return Image.Image.load(self)
+        return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
 
 
 Image.register_open(IptcImageFile.format, IptcImageFile)

src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py

@@ -18,11 +18,15 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import io
 import os
 import struct
-from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import cast
-from typing import IO, cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, _binary
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import IO
+
 
 class BoxReader:
     """

src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
-from typing import IO, Any
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@@ -53,6 +52,8 @@ from .JpegPresets import presets
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Any
+
     from .MpoImagePlugin import MpoImageFile
 
 #

src/PIL/PcdImagePlugin.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PcdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         assert self.fp is not None
 
         self.fp.seek(2048)
-        s = self.fp.read(2048)
+        s = self.fp.read(1539)
 
         if not s.startswith(b"PCD_"):
             msg = "not a PCD file"
@@ -46,14 +46,13 @@ class PcdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             self.tile_post_rotate = -90
 
         self._mode = "RGB"
-        self._size = 768, 512  # FIXME: not correct for rotated images!
+        self._size = (512, 768) if orientation in (1, 3) else (768, 512)
         self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("pcd", (0, 0) + self.size, 96 * 2048)]
 
     def load_end(self) -> None:
         if self.tile_post_rotate:
             # Handle rotated PCDs
             self.im = self.im.rotate(self.tile_post_rotate)
-            self._size = self.im.size
 
 
 #

src/PIL/PcfFontFile.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
-from typing import BinaryIO, Callable
 
 from . import FontFile, Image
 from ._binary import i8
@@ -27,6 +26,11 @@ from ._binary import i16le as l16
 from ._binary import i32be as b32
 from ._binary import i32le as l32
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import BinaryIO
+
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # declarations
 

src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[0] == 10 and prefix[1] in [0, 2, 3, 5]
+    return len(prefix) >= 2 and prefix[0] == 10 and prefix[1] in [0, 2, 3, 5]
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/PdfParser.py

@@ -8,7 +8,15 @@ import os
 import re
 import time
 import zlib
-from typing import IO, Any, NamedTuple, Union
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO
+
+    _DictBase = collections.UserDict[str | bytes, Any]
+else:
+    _DictBase = collections.UserDict
 
 
 # see 7.9.2.2 Text String Type on page 86 and D.3 PDFDocEncoding Character Set
@@ -251,13 +259,6 @@ class PdfArray(list[Any]):
         return b"[ " + b" ".join(pdf_repr(x) for x in self) + b" ]"
 
 
-TYPE_CHECKING = False
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    _DictBase = collections.UserDict[Union[str, bytes], Any]
-else:
-    _DictBase = collections.UserDict
-
-
 class PdfDict(_DictBase):
     def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if key == "data":

src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py

@@ -38,9 +38,8 @@ import re
 import struct
 import warnings
 import zlib
-from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import IO, Any, NamedTuple, NoReturn, cast
+from typing import IO, NamedTuple, cast
 
 from . import Image, ImageChops, ImageFile, ImagePalette, ImageSequence
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@@ -53,6 +52,9 @@ from ._util import DeferredError
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import Any, NoReturn
+
     from . import _imaging
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ MODES = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix.startswith(b"P") and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"
+    return len(prefix) >= 2 and prefix.startswith(b"P") and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py

@@ -47,22 +47,24 @@ import math
 import os
 import struct
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
 from fractions import Fraction
 from numbers import Number, Rational
-from typing import IO, Any, Callable, NoReturn, cast
+from typing import IO, Any, cast
 
 from . import ExifTags, Image, ImageFile, ImageOps, ImagePalette, TiffTags
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
 from ._binary import i32be as i32
 from ._binary import o8
-from ._typing import StrOrBytesPath
 from ._util import DeferredError, is_path
 from .TiffTags import TYPES
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from ._typing import Buffer, IntegralLike
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+    from typing import NoReturn
+
+    from ._typing import Buffer, IntegralLike, StrOrBytesPath
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 

src/PIL/WalImageFile.py

@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ class WalImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         # strings are null-terminated
         self.info["name"] = header[:32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]
-        next_name = header[56 : 56 + 32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]
+        if next_name := header[56 : 56 + 32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]:
-        if next_name:
             self.info["next_name"] = next_name
 
     def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:

src/PIL/WebPImagePlugin.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import IO, Any
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 
@@ -12,6 +11,9 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     SUPPORTED = False
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Any
 
 _VP8_MODES_BY_IDENTIFIER = {
     b"VP8 ": "RGB",

src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class WmfStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):
     format_description = "Windows Metafile"
 
     def _open(self) -> None:
-        # check placable header
+        # check placeable header
         s = self.fp.read(44)
 
         if s.startswith(b"\xd7\xcd\xc6\x9a\x00\x00"):