Merge branch 'python-pillow'

2025-03-18 09:12:13 +03:00 · 2022-12-31 10:19:16 +11:00 · 2022-12-31 10:19:16 +11:00 · 6ef6973966
commit 6ef6973966
parent 444a58d345 907d59753b
178 changed files with 3021 additions and 1850 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ environment:
  TEST_OPTIONS:
  DEPLOY: YES
  matrix:
-  - PYTHON: C:/Python310
+  - PYTHON: C:/Python311
    ARCHITECTURE: x86
    APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
  - PYTHON: C:/Python37-x64
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ indent_style = space

 trim_trailing_whitespace = true

+[*.rst]
+# Four-space indentation
+indent_size = 4
+
 [*.yml]
 # Two-space indentation
 indent_size = 2
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

-concurrency: 
+concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Set up Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
-        python-version: "3.10"
+        python-version: "3.x"
        cache: pip
        cache-dependency-path: "setup.py"

--- a/.github/workflows/macos-install.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos-install.sh
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 set -e

-brew install libtiff libjpeg openjpeg libimagequant webp little-cms2 freetype openblas libraqm
+brew install libtiff libjpeg openjpeg libimagequant webp little-cms2 freetype libraqm

 PYTHONOPTIMIZE=0 python3 -m pip install cffi
 python3 -m pip install coverage
@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma

-echo -e "[openblas]\nlibraries = openblas\nlibrary_dirs = /usr/local/opt/openblas/lib" >> ~/.numpy-site.cfg
 python3 -m pip install numpy

 # extra test images
--- a/.github/workflows/stale.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: "Check issues"
-      uses: actions/stale@v6
+      uses: actions/stale@v7
      with:
        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        only-labels: "Awaiting OP Action"
--- a/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

-concurrency: 
+concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        python-minor-version: [7, 8, 9]
+        python-minor-version: [8, 9]

    timeout-minutes: 40

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - name: Install Cygwin
-        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v2
+        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v3
        with:
          platform: x86_64
          packages: >
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
            qt5-devel-tools subversion xorg-server-extra zlib-devel

      - name: Add Lapack to PATH
-        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v2
+        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v3
        with:
          dirs: 'C:\cygwin\bin;C:\cygwin\lib\lapack'

@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
        run: |
-          .ci/build.sh
+          SETUPTOOLS_USE_DISTUTILS=stdlib .ci/build.sh

      - name: Test
        run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

-concurrency: 
+concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ jobs:
          centos-stream-9-amd64,
          debian-10-buster-x86,
          debian-11-bullseye-x86,
-          fedora-35-amd64,
          fedora-36-amd64,
+          fedora-37-amd64,
          gentoo,
          ubuntu-18.04-bionic-amd64,
          ubuntu-20.04-focal-amd64,
--- a/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

-concurrency: 
+concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11-dev"]
+        python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
        architecture: ["x86", "x64"]
        include:
          # PyPy 7.3.4+ only ships 64-bit binaries for Windows
-          - python-version: "pypy-3.7"
+          - python-version: "pypy3.8"
            architecture: "x64"
-          - python-version: "pypy-3.8"
+          - python-version: "pypy3.9"
            architecture: "x64"

    timeout-minutes: 30
@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ jobs:
        xcopy /S /Y winbuild\depends\test_images\* Tests\images\

        # make cache key depend on VS version
-        & "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe" | find """catalog_buildVersion""" | ForEach-Object { $a = $_.split(" ")[1]; echo "::set-output name=vs::$a" }
+        & "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe" `
+          | find """catalog_buildVersion""" `
+          | ForEach-Object { $a = $_.split(" ")[1]; echo "vs=$a" >> $env:GITHUB_OUTPUT }
      shell: pwsh

    - name: Cache build
@ -90,19 +92,28 @@ jobs:
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_zlib.cmd"

-    - name: Build dependencies / LibTiff
+    - name: Build dependencies / xz
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libtiff.cmd"
+      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_xz.cmd"

    - name: Build dependencies / WebP
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libwebp.cmd"

+    - name: Build dependencies / LibTiff
+      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libtiff.cmd"
+
    # for FreeType CBDT/SBIX font support
    - name: Build dependencies / libpng
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libpng.cmd"

+    # for FreeType WOFF2 font support
+    - name: Build dependencies / brotli
+      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_brotli.cmd"
+
    - name: Build dependencies / FreeType
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_freetype.cmd"
@ -130,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_fribidi.cmd"

-    # trim ~150MB x 9
+    # trim ~150MB for each job
    - name: Optimize build cache
      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: rmdir /S /Q winbuild\build\src
@ -185,16 +196,42 @@ jobs:
      id: wheel
      if: "github.event_name != 'pull_request'"
      run: |
-        for /f "tokens=3 delims=/" %%a in ("${{ github.ref }}") do echo ::set-output name=dist::dist-%%a
+        mkdir fribidi\${{ matrix.architecture }}
+        copy winbuild\build\bin\fribidi* fribidi\${{ matrix.architecture }}
+        setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
+        for %%f in (winbuild\build\license\*) do (
+          set x=%%~nf
+          rem Skip FriBiDi license, it is not included in the wheel.
+          set fribidi=!x:~0,7!
+          if NOT !fribidi!==fribidi (
+            rem Skip imagequant license, it is not included in the wheel.
+            set libimagequant=!x:~0,13!
+            if NOT !libimagequant!==libimagequant (
+              echo. >> LICENSE
+              echo ===== %%~nf ===== >> LICENSE
+              echo. >> LICENSE
+              type %%f >> LICENSE
+            )
+          )
+        )
+        for /f "tokens=3 delims=/" %%a in ("${{ github.ref }}") do echo dist=dist-%%a >> %GITHUB_OUTPUT%
        winbuild\\build\\build_pillow.cmd --disable-imagequant bdist_wheel
      shell: cmd

-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - name: Upload wheel
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
      if: "github.event_name != 'pull_request'"
      with:
        name: ${{ steps.wheel.outputs.dist }}
        path: dist\*.whl

+    - name: Upload fribidi.dll
+      if: "github.event_name != 'pull_request' && matrix.python-version == 3.11"
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      with:
+        name: fribidi
+        path: fribidi\*
+
  success:
    permissions:
      contents: none
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

-concurrency: 
+concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
          "ubuntu-latest",
        ]
        python-version: [
-          "pypy-3.8",
-          "pypy-3.7",
-          "3.11-dev",
+          "pypy3.9",
+          "pypy3.8",
+          "3.11",
          "3.10",
          "3.9",
          "3.8",
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
        path: Tests/errors

    - name: Docs
-      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') && matrix.python-version == 3.10
+      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') && matrix.python-version == 3.11
      run: |
        make doccheck

--- a/.github/workflows/tidelift.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tidelift.yml
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-name: Tidelift Align
-
-on:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: "30 2 * * *"  # daily at 02:30 UTC
-  push:
-    paths:
-      - "Pipfile*"
-      - ".github/workflows/tidelift.yml"
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "Pipfile*"
-      - ".github/workflows/tidelift.yml"
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-concurrency: 
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
-    name: Run Tidelift to ensure approved open source packages are in use
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - name: Scan
-        uses: tidelift/alignment-action@main
-        env:
-          TIDELIFT_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.TIDELIFT_API_KEY }}
-          TIDELIFT_ORGANIZATION: team/aclark4life
-          TIDELIFT_PROJECT: pillow
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -1,18 +1,25 @@
 repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 22.8.0
+    rev: 22.12.0
    hooks:
      - id: black
-        args: ["--target-version", "py37"]
+        args: [--target-version=py37]
        # Only .py files, until https://github.com/psf/black/issues/402 resolved
        files: \.py$
        types: []

  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-    rev: 5.10.1
+    rev: 5.11.1
    hooks:
      - id: isort

+  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
+    rev: 1.7.4
+    hooks:
+    - id: bandit
+      args: [--severity-level=high]
+      files: ^src/
+
  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/yesqa
    rev: v1.4.0
    hooks:
@ -25,10 +32,11 @@ repos:
        exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.opt$)

  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-    rev: 5.0.4
+    rev: 6.0.0
    hooks:
      - id: flake8
-        additional_dependencies: [flake8-2020, flake8-implicit-str-concat]
+        additional_dependencies:
+          [flake8-2020, flake8-errmsg, flake8-implicit-str-concat]

  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks
    rev: v1.9.0
@ -37,16 +45,21 @@ repos:
      - id: rst-backticks

  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.3.0
+    rev: v4.4.0
    hooks:
      - id: check-merge-conflict
      - id: check-json
      - id: check-yaml

  - repo: https://github.com/sphinx-contrib/sphinx-lint
-    rev: v0.6.1
+    rev: v0.6.7
    hooks:
      - id: sphinx-lint

+  - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/tox-ini-fmt
+    rev: 0.5.2
+    hooks:
+      - id: tox-ini-fmt
+
 ci:
  autoupdate_schedule: monthly
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@ -2,9 +2,138 @@
 Changelog (Pillow)
 ==================

-9.3.0 (unreleased)
+9.4.0 (unreleased)
 ------------------

+- Improve exception traceback readability #6836
+  [hugovk, radarhere]
+
+- Do not attempt to read IFD1 if absent #6840
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed writing int as ASCII tag #6800
+  [radarhere]
+
+- If available, use wl-paste or xclip for grabclipboard() on Linux #6783
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added signed option when saving JPEG2000 images #6709
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Patch OpenJPEG to include ARM64 fix #6718
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added support for I;16 modes in putdata() #6825
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added conversion from RGBa to RGB #6708
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added DDS support for uncompressed L and LA images #6820
+  [radarhere, REDxEYE]
+
+- Added LightSource tag values to ExifTags #6749
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed PyAccess after changing ICO size #6821
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Do not use EXIF from info when saving PNG images #6819
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed saving EXIF data to MPO #6817
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added Exif hide_offsets() #6762
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Only compare to previous frame when checking for duplicate GIF frames while saving #6787
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Always initialize all plugins in registered_extensions() #6811
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Ignore non-opaque WebP background when saving as GIF #6792
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Only set tile in ImageFile __setstate__ #6793
+  [radarhere]
+
+- When reading BLP, do not trust JPEG decoder to determine image is CMYK #6767
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added IFD enum to ExifTags #6748
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed bug combining GIF frame durations #6779
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Support saving JPEG comments #6774
+  [smason, radarhere]
+
+- Added getxmp() to WebPImagePlugin #6758
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added "exact" option when saving WebP #6747
+  [ashafaei, radarhere]
+
+- Use fractional coordinates when drawing text #6722
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed writing int as BYTE tag #6740
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added MP Format Version when saving MPO #6735
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added Interop to ExifTags #6724
+  [radarhere]
+
+- CVE-2007-4559 patch when building on Windows #6704
+  [TrellixVulnTeam, nulano, radarhere]
+
+- Fix compiler warning: accessing 64 bytes in a region of size 48 #6714
+  [wiredfool]
+
+- Use verbose flag for pip install #6713
+  [wiredfool, radarhere]
+
+9.3.0 (2022-10-29)
+------------------
+
+- Limit SAMPLESPERPIXEL to avoid runtime DOS #6700
+  [wiredfool]
+
+- Initialize libtiff buffer when saving #6699
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Inline fname2char to fix memory leak #6329
+  [nulano]
+
+- Fix memory leaks related to text features #6330
+  [nulano]
+
+- Use double quotes for version check on old CPython on Windows #6695
+  [hugovk]
+
+- Remove backup implementation of Round for Windows platforms #6693
+  [cgohlke]
+
+- Fixed set_variation_by_name offset #6445
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fix malloc in _imagingft.c:font_setvaraxes #6690
+  [cgohlke]
+
+- Release Python GIL when converting images using matrix operations #6418
+  [hmaarrfk]
+
+- Added ExifTags enums #6630
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Do not modify previous frame when calculating delta in PNG #6683
+  [radarhere]
+
 - Added support for reading BMP images with RLE4 compression #6674
  [npjg, radarhere]

--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 include *.c
 include *.h
 include *.in
-include *.lock
 include *.md
 include *.py
 include *.rst
@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ include *.txt
 include *.yaml
 include LICENSE
 include Makefile
-include Pipfile
 include tox.ini
 graft Tests
 graft src
--- a/6
+++ b/6
@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ inplace: clean

 .PHONY: install
 install:
-	python3 -m pip install .
+	python3 -m pip -v install .
 	python3 selftest.py

 .PHONY: install-coverage
 install-coverage:
-	CFLAGS="-coverage -Werror=implicit-function-declaration" python3 -m pip install --global-option="build_ext" .
+	CFLAGS="-coverage -Werror=implicit-function-declaration" python3 -m pip -v install --global-option="build_ext" .
 	python3 selftest.py

 .PHONY: debug
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ debug:
 # for our stuff, kills optimization, and redirects to dev null so we
 # see any build failures.
 	make clean > /dev/null
-	CFLAGS='-g -O0' python3 -m pip install --global-option="build_ext" . > /dev/null
+	CFLAGS='-g -O0' python3 -m pip -v install --global-option="build_ext" . > /dev/null

 .PHONY: release-test
 release-test:
--- a/22
+++ b/22
@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-name = "pypi"
-
-[packages]
-black = "*"
-check-manifest = "*"
-coverage = "*"
-defusedxml = "*"
-packaging = "*"
-markdown2 = "*"
-olefile = "*"
-pyroma = "*"
-pytest = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-pytest-timeout = "*"
-
-[dev-packages]
-
-[requires]
-python_version = "3.9"
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "e5cad23bf4187647d53b613a64dc4792b7064bf86b08dfb5737580e32943f54d"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.9"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "attrs": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:149e90d6d8ac20db7a955ad60cf0e6881a3f20d37096140088356da6c716b0b1",
-                "sha256:ef6aaac3ca6cd92904cdd0d83f629a15f18053ec84e6432106f7a4d04ae4f5fb"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4'",
-            "version": "==21.2.0"
-        },
-        "black": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:77b80f693a569e2e527958459634f18df9b0ba2625ba4e0c2d5da5be42e6f2b3",
-                "sha256:a615e69ae185e08fdd73e4715e260e2479c861b5740057fde6e8b4e3b7dd589f"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==21.12b0"
-        },
-        "build": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1aaadcd69338252ade4f7ec1265e1a19184bf916d84c9b7df095f423948cb89f",
-                "sha256:21b7ebbd1b22499c4dac536abc7606696ea4d909fd755e00f09f3c0f2c05e3c8"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==0.7.0"
-        },
-        "certifi": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:78884e7c1d4b00ce3cea67b44566851c4343c120abd683433ce934a68ea58872",
-                "sha256:d62a0163eb4c2344ac042ab2bdf75399a71a2d8c7d47eac2e2ee91b9d6339569"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2021.10.8"
-        },
-        "charset-normalizer": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1eecaa09422db5be9e29d7fc65664e6c33bd06f9ced7838578ba40d58bdf3721",
-                "sha256:b0b883e8e874edfdece9c28f314e3dd5badf067342e42fb162203335ae61aa2c"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3'",
-            "version": "==2.0.9"
-        },
-        "check-manifest": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:365c94d65de4c927d9d8b505371d08ee19f9f369c86b9ac3db97c2754c827c95",
-                "sha256:56dadd260a9c7d550b159796d2894b6d0bcc176a94cbc426d9bb93e5e48d12ce"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.47"
-        },
-        "click": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:353f466495adaeb40b6b5f592f9f91cb22372351c84caeb068132442a4518ef3",
-                "sha256:410e932b050f5eed773c4cda94de75971c89cdb3155a72a0831139a79e5ecb5b"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==8.0.3"
-        },
-        "coverage": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:01774a2c2c729619760320270e42cd9e797427ecfddd32c2a7b639cdc481f3c0",
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-                "sha256:dca38a21e4423f3edb821292e97cec7ad38086f84313462098568baedf4331f8",
-                "sha256:e2cad8093172b7d1595b4ad66f24270808658e11acf43a8f95b41276162eb5b8",
-                "sha256:e3db840a4dee542e37e09f30859f1612da90e1c5239a6a2498c473183a50e781",
-                "sha256:edcada2e24ed68f019175c2b2af2a8b481d3d084798b8c20d15d34f5c733fa58",
-                "sha256:f467bbb837691ab5a8ca359199d3429a11a01e6dfb3d9dcc676dc035ca93c0a9",
-                "sha256:f506af4f27def639ba45789fa6fde45f9a217da0be05f8910458e4557eed020c",
-                "sha256:f614fc9956d76d8a88a88bb41ddc12709caa755666f580af3a688899721efecd",
-                "sha256:f9afb5b746781fc2abce26193d1c817b7eb0e11459510fba65d2bd77fe161d9e",
-                "sha256:fb8b8ee99b3fffe4fd86f4c81b35a6bf7e4462cba019997af2fe679365db0c49"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==6.2"
-        },
-        "defusedxml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1bb3032db185915b62d7c6209c5a8792be6a32ab2fedacc84e01b52c51aa3e69",
-                "sha256:a352e7e428770286cc899e2542b6cdaedb2b4953ff269a210103ec58f6198a61"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.7.1"
-        },
-        "docutils": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:23010f129180089fbcd3bc08cfefccb3b890b0050e1ca00c867036e9d161b98c",
-                "sha256:679987caf361a7539d76e584cbeddc311e3aee937877c87346f31debc63e9d06"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4'",
-            "version": "==0.18.1"
-        },
-        "idna": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:84d9dd047ffa80596e0f246e2eab0b391788b0503584e8945f2368256d2735ff",
-                "sha256:9d643ff0a55b762d5cdb124b8eaa99c66322e2157b69160bc32796e824360e6d"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3'",
-            "version": "==3.3"
-        },
-        "iniconfig": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:011e24c64b7f47f6ebd835bb12a743f2fbe9a26d4cecaa7f53bc4f35ee9da8b3",
-                "sha256:bc3af051d7d14b2ee5ef9969666def0cd1a000e121eaea580d4a313df4b37f32"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.1.1"
-        },
-        "markdown2": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:8f4ac8d9a124ab408c67361090ed512deda746c04362c36c2ec16190c720c2b0",
-                "sha256:91113caf23aa662570fe21984f08fe74f814695c0a0ea8e863a8b4c4f63f9f6e"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==2.4.2"
-        },
-        "mypy-extensions": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:090fedd75945a69ae91ce1303b5824f428daf5a028d2f6ab8a299250a846f15d",
-                "sha256:2d82818f5bb3e369420cb3c4060a7970edba416647068eb4c5343488a6c604a8"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.3"
-        },
-        "olefile": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:133b031eaf8fd2c9399b78b8bc5b8fcbe4c31e85295749bb17a87cba8f3c3964"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.46"
-        },
-        "packaging": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:dd47c42927d89ab911e606518907cc2d3a1f38bbd026385970643f9c5b8ecfeb",
-                "sha256:ef103e05f519cdc783ae24ea4e2e0f508a9c99b2d4969652eed6a2e1ea5bd522"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==21.3"
-        },
-        "pathspec": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:7d15c4ddb0b5c802d161efc417ec1a2558ea2653c2e8ad9c19098201dc1c993a",
-                "sha256:e564499435a2673d586f6b2130bb5b95f04a3ba06f81b8f895b651a3c76aabb1"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.9.0"
-        },
-        "pep517": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:931378d93d11b298cf511dd634cf5ea4cb249a28ef84160b3247ee9afb4e8ab0",
-                "sha256:dd884c326898e2c6e11f9e0b64940606a93eb10ea022a2e067959f3a110cf161"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.12.0"
-        },
-        "platformdirs": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:367a5e80b3d04d2428ffa76d33f124cf11e8fff2acdaa9b43d545f5c7d661ef2",
-                "sha256:8868bbe3c3c80d42f20156f22e7131d2fb321f5bc86a2a345375c6481a67021d"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==2.4.0"
-        },
-        "pluggy": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:4224373bacce55f955a878bf9cfa763c1e360858e330072059e10bad68531159",
-                "sha256:74134bbf457f031a36d68416e1509f34bd5ccc019f0bcc952c7b909d06b37bd3"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==1.0.0"
-        },
-        "py": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:51c75c4126074b472f746a24399ad32f6053d1b34b68d2fa41e558e6f4a98719",
-                "sha256:607c53218732647dff4acdfcd50cb62615cedf612e72d1724fb1a0cc6405b378"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4'",
-            "version": "==1.11.0"
-        },
-        "pygments": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:b8e67fe6af78f492b3c4b3e2970c0624cbf08beb1e493b2c99b9fa1b67a20380",
-                "sha256:f398865f7eb6874156579fdf36bc840a03cab64d1cde9e93d68f46a425ec52c6"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.5'",
-            "version": "==2.10.0"
-        },
-        "pyparsing": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:04ff808a5b90911829c55c4e26f75fa5ca8a2f5f36aa3a51f68e27033341d3e4",
-                "sha256:d9bdec0013ef1eb5a84ab39a3b3868911598afa494f5faa038647101504e2b81"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==3.0.6"
-        },
-        "pyroma": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0fba67322913026091590e68e0d9e0d4fbd6420fcf34d315b2ad6985ab104d65",
-                "sha256:f8c181e0d5d292f11791afc18f7d0218a83c85cf64d6f8fb1571ce9d29a24e4a"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==3.2"
-        },
-        "pytest": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:131b36680866a76e6781d13f101efb86cf674ebb9762eb70d3082b6f29889e89",
-                "sha256:7310f8d27bc79ced999e760ca304d69f6ba6c6649c0b60fb0e04a4a77cacc134"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==6.2.5"
-        },
-        "pytest-cov": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:578d5d15ac4a25e5f961c938b85a05b09fdaae9deef3bb6de9a6e766622ca7a6",
-                "sha256:e7f0f5b1617d2210a2cabc266dfe2f4c75a8d32fb89eafb7ad9d06f6d076d470"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==3.0.0"
-        },
-        "pytest-timeout": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:e6f98b54dafde8d70e4088467ff621260b641eb64895c4195b6e5c8f45638112",
-                "sha256:fe9c3d5006c053bb9e062d60f641e6a76d6707aedb645350af9593e376fcc717"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==2.0.2"
-        },
-        "requests": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:6c1246513ecd5ecd4528a0906f910e8f0f9c6b8ec72030dc9fd154dc1a6efd24",
-                "sha256:b8aa58f8cf793ffd8782d3d8cb19e66ef36f7aba4353eec859e74678b01b07a7"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5'",
-            "version": "==2.26.0"
-        },
-        "setuptools": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:5ec2bbb534ed160b261acbbdd1b463eb3cf52a8d223d96a8ab9981f63798e85c",
-                "sha256:75fd345a47ce3d79595b27bf57e6f49c2ca7904f3c7ce75f8a87012046c86b0b"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==60.0.0"
-        },
-        "toml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:806143ae5bfb6a3c6e736a764057db0e6a0e05e338b5630894a5f779cabb4f9b",
-                "sha256:b3bda1d108d5dd99f4a20d24d9c348e91c4db7ab1b749200bded2f839ccbe68f"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.6' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2'",
-            "version": "==0.10.2"
-        },
-        "tomli": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:05b6166bff487dc068d322585c7ea4ef78deed501cc124060e0f238e89a9231f",
-                "sha256:e3069e4be3ead9668e21cb9b074cd948f7b3113fd9c8bba083f48247aab8b11c"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==1.2.3"
-        },
-        "typing-extensions": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:4ca091dea149f945ec56afb48dae714f21e8692ef22a395223bcd328961b6a0e",
-                "sha256:7f001e5ac290a0c0401508864c7ec868be4e701886d5b573a9528ed3973d9d3b"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
-            "version": "==4.0.1"
-        },
-        "urllib3": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:4987c65554f7a2dbf30c18fd48778ef124af6fab771a377103da0585e2336ece",
-                "sha256:c4fdf4019605b6e5423637e01bc9fe4daef873709a7973e195ceba0a62bbc844"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4' and python_version < '4'",
-            "version": "==1.26.7"
-        }
-    },
-    "develop": {}
-}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ As of 2019, Pillow development is
            <a href="https://app.codecov.io/gh/python-pillow/Pillow"><img
                alt="Code coverage"
                src="https://codecov.io/gh/python-pillow/Pillow/branch/main/graph/badge.svg"></a>
-            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/tidelift.yml"><img
-                alt="Tidelift Align"
-                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/tidelift.yml/badge.svg"></a>
+            <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?sort=-opened&can=1&q=proj:pillow"><img
+                alt="Fuzzing Status"
+                src="https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/pillow.svg"></a>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
--- a/Tests/fonts/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/Tests/fonts/LICENSE.txt
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ TINY5x3GX.ttf, from http://velvetyne.fr/fonts/tiny
 ArefRuqaa-Regular.ttf, from https://github.com/google/fonts/tree/master/ofl/arefruqaa
 ter-x20b.pcf, from http://terminus-font.sourceforge.net/
 BungeeColor-Regular_colr_Windows.ttf, from https://github.com/djrrb/bungee
+OpenSans.woff2, from https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans

 All of the above fonts are published under the SIL Open Font License (OFL) v1.1 (http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL), which allows you to copy, modify, and redistribute them if you need to.

--- a/Tests/fonts/OpenSans.woff2
+++ b/Tests/fonts/OpenSans.woff2
--- a/Tests/images/duplicate_frame.gif
+++ b/Tests/images/duplicate_frame.gif
--- a/Tests/images/flower_thumbnail.png
+++ b/Tests/images/flower_thumbnail.png
--- a/Tests/images/hopper_lzma.tif
+++ b/Tests/images/hopper_lzma.tif
--- a/Tests/images/hopper_webp.png
+++ b/Tests/images/hopper_webp.png
--- a/Tests/images/hopper_webp.tif
+++ b/Tests/images/hopper_webp.tif
--- a/Tests/images/oom-225817ca0f8c663be7ab4b9e717b02c661e66834.tif
+++ b/Tests/images/oom-225817ca0f8c663be7ab4b9e717b02c661e66834.tif
--- a/Tests/images/test_anchor_multiline_mm_right.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_anchor_multiline_mm_right.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_center.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_center.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_left.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_left.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_right.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_lm_right.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_center.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_center.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_left.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_left.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_right.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_mm_right.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_center.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_center.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_left.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_left.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_right.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_combine_multiline_rm_right.png
--- a/Tests/images/test_woff2.png
+++ b/Tests/images/test_woff2.png
--- a/Tests/images/text_float_coord.png
+++ b/Tests/images/text_float_coord.png
--- a/Tests/images/text_float_coord_1_alt.png
+++ b/Tests/images/text_float_coord_1_alt.png
--- a/Tests/images/uncompressed_l.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/uncompressed_l.dds
--- a/Tests/images/uncompressed_l.png
+++ b/Tests/images/uncompressed_l.png
--- a/Tests/images/uncompressed_la.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/uncompressed_la.dds
--- a/Tests/images/uncompressed_la.png
+++ b/Tests/images/uncompressed_la.png
--- a/Tests/images/variation_adobe_name.png
+++ b/Tests/images/variation_adobe_name.png
--- a/Tests/images/variation_adobe_older_harfbuzz_name.png
+++ b/Tests/images/variation_adobe_older_harfbuzz_name.png
--- a/Tests/oss-fuzz/build.sh
+++ b/Tests/oss-fuzz/build.sh
@ -19,29 +19,17 @@ python3 setup.py build --build-base=/tmp/build install

 # Build fuzzers in $OUT.
 for fuzzer in $(find $SRC -name 'fuzz_*.py'); do
-  fuzzer_basename=$(basename -s .py $fuzzer)
-  fuzzer_package=${fuzzer_basename}.pkg
-  pyinstaller \
+  compile_python_fuzzer $fuzzer \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libjpeg.so.62.3.0:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libfreetype.so.6:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/liblcms2.so.2:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libopenjp2.so.7:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libpng16.so.16:. \
-      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so.5:. \
+      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so.6:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libwebp.so.7:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libwebpdemux.so.2:. \
      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libwebpmux.so.3:. \
-      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libxcb.so.1:. \
-      --distpath $OUT --onefile --name $fuzzer_package $fuzzer
-
-  # Create execution wrapper.
-  echo "#!/bin/sh
-# LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput for fuzzer detection.
-this_dir=\$(dirname \"\$0\")
-LD_PRELOAD=\$this_dir/sanitizer_with_fuzzer.so \
-ASAN_OPTIONS=\$ASAN_OPTIONS:symbolize=1:external_symbolizer_path=\$this_dir/llvm-symbolizer:detect_leaks=0 \
-\$this_dir/$fuzzer_package \$@" > $OUT/$fuzzer_basename
-  chmod u+x $OUT/$fuzzer_basename
+      --add-binary /usr/local/lib/libxcb.so.1:.
 done

 find Tests/images Tests/icc -print | zip -q $OUT/fuzz_pillow_seed_corpus.zip -@
--- a/Tests/test_bmp_reference.py
+++ b/Tests/test_bmp_reference.py
@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ def test_questionable():
        "pal8os2v2.bmp",
        "rgb24prof.bmp",
        "pal1p1.bmp",
+        "pal4rletrns.bmp",
        "pal8offs.bmp",
        "rgb24lprof.bmp",
        "rgb32fakealpha.bmp",
--- a/Tests/test_file_apng.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_apng.py
@ -553,18 +553,20 @@ def test_apng_save_disposal(tmp_path):
 def test_apng_save_disposal_previous(tmp_path):
    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
    size = (128, 64)
-    transparent = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 0, 0, 0))
+    blue = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 0, 255, 255))
    red = Image.new("RGBA", size, (255, 0, 0, 255))
    green = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 255, 0, 255))

    # test OP_NONE
-    transparent.save(
+    blue.save(
        test_file,
        save_all=True,
        append_images=[red, green],
        disposal=PngImagePlugin.Disposal.OP_PREVIOUS,
    )
    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 255, 255)
+
        im.seek(2)
        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
        assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
--- a/Tests/test_file_dds.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_dds.py
@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ TEST_FILE_DX10_BC7 = "Tests/images/bc7-argb-8bpp_MipMaps-1.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_BC7_UNORM_SRGB = "Tests/images/DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_R8G8B8A8 = "Tests/images/argb-32bpp_MipMaps-1.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB = "Tests/images/DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB.dds"
+TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_L = "Tests/images/uncompressed_l.dds"
+TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_L_WITH_ALPHA = "Tests/images/uncompressed_la.dds"
 TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB = "Tests/images/hopper.dds"
 TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB_WITH_ALPHA = "Tests/images/uncompressed_rgb.dds"

@ -194,26 +196,24 @@ def test_unimplemented_dxgi_format():
            pass


-def test_uncompressed_rgb():
-    """Check uncompressed RGB images can be opened"""
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("mode", "size", "test_file"),
+    [
+        ("L", (128, 128), TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_L),
+        ("LA", (128, 128), TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_L_WITH_ALPHA),
+        ("RGB", (128, 128), TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB),
+        ("RGBA", (800, 600), TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB_WITH_ALPHA),
+    ],
+)
+def test_uncompressed(mode, size, test_file):
+    """Check uncompressed images can be opened"""

-    # convert -format dds -define dds:compression=none hopper.jpg hopper.dds
-    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB) as im:
+    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
        assert im.format == "DDS"
-        assert im.mode == "RGB"
-        assert im.size == (128, 128)
+        assert im.mode == mode
+        assert im.size == size

-        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/hopper.png")
-
-    # Test image with alpha
-    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB_WITH_ALPHA) as im:
-        assert im.format == "DDS"
-        assert im.mode == "RGBA"
-        assert im.size == (800, 600)
-
-        assert_image_equal_tofile(
-            im, TEST_FILE_UNCOMPRESSED_RGB_WITH_ALPHA.replace(".dds", ".png")
-        )
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, test_file.replace(".dds", ".png"))


 def test__accept_true():
@ -305,6 +305,8 @@ def test_save_unsupported_mode(tmp_path):
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ("mode", "test_file"),
    [
+        ("L", "Tests/images/linear_gradient.png"),
+        ("LA", "Tests/images/uncompressed_la.png"),
        ("RGB", "Tests/images/hopper.png"),
        ("RGBA", "Tests/images/pil123rgba.png"),
    ],
--- a/Tests/test_file_gif.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_gif.py
@ -677,6 +677,24 @@ def test_dispose2_background(tmp_path):
        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0)


+def test_dispose2_background_frame(tmp_path):
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+
+    im_list = [Image.new("RGBA", (1, 20))]
+
+    different_frame = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 20))
+    different_frame.putpixel((0, 10), (255, 0, 0, 255))
+    im_list.append(different_frame)
+
+    # Frame that matches the background
+    im_list.append(Image.new("RGBA", (1, 20)))
+
+    im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], disposal=2)
+
+    with Image.open(out) as im:
+        assert im.n_frames == 3
+
+
 def test_transparency_in_second_frame(tmp_path):
    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
    with Image.open("Tests/images/different_transparency.gif") as im:
@ -791,6 +809,22 @@ def test_roundtrip_info_duration(tmp_path):
        ] == duration_list


+def test_roundtrip_info_duration_combined(tmp_path):
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/duplicate_frame.gif") as im:
+        assert [frame.info["duration"] for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(im)] == [
+            1000,
+            1000,
+            1000,
+        ]
+        im.save(out, save_all=True)
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert [
+            frame.info["duration"] for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(reloaded)
+        ] == [1000, 2000]
+
+
 def test_identical_frames(tmp_path):
    duration_list = [1000, 1500, 2000, 4000]

@ -859,14 +893,23 @@ def test_background(tmp_path):
    im.info["background"] = 1
    im.save(out)
    with Image.open(out) as reread:
-
        assert reread.info["background"] == im.info["background"]

+
+def test_webp_background(tmp_path):
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+
+    # Test opaque WebP background
    if features.check("webp") and features.check("webp_anim"):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.webp") as im:
-            assert isinstance(im.info["background"], tuple)
+            assert im.info["background"] == (255, 255, 255, 255)
            im.save(out)

+    # Test non-opaque WebP background
+    im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
+    im.info["background"] = (0, 0, 0, 0)
+    im.save(out)
+

 def test_comment(tmp_path):
    with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
--- a/Tests/test_file_ico.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_ico.py
@ -71,6 +71,19 @@ def test_save_to_bytes():
        )


+def test_getpixel(tmp_path):
+    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
+
+    im = hopper()
+    im.save(temp_file, "ico", sizes=[(32, 32), (64, 64)])
+
+    with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+        reloaded.load()
+        reloaded.size = (32, 32)
+
+        assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == (18, 20, 62)
+
+
 def test_no_duplicates(tmp_path):
    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
    temp_file2 = str(tmp_path / "temp2.ico")
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
@ -86,6 +86,33 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
            assert len(im.applist) == 2

            assert im.info["comment"] == b"File written by Adobe Photoshop\xa8 4.0\x00"
+            assert im.app["COM"] == im.info["comment"]
+
+    def test_comment_write(self):
+        with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.info["comment"] == b"File written by Adobe Photoshop\xa8 4.0\x00"
+
+            # Test that existing comment is saved by default
+            out = BytesIO()
+            im.save(out, format="JPEG")
+            with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+                assert im.info["comment"] == reloaded.info["comment"]
+
+            # Ensure that a blank comment causes any existing comment to be removed
+            for comment in ("", b"", None):
+                out = BytesIO()
+                im.save(out, format="JPEG", comment=comment)
+                with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+                    assert "comment" not in reloaded.info
+
+            # Test that a comment argument overrides the default comment
+            for comment in ("Test comment text", b"Text comment text"):
+                out = BytesIO()
+                im.save(out, format="JPEG", comment=comment)
+                with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+                    if not isinstance(comment, bytes):
+                        comment = comment.encode()
+                    assert reloaded.info["comment"] == comment

    def test_cmyk(self):
        # Test CMYK handling.  Thanks to Tim and Charlie for test data,
@ -415,6 +442,13 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
            info = im._getexif()
            assert info[305] == "Adobe Photoshop CS Macintosh"

+    def test_get_child_images(self):
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            ims = im.get_child_images()
+
+        assert len(ims) == 1
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(ims[0], "Tests/images/flower_thumbnail.png")
+
    def test_mp(self):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/pil_sample_rgb.jpg") as im:
            assert im._getmp() is None
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
@ -252,6 +252,20 @@ def test_mct():
            assert_image_similar(im, jp2, 1.0e-3)


+def test_sgnd(tmp_path):
+    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.jp2")
+
+    im = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
+    im.save(outfile)
+    with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == 0
+
+    im = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
+    im.save(outfile, signed=True)
+    with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded_signed:
+        assert reloaded_signed.getpixel((0, 0)) == 128
+
+
 def test_rgba():
    # Arrange
    with Image.open("Tests/images/rgb_trns_ycbc.j2k") as j2k:
--- a/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import io
 import itertools
 import os
 import re
+import sys
 from collections import namedtuple

 import pytest
@ -825,6 +826,44 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
            assert reloaded.mode == "F"
            assert reloaded.getexif()[SAMPLEFORMAT] == 3

+    def test_lzma(self, capfd):
+        try:
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_lzma.tif") as im:
+                assert im.mode == "RGB"
+                assert im.size == (128, 128)
+                assert im.format == "TIFF"
+                im2 = hopper()
+                assert_image_similar(im, im2, 5)
+        except OSError:
+            captured = capfd.readouterr()
+            if "LZMA compression support is not configured" in captured.err:
+                pytest.skip("LZMA compression support is not configured")
+            sys.stdout.write(captured.out)
+            sys.stderr.write(captured.err)
+            raise
+
+    def test_webp(self, capfd):
+        try:
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_webp.tif") as im:
+                assert im.mode == "RGB"
+                assert im.size == (128, 128)
+                assert im.format == "TIFF"
+                assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/hopper_webp.png", 1)
+        except OSError:
+            captured = capfd.readouterr()
+            if "WEBP compression support is not configured" in captured.err:
+                pytest.skip("WEBP compression support is not configured")
+            if (
+                "Compression scheme 50001 strip decoding is not implemented"
+                in captured.err
+            ):
+                pytest.skip(
+                    "Compression scheme 50001 strip decoding is not implemented"
+                )
+            sys.stdout.write(captured.out)
+            sys.stderr.write(captured.err)
+            raise
+
    def test_lzw(self):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_lzw.tif") as im:
            assert im.mode == "RGB"
--- a/Tests/test_file_mpo.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_mpo.py
@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ def test_app(test_file):

@pytest.mark.parametrize("test_file", test_files)
 def test_exif(test_file):
-    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+    with Image.open(test_file) as im_original:
+        im_reloaded = roundtrip(im_original, save_all=True, exif=im_original.getexif())
+
+    for im in (im_original, im_reloaded):
        info = im._getexif()
        assert info[272] == "Nintendo 3DS"
        assert info[296] == 2
@ -268,6 +271,7 @@ def test_save_all():
    im_reloaded = roundtrip(im, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])

    assert_image_equal(im, im_reloaded)
+    assert im_reloaded.mpinfo[45056] == b"0100"

    im_reloaded.seek(1)
    assert_image_similar(im2, im_reloaded, 1)
--- a/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ def test_save(tmp_path, mode):
    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)


-@pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error(reason="Temporary skip")
 def test_monochrome(tmp_path):
    # Arrange
    mode = "1"
--- a/Tests/test_file_png.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_png.py
@ -706,10 +706,18 @@ class TestFilePng:
        assert exif[274] == 3

    def test_exif_save(self, tmp_path):
+        # Test exif is not saved from info
+        test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
        with Image.open("Tests/images/exif.png") as im:
-            test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
            im.save(test_file)

+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded._getexif() is None
+
+        # Test passing in exif
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/exif.png") as im:
+            im.save(test_file, exif=im.getexif())
+
        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
            exif = reloaded._getexif()
        assert exif[274] == 1
@ -720,7 +728,7 @@ class TestFilePng:
    def test_exif_from_jpg(self, tmp_path):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/pil_sample_rgb.jpg") as im:
            test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
-            im.save(test_file)
+            im.save(test_file, exif=im.getexif())

        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
            exif = reloaded._getexif()
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from io import BytesIO

 import pytest

-from PIL import Image, ImageFile, TiffImagePlugin
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, TiffImagePlugin, UnidentifiedImageError
 from PIL.TiffImagePlugin import RESOLUTION_UNIT, X_RESOLUTION, Y_RESOLUTION

 from .helper import (
@ -858,6 +858,19 @@ class TestFileTiff:
            im.load()
            ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = False

+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "test_file",
+        [
+            "Tests/images/oom-225817ca0f8c663be7ab4b9e717b02c661e66834.tif",
+        ],
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.timeout(2)
+    def test_oom(self, test_file):
+        with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+            with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+                with Image.open(test_file):
+                    pass
+

@pytest.mark.skipif(not is_win32(), reason="Windows only")
 class TestFileTiffW32:
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py
@ -185,20 +185,37 @@ def test_iptc(tmp_path):
        im.save(out)


-def test_writing_bytes_to_ascii(tmp_path):
-    im = hopper()
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("value, expected", ((b"test", "test"), (1, "1")))
+def test_writing_other_types_to_ascii(value, expected, tmp_path):
    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()

    tag = TiffTags.TAGS_V2[271]
    assert tag.type == TiffTags.ASCII

-    info[271] = b"test"
+    info[271] = value
+
+    im = hopper()
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tiff")
+    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info)
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.tag_v2[271] == expected
+
+
+def test_writing_int_to_bytes(tmp_path):
+    im = hopper()
+    info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+
+    tag = TiffTags.TAGS_V2[700]
+    assert tag.type == TiffTags.BYTE
+
+    info[700] = 1

    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tiff")
    im.save(out, tiffinfo=info)

    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-        assert reloaded.tag_v2[271] == "test"
+        assert reloaded.tag_v2[700] == b"\x01"


 def test_undefined_zero(tmp_path):
--- a/Tests/test_file_webp_alpha.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_webp_alpha.py
@ -97,6 +97,35 @@ def test_write_rgba(tmp_path):
            assert_image_similar(image, pil_image, 1.0)


+def test_keep_rgb_values_when_transparent(tmp_path):
+    """
+    Saving transparent pixels should retain their original RGB values
+    when using the "exact" parameter.
+    """
+
+    image = hopper("RGB")
+
+    # create a copy of the image
+    # with the left half transparent
+    half_transparent_image = image.copy()
+    new_alpha = Image.new("L", (128, 128), 255)
+    new_alpha.paste(0, (0, 0, 64, 128))
+    half_transparent_image.putalpha(new_alpha)
+
+    # save with transparent area preserved
+    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.webp")
+    half_transparent_image.save(temp_file, exact=True, lossless=True)
+
+    with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert reloaded.format == "WEBP"
+
+        # even though it is lossless, if we don't use exact=True
+        # in libwebp >= 0.5, the transparent area will be filled with black
+        # (or something more conducive to compression)
+        assert_image_equal(reloaded.convert("RGB"), image)
+
+
 def test_write_unsupported_mode_PA(tmp_path):
    """
    Saving a palette-based file with transparency to WebP format
--- a/Tests/test_file_webp_metadata.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_webp_metadata.py
@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ pytestmark = [
    skip_unless_feature("webp_mux"),
 ]

+try:
+    from defusedxml import ElementTree
+except ImportError:
+    ElementTree = None
+

 def test_read_exif_metadata():

@ -110,6 +115,22 @@ def test_read_no_exif():
        assert not webp_image._getexif()


+def test_getxmp():
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.webp") as im:
+        assert "xmp" not in im.info
+        assert im.getxmp() == {}
+
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/flower2.webp") as im:
+        if ElementTree is None:
+            with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+                assert im.getxmp() == {}
+        else:
+            assert (
+                im.getxmp()["xmpmeta"]["xmptk"]
+                == "Adobe XMP Core 5.3-c011 66.145661, 2012/02/06-14:56:27        "
+            )
+
+
@skip_unless_feature("webp_anim")
 def test_write_animated_metadata(tmp_path):
    iccp_data = b"<iccp_data>"
--- a/Tests/test_image.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image.py
@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ import warnings

 import pytest

-from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImagePalette, UnidentifiedImageError, features
+from PIL import (
+    ExifTags,
+    Image,
+    ImageDraw,
+    ImagePalette,
+    UnidentifiedImageError,
+    features,
+)

 from .helper import (
    assert_image_equal,
@ -394,8 +401,6 @@ class TestImage:
    def test_registered_extensions_uninitialized(self):
        # Arrange
        Image._initialized = 0
-        extension = Image.EXTENSION
-        Image.EXTENSION = {}

        # Act
        Image.registered_extensions()
@ -403,10 +408,6 @@ class TestImage:
        # Assert
        assert Image._initialized == 2

-        # Restore the original state and assert
-        Image.EXTENSION = extension
-        assert Image.EXTENSION
-
    def test_registered_extensions(self):
        # Arrange
        # Open an image to trigger plugin registration
@ -808,6 +809,18 @@ class TestImage:
            reloaded_exif.load(exif.tobytes())
            assert reloaded_exif.get_ifd(0xA005) == exif.get_ifd(0xA005)

+    def test_exif_ifd1(self):
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+            assert exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1) == {
+                513: 2036,
+                514: 5448,
+                259: 6,
+                296: 2,
+                282: 180.0,
+                283: 180.0,
+            }
+
    def test_exif_ifd(self):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
            exif = im.getexif()
@ -838,6 +851,31 @@ class TestImage:
                34665: 196,
            }

+    def test_exif_hide_offsets(self):
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+
+        # Check offsets are present initially
+        assert 0x8769 in exif
+        for tag in (0xA005, 0x927C):
+            assert tag in exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
+        assert exif.get_ifd(0xA005)
+        loaded_exif = exif
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            new_exif = im.getexif()
+
+            for exif in (loaded_exif, new_exif):
+                exif.hide_offsets()
+
+                # Assert they are hidden afterwards,
+                # but that the IFDs are still available
+                assert 0x8769 not in exif
+                assert exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
+                for tag in (0xA005, 0x927C):
+                    assert tag not in exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
+                assert exif.get_ifd(0xA005)
+
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)))
    def test_zero_tobytes(self, size):
        im = Image.new("RGB", size)
--- a/Tests/test_image_access.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_access.py
@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ import sys
 import sysconfig

 import pytest
-from setuptools.command.build_ext import new_compiler

 from PIL import Image

-from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper, is_win32, on_ci
+from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper, is_win32

 # CFFI imports pycparser which doesn't support PYTHONOPTIMIZE=2
 # https://github.com/eliben/pycparser/pull/198#issuecomment-317001670
@ -406,14 +405,13 @@ class TestImagePutPixelError(AccessTest):


 class TestEmbeddable:
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        not is_win32() or on_ci(),
-        reason="Failing on AppVeyor / GitHub Actions when run from subprocess, "
-        "not from shell",
-    )
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="failing test")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not is_win32(), reason="requires Windows")
    def test_embeddable(self):
        import ctypes

+        from setuptools.command.build_ext import new_compiler
+
        with open("embed_pil.c", "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
            fh.write(
                """
--- a/Tests/test_image_convert.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_convert.py
@ -104,6 +104,13 @@ def test_rgba_p():
    assert_image_similar(im, comparable, 20)


+def test_rgba():
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/transparent.png") as im:
+        assert im.mode == "RGBA"
+
+        assert_image_similar(im.convert("RGBa").convert("RGB"), im.convert("RGB"), 1.5)
+
+
 def test_trns_p(tmp_path):
    im = hopper("P")
    im.info["transparency"] = 0
--- a/Tests/test_image_putdata.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_putdata.py
@ -55,10 +55,11 @@ def test_mode_with_L_with_float():
    assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == 2


-def test_mode_i():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("I", "I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B"))
+def test_mode_i(mode):
    src = hopper("L")
    data = list(src.getdata())
-    im = Image.new("I", src.size, 0)
+    im = Image.new(mode, src.size, 0)
    im.putdata(data, 2, 256)

    target = [2 * elt + 256 for elt in data]
--- a/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
@ -1238,6 +1238,27 @@ def test_stroke_descender():
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_stroke_descender.png", 6.76)


+@skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
+def test_split_word():
+    # Arrange
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (230, 55))
+    expected = im.copy()
+    expected_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(expected)
+    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf", 48)
+    expected_draw.text((0, 0), "paradise", font=font)
+
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+
+    # Act
+    draw.text((0, 0), "par", font=font)
+
+    length = draw.textlength("par", font=font)
+    draw.text((length, 0), "adise", font=font)
+
+    # Assert
+    assert_image_equal(im, expected)
+
+
@skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
 def test_stroke_multiline():
    # Arrange
--- a/Tests/test_imagefont.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefont.py
@ -746,12 +746,14 @@ def test_variation_set_by_name(font):
    _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_adobe.png", 11)
    for name in ["Bold", b"Bold"]:
        font.set_variation_by_name(name)
-    _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_adobe_name.png", 11)
+        assert font.getname()[1] == "Bold"
+    _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_adobe_name.png", 16)

    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/TINY5x3GX.ttf", 36)
    _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_tiny.png", 40)
    for name in ["200", b"200"]:
        font.set_variation_by_name(name)
+        assert font.getname()[1] == "200"
    _check_text(font, "Tests/images/variation_tiny_name.png", 40)


@ -1063,6 +1065,25 @@ def test_colr_mask(layout_engine):
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/colr_bungee_mask.png", 22)


+def test_woff2(layout_engine):
+    try:
+        font = ImageFont.truetype(
+            "Tests/fonts/OpenSans.woff2",
+            size=64,
+            layout_engine=layout_engine,
+        )
+    except OSError as e:
+        assert str(e) in ("unimplemented feature", "unknown file format")
+        pytest.skip("FreeType compiled without brotli or WOFF2 support")
+
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (350, 100), "white")
+    d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+
+    d.text((15, 5), "OpenSans", "black", font=font)
+
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/test_woff2.png", 5)
+
+
 def test_fill_deprecation(font):
    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
        font.getmask2("Hello world", fill=Image.core.fill)
--- a/Tests/test_imagegrab.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagegrab.py
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import os
+import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys

@ -33,7 +34,9 @@ class TestImageGrab:

    @pytest.mark.skipif(Image.core.HAVE_XCB, reason="tests missing XCB")
    def test_grab_no_xcb(self):
-        if sys.platform not in ("win32", "darwin"):
+        if sys.platform not in ("win32", "darwin") and not shutil.which(
+            "gnome-screenshot"
+        ):
            with pytest.raises(OSError) as e:
                ImageGrab.grab()
            assert str(e.value).startswith("Pillow was built without XCB support")
@ -61,9 +64,13 @@ $bmp = New-Object Drawing.Bitmap 200, 200
            )
            p.communicate()
        else:
-            with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError) as e:
-                ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
-            assert str(e.value) == "ImageGrab.grabclipboard() is macOS and Windows only"
+            if not shutil.which("wl-paste"):
+                with pytest.raises(
+                    NotImplementedError,
+                    match="wl-paste or xclip is required for"
+                    r" ImageGrab.grabclipboard\(\) on Linux",
+                ):
+                    ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
            return

        ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
--- a/Tests/test_numpy.py
+++ b/Tests/test_numpy.py
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_numpy_to_image():

    # Check supported 1-bit integer formats
    assert_image(to_image(bool, 1, 1), "1", TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
-    assert_image(to_image(numpy.bool8, 1, 1), "1", TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
+    assert_image(to_image(numpy.bool_, 1, 1), "1", TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)

    # Check supported 8-bit integer formats
    assert_image(to_image(numpy.uint8), "L", TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ def test_putdata():
    "dtype",
    (
        bool,
-        numpy.bool8,
+        numpy.bool_,
        numpy.int8,
        numpy.int16,
        numpy.int32,
--- a/docs/Makefile
+++ b/docs/Makefile
@ -15,11 +15,12 @@ ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
 # the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
 I18NSPHINXOPTS  = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .

-.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext
-
+.PHONY: help
 help:
 	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
 	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  serve      to start a local server for viewing docs"
+	@echo "  livehtml   to start a local server for viewing docs and auto-reload on change"
 	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
 	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
 	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
@ -39,42 +40,49 @@ help:
 	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
 	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"

+.PHONY: clean
 clean:
 	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*

 install-sphinx:
-	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --quiet sphinx sphinx-copybutton sphinx-issues sphinx-removed-in sphinxext-opengraph furo olefile
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --quiet furo olefile sphinx sphinx-copybutton sphinx-inline-tabs sphinx-issues sphinx-removed-in sphinxext-opengraph

+.PHONY: html
 html:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html -W --keep-going $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."

+.PHONY: dirhtml
 dirhtml:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."

+.PHONY: singlehtml
 singlehtml:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."

+.PHONY: pickle
 pickle:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."

+.PHONY: json
 json:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."

+.PHONY: htmlhelp
 htmlhelp:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
@ -82,6 +90,7 @@ htmlhelp:
 	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
 	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."

+.PHONY: qthelp
 qthelp:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
@ -92,6 +101,7 @@ qthelp:
 	@echo "To view the help file:"
 	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/PillowPILfork.qhc"

+.PHONY: devhelp
 devhelp:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
@ -102,12 +112,14 @@ devhelp:
 	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/PillowPILfork"
 	@echo "# devhelp"

+.PHONY: epub
 epub:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."

+.PHONY: latex
 latex:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@ -116,6 +128,7 @@ latex:
 	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
 	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."

+.PHONY: latexpdf
 latexpdf:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@ -123,18 +136,21 @@ latexpdf:
 	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
 	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."

+.PHONY: text
 text:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."

+.PHONY: man
 man:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."

+.PHONY: texinfo
 texinfo:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@ -143,6 +159,7 @@ texinfo:
 	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
 	      "(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."

+.PHONY: info
 info:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@ -150,18 +167,21 @@ info:
 	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
 	@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."

+.PHONY: gettext
 gettext:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."

+.PHONY: changes
 changes:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
 	@echo
 	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."

+.PHONY: linkcheck
 linkcheck:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck -j auto
@ -169,14 +189,17 @@ linkcheck:
 	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
 	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."

+.PHONY: doctest
 doctest:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
 	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
 	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."

+.PHONY: livehtml
 livehtml: html
 	livereload $(BUILDDIR)/html -p 33233

+.PHONY: serve
 serve:
 	cd $(BUILDDIR)/html; $(PYTHON) -m http.server
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ needs_sphinx = "2.4"
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
-    "sphinx_copybutton",
-    "sphinx_issues",
-    "sphinx_removed_in",
    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx_inline_tabs",
+    "sphinx_issues",
+    "sphinx_removed_in",
    "sphinxext.opengraph",
 ]

--- a/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py
@ -211,13 +211,16 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    def _open(self):
        if not _accept(self.fp.read(4)):
-            raise SyntaxError("not a DDS file")
+            msg = "not a DDS file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        (header_size,) = struct.unpack("<I", self.fp.read(4))
        if header_size != 124:
-            raise OSError(f"Unsupported header size {repr(header_size)}")
+            msg = f"Unsupported header size {repr(header_size)}"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        header_bytes = self.fp.read(header_size - 4)
        if len(header_bytes) != 120:
-            raise OSError(f"Incomplete header: {len(header_bytes)} bytes")
+            msg = f"Incomplete header: {len(header_bytes)} bytes"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        header = BytesIO(header_bytes)

        flags, height, width = struct.unpack("<3I", header.read(12))
@ -237,7 +240,8 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        elif fourcc == b"DXT5":
            self.decoder = "DXT5"
        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unimplemented pixel format {fourcc}")
+            msg = f"Unimplemented pixel format {fourcc}"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)

        self.tile = [(self.decoder, (0, 0) + self.size, 0, (self.mode, 0, 1))]

@ -252,7 +256,8 @@ class DXT1Decoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
        try:
            self.set_as_raw(_dxt1(self.fd, self.state.xsize, self.state.ysize))
        except struct.error as e:
-            raise OSError("Truncated DDS file") from e
+            msg = "Truncated DDS file"
+            raise OSError(msg) from e
        return -1, 0


@ -263,7 +268,8 @@ class DXT5Decoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
        try:
            self.set_as_raw(_dxt5(self.fd, self.state.xsize, self.state.ysize))
        except struct.error as e:
-            raise OSError("Truncated DDS file") from e
+            msg = "Truncated DDS file"
+            raise OSError(msg) from e
        return -1, 0


--- a/docs/handbook/concepts.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/concepts.rst
@ -24,9 +24,10 @@ To get the number and names of bands in an image, use the
 Modes
 -----

-The ``mode`` of an image is a string which defines the type and depth of a pixel in the image.
-Each pixel uses the full range of the bit depth. So a 1-bit pixel has a range
-of 0-1, an 8-bit pixel has a range of 0-255 and so on. The current release
+The ``mode`` of an image is a string which defines the type and depth of a pixel in the
+image. Each pixel uses the full range of the bit depth. So a 1-bit pixel has a range of
+0-1, an 8-bit pixel has a range of 0-255, a 32-signed integer pixel has the range of
+INT32 and a 32-bit floating point pixel has the range of FLOAT32. The current release
 supports the following standard modes:

    * ``1`` (1-bit pixels, black and white, stored with one pixel per byte)
@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ supports the following standard modes:

    * ``LAB`` (3x8-bit pixels, the L*a*b color space)
    * ``HSV`` (3x8-bit pixels, Hue, Saturation, Value color space)
+
+      * Hue's range of 0-255 is a scaled version of 0 degrees <= Hue < 360 degrees
+
    * ``I`` (32-bit signed integer pixels)
    * ``F`` (32-bit floating point pixels)

@ -60,6 +64,12 @@ Pillow also provides limited support for a few additional modes, including:
    * ``BGR;24`` (24-bit reversed true colour)
    * ``BGR;32`` (32-bit reversed true colour)

+Premultiplied alpha is where the values for each other channel have been
+multiplied by the alpha. For example, an RGBA pixel of ``(10, 20, 30, 127)``
+would convert to an RGBa pixel of ``(5, 10, 15, 127)``. The values of the R,
+G and B channels are halved as a result of the half transparency in the alpha
+channel.
+
 Apart from these additional modes, Pillow doesn't yet support multichannel
 images with a depth of more than 8 bits per channel.

@ -107,6 +117,18 @@ the file format handler (see the chapter on :ref:`image-file-formats`). Most
 handlers add properties to the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` attribute when
 loading an image, but ignore it when saving images.

+Transparency
+------------
+
+If an image does not have an alpha band, transparency may be specified in the
+:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` attribute with a "transparency" key.
+
+Most of the time, the "transparency" value is a single integer, describing
+which pixel value is transparent in a "1", "L", "I" or "P" mode image.
+However, PNG images may have three values, one for each channel in an "RGB"
+mode image, or can have a byte string for a "P" mode image, to specify the
+alpha value for each palette entry.
+
 Orientation
 -----------

--- a/docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst
@ -474,6 +474,11 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

    .. versionadded:: 2.5.0

+**comment**
+    A comment about the image.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 9.4.0
+

 .. note::

@ -563,6 +568,11 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
    encoded using RLCP mode will have increasing resolutions decoded as they
    arrive, and so on.

+**signed**
+    If true, then tell the encoder to save the image as signed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 9.4.0
+
 **cinema_mode**
    Set the encoder to produce output compliant with the digital cinema
    specifications.  The options here are ``"no"`` (the default),
@ -1124,6 +1134,11 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
 **method**
    Quality/speed trade-off (0=fast, 6=slower-better). Defaults to 4.

+**exact**
+    If true, preserve the transparent RGB values. Otherwise, discard
+    invisible RGB values for better compression. Defaults to false.
+    Requires libwebp 0.5.0 or later.
+
 **icc_profile**
    The ICC Profile to include in the saved file. Only supported if
    the system WebP library was built with webpmux support.
--- a/docs/handbook/writing-your-own-image-plugin.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/writing-your-own-image-plugin.rst
@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ true color.
            elif bits == 24:
                self.mode = "RGB"
            else:
-                raise SyntaxError("unknown number of bits")
+                msg = "unknown number of bits"
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)

            # data descriptor
            self.tile = [("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 128, (self.mode, 0, 1))]
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ Pillow for enterprise is available via the Tidelift Subscription. `Learn more <h
   :target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-pillow?utm_source=pypi-pillow&utm_medium=badge
   :alt: Tidelift

-.. image:: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/tidelift.yml/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/tidelift.yml
-   :alt: Tidelift Align
+.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/pillow.svg
+   :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?sort=-opened&can=1&q=proj:pillow
+   :alt: Fuzzing Status

 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pillow.svg
   :target: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/
--- a/docs/installation.rst
+++ b/docs/installation.rst
@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ Pillow supports these Python versions.
   :file: older-versions.csv
   :header-rows: 1

+.. _Linux Installation:
+.. _macOS Installation:
+.. _Windows Installation:
+.. _FreeBSD Installation:
+
 Basic Installation
 ------------------

@ -38,75 +43,73 @@ Install Pillow with :command:`pip`::
    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow


-Windows Installation
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+.. tab:: Linux

-We provide Pillow binaries for Windows compiled for the matrix of
-supported Pythons in both 32 and 64-bit versions in the wheel format.
-These binaries include support for all optional libraries except
-libimagequant and libxcb. Raqm support requires
-FriBiDi to be installed separately::
+    We provide binaries for Linux for each of the supported Python
+    versions in the manylinux wheel format. These include support for all
+    optional libraries except libimagequant. Raqm support requires
+    FriBiDi to be installed separately::

-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow

-To install Pillow in MSYS2, see `Building on Windows using MSYS2/MinGW`_.
+    Most major Linux distributions, including Fedora, Ubuntu and ArchLinux
+    also include Pillow in packages that previously contained PIL e.g.
+    ``python-imaging``. Debian splits it into two packages, ``python3-pil``
+    and ``python3-pil.imagetk``.
+
+.. tab:: macOS
+
+    We provide binaries for macOS for each of the supported Python
+    versions in the wheel format. These include support for all optional
+    libraries except libimagequant. Raqm support requires
+    FriBiDi to be installed separately::
+
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
+
+.. tab:: Windows
+
+    We provide Pillow binaries for Windows compiled for the matrix of
+    supported Pythons in both 32 and 64-bit versions in the wheel format.
+    These binaries include support for all optional libraries except
+    libimagequant and libxcb. Raqm support requires
+    FriBiDi to be installed separately::
+
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+        python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
+
+    To install Pillow in MSYS2, see `Building on Windows using MSYS2/MinGW`_.
+
+.. tab:: FreeBSD
+
+    Pillow can be installed on FreeBSD via the official Ports or Packages systems:
+
+    **Ports**::
+
+        cd /usr/ports/graphics/py-pillow && make install clean
+
+    **Packages**::
+
+        pkg install py38-pillow
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The `Pillow FreeBSD port
+        <https://www.freshports.org/graphics/py-pillow/>`_ and packages
+        are tested by the ports team with all supported FreeBSD versions.


-macOS Installation
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-We provide binaries for macOS for each of the supported Python
-versions in the wheel format. These include support for all optional
-libraries except libimagequant. Raqm support requires
-FriBiDi to be installed separately::
-
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
-
-Linux Installation
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-We provide binaries for Linux for each of the supported Python
-versions in the manylinux wheel format. These include support for all
-optional libraries except libimagequant. Raqm support requires
-FriBiDi to be installed separately::
-
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
-
-Most major Linux distributions, including Fedora, Ubuntu and ArchLinux
-also include Pillow in packages that previously contained PIL e.g.
-``python-imaging``. Debian splits it into two packages, ``python3-pil``
-and ``python3-pil.imagetk``.
-
-FreeBSD Installation
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Pillow can be installed on FreeBSD via the official Ports or Packages systems:
-
-**Ports**::
-
-  cd /usr/ports/graphics/py-pillow && make install clean
-
-**Packages**::
-
-  pkg install py38-pillow
-
-.. note::
-
-    The `Pillow FreeBSD port
-    <https://www.freshports.org/graphics/py-pillow/>`_ and packages
-    are tested by the ports team with all supported FreeBSD versions.
-
+.. _Building on Linux:
+.. _Building on macOS:
+.. _Building on Windows:
+.. _Building on Windows using MSYS2/MinGW:
+.. _Building on FreeBSD:
+.. _Building on Android:

 Building From Source
 --------------------

-Download and extract the `compressed archive from PyPI`_.
-
-.. _compressed archive from PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/
-
 .. _external-libraries:

 External Libraries
@ -140,14 +143,14 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:

 * **libtiff** provides compressed TIFF functionality

-  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **3.x** and **4.0-4.4**
+  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **3.x** and **4.0-4.5**

 * **libfreetype** provides type related services

 * **littlecms** provides color management

  * Pillow version 2.2.1 and below uses liblcms1, Pillow 2.3.0 and
-    above uses liblcms2. Tested with **1.19** and **2.7-2.13.1**.
+    above uses liblcms2. Tested with **1.19** and **2.7-2.14**.

 * **libwebp** provides the WebP format.

@ -191,7 +194,141 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:

 * **libxcb** provides X11 screengrab support.

-Once you have installed the prerequisites, run::
+.. tab:: Linux
+
+    If you didn't build Python from source, make sure you have Python's
+    development libraries installed.
+
+    In Debian or Ubuntu::
+
+        sudo apt-get install python3-dev python3-setuptools
+
+    In Fedora, the command is::
+
+        sudo dnf install python3-devel redhat-rpm-config
+
+    In Alpine, the command is::
+
+        sudo apk add python3-dev py3-setuptools
+
+    .. Note:: ``redhat-rpm-config`` is required on Fedora 23, but not earlier versions.
+
+    Prerequisites for **Ubuntu 16.04 LTS - 22.04 LTS** are installed with::
+
+        sudo apt-get install libtiff5-dev libjpeg8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev zlib1g-dev \
+            libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libwebp-dev tcl8.6-dev tk8.6-dev python3-tk \
+            libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev libxcb1-dev
+
+    To install libraqm, ``sudo apt-get install meson`` and then see
+    ``depends/install_raqm.sh``.
+
+    Prerequisites are installed on recent **Red Hat**, **CentOS** or **Fedora** with::
+
+        sudo dnf install libtiff-devel libjpeg-devel openjpeg2-devel zlib-devel \
+            freetype-devel lcms2-devel libwebp-devel tcl-devel tk-devel \
+            harfbuzz-devel fribidi-devel libraqm-devel libimagequant-devel libxcb-devel
+
+    Note that the package manager may be yum or DNF, depending on the
+    exact distribution.
+
+    Prerequisites are installed for **Alpine** with::
+
+        sudo apk add tiff-dev jpeg-dev openjpeg-dev zlib-dev freetype-dev lcms2-dev \
+            libwebp-dev tcl-dev tk-dev harfbuzz-dev fribidi-dev libimagequant-dev \
+            libxcb-dev libpng-dev
+
+    See also the ``Dockerfile``\s in the Test Infrastructure repo
+    (https://github.com/python-pillow/docker-images) for a known working
+    install process for other tested distros.
+
+.. tab:: macOS
+
+    The Xcode command line tools are required to compile portions of
+    Pillow. The tools are installed by running ``xcode-select --install``
+    from the command line. The command line tools are required even if you
+    have the full Xcode package installed.  It may be necessary to run
+    ``sudo xcodebuild -license`` to accept the license prior to using the
+    tools.
+
+    The easiest way to install external libraries is via `Homebrew
+    <https://brew.sh/>`_. After you install Homebrew, run::
+
+        brew install libjpeg libtiff little-cms2 openjpeg webp
+
+    To install libraqm on macOS use Homebrew to install its dependencies::
+
+        brew install freetype harfbuzz fribidi
+
+    Then see ``depends/install_raqm_cmake.sh`` to install libraqm.
+
+.. tab:: Windows
+
+    We recommend you use prebuilt wheels from PyPI.
+    If you wish to compile Pillow manually, you can use the build scripts
+    in the ``winbuild`` directory used for CI testing and development.
+    These scripts require Visual Studio 2017 or newer and NASM.
+
+    The scripts also install Pillow from the local copy of the source code, so the
+    `Installing`_ instructions will not be necessary afterwards.
+
+.. tab:: Windows using MSYS2/MinGW
+
+    To build Pillow using MSYS2, make sure you run the **MSYS2 MinGW 32-bit** or
+    **MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit** console, *not* **MSYS2** directly.
+
+    The following instructions target the 64-bit build, for 32-bit
+    replace all occurrences of ``mingw-w64-x86_64-`` with ``mingw-w64-i686-``.
+
+    Make sure you have Python and GCC installed::
+
+        pacman -S \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3 \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-pip \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-setuptools
+
+    Prerequisites are installed on **MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit** with::
+
+        pacman -S \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libjpeg-turbo \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-zlib \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libtiff \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-freetype \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-lcms2 \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libwebp \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-openjpeg2 \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm
+
+.. tab:: FreeBSD
+
+    .. Note:: Only FreeBSD 10 and 11 tested
+
+    Make sure you have Python's development libraries installed::
+
+        sudo pkg install python3
+
+    Prerequisites are installed on **FreeBSD 10 or 11** with::
+
+        sudo pkg install jpeg-turbo tiff webp lcms2 freetype2 openjpeg harfbuzz fribidi libxcb
+
+    Then see ``depends/install_raqm_cmake.sh`` to install libraqm.
+
+.. tab:: Android
+
+    Basic Android support has been added for compilation within the Termux
+    environment. The dependencies can be installed by::
+
+        pkg install -y python ndk-sysroot clang make \
+            libjpeg-turbo
+
+    This has been tested within the Termux app on ChromeOS, on x86.
+
+Installing
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Once you have installed the prerequisites, to install Pillow from the source
+code on PyPI, run::

    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow --no-binary :all:
@ -211,9 +348,19 @@ prerequisites, it may be necessary to manually clear the pip cache or
 build without cache using the ``--no-cache-dir`` option to force a
 build with newly installed external libraries.

+If you would like to install from a local copy of the source code instead, you
+can clone from GitHub with ``git clone https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow``
+or download and extract the `compressed archive from PyPI`_.
+
+After navigating to the Pillow directory, run::
+
+    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
+    python3 -m pip install .
+
+.. _compressed archive from PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/#files

 Build Options
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+"""""""""""""

 * Environment variable: ``MAX_CONCURRENCY=n``. Pillow can use
  multiprocessing to build the extension. Setting ``MAX_CONCURRENCY``
@ -256,157 +403,6 @@ Sample usage::

    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow --global-option="build_ext" --global-option="--enable-[feature]"

-
-Building on macOS
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The Xcode command line tools are required to compile portions of
-Pillow. The tools are installed by running ``xcode-select --install``
-from the command line. The command line tools are required even if you
-have the full Xcode package installed.  It may be necessary to run
-``sudo xcodebuild -license`` to accept the license prior to using the
-tools.
-
-The easiest way to install external libraries is via `Homebrew
-<https://brew.sh/>`_. After you install Homebrew, run::
-
-    brew install libjpeg libtiff little-cms2 openjpeg webp
-
-To install libraqm on macOS use Homebrew to install its dependencies::
-
-    brew install freetype harfbuzz fribidi
-
-Then see ``depends/install_raqm_cmake.sh`` to install libraqm.
-
-Now install Pillow with::
-
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow --no-binary :all:
-
-or from within the uncompressed source directory::
-
-    python3 -m pip install .
-
-Building on Windows
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-We recommend you use prebuilt wheels from PyPI.
-If you wish to compile Pillow manually, you can use the build scripts
-in the ``winbuild`` directory used for CI testing and development.
-These scripts require Visual Studio 2017 or newer and NASM.
-
-Building on Windows using MSYS2/MinGW
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-To build Pillow using MSYS2, make sure you run the **MSYS2 MinGW 32-bit** or
-**MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit** console, *not* **MSYS2** directly.
-
-The following instructions target the 64-bit build, for 32-bit
-replace all occurrences of ``mingw-w64-x86_64-`` with ``mingw-w64-i686-``.
-
-Make sure you have Python and GCC installed::
-
-    pacman -S \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-python3 \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-pip \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-setuptools
-
-Prerequisites are installed on **MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit** with::
-
-    pacman -S \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-libjpeg-turbo \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-zlib \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-libtiff \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-freetype \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-lcms2 \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-libwebp \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-openjpeg2 \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
-        mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm
-
-Now install Pillow with::
-
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
-    python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow --no-binary :all:
-
-
-Building on FreeBSD
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. Note:: Only FreeBSD 10 and 11 tested
-
-Make sure you have Python's development libraries installed::
-
-    sudo pkg install python3
-
-Prerequisites are installed on **FreeBSD 10 or 11** with::
-
-    sudo pkg install jpeg-turbo tiff webp lcms2 freetype2 openjpeg harfbuzz fribidi libxcb
-
-Then see ``depends/install_raqm_cmake.sh`` to install libraqm.
-
-
-Building on Linux
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-If you didn't build Python from source, make sure you have Python's
-development libraries installed.
-
-In Debian or Ubuntu::
-
-    sudo apt-get install python3-dev python3-setuptools
-
-In Fedora, the command is::
-
-    sudo dnf install python3-devel redhat-rpm-config
-
-In Alpine, the command is::
-
-    sudo apk add python3-dev py3-setuptools
-
-.. Note:: ``redhat-rpm-config`` is required on Fedora 23, but not earlier versions.
-
-Prerequisites for **Ubuntu 16.04 LTS - 22.04 LTS** are installed with::
-
-    sudo apt-get install libtiff5-dev libjpeg8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev zlib1g-dev \
-        libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libwebp-dev tcl8.6-dev tk8.6-dev python3-tk \
-        libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev libxcb1-dev
-
-To install libraqm, ``sudo apt-get install meson`` and then see
-``depends/install_raqm.sh``.
-
-Prerequisites are installed on recent **Red Hat**, **CentOS** or **Fedora** with::
-
-    sudo dnf install libtiff-devel libjpeg-devel openjpeg2-devel zlib-devel \
-        freetype-devel lcms2-devel libwebp-devel tcl-devel tk-devel \
-        harfbuzz-devel fribidi-devel libraqm-devel libimagequant-devel libxcb-devel
-
-Note that the package manager may be yum or DNF, depending on the
-exact distribution.
-
-Prerequisites are installed for **Alpine** with::
-
-    sudo apk add tiff-dev jpeg-dev openjpeg-dev zlib-dev freetype-dev lcms2-dev \
-        libwebp-dev tcl-dev tk-dev harfbuzz-dev fribidi-dev libimagequant-dev \
-        libxcb-dev libpng-dev
-
-See also the ``Dockerfile``\s in the Test Infrastructure repo
-(https://github.com/python-pillow/docker-images) for a known working
-install process for other tested distros.
-
-Building on Android
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Basic Android support has been added for compilation within the Termux
-environment. The dependencies can be installed by::
-
-    pkg install -y python ndk-sysroot clang make \
-        libjpeg-turbo
-
-This has been tested within the Termux app on ChromeOS, on x86.
-
-
 Platform Support
 ----------------

@ -440,10 +436,10 @@ These platforms are built and tested for every change.
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Debian 11 Bullseye               | 3.9                        | x86                 |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Fedora 35                        | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
-+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Fedora 36                        | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
+| Fedora 37                        | 3.11                       | x86-64              |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Gentoo                           | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | macOS 11 Big Sur                 | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, | x86-64              |
@ -464,7 +460,7 @@ These platforms are built and tested for every change.
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.9 (MinGW)                | x86, x86-64         |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
-|                                  | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 (Cygwin)     | x86-64              |
+|                                  | 3.8, 3.9 (Cygwin)          | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+


@ -482,11 +478,13 @@ These platforms have been reported to work at the versions mentioned.
 | Operating system                 | | Tested Python           | | Latest tested  | | Tested     |
 |                                  | | versions                | | Pillow version | | processors |
 +==================================+===========================+==================+==============+
-| macOS 12 Big Sur                 | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10       | 9.2.0            |arm           |
+| macOS 13 Ventura                 | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 | 9.3.0            |arm           |
+----------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+--------------+
+| macOS 12 Big Sur                 | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 | 9.3.0            |arm           |
 +----------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+--------------+
 | macOS 11 Big Sur                 | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10       | 8.4.0            |arm           |
 |                                  +---------------------------+------------------+--------------+
-|                                  | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10       | 9.2.0            |x86-64        |
+|                                  | 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 | 9.3.0            |x86-64        |
 |                                  +---------------------------+------------------+              |
 |                                  | 3.6                       | 8.4.0            |              |
 +----------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+--------------+
--- a/docs/reference/ExifTags.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ExifTags.rst
@ -4,14 +4,56 @@
 :py:mod:`~PIL.ExifTags` Module
 ==============================

-The :py:mod:`~PIL.ExifTags` module exposes two dictionaries which
-provide constants and clear-text names for various well-known EXIF tags.
+The :py:mod:`~PIL.ExifTags` module exposes several ``enum.IntEnum`` classes
+which provide constants and clear-text names for various well-known EXIF tags.
+
+.. py:data:: Base
+
+    >>> from PIL.ExifTags import Base
+    >>> Base.ImageDescription.value
+    270
+    >>> Base(270).name
+    'ImageDescription'
+
+.. py:data:: GPS
+
+    >>> from PIL.ExifTags import GPS
+    >>> GPS.GPSDestLatitude.value
+    20
+    >>> GPS(20).name
+    'GPSDestLatitude'
+
+.. py:data:: Interop
+
+    >>> from PIL.ExifTags import Interop
+    >>> Interop.RelatedImageFileFormat.value
+    4096
+    >>> Interop(4096).name
+    'RelatedImageFileFormat'
+
+.. py:data:: IFD
+
+    >>> from PIL.ExifTags import IFD
+    >>> IFD.Exif.value
+    34665
+    >>> IFD(34665).name
+    'Exif
+
+.. py:data:: LightSource
+
+    >>> from PIL.ExifTags import LightSource
+    >>> LightSource.Unknown.value
+    0
+    >>> LightSource(0).name
+    'Unknown'
+
+Two of these values are also exposed as dictionaries.

 .. py:data:: TAGS
    :type: dict

    The TAGS dictionary maps 16-bit integer EXIF tag enumerations to
-    descriptive string names.  For instance:
+    descriptive string names. For instance:

        >>> from PIL.ExifTags import TAGS
        >>> TAGS[0x010e]
@ -20,8 +62,8 @@ provide constants and clear-text names for various well-known EXIF tags.
 .. py:data:: GPSTAGS
    :type: dict

-    The GPSTAGS dictionary maps 8-bit integer EXIF gps enumerations to
-    descriptive string names.  For instance:
+    The GPSTAGS dictionary maps 8-bit integer EXIF GPS enumerations to
+    descriptive string names. For instance:

        >>> from PIL.ExifTags import GPSTAGS
        >>> GPSTAGS[20]
--- a/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
@ -139,17 +139,50 @@ Functions
        must be the same as the image mode.  If omitted, the mode
        defaults to the mode of the image.

+Attributes
+----------
+
+.. py:attribute:: ImageDraw.fill
+    :type: bool
+    :value: False
+
+    Selects whether :py:attr:`ImageDraw.ink` should be used as a fill or outline color.
+
+.. py:attribute:: ImageDraw.font
+
+    The current default font.
+
+    Can be set per instance::
+
+        from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
+        draw.font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+
+    Or globally for all future ImageDraw instances::
+
+        from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
+        ImageDraw.ImageDraw.font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+
+.. py:attribute:: ImageDraw.fontmode
+
+    The current font drawing mode.
+
+    Set to ``"1"`` to disable antialiasing or ``"L"`` to enable it.
+
+.. py:attribute:: ImageDraw.ink
+    :type: int
+
+    The internal representation of the current default color.
+
 Methods
 -------

 .. py:method:: ImageDraw.getfont()

-    Get the current default font.
+    Get the current default font, :py:attr:`ImageDraw.font`.

-    To set the default font for all future ImageDraw instances::
-
-        from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
-        ImageDraw.ImageDraw.font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+    If the current default font is ``None``,
+    it is initialized with :py:func:`.ImageFont.load_default`.

    :returns: An image font.

--- a/docs/releasenotes/9.3.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/9.3.0.rst
@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 9.3.0
 -----

-Backwards Incompatible Changes
-==============================
-
 API Additions
 =============

@ -32,10 +29,23 @@ Additional images can also be appended when saving, by combining the

    im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im1, im2, ...])

+Added ExifTags enums
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The data from :py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.TAGS` and
+:py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.GPSTAGS` is now also exposed as ``enum.IntEnum``
+classes: :py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.Base` and :py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.GPS`.
+

 Security
 ========

+Initialize libtiff buffer when saving
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When saving a TIFF image to a file object using libtiff, the buffer was not
+initialized. This behaviour introduced in Pillow 2.0.0, and has now been fixed.
+
 Decode JPEG compressed BLP1 data in original mode
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@ -43,18 +53,55 @@ Within the BLP image format, BLP1 data may use JPEG compression. Instead of
 telling the JPEG library that this data is in BGRX mode, Pillow will now
 decode the data in its natural CMYK mode, then convert it to RGB and rearrange
 the channels afterwards. Trying to load the data in an incorrect mode could
-result in a segmentation fault.
+result in a segmentation fault. This issue was introduced in Pillow 9.1.0.
+
+Limit SAMPLESPERPIXEL to avoid runtime DOS
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A large value in the ``SAMPLESPERPIXEL`` tag could lead to a memory and runtime DOS in
+``TiffImagePlugin.py`` when setting up the context for image decoding.
+This was introduced in Pillow 9.2.0, found with `OSS-Fuzz`_ and fixed by limiting
+``SAMPLESPERPIXEL`` to the number of planes that we can decode.
+

 Other Changes
 =============

+Python 3.11 wheels
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pillow 9.2.0 had wheels built against Python 3.11 beta, available as a preview to help
+others prepare for 3.11, and ensure Pillow can be used immediately on release day of
+3.11.0 final (2022-10-24, :pep:`664`).
+
+Pillow 9.3.0 now officially includes binary wheels for Python 3.11 final.
+
+Windows wheels
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+This release contains wheels for Windows built using GitHub Actions.
+
+Previously they were built by `Christoph Gohlke <https://www.cgohlke.com/>`_.
+
+A huge thanks to Christoph for building Windows binaries for us for around a decade,
+plus testing, and fixing over a hundred bug fixes along the way, in addition to building
+and hosting unofficial Windows binaries for hundreds of Python projects!
+
 Added DDS ATI1, ATI2 and BC6H reading
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 Support has been added to read the ATI1, ATI2 and BC6H formats of DDS images.

+Release GIL when converting images using matrix operations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Python's Global Interpreter Lock is now released when converting images using matrix
+operations.
+
 Show all frames with ImageShow
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 When calling :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.show` or using
 :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageShow`, all frames will now be shown.
+
+.. _OSS-Fuzz: https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz
--- a/docs/releasenotes/9.4.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/9.4.0.rst
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+9.4.0
+-----
+
+Backwards Incompatible Changes
+==============================
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+Deprecations
+============
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+API Changes
+===========
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+API Additions
+=============
+
+Added start position for getmask and getmask2
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Text may render differently when starting at fractional coordinates, so
+:py:meth:`.FreeTypeFont.getmask` and :py:meth:`.FreeTypeFont.getmask2` now
+support a ``start`` argument. This tuple of horizontal and vertical offset
+will be used internally by :py:meth:`.ImageDraw.text` to more accurately place
+text at the ``xy`` coordinates.
+
+Added the ``exact`` encoding option for WebP
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``exact`` encoding option for WebP is now supported. The WebP encoder
+removes the hidden RGB values for better compression by default in libwebp 0.5
+or later. By setting this option to ``True``, the encoder will keep the hidden
+RGB values.
+
+Added ``signed`` option when saving JPEG2000
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If the ``signed`` keyword argument is present and true when saving JPEG2000
+images, then tell the encoder to save the image as signed.
+
+Added IFD, Interop and LightSource ExifTags enums
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+:py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.IFD` has been added, allowing enums to be used with
+:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Exif.get_ifd`::
+
+    from PIL import Image, ExifTags
+    im = Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg")
+    print(im.getexif().get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.Exif))
+
+``IFD1`` can also be used with :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Exif.get_ifd`, but it should
+not be used in other contexts, as the enum value is only internally meaningful.
+
+:py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.Interop` has been added for tags within the Interop IFD::
+
+    from PIL import Image, ExifTags
+    im = Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg")
+    interop_ifd = im.getexif().get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.Interop)
+    print(interop_ifd.get(ExifTags.Interop.InteropIndex))  # R98
+
+:py:data:`~PIL.ExifTags.LightSource` has been added for values within the LightSource
+tag::
+
+    from PIL import Image, ExifTags
+    im = Image.open("Tests/images/iptc.jpg")
+    exif_ifd = im.getexif().get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.Exif)
+    print(ExifTags.LightSource(exif_ifd[0x9208]))  # LightSource.Unknown
+
+getxmp()
+^^^^^^^^
+
+`XMP data <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform>`_ can now be
+decoded for WEBP images through ``getxmp()``.
+
+Writing JPEG comments
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When saving a JPEG image, a comment can now be written from
+:py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info`, or by using an argument when saving::
+
+    im.save(out, comment="Test comment")
+
+Security
+========
+
+TODO
+^^^^
+
+TODO
+
+Other Changes
+=============
+
+Added support for DDS L and LA images
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Support has been added to read and write L and LA DDS images in the uncompressed
+format, known as "luminance" textures.
--- a/docs/releasenotes/index.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/index.rst
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ expected to be backported to earlier versions.
 .. toctree::
  :maxdepth: 2

+  9.4.0
  9.3.0
  9.2.0
  9.1.1
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ docs =
    olefile
    sphinx>=2.4
    sphinx-copybutton
+    sphinx-inline-tabs
    sphinx-issues>=3.0.1
    sphinx-removed-in
    sphinxext-opengraph
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import warnings

-from setuptools import Extension
-from setuptools import __version__ as setuptools_version
-from setuptools import setup
+from setuptools import Extension, setup
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext


@ -364,15 +362,15 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
                self.feature.required.discard(x)
                _dbg("Disabling %s", x)
                if getattr(self, f"enable_{x}"):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f"Conflicting options: --enable-{x} and --disable-{x}"
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Conflicting options: --enable-{x} and --disable-{x}"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
                if x == "freetype":
                    _dbg("--disable-freetype implies --disable-raqm")
                    if getattr(self, "enable_raqm"):
-                        raise ValueError(
+                        msg = (
                            "Conflicting options: --enable-raqm and --disable-freetype"
                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
                    setattr(self, "disable_raqm", True)
            if getattr(self, f"enable_{x}"):
                _dbg("Requiring %s", x)
@ -383,13 +381,11 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
        for x in ("raqm", "fribidi"):
            if getattr(self, f"vendor_{x}"):
                if getattr(self, "disable_raqm"):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f"Conflicting options: --vendor-{x} and --disable-raqm"
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Conflicting options: --vendor-{x} and --disable-raqm"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
                if x == "fribidi" and not getattr(self, "vendor_raqm"):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f"Conflicting options: --vendor-{x} and not --vendor-raqm"
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Conflicting options: --vendor-{x} and not --vendor-raqm"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
                _dbg("Using vendored version of %s", x)
                self.feature.vendor.add(x)

@ -852,7 +848,6 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
            sys.platform == "win32"
            and sys.version_info < (3, 9)
            and not (PLATFORM_PYPY or PLATFORM_MINGW)
-            and int(setuptools_version.split(".")[0]) < 60
        ):
            defs.append(("PILLOW_VERSION", f'"\\"{PILLOW_VERSION}\\""'))
        else:
--- a/src/PIL/AniImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/AniImagePlugin.py
@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ def _save_frame(im: Image.Image, fp: BytesIO, filename: str, info: dict):
    h = info.get("hotspots", [(0, 0) for _ in range(len(s))])

    if len(h) != len(s):
-        raise ValueError("Number of hotspots must be equal to number of cursor sizes")
+        msg = "Number of hotspots must be equal to number of cursor sizes"
+        raise ValueError(msg)

    # sort and remove duplicate sizes
    sizes, hotspots = [], []
@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im: Image.Image, fp: BytesIO, filename: str):
        seq_offset = fp.tell()
        for i in seq:
            if i >= len(frames):
-                raise ValueError("Sequence index out of animation frame bounds")
+                msg = "Sequence index out of animation frame bounds"
+                raise ValueError(msg)

            fp.write(o32(i))

@ -172,10 +174,12 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(im: Image.Image, fp: BytesIO, filename: str):

        if seq:
            if len(rate) != len(seq):
-                raise ValueError("Length of rate must match length of sequence")
+                msg = "Length of rate must match length of sequence"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
        else:
            if len(rate) != len(frames):
-                raise ValueError("Length of rate must match number of frames")
+                msg = "Length of rate must match number of frames"
+                raise ValueError(msg)

        for r in rate:
            fp.write(o32(r))
@ -220,12 +224,14 @@ def _write_info(im: Image.Image, fp: BytesIO, filename: str):
    if isinstance(inam, str):
        inam = inam.encode()
    if not isinstance(inam, bytes):
-        raise TypeError("'inam' argument must be either a string or bytes")
+        msg = "'inam' argument must be either a string or bytes"
+        raise TypeError(msg)

    if isinstance(iart, str):
        iart = iart.encode()
    if not isinstance(iart, bytes):
-        raise TypeError("'iart' argument must be either a string or bytes")
+        msg = "'iart' argument must be either a string or bytes"
+        raise TypeError(msg)

    fp.write(b"INFO")
    fp.write(b"INAM" + o32(0))
@ -335,7 +341,8 @@ class AniFile:
                    listOffset = listOffset + lSize + 8

        if self.anih is None:
-            raise SyntaxError("not an ANI file")
+            msg = "not an ANI file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        if self.seq is None:
            self.seq = [i for i in range(self.anih["nFrames"])]
@ -345,7 +352,8 @@ class AniFile:

    def frame(self, frame):
        if frame > self.anih["nFrames"]:
-            raise EOFError("Frame index out of animation bounds")
+            msg = "Frame index out of animation bounds"
+            raise EOFError(msg)

        offset, size = self.image_data[frame].values()
        self.buf.seek(offset)
@ -406,7 +414,8 @@ class AniImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
    @size.setter
    def size(self, value):
        if value not in self.info["sizes"]:
-            raise ValueError("This is not one of the allowed sizes of this image")
+            msg = "This is not one of the allowed sizes of this image"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
        self._size = value

    def load(self):
@ -419,7 +428,8 @@ class AniImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
    def seek(self, frame):

        if frame > self.info["frames"] - 1 or frame < 0:
-            raise EOFError("Frame index out of animation bounds")
+            msg = "Frame index out of animation bounds"
+            raise EOFError(msg)

        self.frame = frame
        self.load()
--- a/src/PIL/BdfFontFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/BdfFontFile.py
@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ class BdfFontFile(FontFile.FontFile):

        s = fp.readline()
        if s[:13] != b"STARTFONT 2.1":
-            raise SyntaxError("not a valid BDF file")
+            msg = "not a valid BDF file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        props = {}
        comments = []
--- a/src/PIL/BlpImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/BlpImagePlugin.py
@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ def __getattr__(name):
            if name in enum.__members__:
                deprecate(f"{prefix}{name}", 10, f"{enum.__name__}.{name}")
                return enum[name]
-    raise AttributeError(f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")
+    msg = f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'"
+    raise AttributeError(msg)


 def unpack_565(i):
@ -278,7 +279,8 @@ class BlpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        if self.magic in (b"BLP1", b"BLP2"):
            decoder = self.magic.decode()
        else:
-            raise BLPFormatError(f"Bad BLP magic {repr(self.magic)}")
+            msg = f"Bad BLP magic {repr(self.magic)}"
+            raise BLPFormatError(msg)

        self.mode = "RGBA" if self._blp_alpha_depth else "RGB"
        self.tile = [(decoder, (0, 0) + self.size, 0, (self.mode, 0, 1))]
@ -292,7 +294,8 @@ class _BLPBaseDecoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
            self._read_blp_header()
            self._load()
        except struct.error as e:
-            raise OSError("Truncated BLP file") from e
+            msg = "Truncated BLP file"
+            raise OSError(msg) from e
        return -1, 0

    def _read_blp_header(self):
@ -354,13 +357,11 @@ class BLP1Decoder(_BLPBaseDecoder):
                data = self._read_bgra(palette)
                self.set_as_raw(bytes(data))
            else:
-                raise BLPFormatError(
-                    f"Unsupported BLP encoding {repr(self._blp_encoding)}"
-                )
+                msg = f"Unsupported BLP encoding {repr(self._blp_encoding)}"
+                raise BLPFormatError(msg)
        else:
-            raise BLPFormatError(
-                f"Unsupported BLP compression {repr(self._blp_encoding)}"
-            )
+            msg = f"Unsupported BLP compression {repr(self._blp_encoding)}"
+            raise BLPFormatError(msg)

    def _decode_jpeg_stream(self):
        from .JpegImagePlugin import JpegImageFile
@ -373,6 +374,9 @@ class BLP1Decoder(_BLPBaseDecoder):
        data = BytesIO(data)
        image = JpegImageFile(data)
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(image.size)
+        if image.mode == "CMYK":
+            decoder_name, extents, offset, args = image.tile[0]
+            image.tile = [(decoder_name, extents, offset, (args[0], "CMYK"))]
        r, g, b = image.convert("RGB").split()
        image = Image.merge("RGB", (b, g, r))
        self.set_as_raw(image.tobytes())
@ -412,16 +416,15 @@ class BLP2Decoder(_BLPBaseDecoder):
                        for d in decode_dxt5(self._safe_read(linesize)):
                            data += d
                else:
-                    raise BLPFormatError(
-                        f"Unsupported alpha encoding {repr(self._blp_alpha_encoding)}"
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Unsupported alpha encoding {repr(self._blp_alpha_encoding)}"
+                    raise BLPFormatError(msg)
            else:
-                raise BLPFormatError(f"Unknown BLP encoding {repr(self._blp_encoding)}")
+                msg = f"Unknown BLP encoding {repr(self._blp_encoding)}"
+                raise BLPFormatError(msg)

        else:
-            raise BLPFormatError(
-                f"Unknown BLP compression {repr(self._blp_compression)}"
-            )
+            msg = f"Unknown BLP compression {repr(self._blp_compression)}"
+            raise BLPFormatError(msg)

        self.set_as_raw(bytes(data))

@ -457,7 +460,8 @@ class BLPEncoder(ImageFile.PyEncoder):

 def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
    if im.mode != "P":
-        raise ValueError("Unsupported BLP image mode")
+        msg = "Unsupported BLP image mode"
+        raise ValueError(msg)

    magic = b"BLP1" if im.encoderinfo.get("blp_version") == "BLP1" else b"BLP2"
    fp.write(magic)
--- a/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py
@ -146,7 +146,8 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                    file_info["a_mask"],
                )
        else:
-            raise OSError(f"Unsupported BMP header type ({file_info['header_size']})")
+            msg = f"Unsupported BMP header type ({file_info['header_size']})"
+            raise OSError(msg)

        # ------------------ Special case : header is reported 40, which
        # ---------------------- is shorter than real size for bpp >= 16
@ -164,7 +165,8 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        # ---------------------- Check bit depth for unusual unsupported values
        self.mode, raw_mode = BIT2MODE.get(file_info["bits"], (None, None))
        if self.mode is None:
-            raise OSError(f"Unsupported BMP pixel depth ({file_info['bits']})")
+            msg = f"Unsupported BMP pixel depth ({file_info['bits']})"
+            raise OSError(msg)

        # ---------------- Process BMP with Bitfields compression (not palette)
        decoder_name = "raw"
@ -205,9 +207,11 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                ):
                    raw_mode = MASK_MODES[(file_info["bits"], file_info["rgb_mask"])]
                else:
-                    raise OSError("Unsupported BMP bitfields layout")
+                    msg = "Unsupported BMP bitfields layout"
+                    raise OSError(msg)
            else:
-                raise OSError("Unsupported BMP bitfields layout")
+                msg = "Unsupported BMP bitfields layout"
+                raise OSError(msg)
        elif file_info["compression"] == self.RAW:
            try:
                if file_info["bits"] == 32 and self.alpha:
@ -217,14 +221,16 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        elif file_info["compression"] in (self.RLE8, self.RLE4):
            decoder_name = "bmp_rle"
        else:
-            raise OSError(f"Unsupported BMP compression ({file_info['compression']})")
+            msg = f"Unsupported BMP compression ({file_info['compression']})"
+            raise OSError(msg)

        # --------------- Once the header is processed, process the palette/LUT
        if self.mode == "P":  # Paletted for 1, 4 and 8 bit images

            # ---------------------------------------------------- 1-bit images
            if not (0 < file_info["colors"] <= 65536):
-                raise OSError(f"Unsupported BMP Palette size ({file_info['colors']})")
+                msg = f"Unsupported BMP Palette size ({file_info['colors']})"
+                raise OSError(msg)
            else:
                padding = file_info["palette_padding"]
                palette = read(padding * file_info["colors"])
@ -274,7 +280,8 @@ class BmpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        head_data = self.fp.read(14)
        # choke if the file does not have the required magic bytes
        if not _accept(head_data):
-            raise SyntaxError("Not a BMP file")
+            msg = "Not a BMP file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        # read the start position of the BMP image data (u32)
        offset = i32(head_data, 10)
        # load bitmap information (offset=raster info)
@ -386,7 +393,8 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, bitmap_header=True):
    try:
        rawmode, bits, colors = SAVE[im.mode]
    except KeyError as e:
-        raise OSError(f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as BMP") from e
+        msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as BMP"
+        raise OSError(msg) from e

    info = im.encoderinfo

@ -414,7 +422,8 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, bitmap_header=True):
        offset = 14 + header + colors * 4
        file_size = offset + image
        if file_size > 2**32 - 1:
-            raise ValueError("File size is too large for the BMP format")
+            msg = "File size is too large for the BMP format"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
        fp.write(
            b"BM"  # file type (magic)
            + o32(file_size)  # file size
--- a/src/PIL/BufrStubImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/BufrStubImagePlugin.py
@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ class BufrStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):
        offset = self.fp.tell()

        if not _accept(self.fp.read(4)):
-            raise SyntaxError("Not a BUFR file")
+            msg = "Not a BUFR file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        self.fp.seek(offset)

@ -60,7 +61,8 @@ class BufrStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):

 def _save(im, fp, filename):
    if _handler is None or not hasattr(_handler, "save"):
-        raise OSError("BUFR save handler not installed")
+        msg = "BUFR save handler not installed"
+        raise OSError(msg)
    _handler.save(im, fp, filename)


--- a/src/PIL/CurImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/CurImagePlugin.py
@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: BytesIO, filename: str):
    h = im.encoderinfo.get("hotspots", [(0, 0) for i in range(len(s))])

    if len(h) != len(s):
-        raise ValueError("Number of hotspots must be equal to number of cursor sizes")
+        msg = "Number of hotspots must be equal to number of cursor sizes"
+        raise ValueError(msg)

    # sort and remove duplicate sizes
    sizes, hotspots = [], []
@ -117,7 +118,8 @@ class CurFile(IcoImagePlugin.IcoFile):
        # check if CUR
        s = buf.read(6)
        if not _accept(s):
-            raise SyntaxError("not a CUR file")
+            msg = "not a CUR file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        self.buf = buf
        self.entry = []
@ -211,7 +213,8 @@ class CurImageFile(IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile):
        if len(self.ico.entry) > 0:
            self.size = self.ico.entry[0]["dim"]
        else:
-            raise TypeError("No cursors were found")
+            msg = "No cursors were found"
+            raise TypeError(msg)
        self.load()


--- a/src/PIL/DcxImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/DcxImagePlugin.py
@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ class DcxImageFile(PcxImageFile):
        # Header
        s = self.fp.read(4)
        if not _accept(s):
-            raise SyntaxError("not a DCX file")
+            msg = "not a DCX file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        # Component directory
        self._offset = []
--- a/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
@ -114,13 +114,16 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    def _open(self):
        if not _accept(self.fp.read(4)):
-            raise SyntaxError("not a DDS file")
+            msg = "not a DDS file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        (header_size,) = struct.unpack("<I", self.fp.read(4))
        if header_size != 124:
-            raise OSError(f"Unsupported header size {repr(header_size)}")
+            msg = f"Unsupported header size {repr(header_size)}"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        header_bytes = self.fp.read(header_size - 4)
        if len(header_bytes) != 120:
-            raise OSError(f"Incomplete header: {len(header_bytes)} bytes")
+            msg = f"Incomplete header: {len(header_bytes)} bytes"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        header = BytesIO(header_bytes)

        flags, height, width = struct.unpack("<3I", header.read(12))
@ -135,11 +138,19 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        fourcc = header.read(4)
        (bitcount,) = struct.unpack("<I", header.read(4))
        masks = struct.unpack("<4I", header.read(16))
-        if pfflags & DDPF_RGB:
+        if pfflags & DDPF_LUMINANCE:
+            # Texture contains uncompressed L or LA data
+            if pfflags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS:
+                self.mode = "LA"
+            else:
+                self.mode = "L"
+
+            self.tile = [("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 0, (self.mode, 0, 1))]
+        elif pfflags & DDPF_RGB:
            # Texture contains uncompressed RGB data
            masks = {mask: ["R", "G", "B", "A"][i] for i, mask in enumerate(masks)}
            rawmode = ""
-            if bitcount == 32:
+            if pfflags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS:
                rawmode += masks[0xFF000000]
            else:
                self.mode = "RGB"
@ -208,11 +219,11 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                        self.info["gamma"] = 1 / 2.2
                    return
                else:
-                    raise NotImplementedError(
-                        f"Unimplemented DXGI format {dxgi_format}"
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Unimplemented DXGI format {dxgi_format}"
+                    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
            else:
-                raise NotImplementedError(f"Unimplemented pixel format {repr(fourcc)}")
+                msg = f"Unimplemented pixel format {repr(fourcc)}"
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)

            self.tile = [
                ("bcn", (0, 0) + self.size, data_start, (n, self.pixel_format))
@ -223,8 +234,24 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):


 def _save(im, fp, filename):
-    if im.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
-        raise OSError(f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as DDS")
+    if im.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA", "L", "LA"):
+        msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as DDS"
+        raise OSError(msg)
+
+    rawmode = im.mode
+    masks = [0xFF0000, 0xFF00, 0xFF]
+    if im.mode in ("L", "LA"):
+        pixel_flags = DDPF_LUMINANCE
+    else:
+        pixel_flags = DDPF_RGB
+        rawmode = rawmode[::-1]
+    if im.mode in ("LA", "RGBA"):
+        pixel_flags |= DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS
+        masks.append(0xFF000000)
+
+    bitcount = len(masks) * 8
+    while len(masks) < 4:
+        masks.append(0)

    fp.write(
        o32(DDS_MAGIC)
@ -234,18 +261,15 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
        )  # flags
        + o32(im.height)
        + o32(im.width)
-        + o32((im.width * (32 if im.mode == "RGBA" else 24) + 7) // 8)  # pitch
+        + o32((im.width * bitcount + 7) // 8)  # pitch
        + o32(0)  # depth
        + o32(0)  # mipmaps
        + o32(0) * 11  # reserved
        + o32(32)  # pfsize
-        + o32(DDS_RGBA if im.mode == "RGBA" else DDPF_RGB)  # pfflags
+        + o32(pixel_flags)  # pfflags
        + o32(0)  # fourcc
-        + o32(32 if im.mode == "RGBA" else 24)  # bitcount
-        + o32(0xFF0000)  # rbitmask
-        + o32(0xFF00)  # gbitmask
-        + o32(0xFF)  # bbitmask
-        + o32(0xFF000000 if im.mode == "RGBA" else 0)  # abitmask
+        + o32(bitcount)  # bitcount
+        + b"".join(o32(mask) for mask in masks)  # rgbabitmask
        + o32(DDSCAPS_TEXTURE)  # dwCaps
        + o32(0)  # dwCaps2
        + o32(0)  # dwCaps3
@ -255,7 +279,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
    if im.mode == "RGBA":
        r, g, b, a = im.split()
        im = Image.merge("RGBA", (a, r, g, b))
-    ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (im.mode[::-1], 0, 1))])
+    ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (rawmode, 0, 1))])


 def _accept(prefix):
--- a/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py
@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ def Ghostscript(tile, size, fp, scale=1, transparency=False):

    if gs_windows_binary is not None:
        if not gs_windows_binary:
-            raise OSError("Unable to locate Ghostscript on paths")
+            msg = "Unable to locate Ghostscript on paths"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        command[0] = gs_windows_binary

    # push data through Ghostscript
@ -229,12 +230,14 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        while s_raw:
            if s:
                if len(s) > 255:
-                    raise SyntaxError("not an EPS file")
+                    msg = "not an EPS file"
+                    raise SyntaxError(msg)

                try:
                    m = split.match(s)
                except re.error as e:
-                    raise SyntaxError("not an EPS file") from e
+                    msg = "not an EPS file"
+                    raise SyntaxError(msg) from e

                if m:
                    k, v = m.group(1, 2)
@ -268,7 +271,8 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                        # tools mistakenly put in the Comments section
                        pass
                    else:
-                        raise OSError("bad EPS header")
+                        msg = "bad EPS header"
+                        raise OSError(msg)

            s_raw = fp.readline()
            s = s_raw.strip("\r\n")
@ -282,7 +286,8 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        while s[:1] == "%":

            if len(s) > 255:
-                raise SyntaxError("not an EPS file")
+                msg = "not an EPS file"
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)

            if s[:11] == "%ImageData:":
                # Encoded bitmapped image.
@ -306,7 +311,8 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                break

        if not box:
-            raise OSError("cannot determine EPS bounding box")
+            msg = "cannot determine EPS bounding box"
+            raise OSError(msg)

    def _find_offset(self, fp):

@ -326,7 +332,8 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
            offset = i32(s, 4)
            length = i32(s, 8)
        else:
-            raise SyntaxError("not an EPS file")
+            msg = "not an EPS file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        return length, offset

@ -365,7 +372,8 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, eps=1):
    elif im.mode == "CMYK":
        operator = (8, 4, b"false 4 colorimage")
    else:
-        raise ValueError("image mode is not supported")
+        msg = "image mode is not supported"
+        raise ValueError(msg)

    if eps:
        #
--- a/src/PIL/ExifTags.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ExifTags.py
@ -14,318 +14,367 @@ This module provides constants and clear-text names for various
 well-known EXIF tags.
 """

+from enum import IntEnum

-TAGS = {
+
+class Base(IntEnum):
    # possibly incomplete
-    0x0001: "InteropIndex",
-    0x000B: "ProcessingSoftware",
-    0x00FE: "NewSubfileType",
-    0x00FF: "SubfileType",
-    0x0100: "ImageWidth",
-    0x0101: "ImageLength",
-    0x0102: "BitsPerSample",
-    0x0103: "Compression",
-    0x0106: "PhotometricInterpretation",
-    0x0107: "Thresholding",
-    0x0108: "CellWidth",
-    0x0109: "CellLength",
-    0x010A: "FillOrder",
-    0x010D: "DocumentName",
-    0x010E: "ImageDescription",
-    0x010F: "Make",
-    0x0110: "Model",
-    0x0111: "StripOffsets",
-    0x0112: "Orientation",
-    0x0115: "SamplesPerPixel",
-    0x0116: "RowsPerStrip",
-    0x0117: "StripByteCounts",
-    0x0118: "MinSampleValue",
-    0x0119: "MaxSampleValue",
-    0x011A: "XResolution",
-    0x011B: "YResolution",
-    0x011C: "PlanarConfiguration",
-    0x011D: "PageName",
-    0x0120: "FreeOffsets",
-    0x0121: "FreeByteCounts",
-    0x0122: "GrayResponseUnit",
-    0x0123: "GrayResponseCurve",
-    0x0124: "T4Options",
-    0x0125: "T6Options",
-    0x0128: "ResolutionUnit",
-    0x0129: "PageNumber",
-    0x012D: "TransferFunction",
-    0x0131: "Software",
-    0x0132: "DateTime",
-    0x013B: "Artist",
-    0x013C: "HostComputer",
-    0x013D: "Predictor",
-    0x013E: "WhitePoint",
-    0x013F: "PrimaryChromaticities",
-    0x0140: "ColorMap",
-    0x0141: "HalftoneHints",
-    0x0142: "TileWidth",
-    0x0143: "TileLength",
-    0x0144: "TileOffsets",
-    0x0145: "TileByteCounts",
-    0x014A: "SubIFDs",
-    0x014C: "InkSet",
-    0x014D: "InkNames",
-    0x014E: "NumberOfInks",
-    0x0150: "DotRange",
-    0x0151: "TargetPrinter",
-    0x0152: "ExtraSamples",
-    0x0153: "SampleFormat",
-    0x0154: "SMinSampleValue",
-    0x0155: "SMaxSampleValue",
-    0x0156: "TransferRange",
-    0x0157: "ClipPath",
-    0x0158: "XClipPathUnits",
-    0x0159: "YClipPathUnits",
-    0x015A: "Indexed",
-    0x015B: "JPEGTables",
-    0x015F: "OPIProxy",
-    0x0200: "JPEGProc",
-    0x0201: "JpegIFOffset",
-    0x0202: "JpegIFByteCount",
-    0x0203: "JpegRestartInterval",
-    0x0205: "JpegLosslessPredictors",
-    0x0206: "JpegPointTransforms",
-    0x0207: "JpegQTables",
-    0x0208: "JpegDCTables",
-    0x0209: "JpegACTables",
-    0x0211: "YCbCrCoefficients",
-    0x0212: "YCbCrSubSampling",
-    0x0213: "YCbCrPositioning",
-    0x0214: "ReferenceBlackWhite",
-    0x02BC: "XMLPacket",
-    0x1000: "RelatedImageFileFormat",
-    0x1001: "RelatedImageWidth",
-    0x1002: "RelatedImageLength",
-    0x4746: "Rating",
-    0x4749: "RatingPercent",
-    0x800D: "ImageID",
-    0x828D: "CFARepeatPatternDim",
-    0x828E: "CFAPattern",
-    0x828F: "BatteryLevel",
-    0x8298: "Copyright",
-    0x829A: "ExposureTime",
-    0x829D: "FNumber",
-    0x83BB: "IPTCNAA",
-    0x8649: "ImageResources",
-    0x8769: "ExifOffset",
-    0x8773: "InterColorProfile",
-    0x8822: "ExposureProgram",
-    0x8824: "SpectralSensitivity",
-    0x8825: "GPSInfo",
-    0x8827: "ISOSpeedRatings",
-    0x8828: "OECF",
-    0x8829: "Interlace",
-    0x882A: "TimeZoneOffset",
-    0x882B: "SelfTimerMode",
-    0x8830: "SensitivityType",
-    0x8831: "StandardOutputSensitivity",
-    0x8832: "RecommendedExposureIndex",
-    0x8833: "ISOSpeed",
-    0x8834: "ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy",
-    0x8835: "ISOSpeedLatitudezzz",
-    0x9000: "ExifVersion",
-    0x9003: "DateTimeOriginal",
-    0x9004: "DateTimeDigitized",
-    0x9010: "OffsetTime",
-    0x9011: "OffsetTimeOriginal",
-    0x9012: "OffsetTimeDigitized",
-    0x9101: "ComponentsConfiguration",
-    0x9102: "CompressedBitsPerPixel",
-    0x9201: "ShutterSpeedValue",
-    0x9202: "ApertureValue",
-    0x9203: "BrightnessValue",
-    0x9204: "ExposureBiasValue",
-    0x9205: "MaxApertureValue",
-    0x9206: "SubjectDistance",
-    0x9207: "MeteringMode",
-    0x9208: "LightSource",
-    0x9209: "Flash",
-    0x920A: "FocalLength",
-    0x920B: "FlashEnergy",
+    InteropIndex = 0x0001
+    ProcessingSoftware = 0x000B
+    NewSubfileType = 0x00FE
+    SubfileType = 0x00FF
+    ImageWidth = 0x0100
+    ImageLength = 0x0101
+    BitsPerSample = 0x0102
+    Compression = 0x0103
+    PhotometricInterpretation = 0x0106
+    Thresholding = 0x0107
+    CellWidth = 0x0108
+    CellLength = 0x0109
+    FillOrder = 0x010A
+    DocumentName = 0x010D
+    ImageDescription = 0x010E
+    Make = 0x010F
+    Model = 0x0110
+    StripOffsets = 0x0111
+    Orientation = 0x0112
+    SamplesPerPixel = 0x0115
+    RowsPerStrip = 0x0116
+    StripByteCounts = 0x0117
+    MinSampleValue = 0x0118
+    MaxSampleValue = 0x0119
+    XResolution = 0x011A
+    YResolution = 0x011B
+    PlanarConfiguration = 0x011C
+    PageName = 0x011D
+    FreeOffsets = 0x0120
+    FreeByteCounts = 0x0121
+    GrayResponseUnit = 0x0122
+    GrayResponseCurve = 0x0123
+    T4Options = 0x0124
+    T6Options = 0x0125
+    ResolutionUnit = 0x0128
+    PageNumber = 0x0129
+    TransferFunction = 0x012D
+    Software = 0x0131
+    DateTime = 0x0132
+    Artist = 0x013B
+    HostComputer = 0x013C
+    Predictor = 0x013D
+    WhitePoint = 0x013E
+    PrimaryChromaticities = 0x013F
+    ColorMap = 0x0140
+    HalftoneHints = 0x0141
+    TileWidth = 0x0142
+    TileLength = 0x0143
+    TileOffsets = 0x0144
+    TileByteCounts = 0x0145
+    SubIFDs = 0x014A
+    InkSet = 0x014C
+    InkNames = 0x014D
+    NumberOfInks = 0x014E
+    DotRange = 0x0150
+    TargetPrinter = 0x0151
+    ExtraSamples = 0x0152
+    SampleFormat = 0x0153
+    SMinSampleValue = 0x0154
+    SMaxSampleValue = 0x0155
+    TransferRange = 0x0156
+    ClipPath = 0x0157
+    XClipPathUnits = 0x0158
+    YClipPathUnits = 0x0159
+    Indexed = 0x015A
+    JPEGTables = 0x015B
+    OPIProxy = 0x015F
+    JPEGProc = 0x0200
+    JpegIFOffset = 0x0201
+    JpegIFByteCount = 0x0202
+    JpegRestartInterval = 0x0203
+    JpegLosslessPredictors = 0x0205
+    JpegPointTransforms = 0x0206
+    JpegQTables = 0x0207
+    JpegDCTables = 0x0208
+    JpegACTables = 0x0209
+    YCbCrCoefficients = 0x0211
+    YCbCrSubSampling = 0x0212
+    YCbCrPositioning = 0x0213
+    ReferenceBlackWhite = 0x0214
+    XMLPacket = 0x02BC
+    RelatedImageFileFormat = 0x1000
+    RelatedImageWidth = 0x1001
+    RelatedImageLength = 0x1002
+    Rating = 0x4746
+    RatingPercent = 0x4749
+    ImageID = 0x800D
+    CFARepeatPatternDim = 0x828D
+    BatteryLevel = 0x828F
+    Copyright = 0x8298
+    ExposureTime = 0x829A
+    FNumber = 0x829D
+    IPTCNAA = 0x83BB
+    ImageResources = 0x8649
+    ExifOffset = 0x8769
+    InterColorProfile = 0x8773
+    ExposureProgram = 0x8822
+    SpectralSensitivity = 0x8824
+    GPSInfo = 0x8825
+    ISOSpeedRatings = 0x8827
+    OECF = 0x8828
+    Interlace = 0x8829
+    TimeZoneOffset = 0x882A
+    SelfTimerMode = 0x882B
+    SensitivityType = 0x8830
+    StandardOutputSensitivity = 0x8831
+    RecommendedExposureIndex = 0x8832
+    ISOSpeed = 0x8833
+    ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy = 0x8834
+    ISOSpeedLatitudezzz = 0x8835
+    ExifVersion = 0x9000
+    DateTimeOriginal = 0x9003
+    DateTimeDigitized = 0x9004
+    OffsetTime = 0x9010
+    OffsetTimeOriginal = 0x9011
+    OffsetTimeDigitized = 0x9012
+    ComponentsConfiguration = 0x9101
+    CompressedBitsPerPixel = 0x9102
+    ShutterSpeedValue = 0x9201
+    ApertureValue = 0x9202
+    BrightnessValue = 0x9203
+    ExposureBiasValue = 0x9204
+    MaxApertureValue = 0x9205
+    SubjectDistance = 0x9206
+    MeteringMode = 0x9207
+    LightSource = 0x9208
+    Flash = 0x9209
+    FocalLength = 0x920A
+    Noise = 0x920D
+    ImageNumber = 0x9211
+    SecurityClassification = 0x9212
+    ImageHistory = 0x9213
+    TIFFEPStandardID = 0x9216
+    MakerNote = 0x927C
+    UserComment = 0x9286
+    SubsecTime = 0x9290
+    SubsecTimeOriginal = 0x9291
+    SubsecTimeDigitized = 0x9292
+    AmbientTemperature = 0x9400
+    Humidity = 0x9401
+    Pressure = 0x9402
+    WaterDepth = 0x9403
+    Acceleration = 0x9404
+    CameraElevationAngle = 0x9405
+    XPTitle = 0x9C9B
+    XPComment = 0x9C9C
+    XPAuthor = 0x9C9D
+    XPKeywords = 0x9C9E
+    XPSubject = 0x9C9F
+    FlashPixVersion = 0xA000
+    ColorSpace = 0xA001
+    ExifImageWidth = 0xA002
+    ExifImageHeight = 0xA003
+    RelatedSoundFile = 0xA004
+    ExifInteroperabilityOffset = 0xA005
+    FlashEnergy = 0xA20B
+    SpatialFrequencyResponse = 0xA20C
+    FocalPlaneXResolution = 0xA20E
+    FocalPlaneYResolution = 0xA20F
+    FocalPlaneResolutionUnit = 0xA210
+    SubjectLocation = 0xA214
+    ExposureIndex = 0xA215
+    SensingMethod = 0xA217
+    FileSource = 0xA300
+    SceneType = 0xA301
+    CFAPattern = 0xA302
+    CustomRendered = 0xA401
+    ExposureMode = 0xA402
+    WhiteBalance = 0xA403
+    DigitalZoomRatio = 0xA404
+    FocalLengthIn35mmFilm = 0xA405
+    SceneCaptureType = 0xA406
+    GainControl = 0xA407
+    Contrast = 0xA408
+    Saturation = 0xA409
+    Sharpness = 0xA40A
+    DeviceSettingDescription = 0xA40B
+    SubjectDistanceRange = 0xA40C
+    ImageUniqueID = 0xA420
+    CameraOwnerName = 0xA430
+    BodySerialNumber = 0xA431
+    LensSpecification = 0xA432
+    LensMake = 0xA433
+    LensModel = 0xA434
+    LensSerialNumber = 0xA435
+    CompositeImage = 0xA460
+    CompositeImageCount = 0xA461
+    CompositeImageExposureTimes = 0xA462
+    Gamma = 0xA500
+    PrintImageMatching = 0xC4A5
+    DNGVersion = 0xC612
+    DNGBackwardVersion = 0xC613
+    UniqueCameraModel = 0xC614
+    LocalizedCameraModel = 0xC615
+    CFAPlaneColor = 0xC616
+    CFALayout = 0xC617
+    LinearizationTable = 0xC618
+    BlackLevelRepeatDim = 0xC619
+    BlackLevel = 0xC61A
+    BlackLevelDeltaH = 0xC61B
+    BlackLevelDeltaV = 0xC61C
+    WhiteLevel = 0xC61D
+    DefaultScale = 0xC61E
+    DefaultCropOrigin = 0xC61F
+    DefaultCropSize = 0xC620
+    ColorMatrix1 = 0xC621
+    ColorMatrix2 = 0xC622
+    CameraCalibration1 = 0xC623
+    CameraCalibration2 = 0xC624
+    ReductionMatrix1 = 0xC625
+    ReductionMatrix2 = 0xC626
+    AnalogBalance = 0xC627
+    AsShotNeutral = 0xC628
+    AsShotWhiteXY = 0xC629
+    BaselineExposure = 0xC62A
+    BaselineNoise = 0xC62B
+    BaselineSharpness = 0xC62C
+    BayerGreenSplit = 0xC62D
+    LinearResponseLimit = 0xC62E
+    CameraSerialNumber = 0xC62F
+    LensInfo = 0xC630
+    ChromaBlurRadius = 0xC631
+    AntiAliasStrength = 0xC632
+    ShadowScale = 0xC633
+    DNGPrivateData = 0xC634
+    MakerNoteSafety = 0xC635
+    CalibrationIlluminant1 = 0xC65A
+    CalibrationIlluminant2 = 0xC65B
+    BestQualityScale = 0xC65C
+    RawDataUniqueID = 0xC65D
+    OriginalRawFileName = 0xC68B
+    OriginalRawFileData = 0xC68C
+    ActiveArea = 0xC68D
+    MaskedAreas = 0xC68E
+    AsShotICCProfile = 0xC68F
+    AsShotPreProfileMatrix = 0xC690
+    CurrentICCProfile = 0xC691
+    CurrentPreProfileMatrix = 0xC692
+    ColorimetricReference = 0xC6BF
+    CameraCalibrationSignature = 0xC6F3
+    ProfileCalibrationSignature = 0xC6F4
+    AsShotProfileName = 0xC6F6
+    NoiseReductionApplied = 0xC6F7
+    ProfileName = 0xC6F8
+    ProfileHueSatMapDims = 0xC6F9
+    ProfileHueSatMapData1 = 0xC6FA
+    ProfileHueSatMapData2 = 0xC6FB
+    ProfileToneCurve = 0xC6FC
+    ProfileEmbedPolicy = 0xC6FD
+    ProfileCopyright = 0xC6FE
+    ForwardMatrix1 = 0xC714
+    ForwardMatrix2 = 0xC715
+    PreviewApplicationName = 0xC716
+    PreviewApplicationVersion = 0xC717
+    PreviewSettingsName = 0xC718
+    PreviewSettingsDigest = 0xC719
+    PreviewColorSpace = 0xC71A
+    PreviewDateTime = 0xC71B
+    RawImageDigest = 0xC71C
+    OriginalRawFileDigest = 0xC71D
+    SubTileBlockSize = 0xC71E
+    RowInterleaveFactor = 0xC71F
+    ProfileLookTableDims = 0xC725
+    ProfileLookTableData = 0xC726
+    OpcodeList1 = 0xC740
+    OpcodeList2 = 0xC741
+    OpcodeList3 = 0xC74E
+    NoiseProfile = 0xC761
+
+
+"""Maps EXIF tags to tag names."""
+TAGS = {
+    **{i.value: i.name for i in Base},
    0x920C: "SpatialFrequencyResponse",
-    0x920D: "Noise",
-    0x9211: "ImageNumber",
-    0x9212: "SecurityClassification",
-    0x9213: "ImageHistory",
    0x9214: "SubjectLocation",
    0x9215: "ExposureIndex",
+    0x828E: "CFAPattern",
+    0x920B: "FlashEnergy",
    0x9216: "TIFF/EPStandardID",
-    0x927C: "MakerNote",
-    0x9286: "UserComment",
-    0x9290: "SubsecTime",
-    0x9291: "SubsecTimeOriginal",
-    0x9292: "SubsecTimeDigitized",
-    0x9400: "AmbientTemperature",
-    0x9401: "Humidity",
-    0x9402: "Pressure",
-    0x9403: "WaterDepth",
-    0x9404: "Acceleration",
-    0x9405: "CameraElevationAngle",
-    0x9C9B: "XPTitle",
-    0x9C9C: "XPComment",
-    0x9C9D: "XPAuthor",
-    0x9C9E: "XPKeywords",
-    0x9C9F: "XPSubject",
-    0xA000: "FlashPixVersion",
-    0xA001: "ColorSpace",
-    0xA002: "ExifImageWidth",
-    0xA003: "ExifImageHeight",
-    0xA004: "RelatedSoundFile",
-    0xA005: "ExifInteroperabilityOffset",
-    0xA20B: "FlashEnergy",
-    0xA20C: "SpatialFrequencyResponse",
-    0xA20E: "FocalPlaneXResolution",
-    0xA20F: "FocalPlaneYResolution",
-    0xA210: "FocalPlaneResolutionUnit",
-    0xA214: "SubjectLocation",
-    0xA215: "ExposureIndex",
-    0xA217: "SensingMethod",
-    0xA300: "FileSource",
-    0xA301: "SceneType",
-    0xA302: "CFAPattern",
-    0xA401: "CustomRendered",
-    0xA402: "ExposureMode",
-    0xA403: "WhiteBalance",
-    0xA404: "DigitalZoomRatio",
-    0xA405: "FocalLengthIn35mmFilm",
-    0xA406: "SceneCaptureType",
-    0xA407: "GainControl",
-    0xA408: "Contrast",
-    0xA409: "Saturation",
-    0xA40A: "Sharpness",
-    0xA40B: "DeviceSettingDescription",
-    0xA40C: "SubjectDistanceRange",
-    0xA420: "ImageUniqueID",
-    0xA430: "CameraOwnerName",
-    0xA431: "BodySerialNumber",
-    0xA432: "LensSpecification",
-    0xA433: "LensMake",
-    0xA434: "LensModel",
-    0xA435: "LensSerialNumber",
-    0xA460: "CompositeImage",
-    0xA461: "CompositeImageCount",
-    0xA462: "CompositeImageExposureTimes",
-    0xA500: "Gamma",
-    0xC4A5: "PrintImageMatching",
-    0xC612: "DNGVersion",
-    0xC613: "DNGBackwardVersion",
-    0xC614: "UniqueCameraModel",
-    0xC615: "LocalizedCameraModel",
-    0xC616: "CFAPlaneColor",
-    0xC617: "CFALayout",
-    0xC618: "LinearizationTable",
-    0xC619: "BlackLevelRepeatDim",
-    0xC61A: "BlackLevel",
-    0xC61B: "BlackLevelDeltaH",
-    0xC61C: "BlackLevelDeltaV",
-    0xC61D: "WhiteLevel",
-    0xC61E: "DefaultScale",
-    0xC61F: "DefaultCropOrigin",
-    0xC620: "DefaultCropSize",
-    0xC621: "ColorMatrix1",
-    0xC622: "ColorMatrix2",
-    0xC623: "CameraCalibration1",
-    0xC624: "CameraCalibration2",
-    0xC625: "ReductionMatrix1",
-    0xC626: "ReductionMatrix2",
-    0xC627: "AnalogBalance",
-    0xC628: "AsShotNeutral",
-    0xC629: "AsShotWhiteXY",
-    0xC62A: "BaselineExposure",
-    0xC62B: "BaselineNoise",
-    0xC62C: "BaselineSharpness",
-    0xC62D: "BayerGreenSplit",
-    0xC62E: "LinearResponseLimit",
-    0xC62F: "CameraSerialNumber",
-    0xC630: "LensInfo",
-    0xC631: "ChromaBlurRadius",
-    0xC632: "AntiAliasStrength",
-    0xC633: "ShadowScale",
-    0xC634: "DNGPrivateData",
-    0xC635: "MakerNoteSafety",
-    0xC65A: "CalibrationIlluminant1",
-    0xC65B: "CalibrationIlluminant2",
-    0xC65C: "BestQualityScale",
-    0xC65D: "RawDataUniqueID",
-    0xC68B: "OriginalRawFileName",
-    0xC68C: "OriginalRawFileData",
-    0xC68D: "ActiveArea",
-    0xC68E: "MaskedAreas",
-    0xC68F: "AsShotICCProfile",
-    0xC690: "AsShotPreProfileMatrix",
-    0xC691: "CurrentICCProfile",
-    0xC692: "CurrentPreProfileMatrix",
-    0xC6BF: "ColorimetricReference",
-    0xC6F3: "CameraCalibrationSignature",
-    0xC6F4: "ProfileCalibrationSignature",
-    0xC6F6: "AsShotProfileName",
-    0xC6F7: "NoiseReductionApplied",
-    0xC6F8: "ProfileName",
-    0xC6F9: "ProfileHueSatMapDims",
-    0xC6FA: "ProfileHueSatMapData1",
-    0xC6FB: "ProfileHueSatMapData2",
-    0xC6FC: "ProfileToneCurve",
-    0xC6FD: "ProfileEmbedPolicy",
-    0xC6FE: "ProfileCopyright",
-    0xC714: "ForwardMatrix1",
-    0xC715: "ForwardMatrix2",
-    0xC716: "PreviewApplicationName",
-    0xC717: "PreviewApplicationVersion",
-    0xC718: "PreviewSettingsName",
-    0xC719: "PreviewSettingsDigest",
-    0xC71A: "PreviewColorSpace",
-    0xC71B: "PreviewDateTime",
-    0xC71C: "RawImageDigest",
-    0xC71D: "OriginalRawFileDigest",
-    0xC71E: "SubTileBlockSize",
-    0xC71F: "RowInterleaveFactor",
-    0xC725: "ProfileLookTableDims",
-    0xC726: "ProfileLookTableData",
-    0xC740: "OpcodeList1",
-    0xC741: "OpcodeList2",
-    0xC74E: "OpcodeList3",
-    0xC761: "NoiseProfile",
 }
-"""Maps EXIF tags to tag names."""


-GPSTAGS = {
-    0: "GPSVersionID",
-    1: "GPSLatitudeRef",
-    2: "GPSLatitude",
-    3: "GPSLongitudeRef",
-    4: "GPSLongitude",
-    5: "GPSAltitudeRef",
-    6: "GPSAltitude",
-    7: "GPSTimeStamp",
-    8: "GPSSatellites",
-    9: "GPSStatus",
-    10: "GPSMeasureMode",
-    11: "GPSDOP",
-    12: "GPSSpeedRef",
-    13: "GPSSpeed",
-    14: "GPSTrackRef",
-    15: "GPSTrack",
-    16: "GPSImgDirectionRef",
-    17: "GPSImgDirection",
-    18: "GPSMapDatum",
-    19: "GPSDestLatitudeRef",
-    20: "GPSDestLatitude",
-    21: "GPSDestLongitudeRef",
-    22: "GPSDestLongitude",
-    23: "GPSDestBearingRef",
-    24: "GPSDestBearing",
-    25: "GPSDestDistanceRef",
-    26: "GPSDestDistance",
-    27: "GPSProcessingMethod",
-    28: "GPSAreaInformation",
-    29: "GPSDateStamp",
-    30: "GPSDifferential",
-    31: "GPSHPositioningError",
-}
+class GPS(IntEnum):
+    GPSVersionID = 0
+    GPSLatitudeRef = 1
+    GPSLatitude = 2
+    GPSLongitudeRef = 3
+    GPSLongitude = 4
+    GPSAltitudeRef = 5
+    GPSAltitude = 6
+    GPSTimeStamp = 7
+    GPSSatellites = 8
+    GPSStatus = 9
+    GPSMeasureMode = 10
+    GPSDOP = 11
+    GPSSpeedRef = 12
+    GPSSpeed = 13
+    GPSTrackRef = 14
+    GPSTrack = 15
+    GPSImgDirectionRef = 16
+    GPSImgDirection = 17
+    GPSMapDatum = 18
+    GPSDestLatitudeRef = 19
+    GPSDestLatitude = 20
+    GPSDestLongitudeRef = 21
+    GPSDestLongitude = 22
+    GPSDestBearingRef = 23
+    GPSDestBearing = 24
+    GPSDestDistanceRef = 25
+    GPSDestDistance = 26
+    GPSProcessingMethod = 27
+    GPSAreaInformation = 28
+    GPSDateStamp = 29
+    GPSDifferential = 30
+    GPSHPositioningError = 31
+
+
 """Maps EXIF GPS tags to tag names."""
+GPSTAGS = {i.value: i.name for i in GPS}
+
+
+class Interop(IntEnum):
+    InteropIndex = 1
+    InteropVersion = 2
+    RelatedImageFileFormat = 4096
+    RelatedImageWidth = 4097
+    RleatedImageHeight = 4098
+
+
+class IFD(IntEnum):
+    Exif = 34665
+    GPSInfo = 34853
+    Makernote = 37500
+    Interop = 40965
+    IFD1 = -1
+
+
+class LightSource(IntEnum):
+    Unknown = 0
+    Daylight = 1
+    Fluorescent = 2
+    Tungsten = 3
+    Flash = 4
+    Fine = 9
+    Cloudy = 10
+    Shade = 11
+    DaylightFluorescent = 12
+    DayWhiteFluorescent = 13
+    CoolWhiteFluorescent = 14
+    WhiteFluorescent = 15
+    StandardLightA = 17
+    StandardLightB = 18
+    StandardLightC = 19
+    D55 = 20
+    D65 = 21
+    D75 = 22
+    D50 = 23
+    ISO = 24
+    Other = 255
--- a/src/PIL/FitsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FitsImagePlugin.py
@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ class FitsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        while True:
            header = self.fp.read(80)
            if not header:
-                raise OSError("Truncated FITS file")
+                msg = "Truncated FITS file"
+                raise OSError(msg)
            keyword = header[:8].strip()
            if keyword == b"END":
                break
@ -36,12 +37,14 @@ class FitsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
            if value.startswith(b"="):
                value = value[1:].strip()
            if not headers and (not _accept(keyword) or value != b"T"):
-                raise SyntaxError("Not a FITS file")
+                msg = "Not a FITS file"
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
            headers[keyword] = value

        naxis = int(headers[b"NAXIS"])
        if naxis == 0:
-            raise ValueError("No image data")
+            msg = "No image data"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
        elif naxis == 1:
            self._size = 1, int(headers[b"NAXIS1"])
        else:
--- a/src/PIL/FitsStubImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FitsStubImagePlugin.py
@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ class FITSStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):


 def _save(im, fp, filename):
-    raise OSError("FITS save handler not installed")
+    msg = "FITS save handler not installed"
+    raise OSError(msg)


 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
--- a/src/PIL/FliImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FliImagePlugin.py
@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ class FliImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        # HEAD
        s = self.fp.read(128)
        if not (_accept(s) and s[20:22] == b"\x00\x00"):
-            raise SyntaxError("not an FLI/FLC file")
+            msg = "not an FLI/FLC file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        # frames
        self.n_frames = i16(s, 6)
@ -141,7 +142,8 @@ class FliImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
            self.load()

        if frame != self.__frame + 1:
-            raise ValueError(f"cannot seek to frame {frame}")
+            msg = f"cannot seek to frame {frame}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
        self.__frame = frame

        # move to next frame
--- a/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py
@ -60,10 +60,12 @@ class FpxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        try:
            self.ole = olefile.OleFileIO(self.fp)
        except OSError as e:
-            raise SyntaxError("not an FPX file; invalid OLE file") from e
+            msg = "not an FPX file; invalid OLE file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg) from e

        if self.ole.root.clsid != "56616700-C154-11CE-8553-00AA00A1F95B":
-            raise SyntaxError("not an FPX file; bad root CLSID")
+            msg = "not an FPX file; bad root CLSID"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        self._open_index(1)

@ -99,7 +101,8 @@ class FpxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        colors = []
        bands = i32(s, 4)
        if bands > 4:
-            raise OSError("Invalid number of bands")
+            msg = "Invalid number of bands"
+            raise OSError(msg)
        for i in range(bands):
            # note: for now, we ignore the "uncalibrated" flag
            colors.append(i32(s, 8 + i * 4) & 0x7FFFFFFF)
@ -141,7 +144,8 @@ class FpxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        length = i32(s, 32)

        if size != self.size:
-            raise OSError("subimage mismatch")
+            msg = "subimage mismatch"
+            raise OSError(msg)

        # get tile descriptors
        fp.seek(28 + offset)
@ -217,7 +221,8 @@ class FpxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                    self.tile_prefix = self.jpeg[jpeg_tables]

            else:
-                raise OSError("unknown/invalid compression")
+                msg = "unknown/invalid compression"
+                raise OSError(msg)

            x = x + xtile
            if x >= xsize:
--- a/src/PIL/FtexImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FtexImagePlugin.py
@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ def __getattr__(name):
            if name in enum.__members__:
                deprecate(f"{prefix}{name}", 10, f"{enum.__name__}.{name}")
                return enum[name]
-    raise AttributeError(f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")
+    msg = f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'"
+    raise AttributeError(msg)


 class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
@ -82,7 +83,8 @@ class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

    def _open(self):
        if not _accept(self.fp.read(4)):
-            raise SyntaxError("not an FTEX file")
+            msg = "not an FTEX file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        struct.unpack("<i", self.fp.read(4))  # version
        self._size = struct.unpack("<2i", self.fp.read(8))
        mipmap_count, format_count = struct.unpack("<2i", self.fp.read(8))
@ -105,7 +107,8 @@ class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        elif format == Format.UNCOMPRESSED:
            self.tile = [("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 0, ("RGB", 0, 1))]
        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid texture compression format: {repr(format)}")
+            msg = f"Invalid texture compression format: {repr(format)}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)

        self.fp.close()
        self.fp = BytesIO(data)
--- a/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
@ -44,18 +44,22 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
    def _open(self):
        header_size = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        if header_size < 20:
-            raise SyntaxError("not a GIMP brush")
+            msg = "not a GIMP brush"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        version = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        if version not in (1, 2):
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Unsupported GIMP brush version: {version}")
+            msg = f"Unsupported GIMP brush version: {version}"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        width = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        height = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        color_depth = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
-            raise SyntaxError("not a GIMP brush")
+            msg = "not a GIMP brush"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        if color_depth not in (1, 4):
-            raise SyntaxError(f"Unsupported GIMP brush color depth: {color_depth}")
+            msg = f"Unsupported GIMP brush color depth: {color_depth}"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        if version == 1:
            comment_length = header_size - 20
@ -63,7 +67,8 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
            comment_length = header_size - 28
            magic_number = self.fp.read(4)
            if magic_number != b"GIMP":
-                raise SyntaxError("not a GIMP brush, bad magic number")
+                msg = "not a GIMP brush, bad magic number"
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
            self.info["spacing"] = i32(self.fp.read(4))

        comment = self.fp.read(comment_length)[:-1]
--- a/src/PIL/GdImageFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GdImageFile.py
@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ class GdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        s = self.fp.read(1037)

        if not i16(s) in [65534, 65535]:
-            raise SyntaxError("Not a valid GD 2.x .gd file")
+            msg = "Not a valid GD 2.x .gd file"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)

        self.mode = "L"  # FIXME: "P"
        self._size = i16(s, 2), i16(s, 4)
@ -87,9 +88,11 @@ def open(fp, mode="r"):
    :raises OSError: If the image could not be read.
    """
    if mode != "r":
-        raise ValueError("bad mode")
+        msg = "bad mode"
+        raise ValueError(msg)

    try:
        return GdImageFile(fp)
    except SyntaxError as e:
-        raise UnidentifiedImageError("cannot identify this image file") from e
+        msg = "cannot identify this image file"
+        raise UnidentifiedImageError(msg) from e
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More