Merge branch 'main' into winbuild-update

2025-01-11 17:56:18 +03:00 · 2022-10-11 16:32:22 +11:00 · 2022-10-11 16:32:22 +11:00 · 7242a8a9ff
commit 7242a8a9ff
parent ed990abed4 e0c30d2fcd
72 changed files with 876 additions and 669 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ install:
 - mv c:\pillow-depends-main c:\pillow-depends
 - xcopy /S /Y c:\pillow-depends\test_images\* c:\pillow\tests\images
 - 7z x ..\pillow-depends\nasm-2.15.05-win64.zip -oc:\
- ..\pillow-depends\gs9561w32.exe /S
- path c:\nasm-2.15.05;C:\Program Files (x86)\gs\gs9.56.1\bin;%PATH%
+- ..\pillow-depends\gs1000w32.exe /S
+- path c:\nasm-2.15.05;C:\Program Files (x86)\gs\gs10.0.0\bin;%PATH%
 - cd c:\pillow\winbuild\
 - ps: |
        c:\python37\python.exe c:\pillow\winbuild\build_prepare.py -v --depends=C:\pillow-depends\
--- a/.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml
@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  Fuzzing:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:

@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3

    - name: pre-commit cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
      with:
        path: ~/.cache/pre-commit
        key: lint-pre-commit-${{ hashFiles('**/.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}
@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
          lint-pre-commit-

    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: "3.10"
        cache: pip
--- a/.github/workflows/release-drafter.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-drafter.yml
@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  update_release_draft:
    permissions:
--- a/.github/workflows/stale.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
  issues: write

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  stale:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: "Check issues"
-      uses: actions/stale@v5
+      uses: actions/stale@v6
      with:
        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        only-labels: "Awaiting OP Action"
--- a/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: windows-latest
@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
            qt5-devel-tools subversion xorg-server-extra zlib-devel

      - name: Add Lapack to PATH
-        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v1
+        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v2
        with:
          dirs: 'C:\cygwin\bin;C:\cygwin\lib\lapack'

--- a/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:

@ -79,7 +83,7 @@ jobs:
        MATRIX_DOCKER: ${{ matrix.docker }}

    - name: Upload coverage
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
      with:
        flags: GHA_Docker
        name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
--- a/.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: windows-latest
@ -73,11 +77,11 @@ jobs:
          python3 -m pytest -vx --cov PIL --cov Tests --cov-report term --cov-report xml Tests

      - name: Upload coverage
-        run: |
-          python3 -m pip install codecov
-          bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash) -F GHA_Windows
-        env:
-          CODECOV_NAME: ${{ matrix.name }}
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        with:
+          file: ./coverage.xml
+          flags: GHA_Windows
+          name: ${{ matrix.name }}

  success:
    permissions:
--- a/.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml
@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:

--- a/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: windows-latest
@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:

    # sets env: pythonLocation
    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
        architecture: ${{ matrix.architecture }}
@ -55,8 +59,8 @@ jobs:
        7z x winbuild\depends\nasm-2.15.05-win64.zip "-o$env:RUNNER_WORKSPACE\"
        echo "$env:RUNNER_WORKSPACE\nasm-2.15.05" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH

-        winbuild\depends\gs9561w32.exe /S
-        echo "C:\Program Files (x86)\gs\gs9.56.1\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
+        winbuild\depends\gs1000w32.exe /S
+        echo "C:\Program Files (x86)\gs\gs10.0.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH

        xcopy /S /Y winbuild\depends\test_images\* Tests\images\

@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:

    - name: Cache build
      id: build-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
      with:
        path: winbuild\build
        key:
@ -180,7 +184,7 @@ jobs:
      shell: pwsh

    - name: Upload coverage
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
      with:
        file: ./coverage.xml
        flags: GHA_Windows
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on: [push, pull_request, workflow_dispatch]
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:

@ -30,11 +34,6 @@ jobs:
          REVERSE: "--reverse"
        - python-version: "3.8"
          PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2
-        # Include new variables for Codecov
-        - os: ubuntu-latest
-          codecov-flag: GHA_Ubuntu
-        - os: macos-latest
-          codecov-flag: GHA_macOS

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3

    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
        cache: pip
@ -99,7 +98,6 @@ jobs:
    - name: Docs
      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') && matrix.python-version == 3.10
      run: |
-        python3 -m pip install furo sphinx-copybutton sphinx-issues sphinx-removed-in sphinxext-opengraph
        make doccheck

    - name: After success
@ -107,9 +105,11 @@ jobs:
        .ci/after_success.sh

    - name: Upload coverage
-      run: bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash) -F ${{ matrix.codecov-flag }}
-      env:
-        CODECOV_NAME: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+      with:
+        file: ./coverage.xml
+        flags: ${{ matrix.os == 'macos-latest' && 'GHA_macOS' || 'GHA_Ubuntu' }}
+        name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}

  success:
    permissions:
--- a/.github/workflows/tidelift.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tidelift.yml
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 name: Tidelift Align
+
 on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "30 2 * * *"  # daily at 02:30 UTC
@ -15,6 +16,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read

+concurrency: 
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
  build:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@ -5,6 +5,36 @@ Changelog (Pillow)
 9.3.0 (unreleased)
 ------------------

+- Added DDS BC6 reading #6449
+  [ShadelessFox, REDxEYE, radarhere]
+
+- Added support for opening WhiteIsZero 16-bit integer TIFF images #6642
+  [JayWiz, radarhere]
+
+- Raise an error when allocating translucent color to RGB palette #6654
+  [jsbueno, radarhere]
+
+- Added reading of TIFF child images #6569
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Improved ImageOps palette handling #6596
+  [PososikTeam, radarhere]
+
+- Defer parsing of palette into colors #6567
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Apply transparency to P images in ImageTk.PhotoImage #6559
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Use rounding in ImageOps contain() and pad() #6522
+  [bibinhashley, radarhere]
+
+- Fixed GIF remapping to palette with duplicate entries #6548
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Allow remap_palette() to return an image with less than 256 palette entries #6543
+  [radarhere]
+
 - Corrected BMP and TGA palette size when saving #6500
  [radarhere]

--- a/3
+++ b/3
@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ coverage:

 .PHONY: doc
 doc:
+	python3 -c "import PIL" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install .
 	$(MAKE) -C docs html

 .PHONY: doccheck
 doccheck:
-	$(MAKE) -C docs html
+	$(MAKE) doc
 # Don't make our tests rely on the links in the docs being up every single build.
 # We don't control them.  But do check, and update them to the target of their redirects.
 	$(MAKE) -C docs linkcheck || true
--- a/Tests/images/bc6h.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/bc6h.dds
--- a/Tests/images/bc6h.png
+++ b/Tests/images/bc6h.png
--- a/Tests/images/bc6h_sf.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/bc6h_sf.dds
--- a/Tests/images/bc6h_sf.png
+++ b/Tests/images/bc6h_sf.png
--- a/Tests/images/child_ifd.tiff
+++ b/Tests/images/child_ifd.tiff
--- a/Tests/images/child_ifd_jpeg.tiff
+++ b/Tests/images/child_ifd_jpeg.tiff
--- a/Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds
--- a/Tests/test_000_sanity.py
+++ b/Tests/test_000_sanity.py
@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-import PIL
-import PIL.Image
+from PIL import Image


 def test_sanity():
    # Make sure we have the binary extension
-    PIL.Image.core.new("L", (100, 100))
+    Image.core.new("L", (100, 100))

    # Create an image and do stuff with it.
-    im = PIL.Image.new("1", (100, 100))
+    im = Image.new("1", (100, 100))
    assert (im.mode, im.size) == ("1", (100, 100))
    assert len(im.tobytes()) == 1300

    # Create images in all remaining major modes.
-    PIL.Image.new("L", (100, 100))
-    PIL.Image.new("P", (100, 100))
-    PIL.Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
-    PIL.Image.new("I", (100, 100))
-    PIL.Image.new("F", (100, 100))
+    Image.new("L", (100, 100))
+    Image.new("P", (100, 100))
+    Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+    Image.new("I", (100, 100))
+    Image.new("F", (100, 100))
--- a/Tests/test_features.py
+++ b/Tests/test_features.py
@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ def test_libimagequant_version():
    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version("libimagequant"))


-def test_check_modules():
-    for feature in features.modules:
-        assert features.check_module(feature) in [True, False]
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("feature", features.modules)
+def test_check_modules(feature):
+    assert features.check_module(feature) in [True, False]


-def test_check_codecs():
-    for feature in features.codecs:
-        assert features.check_codec(feature) in [True, False]
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("feature", features.codecs)
+def test_check_codecs(feature):
+    assert features.check_codec(feature) in [True, False]


 def test_check_warns_on_nonexistent():
--- a/Tests/test_file_apng.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_apng.py
@ -39,13 +39,12 @@ def test_apng_basic():
        assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)


-def test_apng_fdat():
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/split_fdat.png") as im:
-        im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
-        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
-        assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
-
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/split_fdat_zero_chunk.png") as im:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "filename",
+    ("Tests/images/apng/split_fdat.png", "Tests/images/apng/split_fdat_zero_chunk.png"),
+)
+def test_apng_fdat(filename):
+    with Image.open(filename) as im:
        im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
        assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
--- a/Tests/test_file_dds.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_dds.py
@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ TEST_FILE_DX10_BC5_TYPELESS = "Tests/images/bc5_typeless.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_BC5_UNORM = "Tests/images/bc5_unorm.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_BC5_SNORM = "Tests/images/bc5_snorm.dds"
 TEST_FILE_BC5S = "Tests/images/bc5s.dds"
+TEST_FILE_BC6H = "Tests/images/bc6h.dds"
+TEST_FILE_BC6HS = "Tests/images/bc6h_sf.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_BC7 = "Tests/images/bc7-argb-8bpp_MipMaps-1.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_BC7_UNORM_SRGB = "Tests/images/DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DX10_R8G8B8A8 = "Tests/images/argb-32bpp_MipMaps-1.dds"
@ -114,6 +116,20 @@ def test_dx10_bc5(image_path, expected_path):
        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, expected_path.replace(".dds", ".png"))


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("image_path", (TEST_FILE_BC6H, TEST_FILE_BC6HS))
+def test_dx10_bc6h(image_path):
+    """Check DX10 BC6H/BC6HS images can be opened"""
+
+    with Image.open(image_path) as im:
+        im.load()
+
+        assert im.format == "DDS"
+        assert im.mode == "RGB"
+        assert im.size == (128, 128)
+
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, image_path.replace(".dds", ".png"))
+
+
 def test_dx10_bc7():
    """Check DX10 images can be opened"""

--- a/Tests/test_file_eps.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_eps.py
@ -124,14 +124,6 @@ def test_file_object(tmp_path):
            image1.save(fh, "EPS")


-@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
-def test_iobase_object(tmp_path):
-    # issue 479
-    with Image.open(FILE1) as image1:
-        with open(str(tmp_path / "temp_iobase.eps"), "wb") as fh:
-            image1.save(fh, "EPS")
-
-
@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
 def test_bytesio_object():
    with open(FILE1, "rb") as f:
@ -203,25 +195,23 @@ def test_render_scale2():


@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
-def test_resize():
-    files = [FILE1, FILE2, "Tests/images/illu10_preview.eps"]
-    for fn in files:
-        with Image.open(fn) as im:
-            new_size = (100, 100)
-            im = im.resize(new_size)
-            assert im.size == new_size
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("filename", (FILE1, FILE2, "Tests/images/illu10_preview.eps"))
+def test_resize(filename):
+    with Image.open(filename) as im:
+        new_size = (100, 100)
+        im = im.resize(new_size)
+        assert im.size == new_size


@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
-def test_thumbnail():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("filename", (FILE1, FILE2))
+def test_thumbnail(filename):
    # Issue #619
    # Arrange
-    files = [FILE1, FILE2]
-    for fn in files:
-        with Image.open(FILE1) as im:
-            new_size = (100, 100)
-            im.thumbnail(new_size)
-            assert max(im.size) == max(new_size)
+    with Image.open(filename) as im:
+        new_size = (100, 100)
+        im.thumbnail(new_size)
+        assert max(im.size) == max(new_size)


 def test_read_binary_preview():
@ -266,20 +256,19 @@ def test_readline(tmp_path):
        _test_readline_file_psfile(s, ending)


-def test_open_eps():
-    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1104
-    # Arrange
-    FILES = [
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "filename",
+    (
        "Tests/images/illu10_no_preview.eps",
        "Tests/images/illu10_preview.eps",
        "Tests/images/illuCS6_no_preview.eps",
        "Tests/images/illuCS6_preview.eps",
-    ]
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    for filename in FILES:
-        with Image.open(filename) as img:
-            assert img.mode == "RGB"
+    ),
+)
+def test_open_eps(filename):
+    # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/1104
+    with Image.open(filename) as img:
+        assert img.mode == "RGB"


@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
--- a/Tests/test_file_gif.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_gif.py
@ -793,24 +793,24 @@ def test_identical_frames(tmp_path):
        assert reread.info["duration"] == 4500


-def test_identical_frames_to_single_frame(tmp_path):
-    for duration in ([1000, 1500, 2000, 4000], (1000, 1500, 2000, 4000), 8500):
-        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
-        im_list = [
-            Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
-            Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
-            Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
-        ]
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "duration", ([1000, 1500, 2000, 4000], (1000, 1500, 2000, 4000), 8500)
+)
+def test_identical_frames_to_single_frame(duration, tmp_path):
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    im_list = [
+        Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
+        Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
+        Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
+    ]

-        im_list[0].save(
-            out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], duration=duration
-        )
-        with Image.open(out) as reread:
-            # Assert that all frames were combined
-            assert reread.n_frames == 1
+    im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], duration=duration)
+    with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        # Assert that all frames were combined
+        assert reread.n_frames == 1

-            # Assert that the new duration is the total of the identical frames
-            assert reread.info["duration"] == 8500
+        # Assert that the new duration is the total of the identical frames
+        assert reread.info["duration"] == 8500


 def test_number_of_loops(tmp_path):
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
@ -150,27 +150,30 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
            assert not im1.info.get("icc_profile")
            assert im2.info.get("icc_profile")

-    def test_icc_big(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "n",
+        (
+            0,
+            1,
+            3,
+            4,
+            5,
+            65533 - 14,  # full JPEG marker block
+            65533 - 14 + 1,  # full block plus one byte
+            ImageFile.MAXBLOCK,  # full buffer block
+            ImageFile.MAXBLOCK + 1,  # full buffer block plus one byte
+            ImageFile.MAXBLOCK * 4 + 3,  # large block
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_icc_big(self, n):
        # Make sure that the "extra" support handles large blocks
-        def test(n):
-            # The ICC APP marker can store 65519 bytes per marker, so
-            # using a 4-byte test code should allow us to detect out of
-            # order issues.
-            icc_profile = (b"Test" * int(n / 4 + 1))[:n]
-            assert len(icc_profile) == n  # sanity
-            im1 = self.roundtrip(hopper(), icc_profile=icc_profile)
-            assert im1.info.get("icc_profile") == (icc_profile or None)
-
-        test(0)
-        test(1)
-        test(3)
-        test(4)
-        test(5)
-        test(65533 - 14)  # full JPEG marker block
-        test(65533 - 14 + 1)  # full block plus one byte
-        test(ImageFile.MAXBLOCK)  # full buffer block
-        test(ImageFile.MAXBLOCK + 1)  # full buffer block plus one byte
-        test(ImageFile.MAXBLOCK * 4 + 3)  # large block
+        # The ICC APP marker can store 65519 bytes per marker, so
+        # using a 4-byte test code should allow us to detect out of
+        # order issues.
+        icc_profile = (b"Test" * int(n / 4 + 1))[:n]
+        assert len(icc_profile) == n  # sanity
+        im1 = self.roundtrip(hopper(), icc_profile=icc_profile)
+        assert im1.info.get("icc_profile") == (icc_profile or None)

    @mark_if_feature_version(
        pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error, "libjpeg_turbo", "2.0", reason="Known Failing"
@ -649,19 +652,19 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
            # Assert
            assert im.format == "JPEG"

-    def test_save_correct_modes(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("1", "L", "RGB", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr"))
+    def test_save_correct_modes(self, mode):
        out = BytesIO()
-        for mode in ["1", "L", "RGB", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr"]:
-            img = Image.new(mode, (20, 20))
-            img.save(out, "JPEG")
+        img = Image.new(mode, (20, 20))
+        img.save(out, "JPEG")

-    def test_save_wrong_modes(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("LA", "La", "RGBA", "RGBa", "P"))
+    def test_save_wrong_modes(self, mode):
        # ref https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2005
        out = BytesIO()
-        for mode in ["LA", "La", "RGBA", "RGBa", "P"]:
-            img = Image.new(mode, (20, 20))
-            with pytest.raises(OSError):
-                img.save(out, "JPEG")
+        img = Image.new(mode, (20, 20))
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
+            img.save(out, "JPEG")

    def test_save_tiff_with_dpi(self, tmp_path):
        # Arrange
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ def test_prog_res_rt():
    assert_image_equal(im, test_card)


-def test_default_num_resolutions():
-    for num_resolutions in range(2, 6):
-        d = 1 << (num_resolutions - 1)
-        im = test_card.resize((d - 1, d - 1))
-        with pytest.raises(OSError):
-            roundtrip(im, num_resolutions=num_resolutions)
-        reloaded = roundtrip(im)
-        assert_image_equal(im, reloaded)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_resolutions", range(2, 6))
+def test_default_num_resolutions(num_resolutions):
+    d = 1 << (num_resolutions - 1)
+    im = test_card.resize((d - 1, d - 1))
+    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+        roundtrip(im, num_resolutions=num_resolutions)
+    reloaded = roundtrip(im)
+    assert_image_equal(im, reloaded)


 def test_reduce():
@ -266,14 +266,11 @@ def test_rgba():
            assert jp2.mode == "RGBA"


-def test_16bit_monochrome_has_correct_mode():
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/16bit.cropped.j2k") as j2k:
-        j2k.load()
-        assert j2k.mode == "I;16"
-
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/16bit.cropped.jp2") as jp2:
-        jp2.load()
-        assert jp2.mode == "I;16"
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", (".j2k", ".jp2"))
+def test_16bit_monochrome_has_correct_mode(ext):
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/16bit.cropped" + ext) as im:
+        im.load()
+        assert im.mode == "I;16"


 def test_16bit_monochrome_jp2_like_tiff():
--- a/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
@ -510,20 +510,13 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
            # colormap/palette tag
            assert len(reloaded.tag_v2[320]) == 768

-    def xtest_bw_compression_w_rgb(self, tmp_path):
-        """This test passes, but when running all tests causes a failure due
-        to output on stderr from the error thrown by libtiff. We need to
-        capture that but not now"""
-
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression", ("tiff_ccitt", "group3", "group4"))
+    def test_bw_compression_w_rgb(self, compression, tmp_path):
        im = hopper("RGB")
        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")

        with pytest.raises(OSError):
-            im.save(out, compression="tiff_ccitt")
-        with pytest.raises(OSError):
-            im.save(out, compression="group3")
-        with pytest.raises(OSError):
-            im.save(out, compression="group4")
+            im.save(out, compression=compression)

    def test_fp_leak(self):
        im = Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_g4_500.tif")
--- a/Tests/test_file_palm.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_palm.py
@ -63,19 +63,7 @@ def test_p_mode(tmp_path):
    roundtrip(tmp_path, mode)


-def test_l_oserror(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "L"
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
-        helper_save_as_palm(tmp_path, mode)
-
-
-def test_rgb_oserror(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "RGB"
-
-    # Act / Assert
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "RGB"))
+def test_oserror(tmp_path, mode):
    with pytest.raises(OSError):
        helper_save_as_palm(tmp_path, mode)
--- a/Tests/test_file_pcx.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_pcx.py
@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ def test_invalid_file():
        PcxImagePlugin.PcxImageFile(invalid_file)


-def test_odd(tmp_path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("1", "L", "P", "RGB"))
+def test_odd(tmp_path, mode):
    # See issue #523, odd sized images should have a stride that's even.
    # Not that ImageMagick or GIMP write PCX that way.
    # We were not handling properly.
-    for mode in ("1", "L", "P", "RGB"):
-        # larger, odd sized images are better here to ensure that
-        # we handle interrupted scan lines properly.
-        _roundtrip(tmp_path, hopper(mode).resize((511, 511)))
+    # larger, odd sized images are better here to ensure that
+    # we handle interrupted scan lines properly.
+    _roundtrip(tmp_path, hopper(mode).resize((511, 511)))


 def test_odd_read():
--- a/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ def helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode, **kwargs):
    return outfile


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "P", "RGB", "CMYK"))
+def test_save(tmp_path, mode):
+    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)
+
+
@pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error(reason="Temporary skip")
 def test_monochrome(tmp_path):
    # Arrange
@ -47,38 +52,6 @@ def test_monochrome(tmp_path):
    assert os.path.getsize(outfile) < (5000 if features.check("libtiff") else 15000)


-def test_greyscale(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "L"
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)
-
-
-def test_rgb(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "RGB"
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)
-
-
-def test_p_mode(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "P"
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)
-
-
-def test_cmyk_mode(tmp_path):
-    # Arrange
-    mode = "CMYK"
-
-    # Act / Assert
-    helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path, mode)
-
-
 def test_unsupported_mode(tmp_path):
    im = hopper("LA")
    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp_LA.pdf")
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
@ -84,6 +84,24 @@ class TestFileTiff:
            with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
                im.load()

+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "path, sizes",
+        (
+            ("Tests/images/hopper.tif", ()),
+            ("Tests/images/child_ifd.tiff", (16, 8)),
+            ("Tests/images/child_ifd_jpeg.tiff", (20,)),
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_get_child_images(self, path, sizes):
+        with Image.open(path) as im:
+            ims = im.get_child_images()
+
+        assert len(ims) == len(sizes)
+        for i, im in enumerate(ims):
+            w = sizes[i]
+            expected = Image.new("RGB", (w, w), "#f00")
+            assert_image_similar(im, expected, 1)
+
    def test_mac_tiff(self):
        # Read RGBa images from macOS [@PIL136]

@ -293,14 +311,17 @@ class TestFileTiff:
            with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_unknown_pixel_mode.tif"):
                pass

-    def test_n_frames(self):
-        for path, n_frames in [
-            ["Tests/images/multipage-lastframe.tif", 1],
-            ["Tests/images/multipage.tiff", 3],
-        ]:
-            with Image.open(path) as im:
-                assert im.n_frames == n_frames
-                assert im.is_animated == (n_frames != 1)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "path, n_frames",
+        (
+            ("Tests/images/multipage-lastframe.tif", 1),
+            ("Tests/images/multipage.tiff", 3),
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_n_frames(self, path, n_frames):
+        with Image.open(path) as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == n_frames
+            assert im.is_animated == (n_frames != 1)

    def test_eoferror(self):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage-lastframe.tif") as im:
@ -416,12 +437,12 @@ class TestFileTiff:
            len_after = len(dict(im.ifd))
            assert len_before == len_after + 1

-    def test_load_byte(self):
-        for legacy_api in [False, True]:
-            ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
-            data = b"abc"
-            ret = ifd.load_byte(data, legacy_api)
-            assert ret == b"abc"
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("legacy_api", (False, True))
+    def test_load_byte(self, legacy_api):
+        ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+        data = b"abc"
+        ret = ifd.load_byte(data, legacy_api)
+        assert ret == b"abc"

    def test_load_string(self):
        ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
@ -667,18 +688,15 @@ class TestFileTiff:
            with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
                assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded, infile)

-    def test_palette(self, tmp_path):
-        def roundtrip(mode):
-            outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "PA"))
+    def test_palette(self, mode, tmp_path):
+        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")

-            im = hopper(mode)
-            im.save(outfile)
+        im = hopper(mode)
+        im.save(outfile)

-            with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
-                assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), reloaded.convert("RGB"))
-
-        for mode in ["P", "PA"]:
-            roundtrip(mode)
+        with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
+            assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), reloaded.convert("RGB"))

    def test_tiff_save_all(self):
        mp = BytesIO()
--- a/Tests/test_font_pcf_charsets.py
+++ b/Tests/test_font_pcf_charsets.py
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import os

+import pytest
+
 from PIL import FontFile, Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, PcfFontFile

 from .helper import (
@ -59,23 +61,13 @@ def save_font(request, tmp_path, encoding):
    return tempname


-def _test_sanity(request, tmp_path, encoding):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", ("iso8859-1", "iso8859-2", "cp1250"))
+def test_sanity(request, tmp_path, encoding):
    save_font(request, tmp_path, encoding)


-def test_sanity_iso8859_1(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_sanity(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-1")
-
-
-def test_sanity_iso8859_2(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_sanity(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-2")
-
-
-def test_sanity_cp1250(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_sanity(request, tmp_path, "cp1250")
-
-
-def _test_draw(request, tmp_path, encoding):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", ("iso8859-1", "iso8859-2", "cp1250"))
+def test_draw(request, tmp_path, encoding):
    tempname = save_font(request, tmp_path, encoding)
    font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
    im = Image.new("L", (150, 30), "white")
@ -85,19 +77,8 @@ def _test_draw(request, tmp_path, encoding):
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, charsets[encoding]["image1"], 0)


-def test_draw_iso8859_1(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_draw(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-1")
-
-
-def test_draw_iso8859_2(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_draw(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-2")
-
-
-def test_draw_cp1250(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_draw(request, tmp_path, "cp1250")
-
-
-def _test_textsize(request, tmp_path, encoding):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", ("iso8859-1", "iso8859-2", "cp1250"))
+def test_textsize(request, tmp_path, encoding):
    tempname = save_font(request, tmp_path, encoding)
    font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
    for i in range(255):
@ -112,15 +93,3 @@ def _test_textsize(request, tmp_path, encoding):
        msg = message[: i + 1]
        assert font.getlength(msg) == len(msg) * 10
        assert font.getbbox(msg) == (0, 0, len(msg) * 10, 20)
-
-
-def test_textsize_iso8859_1(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_textsize(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-1")
-
-
-def test_textsize_iso8859_2(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_textsize(request, tmp_path, "iso8859-2")
-
-
-def test_textsize_cp1250(request, tmp_path):
-    _test_textsize(request, tmp_path, "cp1250")
--- a/Tests/test_image_access.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_access.py
@ -345,13 +345,14 @@ class TestCffi(AccessTest):

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "PA"))
    def test_p_putpixel_rgb_rgba(self, mode):
-        for color in [(255, 0, 0), (255, 0, 0, 127)]:
+        for color in ((255, 0, 0), (255, 0, 0, 127 if mode == "PA" else 255)):
            im = Image.new(mode, (1, 1))
            access = PyAccess.new(im, False)
            access.putpixel((0, 0), color)

-            alpha = color[3] if len(color) == 4 and mode == "PA" else 255
-            assert im.convert("RGBA").getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0, alpha)
+            if len(color) == 3:
+                color += (255,)
+            assert im.convert("RGBA").getpixel((0, 0)) == color


 class TestImagePutPixelError(AccessTest):
--- a/Tests/test_image_reduce.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_reduce.py
@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ def assert_compare_images(a, b, max_average_diff, max_diff=255):
        )


-def test_mode_L():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("factor", remarkable_factors)
+def test_mode_L(factor):
    im = get_image("L")
-    for factor in remarkable_factors:
-        compare_reduce_with_reference(im, factor)
-        compare_reduce_with_box(im, factor)
+    compare_reduce_with_reference(im, factor)
+    compare_reduce_with_box(im, factor)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("factor", remarkable_factors)
--- a/Tests/test_image_resample.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_resample.py
@ -554,44 +554,48 @@ class TestCoreResampleBox:
                # check that the difference at least that much
                assert_image_similar(res, im.crop(box), 20, f">>> {size} {box}")

-    def test_skip_horizontal(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "flt", (Image.Resampling.NEAREST, Image.Resampling.BICUBIC)
+    )
+    def test_skip_horizontal(self, flt):
        # Can skip resize for one dimension
        im = hopper()

-        for flt in [Image.Resampling.NEAREST, Image.Resampling.BICUBIC]:
-            for size, box in [
-                ((40, 50), (0, 0, 40, 90)),
-                ((40, 50), (0, 20, 40, 90)),
-                ((40, 50), (10, 0, 50, 90)),
-                ((40, 50), (10, 20, 50, 90)),
-            ]:
-                res = im.resize(size, flt, box)
-                assert res.size == size
-                # Borders should be slightly different
-                assert_image_similar(
-                    res,
-                    im.crop(box).resize(size, flt),
-                    0.4,
-                    f">>> {size} {box} {flt}",
-                )
+        for size, box in [
+            ((40, 50), (0, 0, 40, 90)),
+            ((40, 50), (0, 20, 40, 90)),
+            ((40, 50), (10, 0, 50, 90)),
+            ((40, 50), (10, 20, 50, 90)),
+        ]:
+            res = im.resize(size, flt, box)
+            assert res.size == size
+            # Borders should be slightly different
+            assert_image_similar(
+                res,
+                im.crop(box).resize(size, flt),
+                0.4,
+                f">>> {size} {box} {flt}",
+            )

-    def test_skip_vertical(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "flt", (Image.Resampling.NEAREST, Image.Resampling.BICUBIC)
+    )
+    def test_skip_vertical(self, flt):
        # Can skip resize for one dimension
        im = hopper()

-        for flt in [Image.Resampling.NEAREST, Image.Resampling.BICUBIC]:
-            for size, box in [
-                ((40, 50), (0, 0, 90, 50)),
-                ((40, 50), (20, 0, 90, 50)),
-                ((40, 50), (0, 10, 90, 60)),
-                ((40, 50), (20, 10, 90, 60)),
-            ]:
-                res = im.resize(size, flt, box)
-                assert res.size == size
-                # Borders should be slightly different
-                assert_image_similar(
-                    res,
-                    im.crop(box).resize(size, flt),
-                    0.4,
-                    f">>> {size} {box} {flt}",
-                )
+        for size, box in [
+            ((40, 50), (0, 0, 90, 50)),
+            ((40, 50), (20, 0, 90, 50)),
+            ((40, 50), (0, 10, 90, 60)),
+            ((40, 50), (20, 10, 90, 60)),
+        ]:
+            res = im.resize(size, flt, box)
+            assert res.size == size
+            # Borders should be slightly different
+            assert_image_similar(
+                res,
+                im.crop(box).resize(size, flt),
+                0.4,
+                f">>> {size} {box} {flt}",
+            )
--- a/Tests/test_image_split.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_split.py
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, features

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
@ -29,19 +31,12 @@ def test_split():
    assert split("YCbCr") == [("L", 128, 128), ("L", 128, 128), ("L", 128, 128)]


-def test_split_merge():
-    def split_merge(mode):
-        return Image.merge(mode, hopper(mode).split())
-
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("1"), split_merge("1"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("L"), split_merge("L"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("I"), split_merge("I"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("F"), split_merge("F"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("P"), split_merge("P"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("RGB"), split_merge("RGB"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("RGBA"), split_merge("RGBA"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("CMYK"), split_merge("CMYK"))
-    assert_image_equal(hopper("YCbCr"), split_merge("YCbCr"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode", ("1", "L", "I", "F", "P", "RGB", "RGBA", "CMYK", "YCbCr")
+)
+def test_split_merge(mode):
+    expected = Image.merge(mode, hopper(mode).split())
+    assert_image_equal(hopper(mode), expected)


 def test_split_open(tmp_path):
--- a/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ def test_mode_mismatch():
        ImageDraw.ImageDraw(im, mode="L")


-def helper_arc(bbox, start, end):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("start, end", ((0, 180), (0.5, 180.4)))
+def test_arc(bbox, start, end):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -76,16 +78,6 @@ def helper_arc(bbox, start, end):
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_arc.png", 1)


-def test_arc1():
-    helper_arc(BBOX1, 0, 180)
-    helper_arc(BBOX1, 0.5, 180.4)
-
-
-def test_arc2():
-    helper_arc(BBOX2, 0, 180)
-    helper_arc(BBOX2, 0.5, 180.4)
-
-
 def test_arc_end_le_start():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
@ -192,29 +184,21 @@ def test_bitmap():
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_bitmap.png")


-def helper_chord(mode, bbox, start, end):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+def test_chord(mode, bbox):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new(mode, (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
    expected = f"Tests/images/imagedraw_chord_{mode}.png"

    # Act
-    draw.chord(bbox, start, end, fill="red", outline="yellow")
+    draw.chord(bbox, 0, 180, fill="red", outline="yellow")

    # Assert
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, expected, 1)


-def test_chord1():
-    for mode in ["RGB", "L"]:
-        helper_chord(mode, BBOX1, 0, 180)
-
-
-def test_chord2():
-    for mode in ["RGB", "L"]:
-        helper_chord(mode, BBOX2, 0, 180)
-
-
 def test_chord_width():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
@ -263,7 +247,9 @@ def test_chord_too_fat():
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_chord_too_fat.png")


-def helper_ellipse(mode, bbox):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+def test_ellipse(mode, bbox):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new(mode, (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -276,16 +262,6 @@ def helper_ellipse(mode, bbox):
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, expected, 1)


-def test_ellipse1():
-    for mode in ["RGB", "L"]:
-        helper_ellipse(mode, BBOX1)
-
-
-def test_ellipse2():
-    for mode in ["RGB", "L"]:
-        helper_ellipse(mode, BBOX2)
-
-
 def test_ellipse_translucent():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
@ -405,7 +381,8 @@ def test_ellipse_various_sizes_filled():
    )


-def helper_line(points):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", (POINTS1, POINTS2))
+def test_line(points):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -417,14 +394,6 @@ def helper_line(points):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_line.png")


-def test_line1():
-    helper_line(POINTS1)
-
-
-def test_line2():
-    helper_line(POINTS2)
-
-
 def test_shape1():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), "white")
@ -484,7 +453,9 @@ def test_transform():
    assert_image_equal(im, expected)


-def helper_pieslice(bbox, start, end):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("start, end", ((-92, 46), (-92.2, 46.2)))
+def test_pieslice(bbox, start, end):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -496,16 +467,6 @@ def helper_pieslice(bbox, start, end):
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_pieslice.png", 1)


-def test_pieslice1():
-    helper_pieslice(BBOX1, -92, 46)
-    helper_pieslice(BBOX1, -92.2, 46.2)
-
-
-def test_pieslice2():
-    helper_pieslice(BBOX2, -92, 46)
-    helper_pieslice(BBOX2, -92.2, 46.2)
-
-
 def test_pieslice_width():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
@ -585,7 +546,8 @@ def test_pieslice_no_spikes():
    assert_image_equal(im, im_pre_erase)


-def helper_point(points):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", (POINTS1, POINTS2))
+def test_point(points):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -597,15 +559,8 @@ def helper_point(points):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_point.png")


-def test_point1():
-    helper_point(POINTS1)
-
-
-def test_point2():
-    helper_point(POINTS2)
-
-
-def helper_polygon(points):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", (POINTS1, POINTS2))
+def test_polygon(points):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -617,14 +572,6 @@ def helper_polygon(points):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_polygon.png")


-def test_polygon1():
-    helper_polygon(POINTS1)
-
-
-def test_polygon2():
-    helper_polygon(POINTS2)
-
-
@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
 def test_polygon_kite(mode):
    # Test drawing lines of different gradients (dx>dy, dy>dx) and
@ -682,7 +629,8 @@ def test_polygon_translucent():
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, expected)


-def helper_rectangle(bbox):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+def test_rectangle(bbox):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@ -694,14 +642,6 @@ def helper_rectangle(bbox):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_rectangle.png")


-def test_rectangle1():
-    helper_rectangle(BBOX1)
-
-
-def test_rectangle2():
-    helper_rectangle(BBOX2)
-
-
 def test_big_rectangle():
    # Test drawing a rectangle bigger than the image
    # Arrange
@ -1503,7 +1443,7 @@ def test_discontiguous_corners_polygon():
    assert_image_similar_tofile(img, expected, 1)


-def test_polygon():
+def test_polygon2():
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
    draw.polygon([(18, 30), (19, 31), (18, 30), (85, 30), (60, 72)], "red")
--- a/Tests/test_imagedraw2.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagedraw2.py
@ -52,27 +52,19 @@ def test_sanity():
    draw.line(list(range(10)), pen)


-def helper_ellipse(mode, bbox):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+def test_ellipse(bbox):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw2.Draw(im)
    pen = ImageDraw2.Pen("blue", width=2)
    brush = ImageDraw2.Brush("green")
-    expected = f"Tests/images/imagedraw_ellipse_{mode}.png"

    # Act
    draw.ellipse(bbox, pen, brush)

    # Assert
-    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, expected, 1)
-
-
-def test_ellipse1():
-    helper_ellipse("RGB", BBOX1)
-
-
-def test_ellipse2():
-    helper_ellipse("RGB", BBOX2)
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_ellipse_RGB.png", 1)


 def test_ellipse_edge():
@ -88,7 +80,8 @@ def test_ellipse_edge():
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_ellipse_edge.png", 1)


-def helper_line(points):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", (POINTS1, POINTS2))
+def test_line(points):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw2.Draw(im)
@ -101,14 +94,6 @@ def helper_line(points):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_line.png")


-def test_line1_pen():
-    helper_line(POINTS1)
-
-
-def test_line2_pen():
-    helper_line(POINTS2)
-
-
 def test_line_pen_as_brush():
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
@ -124,7 +109,8 @@ def test_line_pen_as_brush():
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_line.png")


-def helper_polygon(points):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", (POINTS1, POINTS2))
+def test_polygon(points):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw2.Draw(im)
@ -138,15 +124,8 @@ def helper_polygon(points):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_polygon.png")


-def test_polygon1():
-    helper_polygon(POINTS1)
-
-
-def test_polygon2():
-    helper_polygon(POINTS2)
-
-
-def helper_rectangle(bbox):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", (BBOX1, BBOX2))
+def test_rectangle(bbox):
    # Arrange
    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
    draw = ImageDraw2.Draw(im)
@ -160,14 +139,6 @@ def helper_rectangle(bbox):
    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_rectangle.png")


-def test_rectangle1():
-    helper_rectangle(BBOX1)
-
-
-def test_rectangle2():
-    helper_rectangle(BBOX2)
-
-
 def test_big_rectangle():
    # Test drawing a rectangle bigger than the image
    # Arrange
--- a/Tests/test_imageenhance.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imageenhance.py
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
@ -39,17 +41,17 @@ def _check_alpha(im, original, op, amount):
    )


-def test_alpha():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", ("Color", "Brightness", "Contrast", "Sharpness"))
+def test_alpha(op):
    # Issue https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/899
    # Is alpha preserved through image enhancement?

    original = _half_transparent_image()

-    for op in ["Color", "Brightness", "Contrast", "Sharpness"]:
-        for amount in [0, 0.5, 1.0]:
-            _check_alpha(
-                getattr(ImageEnhance, op)(original).enhance(amount),
-                original,
-                op,
-                amount,
-            )
+    for amount in [0, 0.5, 1.0]:
+        _check_alpha(
+            getattr(ImageEnhance, op)(original).enhance(amount),
+            original,
+            op,
+            amount,
+        )
--- a/Tests/test_imagefont.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefont.py
@ -632,24 +632,24 @@ def test_imagefont_getters(font):
    assert len(log) == 11


-def test_getsize_stroke(font):
-    for stroke_width in [0, 2]:
-        assert font.getbbox("A", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
-            0 - stroke_width,
-            4 - stroke_width,
-            12 + stroke_width,
-            16 + stroke_width,
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("stroke_width", (0, 2))
+def test_getsize_stroke(font, stroke_width):
+    assert font.getbbox("A", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
+        0 - stroke_width,
+        4 - stroke_width,
+        12 + stroke_width,
+        16 + stroke_width,
+    )
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as log:
+        assert font.getsize("A", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
+            12 + stroke_width * 2,
+            16 + stroke_width * 2,
        )
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as log:
-            assert font.getsize("A", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
-                12 + stroke_width * 2,
-                16 + stroke_width * 2,
-            )
-            assert font.getsize_multiline("ABC\nAaaa", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
-                48 + stroke_width * 2,
-                36 + stroke_width * 4,
-            )
-        assert len(log) == 2
+        assert font.getsize_multiline("ABC\nAaaa", stroke_width=stroke_width) == (
+            48 + stroke_width * 2,
+            36 + stroke_width * 4,
+        )
+    assert len(log) == 2


 def test_complex_font_settings():
--- a/Tests/test_imagemorph.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagemorph.py
@ -65,14 +65,16 @@ def create_lut():


 # create_lut()
-def test_lut():
-    for op in ("corner", "dilation4", "dilation8", "erosion4", "erosion8", "edge"):
-        lb = ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name=op)
-        assert lb.get_lut() is None
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "op", ("corner", "dilation4", "dilation8", "erosion4", "erosion8", "edge")
+)
+def test_lut(op):
+    lb = ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name=op)
+    assert lb.get_lut() is None

-        lut = lb.build_lut()
-        with open(f"Tests/images/{op}.lut", "rb") as f:
-            assert lut == bytearray(f.read())
+    lut = lb.build_lut()
+    with open(f"Tests/images/{op}.lut", "rb") as f:
+        assert lut == bytearray(f.read())


 def test_no_operator_loaded():
--- a/Tests/test_imageops.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imageops.py
@ -149,6 +149,21 @@ def test_pad_round():
    assert new_im.load()[0, 2] == 1


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "PA"))
+def test_palette(mode):
+    im = hopper(mode)
+
+    # Expand
+    expanded_im = ImageOps.expand(im)
+    assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), expanded_im.convert("RGB"))
+
+    # Pad
+    padded_im = ImageOps.pad(im, (256, 128), centering=(0, 0))
+    assert_image_equal(
+        im.convert("RGB"), padded_im.convert("RGB").crop((0, 0, 128, 128))
+    )
+
+
 def test_pil163():
    # Division by zero in equalize if < 255 pixels in image (@PIL163)

--- a/Tests/test_imagepalette.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagepalette.py
@ -50,6 +50,16 @@ def test_getcolor():
        palette.getcolor("unknown")


+def test_getcolor_rgba_color_rgb_palette():
+    palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB")
+
+    # Opaque RGBA colors are converted
+    assert palette.getcolor((0, 0, 0, 255)) == palette.getcolor((0, 0, 0))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        palette.getcolor((0, 0, 0, 128))
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "index, palette",
    [
--- a/Tests/test_imageshow.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imageshow.py
@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ def test_viewer_show(order):
    not on_ci() or is_win32(),
    reason="Only run on CIs; hangs on Windows CIs",
 )
-def test_show():
-    for mode in ("1", "I;16", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA"):
-        im = hopper(mode)
-        assert ImageShow.show(im)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("1", "I;16", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA"))
+def test_show(mode):
+    im = hopper(mode)
+    assert ImageShow.show(im)


 def test_show_without_viewers():
@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ def test_viewer():
        viewer.get_command(None)


-def test_viewers():
-    for viewer in ImageShow._viewers:
-        try:
-            viewer.get_command("test.jpg")
-        except NotImplementedError:
-            pass
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("viewer", ImageShow._viewers)
+def test_viewers(viewer):
+    try:
+        viewer.get_command("test.jpg")
+    except NotImplementedError:
+        pass


 def test_ipythonviewer():
@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ def test_ipythonviewer():
    not on_ci() or is_win32(),
    reason="Only run on CIs; hangs on Windows CIs",
 )
-def test_file_deprecated(tmp_path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("viewer", ImageShow._viewers)
+def test_file_deprecated(tmp_path, viewer):
    f = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")
-    for viewer in ImageShow._viewers:
-        hopper().save(f)
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            try:
-                viewer.show_file(file=f)
-            except NotImplementedError:
-                pass
-        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            viewer.show_file()
+    hopper().save(f)
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        try:
+            viewer.show_file(file=f)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        viewer.show_file()
--- a/Tests/test_imagetk.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagetk.py
@ -54,32 +54,39 @@ def test_kw():
    assert im is None


-def test_photoimage():
-    for mode in TK_MODES:
-        # test as image:
-        im = hopper(mode)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", TK_MODES)
+def test_photoimage(mode):
+    # test as image:
+    im = hopper(mode)

-        # this should not crash
+    # this should not crash
+    im_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im)
+
+    assert im_tk.width() == im.width
+    assert im_tk.height() == im.height
+
+    reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
+    assert_image_equal(reloaded, im.convert("RGBA"))
+
+
+def test_photoimage_apply_transparency():
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/pil123p.png") as im:
        im_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im)
-
-        assert im_tk.width() == im.width
-        assert im_tk.height() == im.height
-
        reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
        assert_image_equal(reloaded, im.convert("RGBA"))


-def test_photoimage_blank():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", TK_MODES)
+def test_photoimage_blank(mode):
    # test a image using mode/size:
-    for mode in TK_MODES:
-        im_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(mode, (100, 100))
+    im_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(mode, (100, 100))

-        assert im_tk.width() == 100
-        assert im_tk.height() == 100
+    assert im_tk.width() == 100
+    assert im_tk.height() == 100

-        im = Image.new(mode, (100, 100))
-        reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
-        assert_image_equal(reloaded.convert(mode), im)
+    im = Image.new(mode, (100, 100))
+    reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
+    assert_image_equal(reloaded.convert(mode), im)


 def test_box_deprecation():
--- a/Tests/test_mode_i16.py
+++ b/Tests/test_mode_i16.py
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image

 from .helper import hopper
@ -20,65 +22,56 @@ def verify(im1):
            ), f"got {repr(p1)} from mode {im1.mode} at {xy}, expected {repr(p2)}"


-def test_basic(tmp_path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "I;16", "I;16B", "I;16L", "I"))
+def test_basic(tmp_path, mode):
    # PIL 1.1 has limited support for 16-bit image data.  Check that
    # create/copy/transform and save works as expected.

-    def basic(mode):
+    im_in = original.convert(mode)
+    verify(im_in)

-        im_in = original.convert(mode)
-        verify(im_in)
+    w, h = im_in.size

-        w, h = im_in.size
+    im_out = im_in.copy()
+    verify(im_out)  # copy

-        im_out = im_in.copy()
-        verify(im_out)  # copy
+    im_out = im_in.transform((w, h), Image.Transform.EXTENT, (0, 0, w, h))
+    verify(im_out)  # transform

-        im_out = im_in.transform((w, h), Image.Transform.EXTENT, (0, 0, w, h))
-        verify(im_out)  # transform
+    filename = str(tmp_path / "temp.im")
+    im_in.save(filename)

-        filename = str(tmp_path / "temp.im")
-        im_in.save(filename)
-
-        with Image.open(filename) as im_out:
-
-            verify(im_in)
-            verify(im_out)
-
-        im_out = im_in.crop((0, 0, w, h))
-        verify(im_out)
-
-        im_out = Image.new(mode, (w, h), None)
-        im_out.paste(im_in.crop((0, 0, w // 2, h)), (0, 0))
-        im_out.paste(im_in.crop((w // 2, 0, w, h)), (w // 2, 0))
+    with Image.open(filename) as im_out:

        verify(im_in)
        verify(im_out)

-        im_in = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 1)
-        assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == 1
+    im_out = im_in.crop((0, 0, w, h))
+    verify(im_out)

-        im_in.putpixel((0, 0), 2)
-        assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == 2
+    im_out = Image.new(mode, (w, h), None)
+    im_out.paste(im_in.crop((0, 0, w // 2, h)), (0, 0))
+    im_out.paste(im_in.crop((w // 2, 0, w, h)), (w // 2, 0))

-        if mode == "L":
-            maximum = 255
-        else:
-            maximum = 32767
+    verify(im_in)
+    verify(im_out)

-        im_in = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 256)
-        assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == min(256, maximum)
+    im_in = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 1)
+    assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == 1

-        im_in.putpixel((0, 0), 512)
-        assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == min(512, maximum)
+    im_in.putpixel((0, 0), 2)
+    assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == 2

-    basic("L")
+    if mode == "L":
+        maximum = 255
+    else:
+        maximum = 32767

-    basic("I;16")
-    basic("I;16B")
-    basic("I;16L")
+    im_in = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 256)
+    assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == min(256, maximum)

-    basic("I")
+    im_in.putpixel((0, 0), 512)
+    assert im_in.getpixel((0, 0)) == min(512, maximum)


 def test_tobytes():
--- a/Tests/test_numpy.py
+++ b/Tests/test_numpy.py
@ -137,19 +137,9 @@ def test_save_tiff_uint16():
    assert img_px[0, 0] == pixel_value


-def test_to_array():
-    def _to_array(mode, dtype):
-        img = hopper(mode)
-
-        # Resize to non-square
-        img = img.crop((3, 0, 124, 127))
-        assert img.size == (121, 127)
-
-        np_img = numpy.array(img)
-        _test_img_equals_nparray(img, np_img)
-        assert np_img.dtype == dtype
-
-    modes = [
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, dtype",
+    (
        ("L", numpy.uint8),
        ("I", numpy.int32),
        ("F", numpy.float32),
@ -163,10 +153,18 @@ def test_to_array():
        ("I;16B", ">u2"),
        ("I;16L", "<u2"),
        ("HSV", numpy.uint8),
-    ]
+    ),
+)
+def test_to_array(mode, dtype):
+    img = hopper(mode)

-    for mode in modes:
-        _to_array(*mode)
+    # Resize to non-square
+    img = img.crop((3, 0, 124, 127))
+    assert img.size == (121, 127)
+
+    np_img = numpy.array(img)
+    _test_img_equals_nparray(img, np_img)
+    assert np_img.dtype == dtype


 def test_point_lut():
--- a/Tests/test_pickle.py
+++ b/Tests/test_pickle.py
@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ def helper_pickle_string(pickle, protocol, test_file, mode):
        ("Tests/images/itxt_chunks.png", None),
    ],
 )
-def test_pickle_image(tmp_path, test_file, test_mode):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1))
+def test_pickle_image(tmp_path, test_file, test_mode, protocol):
    # Act / Assert
-    for protocol in range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-        helper_pickle_string(pickle, protocol, test_file, test_mode)
-        helper_pickle_file(tmp_path, pickle, protocol, test_file, test_mode)
+    helper_pickle_string(pickle, protocol, test_file, test_mode)
+    helper_pickle_file(tmp_path, pickle, protocol, test_file, test_mode)


 def test_pickle_la_mode_with_palette(tmp_path):
--- a/docs/Makefile
+++ b/docs/Makefile
@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ clean:
 	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*

 install-sphinx:
-	$(PYTHON) -c "import sphinx" > /dev/null 2>&1 || $(PYTHON) -m pip install sphinx
-	$(PYTHON) -c "import furo" > /dev/null 2>&1 || $(PYTHON) -m pip install furo
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --quiet sphinx sphinx-copybutton sphinx-issues sphinx-removed-in sphinxext-opengraph furo olefile

 html:
 	$(MAKE) install-sphinx
--- a/docs/deprecations.rst
+++ b/docs/deprecations.rst
@ -178,6 +178,8 @@ Image.coerce_e
 This undocumented method has been deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 10
 (2023-07-01).

+.. _Font size and offset methods:
+
 Font size and offset methods
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

@ -197,6 +199,40 @@ Deprecated                                                                  Use
 :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textsize`                                        :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textbbox` and :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textlength`
 =========================================================================== =============================================================================================================

+Previous code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+
+    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+    width, height = font.getsize("Hello world")
+    left, top = font.getoffset("Hello world")
+
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    width, height = draw.textsize("Hello world")
+
+    width, height = font.getsize_multiline("Hello\nworld")
+    width, height = draw.multiline_textsize("Hello\nworld")
+
+Use instead:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+
+    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+    left, top, right, bottom = font.getbbox("Hello world")
+    width, height = right - left, bottom - top
+
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    width = draw.textlength("Hello world")
+
+    left, top, right, bottom = draw.multiline_textbbox((0, 0), "Hello\nworld")
+    width, height = right - left, bottom - top
+
 Removed features
 ----------------

@ -253,7 +289,7 @@ Support for FreeType 2.7 has been removed.
 We recommend upgrading to at least `FreeType`_ 2.10.4, which fixed a severe
 vulnerability introduced in FreeType 2.6 (:cve:`CVE-2020-15999`).

-.. _FreeType: https://www.freetype.org
+.. _FreeType: https://freetype.org/

 im.offset
 ~~~~~~~~~
--- a/docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst
@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ BLP is the Blizzard Mipmap Format, a texture format used in World of
 Warcraft. Pillow supports reading ``JPEG`` Compressed or raw ``BLP1``
 images, and all types of ``BLP2`` images.

+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 Pillow supports writing BLP images. The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method
 can take the following keyword arguments:

@ -46,6 +49,9 @@ or ``RGB`` data. 16-colour images are read as ``P`` images. 4-bit run-length enc
 is not supported. Support for reading 8-bit run-length encoding was added in Pillow
 9.1.0.

+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -78,6 +84,9 @@ EPS images. The EPS driver can read EPS images in ``L``, ``LAB``, ``RGB`` and
 than leaving them in the original color space. The EPS driver can write images
 in ``L``, ``RGB`` and ``CMYK`` modes.

+Loading
+~~~~~~~
+
 If Ghostscript is available, you can call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load`
 method with the following parameters to affect how Ghostscript renders the EPS

@ -134,6 +143,11 @@ To restore the default behavior, where ``P`` mode images are only converted to
    from PIL import GifImagePlugin
    GifImagePlugin.LOADING_STRATEGY = GifImagePlugin.LoadingStrategy.RGB_AFTER_FIRST

+.. _gif-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -171,6 +185,8 @@ to seek to the next frame (``im.seek(im.tell() + 1)``).

 ``im.seek()`` raises an :py:exc:`EOFError` if you try to seek after the last frame.

+.. _gif-saving:
+
 Saving
 ~~~~~~

@ -278,6 +294,11 @@ sets the following :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` property:
    ask for ``(512, 512, 2)``, the final value of
    :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.size` will be ``(1024, 1024)``).

+.. _icns-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword arguments:

 **append_images**
@ -292,6 +313,11 @@ ICO

 ICO is used to store icons on Windows. The largest available icon is read.

+.. _ico-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

 **sizes**
@ -337,6 +363,11 @@ their original size while loading them.
 By default Pillow doesn't allow loading of truncated JPEG files, set
 :data:`.ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES` to override this.

+.. _jpeg-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method may set the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties if available:

@ -383,6 +414,10 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method may set the following

    .. versionadded:: 7.1.0

+.. _jpeg-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~

 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

@ -464,6 +499,11 @@ itself.  It is also possible to set ``reduce`` to the number of resolutions to
 discard (each one reduces the size of the resulting image by a factor of 2),
 and ``layers`` to specify the number of quality layers to load.

+.. _jpeg-2000-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

 **offset**
@ -575,6 +615,11 @@ called.
 By default Pillow doesn't allow loading of truncated PNG files, set
 :data:`.ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES` to override this.

+.. _png-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` function sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties, when appropriate:

@ -613,6 +658,11 @@ decompression bombs. Additionally, the total size of all of the text
 chunks is limited to :data:`.PngImagePlugin.MAX_TEXT_MEMORY`, defaulting to
 64MB.

+.. _png-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

 **optimize**
@ -803,6 +853,11 @@ Pillow also reads SPIDER stack files containing sequences of SPIDER images. The
 :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek` and :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell` methods are supported, and
 random access is allowed.

+.. _spider-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following attributes:

 **format**
@ -819,8 +874,10 @@ is provided for converting floating point data to byte data (mode ``L``)::

    im = Image.open("image001.spi").convert2byte()

-Writing files in SPIDER format
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.. _spider-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~

 The extension of SPIDER files may be any 3 alphanumeric characters. Therefore
 the output format must be specified explicitly::
@ -837,6 +894,11 @@ Pillow reads and writes TGA images containing ``L``, ``LA``, ``P``,
 ``RGB``, and ``RGBA`` data. Pillow can read and write both uncompressed and
 run-length encoded TGAs.

+.. _tga-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword arguments:

 **compression**
@ -871,6 +933,11 @@ uncompressed files.
    support for reading Packbits, LZW and JPEG compressed TIFFs
    without using libtiff.

+.. _tiff-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -922,8 +989,10 @@ and can be accessed in any order.
 ``im.seek()`` raises an :py:exc:`EOFError` if you try to seek after the
 last frame.

-Saving Tiff Images
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.. _tiff-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~

 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword arguments:

@ -1035,6 +1104,11 @@ WebP
 Pillow reads and writes WebP files. The specifics of Pillow's capabilities with
 this format are currently undocumented.

+.. _webp-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:

 **lossless**
@ -1058,7 +1132,7 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
    the system WebP library was built with webpmux support.

 Saving sequences
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 .. note::

@ -1173,6 +1247,11 @@ GBR

 The GBR decoder reads GIMP brush files, version 1 and 2.

+.. _gbr-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -1188,6 +1267,11 @@ GD
 Pillow reads uncompressed GD2 files. Note that you must use
 :py:func:`PIL.GdImageFile.open` to read such a file.

+.. _gd-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -1227,6 +1311,11 @@ image when first opened. The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek` and :py:meth:`~PIL
 methods may be used to read other pictures from the file. The pictures are
 zero-indexed and random access is supported.

+.. _mpo-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 When calling :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` to write an MPO file, by default
 only the first frame of a multiframe image will be saved. If the ``save_all``
 argument is present and true, then all frames will be saved, and the following
@ -1326,6 +1415,11 @@ XPM

 Pillow reads X pixmap files (mode ``P``) with 256 colors or less.

+.. _xpm-opening:
+
+Opening
+~~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method sets the following
 :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.info` properties:

@ -1350,6 +1444,11 @@ Pillow can write PDF (Acrobat) images. Such images are written as binary PDF 1.4
 files, using either JPEG or HEX encoding depending on the image mode (and
 whether JPEG support is available or not).

+.. _pdf-saving:
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
 The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword arguments:

 **save_all**
--- a/docs/installation.rst
+++ b/docs/installation.rst
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
    loads libfribidi at runtime if it is installed.
    On Windows this requires compiling FriBiDi and installing ``fribidi.dll``
    into a directory listed in the `Dynamic-Link Library Search Order (Microsoft Docs)
-    <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-search-order#search-order-for-desktop-applications>`_
+    <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-search-order#search-order-for-desktop-applications>`_
    (``fribidi-0.dll`` or ``libfribidi-0.dll`` are also detected).
    See `Build Options`_ to see how to build this version.
  * Previous versions of Pillow (5.0.0 to 8.1.2) linked libraqm dynamically at runtime.
--- a/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
@ -285,8 +285,8 @@ Methods
    Draws a rectangle.

    :param xy: Two points to define the bounding box. Sequence of either
-            ``[(x0, y0), (x1, y1)]`` or ``[x0, y0, x1, y1]``. The second point
-            is just outside the drawn rectangle.
+            ``[(x0, y0), (x1, y1)]`` or ``[x0, y0, x1, y1]``. The bounding box
+            is inclusive of both endpoints.
    :param outline: Color to use for the outline.
    :param fill: Color to use for the fill.
    :param width: The line width, in pixels.
@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ Methods
    Draws a rounded rectangle.

    :param xy: Two points to define the bounding box. Sequence of either
-            ``[(x0, y0), (x1, y1)]`` or ``[x0, y0, x1, y1]``. The second point
-            is just outside the drawn rectangle.
+            ``[(x0, y0), (x1, y1)]`` or ``[x0, y0, x1, y1]``. The bounding box
+            is inclusive of both endpoints.
    :param radius: Radius of the corners.
    :param outline: Color to use for the outline.
    :param fill: Color to use for the fill.
@ -443,6 +443,8 @@ Methods

    .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

+    See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
    Use :py:meth:`textlength()` to measure the offset of following text with
    1/64 pixel precision.
    Use :py:meth:`textbbox()` to get the exact bounding box based on an anchor.
@ -489,10 +491,14 @@ Methods

                     .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

+    :return: (width, height)
+
 .. py:method:: ImageDraw.multiline_textsize(text, font=None, spacing=4, direction=None, features=None, language=None, stroke_width=0)

    .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

+    See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
    Use :py:meth:`.multiline_textbbox` instead.

    Return the size of the given string, in pixels.
@ -541,6 +547,8 @@ Methods

                     .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

+    :return: (width, height)
+
 .. py:method:: ImageDraw.textlength(text, font=None, direction=None, features=None, language=None, embedded_color=False)

    Returns length (in pixels with 1/64 precision) of given text when rendered
@ -608,6 +616,7 @@ Methods
                     It should be a `BCP 47 language code`_.
                     Requires libraqm.
    :param embedded_color: Whether to use font embedded color glyphs (COLR, CBDT, SBIX).
+    :return: Width for horizontal, height for vertical text.

 .. py:method:: ImageDraw.textbbox(xy, text, font=None, anchor=None, spacing=4, align="left", direction=None, features=None, language=None, stroke_width=0, embedded_color=False)

@ -657,6 +666,7 @@ Methods
                     Requires libraqm.
    :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.
    :param embedded_color: Whether to use font embedded color glyphs (COLR, CBDT, SBIX).
+    :return: ``(left, top, right, bottom)`` bounding box

 .. py:method:: ImageDraw.multiline_textbbox(xy, text, font=None, anchor=None, spacing=4, align="left", direction=None, features=None, language=None, stroke_width=0, embedded_color=False)

@ -700,6 +710,7 @@ Methods
                     Requires libraqm.
    :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.
    :param embedded_color: Whether to use font embedded color glyphs (COLR, CBDT, SBIX).
+    :return: ``(left, top, right, bottom)`` bounding box

 .. py:method:: getdraw(im=None, hints=None)

@ -731,4 +742,4 @@ Methods
        homogeneous, but similar, colors.

 .. _BCP 47 language code: https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/
-.. _OpenType docs: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+.. _OpenType docs: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
--- a/docs/releasenotes/5.2.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/5.2.0.rst
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Resolve confusion getting PIL / Pillow version string
 Re: "version constants deprecated" listed above, as user gnbl notes in #3082:

 - it's confusing that PIL.VERSION returns the version string of the former PIL instead of Pillow's
- there does not seem to be documentation on this version number (why this, will it ever change, ..) e.g. at https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/5.1.x/about.html#why-a-fork
+- ReadTheDocs documentation is missing for some version branches (why is this, will it ever change, ...)
 - it's confusing that PIL.version is a module and does not return the version information directly or hints on how to get it
 - the package information header is essentially useless (placeholder, does not even mention Pillow, nor the version)
 - PIL._version module documentation comment could explain how to access the version information
--- a/docs/releasenotes/9.2.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/9.2.0.rst
@ -59,6 +59,40 @@ Deprecated                                                                  Use
 :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textsize`                                        :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textbbox` and :py:meth:`.ImageDraw2.Draw.textlength`
 =========================================================================== =============================================================================================================

+Previous code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+
+    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+    width, height = font.getsize("Hello world")
+    left, top = font.getoffset("Hello world")
+
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    width, height = draw.textsize("Hello world")
+
+    width, height = font.getsize_multiline("Hello\nworld")
+    width, height = draw.multiline_textsize("Hello\nworld")
+
+Use instead:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+
+    font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+    left, top, right, bottom = font.getbbox("Hello world")
+    width, height = right - left, bottom - top
+
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    width = draw.textlength("Hello world")
+
+    left, top, right, bottom = draw.multiline_textbbox((0, 0), "Hello\nworld")
+    width, height = right - left, bottom - top
+
 API Additions
 =============

--- a/docs/releasenotes/versioning.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/versioning.rst
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Pillow follows `Semantic Versioning <https://semver.org/>`_:
    2. MINOR version when you add functionality in a backwards compatible manner, and
    3. PATCH version when you make backwards compatible bug fixes.

-Quarterly releases ("`Main Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#main-release>`_")
+Quarterly releases ("`Main Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#user-content-main-release>`_")
 bump at least the MINOR version, as new functionality has likely been added in the
 prior three months.

@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ these occur every 12-18 months, guided by
 `Python's EOL schedule <https://devguide.python.org/#status-of-python-branches>`_, and
 any APIs that have been deprecated for at least a year are removed at the same time.

-PATCH versions ("`Point Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#point-release>`_"
-or "`Embargoed Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#embargoed-release>`_")
+PATCH versions ("`Point Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#user-content-point-release>`_"
+or "`Embargoed Release <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/RELEASING.md#user-content-embargoed-release>`_")
 are for security, installation or critical bug fixes. These are less common as it is
 preferred to stick to quarterly releases.

--- a/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB = 29
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_TYPELESS = 82
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM = 83
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM = 84
+DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16 = 95
+DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_SF16 = 96
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS = 97
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM = 98
 DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB = 99
@ -181,6 +183,14 @@ class DdsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                    self.pixel_format = "BC5S"
                    n = 5
                    self.mode = "RGB"
+                elif dxgi_format == DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16:
+                    self.pixel_format = "BC6H"
+                    n = 6
+                    self.mode = "RGB"
+                elif dxgi_format == DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_SF16:
+                    self.pixel_format = "BC6HS"
+                    n = 6
+                    self.mode = "RGB"
                elif dxgi_format in (DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS, DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM):
                    self.pixel_format = "BC7"
                    n = 7
--- a/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ class ImageFont:

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` or :py:meth:`.getlength` instead.

+        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text.

        :param text: Text to measure.
@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
@ -391,7 +393,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
@ -432,6 +434,8 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
        1/64 pixel precision.
        Use :py:meth:`getbbox()` to get the exact bounding box based on an anchor.

+        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text if rendered in font with
        provided direction, features, and language.

@ -456,7 +460,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
@ -500,6 +504,8 @@ class FreeTypeFont:

        Use :py:meth:`.ImageDraw.multiline_textbbox` instead.

+        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text if rendered in font
        with provided direction, features, and language, while respecting
        newline characters.
@ -520,7 +526,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
@ -559,6 +565,8 @@ class FreeTypeFont:

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` instead.

+        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
+
        Returns the offset of given text. This is the gap between the
        starting coordinate and the first marking. Note that this gap is
        included in the result of :py:func:`~PIL.ImageFont.FreeTypeFont.getsize`.
@ -610,7 +618,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
@ -702,7 +710,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
-                         https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
+                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
@ -852,6 +860,8 @@ class TransposedFont:
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` or :py:meth:`.getlength` instead.
+
+        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
        """
        deprecate("getsize", 10, "getbbox or getlength")
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
@ -945,6 +955,11 @@ def truetype(font=None, size=10, index=0, encoding="", layout_engine=None):
                     encoding of any text provided in subsequent operations.
    :param layout_engine: Which layout engine to use, if available:
                     :data:`.ImageFont.Layout.BASIC` or :data:`.ImageFont.Layout.RAQM`.
+                     If it is available, Raqm layout will be used by default.
+                     Otherwise, basic layout will be used.
+
+                     Raqm layout is recommended for all non-English text. If Raqm layout
+                     is not required, basic layout will have better performance.

                     You can check support for Raqm layout using
                     :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with ``feature="raqm"``.
--- a/src/PIL/ImageOps.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageOps.py
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import functools
 import operator
 import re

-from . import Image
+from . import Image, ImagePalette

 #
 # helpers
@ -291,6 +291,8 @@ def pad(image, size, method=Image.Resampling.BICUBIC, color=None, centering=(0.5
        out = resized
    else:
        out = Image.new(image.mode, size, color)
+        if resized.palette:
+            out.putpalette(resized.getpalette())
        if resized.width != size[0]:
            x = round((size[0] - resized.width) * max(0, min(centering[0], 1)))
            out.paste(resized, (x, 0))
@ -396,9 +398,8 @@ def expand(image, border=0, fill=0):
    width = left + image.size[0] + right
    height = top + image.size[1] + bottom
    color = _color(fill, image.mode)
-    if image.mode == "P" and image.palette:
-        image.load()
-        palette = image.palette.copy()
+    if image.palette:
+        palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette=image.getpalette())
        if isinstance(color, tuple):
            color = palette.getcolor(color)
    else:
--- a/src/PIL/ImagePalette.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImagePalette.py
@ -50,15 +50,24 @@ class ImagePalette:

    @palette.setter
    def palette(self, palette):
+        self._colors = None
        self._palette = palette

-        mode_len = len(self.mode)
-        self.colors = {}
-        for i in range(0, len(self.palette), mode_len):
-            color = tuple(self.palette[i : i + mode_len])
-            if color in self.colors:
-                continue
-            self.colors[color] = i // mode_len
+    @property
+    def colors(self):
+        if self._colors is None:
+            mode_len = len(self.mode)
+            self._colors = {}
+            for i in range(0, len(self.palette), mode_len):
+                color = tuple(self.palette[i : i + mode_len])
+                if color in self._colors:
+                    continue
+                self._colors[color] = i // mode_len
+        return self._colors
+
+    @colors.setter
+    def colors(self, colors):
+        self._colors = colors

    def copy(self):
        new = ImagePalette()
@ -106,7 +115,11 @@ class ImagePalette:
            raise ValueError("palette contains raw palette data")
        if isinstance(color, tuple):
            if self.mode == "RGB":
-                if len(color) == 4 and color[3] == 255:
+                if len(color) == 4:
+                    if color[3] != 255:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "cannot add non-opaque RGBA color to RGB palette"
+                        )
                    color = color[:3]
            elif self.mode == "RGBA":
                if len(color) == 3:
--- a/src/PIL/ImageTk.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageTk.py
@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ class PhotoImage:
            mode = image.mode
            if mode == "P":
                # palette mapped data
+                image.apply_transparency()
                image.load()
                try:
                    mode = image.palette.mode
--- a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ OPEN_INFO = {
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): ("I;16", "I;12"),
+    (II, 0, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
    (MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16B", "I;16B"),
    (II, 1, (1,), 2, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16R"),
@ -1148,6 +1149,39 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        """Return the current frame number"""
        return self.__frame

+    def get_child_images(self):
+        if SUBIFD not in self.tag_v2:
+            return []
+        child_images = []
+        exif = self.getexif()
+        offset = None
+        for im_offset in self.tag_v2[SUBIFD]:
+            # reset buffered io handle in case fp
+            # was passed to libtiff, invalidating the buffer
+            current_offset = self._fp.tell()
+            if offset is None:
+                offset = current_offset
+
+            fp = self._fp
+            ifd = exif._get_ifd_dict(im_offset)
+            jpegInterchangeFormat = ifd.get(513)
+            if jpegInterchangeFormat is not None:
+                fp.seek(jpegInterchangeFormat)
+                jpeg_data = fp.read(ifd.get(514))
+
+                fp = io.BytesIO(jpeg_data)
+
+            with Image.open(fp) as im:
+                if jpegInterchangeFormat is None:
+                    im._frame_pos = [im_offset]
+                    im._seek(0)
+                im.load()
+                child_images.append(im)
+
+        if offset is not None:
+            self._fp.seek(offset)
+        return child_images
+
    def getxmp(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary containing the XMP tags.
--- a/src/PIL/TiffTags.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffTags.py
@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ TAGS_V2 = {
    323: ("TileLength", LONG, 1),
    324: ("TileOffsets", LONG, 0),
    325: ("TileByteCounts", LONG, 0),
+    330: ("SubIFDs", LONG, 0),
    332: ("InkSet", SHORT, 1),
    333: ("InkNames", ASCII, 1),
    334: ("NumberOfInks", SHORT, 1),
--- a/src/decode.c
+++ b/src/decode.c
@ -376,11 +376,8 @@ PyImaging_BcnDecoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
            actual = "L";
            break;
        case 5: /* BC5: 2-channel 8-bit via 2 BC3 alpha blocks */
-            actual = "RGB";
-            break;
        case 6: /* BC6: 3-channel 16-bit float */
-            /* TODO: support 4-channel floating point images */
-            actual = "RGBAF";
+            actual = "RGB";
            break;
        default:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "block compression type unknown");
--- a/src/libImaging/BcnDecode.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/BcnDecode.c
@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ typedef struct {
    UINT8 l;
 } lum;

-typedef struct {
-    FLOAT32 r, g, b;
-} rgb32f;
-
 typedef struct {
    UINT16 c0, c1;
    UINT32 lut;
@ -536,53 +532,53 @@ static const bc6_mode_info bc6_modes[] = {

 /* Table.F, encoded as a sequence of bit indices */
 static const UINT8 bc6_bit_packings[][75] = {
-    {116, 132, 176, 0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   16,  17,
+    {116, 132, 180, 0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   16,  17,
     18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,
     39,  40,  41,  48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  164, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,
-     66,  67,  68,  172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  173, 128,
-     129, 130, 131, 96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175},
-    {117, 164, 165, 0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   172, 173, 132, 16,  17,
-     18,  19,  20,  21, 22,  133, 174, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,
-     175, 177, 176, 48, 49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,
+     66,  67,  68,  176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  177, 128,
+     129, 130, 131, 96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 179},
+    {117, 164, 165, 0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   176, 177, 132, 16,  17,
+     18,  19,  20,  21, 22,  133, 178, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,
+     179, 181, 180, 48, 49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,
     66,  67,  68,  69, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  128,
     129, 130, 131, 96, 97,  98,  99,  100, 101, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149},
    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
     21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,
     48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  10,  112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  26,
-     172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  42,  173, 128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175},
+     176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  42,  177, 128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96,  97, 98,  99,  100, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 179},
    {0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
     21, 22,  23,  24,  25,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,
     48, 49,  50,  51,  10,  164, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
-     26, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  42,  173, 128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96, 97,  98,  99,  172, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 116, 175},
+     26, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  42,  177, 128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96, 97,  98,  99,  176, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 116, 179},
    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,   16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
     21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,
     48,  49,  50,  51,  10,  132, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  26,
-     172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  42,  128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96,  97,  98,  99,  173, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 176, 175},
+     176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  42,  128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96,  97,  98,  99,  177, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 180, 179},
    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
-     21,  22,  23,  24,  116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  176,
+     21,  22,  23,  24,  116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  180,
     48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  164, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
-     172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  173, 128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175},
+     176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  177, 128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 179},
    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   164, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
-     21,  22,  23,  174, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  175, 176,
+     21,  22,  23,  178, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  179, 180,
     48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
-     172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  173, 128, 129, 130, 131,
+     176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  177, 128, 129, 130, 131,
     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 101, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149},
-    {0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   172, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
-     21, 22,  23,  117, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  165, 176,
+    {0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   176, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
+     21, 22,  23,  117, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  165, 180,
     48, 49,  50,  51,  52,  164, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
-     69, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  173, 128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96, 97,  98,  99,  100, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175},
-    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   173, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
-     21,  22,  23,  133, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  177, 176,
+     69, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  177, 128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96, 97,  98,  99,  100, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 179},
+    {0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   177, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
+     21,  22,  23,  133, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  181, 180,
     48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  164, 112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
-     172, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  128, 129, 130, 131,
-     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 174, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 175},
-    {0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   164, 172, 173, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
-     21, 117, 133, 174, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  165, 175, 177, 176,
+     176, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  128, 129, 130, 131,
+     96,  97,  98,  99,  100, 178, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 179},
+    {0,  1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   164, 176, 177, 132, 16,  17,  18,  19,  20,
+     21, 117, 133, 178, 116, 32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  165, 179, 181, 180,
     48, 49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  112, 113, 114, 115, 64,  65,  66,  67,  68,
     69, 160, 161, 162, 163, 80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  128, 129, 130, 131,
     96, 97,  98,  99,  100, 101, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149},
@ -681,20 +677,31 @@ bc6_finalize(int v, int sign) {
    }
 }

+static UINT8
+bc6_clamp(float value) {
+    if (value < 0.0f) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if (value > 1.0f) {
+        return 255;
+    } else {
+        return (UINT8) (value * 255.0f);
+    }
+}
+
 static void
-bc6_lerp(rgb32f *col, int *e0, int *e1, int s, int sign) {
+bc6_lerp(rgba *col, int *e0, int *e1, int s, int sign) {
    int r, g, b;
    int t = 64 - s;
    r = (e0[0] * t + e1[0] * s) >> 6;
    g = (e0[1] * t + e1[1] * s) >> 6;
    b = (e0[2] * t + e1[2] * s) >> 6;
-    col->r = bc6_finalize(r, sign);
-    col->g = bc6_finalize(g, sign);
-    col->b = bc6_finalize(b, sign);
+    col->r = bc6_clamp(bc6_finalize(r, sign));
+    col->g = bc6_clamp(bc6_finalize(g, sign));
+    col->b = bc6_clamp(bc6_finalize(b, sign));
 }

 static void
-decode_bc6_block(rgb32f *col, const UINT8 *src, int sign) {
+decode_bc6_block(rgba *col, const UINT8 *src, int sign) {
    UINT16 endpoints[12]; /* storage for r0, g0, b0, r1, ... */
    int ueps[12];
    int i, i0, ib2, di, dw, mask, numep, s;
@ -744,21 +751,16 @@ decode_bc6_block(rgb32f *col, const UINT8 *src, int sign) {
    }
    if (sign || info->tr) { /* sign-extend e1,2,3 if signed or deltas */
        for (i = 3; i < numep; i += 3) {
-            bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 0], info->rb);
+            bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i], info->rb);
            bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 1], info->gb);
            bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 2], info->bb);
        }
    }
    if (info->tr) { /* apply deltas */
-        for (i = 3; i < numep; i++) {
+        for (i = 3; i < numep; i += 3) {
            endpoints[i] = (endpoints[i] + endpoints[0]) & mask;
-        }
-        if (sign) {
-            for (i = 3; i < numep; i += 3) {
-                bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 0], info->rb);
-                bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 1], info->gb);
-                bc6_sign_extend(&endpoints[i + 2], info->bb);
-            }
+            endpoints[i + 1] = (endpoints[i + 1] + endpoints[1]) & mask;
+            endpoints[i + 2] = (endpoints[i + 2] + endpoints[2]) & mask;
        }
    }
    for (i = 0; i < numep; i++) {
@ -862,8 +864,8 @@ decode_bcn(
            break;
        case 6:
            while (bytes >= 16) {
-                rgb32f col[16];
-                decode_bc6_block(col, ptr, (state->state >> 4) & 1);
+                rgba col[16];
+                decode_bc6_block(col, ptr, strcmp(pixel_format, "BC6HS") == 0 ? 1 : 0);
                put_block(im, state, (const char *)col, sizeof(col[0]), C);
                ptr += 16;
                bytes -= 16;
--- a/src/libImaging/Paste.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Paste.c
@ -432,18 +432,18 @@ fill_mask_L(
        }

    } else {
+        int alpha_channel = strcmp(imOut->mode, "RGBa") == 0 ||
+                            strcmp(imOut->mode, "RGBA") == 0 ||
+                            strcmp(imOut->mode, "La") == 0 ||
+                            strcmp(imOut->mode, "LA") == 0 ||
+                            strcmp(imOut->mode, "PA") == 0;
        for (y = 0; y < ysize; y++) {
            UINT8 *out = (UINT8 *)imOut->image[y + dy] + dx * pixelsize;
            UINT8 *mask = (UINT8 *)imMask->image[y + sy] + sx;
            for (x = 0; x < xsize; x++) {
                for (i = 0; i < pixelsize; i++) {
                    UINT8 channel_mask = *mask;
-                    if ((strcmp(imOut->mode, "RGBa") == 0 ||
-                         strcmp(imOut->mode, "RGBA") == 0 ||
-                         strcmp(imOut->mode, "La") == 0 ||
-                         strcmp(imOut->mode, "LA") == 0 ||
-                         strcmp(imOut->mode, "PA") == 0) &&
-                        i != 3 && channel_mask != 0) {
+                    if (alpha_channel && i != 3 && channel_mask != 0) {
                        channel_mask =
                            255 - (255 - channel_mask) * (1 - (255 - out[3]) / 255);
                    }
--- a/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 *
 * This cast is safe, as the top 32-bits of HFILE are guaranteed to be zero,
 * see
- * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog64/interprocess-communication
+ * https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog64/interprocess-communication
 */
 #ifndef USE_WIN32_FILEIO
 #define fd_to_tiff_fd(fd) (fd)
--- a/src/thirdparty/raqm/README.md
+++ b/src/thirdparty/raqm/README.md
@ -81,5 +81,5 @@ The following projects have patches to support complex text layout using Raqm:
 [1]: https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi
 [2]: https://github.com/Tehreer/SheenBidi
 [3]: https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz
-[4]: https://www.freetype.org
+[4]: https://freetype.org/
 [5]: https://www.gtk.org/gtk-doc
--- a/winbuild/build_prepare.py
+++ b/winbuild/build_prepare.py
@ -355,9 +355,9 @@ deps = {
        "libs": [r"imagequant.lib"],
    },
    "harfbuzz": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/archive/5.2.0.zip",
-        "filename": "harfbuzz-5.2.0.zip",
-        "dir": "harfbuzz-5.2.0",
+        "url": "https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/archive/5.3.0.zip",
+        "filename": "harfbuzz-5.3.0.zip",
+        "dir": "harfbuzz-5.3.0",
        "license": "COPYING",
        "build": [
            cmd_cmake("-DHB_HAVE_FREETYPE:BOOL=TRUE"),