Merge branch 'main' into buffer-updates

.appveyor.yml

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ environment:
   - PYTHON: C:/Python312
     ARCHITECTURE: x86
     APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2022
-  - PYTHON: C:/Python38-x64
+  - PYTHON: C:/Python39-x64
     ARCHITECTURE: AMD64
-    APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2017
+    APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2019
 
 
 install:
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ install:
 - curl -fsSL -o pillow-test-images.zip https://github.com/python-pillow/test-images/archive/main.zip
 - 7z x pillow-test-images.zip -oc:\
 - xcopy /S /Y c:\test-images-main\* c:\pillow\tests\images
-- curl -fsSL -o nasm-win64.zip https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/nasm-2.16.01-win64.zip
+- curl -fsSL -o nasm-win64.zip https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/nasm-2.16.03-win64.zip
 - 7z x nasm-win64.zip -oc:\
-- choco install ghostscript --version=10.3.0
+- choco install ghostscript --version=10.3.1
-- path c:\nasm-2.16.01;C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.00.0\bin;%PATH%
+- path c:\nasm-2.16.03;C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.03.1\bin;%PATH%
 - cd c:\pillow\winbuild\
 - ps: |
-        c:\python38\python.exe c:\pillow\winbuild\build_prepare.py -v --depends=C:\pillow-depends\
+        c:\python39\python.exe c:\pillow\winbuild\build_prepare.py -v --depends=C:\pillow-depends\
         c:\pillow\winbuild\build\build_dep_all.cmd
         $host.SetShouldExit(0)
 - path C:\pillow\winbuild\build\bin;%PATH%

.ci/install.sh

@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ fi
 
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade wheel
-# TODO Update condition when cffi supports 3.13
-if ! [[ "$GHA_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3.13" ]]; then PYTHONOPTIMIZE=0 python3 -m pip install cffi ; fi
 python3 -m pip install coverage
 python3 -m pip install defusedxml
 python3 -m pip install olefile
@@ -39,19 +37,23 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
 
 if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    # TODO Update condition when NumPy supports 3.13
+    # TODO Update condition when NumPy supports free-threading
-    if ! [[ "$GHA_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3.13" ]]; then python3 -m pip install numpy ; fi
+    if [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then
+        python3 -m pip install numpy --index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+    else
+        python3 -m pip install numpy
+    fi
 
     # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
     if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
         sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
-        python3 -m pip install pyqt6
+        # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
+        if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
     fi
 
     # Pyroma uses non-isolated build and fails with old setuptools
     if [[
         $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == pypy3.9
-        || $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.8
         || $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.9
     ]]; then
         # To match pyproject.toml

.ci/requirements-cibw.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==2.18.1
+cibuildwheel==2.19.2

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-mypy==1.10.0
+mypy==1.10.1

.clang-format

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 BasedOnStyle: Google
 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: All
 AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
-AlignAfterOpenBracket: AlwaysBreak
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: BlockIndent
 BinPackArguments: false
 BinPackParameters: false
 BreakBeforeBraces: Attach

.coveragerc

@@ -19,6 +19,5 @@ exclude_also =
 [run]
 omit =
     Tests/32bit_segfault_check.py
-    Tests/bench_cffi_access.py
     Tests/check_*.py
     Tests/createfontdatachunk.py

.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ concurrency:
 
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:
+    # Disabled until google/oss-fuzz#11419 upgrades Python to 3.9+
+    if: false
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Build Fuzzers

.github/workflows/macos-install.sh

@@ -7,16 +7,17 @@ brew install \
     ghostscript \
     libimagequant \
     libjpeg \
-    libraqm \
     libtiff \
     little-cms2 \
     openjpeg \
     webp
+if [[ "$ImageOS" == "macos13" ]]; then
+    brew install --ignore-dependencies libraqm
+else
+    brew install libraqm
+fi
 export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/openblas/lib/pkgconfig"
 
-# TODO Update condition when cffi supports 3.13
-if ! [[ "$GHA_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3.13" ]]; then PYTHONOPTIMIZE=0 python3 -m pip install cffi ; fi
-
 python3 -m pip install coverage
 python3 -m pip install defusedxml
 python3 -m pip install olefile
@@ -24,9 +25,7 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
-
+python3 -m pip install numpy
-# TODO Update condition when NumPy supports 3.13
-if ! [[ "$GHA_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3.13" ]]; then python3 -m pip install numpy ; fi
 
 # extra test images
 pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd

.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-minor-version: [8, 9]
+        python-minor-version: [9]
 
     timeout-minutes: 40
 
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ jobs:
             make
             netpbm
             perl
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-cffi
             python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-cython
             python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-devel
             python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-numpy

.github/workflows/test-docker.yml

@@ -44,13 +44,11 @@ jobs:
           amazon-2023-amd64,
           arch,
           centos-stream-9-amd64,
-          debian-11-bullseye-amd64,
           debian-12-bookworm-x86,
           debian-12-bookworm-amd64,
           fedora-39-amd64,
           fedora-40-amd64,
           gentoo,
-          ubuntu-20.04-focal-amd64,
           ubuntu-22.04-jammy-amd64,
           ubuntu-24.04-noble-amd64,
         ]

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ jobs:
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libtiff \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libwebp \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-openjpeg2 \
-              mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-cffi \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-numpy \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-olefile \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-setuptools \

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["pypy3.10", "pypy3.9", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["pypy3.10", "pypy3.9", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
 
     timeout-minutes: 30
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
         choco install nasm --no-progress
         echo "C:\Program Files\NASM" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
-        choco install ghostscript --version=10.3.0 --no-progress
+        choco install ghostscript --version=10.3.1 --no-progress
         echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.00.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
         # Install extra test images

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -48,33 +48,26 @@ jobs:
           "3.11",
           "3.10",
           "3.9",
-          "3.8",
         ]
         include:
-        - python-version: "3.11"
+        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
-          PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1
+        - { python-version: "3.10", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
-          REVERSE: "--reverse"
+        # Free-threaded
-        - python-version: "3.10"
+        - { os: "ubuntu-latest", python-version: "3.13-dev", disable-gil: true }
-          PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2
         # M1 only available for 3.10+
-        - os: "macos-13"
+        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.9" }
-          python-version: "3.9"
-        - os: "macos-13"
-          python-version: "3.8"
         exclude:
-        - os: "macos-14"
+        - { os: "macos-14", python-version: "3.9" }
-          python-version: "3.9"
-        - os: "macos-14"
-          python-version: "3.8"
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} ${{ matrix.disable-gil && 'free-threaded' || '' }}
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
       uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      if: "${{ !matrix.disable-gil }}"
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -83,6 +76,18 @@ jobs:
           ".ci/*.sh"
           "pyproject.toml"
 
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} (free-threaded)
+      uses: deadsnakes/action@v3.1.0
+      if: "${{ matrix.disable-gil }}"
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        nogil: ${{ matrix.disable-gil }}
+
+    - name: Set PYTHON_GIL
+      if: "${{ matrix.disable-gil }}"
+      run: |
+        echo "PYTHON_GIL=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
     - name: Build system information
       run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
 

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 
 # Package versions for fresh source builds
 FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.2
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=8.4.0
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=8.5.0
 LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.43
-JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.0.2
+JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.0.3
 OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.2
 XZ_VERSION=5.4.5
 TIFF_VERSION=4.6.0
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] || [[ "$MB_ML_VER" != 2014 ]]; then
 else
     ZLIB_VERSION=1.2.8
 fi
-LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.3.2
+LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.4.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
-LIBXCB_VERSION=1.16.1
+LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
 BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0
 
 if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] && [[ "$CIBW_ARCHS" == "x86_64" ]]; then
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ function build {
     fi
     build_new_zlib
 
-    build_simple xcb-proto 1.16.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
+    build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
     if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
         build_simple xorgproto 2024.1 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/proto
         build_simple libXau 1.0.11 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/lib

.github/workflows/wheels-test.sh

@@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ elif [ "${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}" == "musllinux" ]; then
 else
     yum install -y fribidi
 fi
+
 if [ "${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}" != "musllinux" ]; then
+  # TODO Update condition when NumPy supports free-threading
+  if [ $(python3 -c "import sysconfig;print(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_GIL_DISABLED'))") == "1" ]; then
+    python3 -m pip install numpy --index-url https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple
+  else
     python3 -m pip install numpy
+  fi
 fi
 
 if [ ! -d "test-images-main" ]; then

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Wheels
 
 on:
+  schedule:
+  #        ┌───────────── minute (0 - 59)
+  #        │  ┌───────────── hour (0 - 23)
+  #        │  │ ┌───────────── day of the month (1 - 31)
+  #        │  │ │ ┌───────────── month (1 - 12 or JAN-DEC)
+  #        │  │ │ │ ┌───────────── day of the week (0 - 6 or SUN-SAT)
+  #        │  │ │ │ │
+  - cron: "42 1 * * 0,3"
   push:
     paths:
       - ".ci/requirements-cibw.txt"
@@ -33,6 +41,7 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   build-1-QEMU-emulated-wheels:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' && github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch'
     name: aarch64 ${{ matrix.python-version }} ${{ matrix.spec }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
@@ -41,11 +50,8 @@ jobs:
         python-version:
           - pp39
           - pp310
-          - cp38
+          - cp3{9,10,11}
-          - cp39
+          - cp3{12,13}
-          - cp310
-          - cp311
-          - cp312
         spec:
           - manylinux2014
           - manylinux_2_28
@@ -80,6 +86,7 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_ARCHS: "aarch64"
           # Likewise, select only one Python version per job to speed this up.
           CIBW_BUILD: "${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ matrix.spec == 'musllinux' && 'musllinux' || 'manylinux' }}*"
+          CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
           # Extra options for manylinux.
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.spec }}
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.spec }}
@@ -131,10 +138,10 @@ jobs:
         env:
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BUILD: ${{ matrix.build }}
+          CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: True
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
-          CIBW_SKIP: pp38-*
+          CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
-          CIBW_TEST_SKIP: cp38-macosx_arm64
           MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ matrix.macosx_deployment_target }}
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -204,7 +211,8 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: "{package}\\winbuild\\build\\build_dep_all.cmd"
           CIBW_CACHE_PATH: "C:\\cibw"
-          CIBW_SKIP: pp38-*
+          CIBW_FREE_THREADED_SUPPORT: True
+          CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS: True
           CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"
           CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: 'docker run --rm
             -v {project}:C:\pillow
@@ -228,6 +236,7 @@ jobs:
           path: winbuild\build\bin\fribidi*
 
   sdist:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -246,6 +255,23 @@ jobs:
         name: dist-sdist
         path: dist/*.tar.gz
 
+  scientific-python-nightly-wheels-publish:
+    if: github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+    needs: [build-2-native-wheels, windows]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          pattern: dist-*
+          path: dist
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@b67d7fcc0396e1128a474d1ab2b48aa94680f9fc # 0.5.0
+        with:
+          artifacts_path: dist
+          anaconda_nightly_upload_token: ${{ secrets.ANACONDA_ORG_UPLOAD_TOKEN }}
+
   pypi-publish:
     if: github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
     needs: [build-1-QEMU-emulated-wheels, build-2-native-wheels, windows, sdist]

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.4.3
+    rev: v0.5.0
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ repos:
       - id: black
 
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
-    rev: 1.7.8
+    rev: 1.7.9
     hooks:
     - id: bandit
       args: [--severity-level=high]
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ repos:
         exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$)
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v18.1.4
+    rev: v18.1.8
     hooks:
       - id: clang-format
         types: [c]
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ repos:
         exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.28.2
+    rev: 0.28.6
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
       - id: check-readthedocs
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ repos:
       - id: sphinx-lint
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: 1.8.0
+    rev: 2.1.3
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 
   - repo: https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject
-    rev: v0.16
+    rev: v0.18
     hooks:
       - id: validate-pyproject
 

.readthedocs.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ version: 2
 formats: [pdf]
 
 build:
-  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  os: ubuntu-lts-latest
   tools:
     python: "3"
   jobs:

CHANGES.rst

@@ -2,9 +2,126 @@
 Changelog (Pillow)
 ==================
 
-10.4.0 (unreleased)
+11.0.0 (unreleased)
 -------------------
 
+- Deprecate ImageMath lambda_eval and unsafe_eval options argument #8242
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Changed ContainerIO to subclass IO #8240
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Move away from APIs that use borrowed references under the free-threaded build #8216
+  [hugovk, lysnikolaou]
+
+- Allow size argument to resize() to be a NumPy array #8201
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Drop support for Python 3.8 #8183
+  [hugovk, radarhere]
+
+- Add support for Python 3.13 #8181
+  [hugovk, radarhere]
+
+- Fix incompatibility with NumPy 1.20 #8187
+  [neutrinoceros, radarhere]
+
+- Remove PSFile, PyAccess and USE_CFFI_ACCESS #8182
+  [hugovk, radarhere]
+
+10.4.0 (2024-07-01)
+-------------------
+
+- Raise FileNotFoundError if show_file() path does not exist #8178
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Improved reading 16-bit TGA images with colour #7965
+  [Yay295, radarhere]
+
+- Deprecate non-image ImageCms modes #8031
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Fixed processing multiple JPEG EXIF markers #8127
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Do not preserve EXIFIFD tag by default when saving TIFF images #8110
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added ImageFont.load_default_imagefont() #8086
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added Image.WARN_POSSIBLE_FORMATS #8063
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Remove zero-byte end padding when parsing any XMP data #8171
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Do not detect Ultra HDR images as MPO #8056
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Raise SyntaxError specific to JP2 #8146
+  [Yay295, radarhere]
+
+- Do not use first frame duration for other frames when saving APNG images #8104
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Consider I;16 pixel size when using a 1 mode mask #8112
+  [radarhere]
+
+- When saving multiple PNG frames, convert to mode rather than raw mode #8087
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Added byte support to FreeTypeFont #8141
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Allow float center for rotate operations #8114
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Do not read layers immediately when opening PSD images #8039
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Restore original thread state #8065
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Read IM and TIFF images as RGB, rather than RGBX #7997
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Only preserve TIFF IPTC_NAA_CHUNK tag if type is BYTE or UNDEFINED #7948
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Clarify ImageDraw2 error message when size is missing #8165
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Support unpacking more rawmodes to RGBA palettes #7966
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Removed support for Qt 5 #8159
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Improve ``ImageFont.freetype`` support for XDG directories on Linux #8135
+  [mamg22, radarhere]
+
+- Improved consistency of XMP handling #8069
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Use pkg-config to help find libwebp and raqm #8142
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Accept 't' suffix for libtiff version #8126, #8129
+  [radarhere]
+
+- Deprecate ImageDraw.getdraw hints parameter #8124
+  [radarhere, hugovk]
+
+- Added ImageDraw circle() #8085
+  [void4, hugovk, radarhere]
+
+- Add mypy target to Makefile #8077
+  [Yay295]
+
+- Added more modes to Image.MODES #7984
+  [radarhere]
+
 - Deprecate BGR;15, BGR;16 and BGR;24 modes #7978
   [radarhere, hugovk]
 

Makefile

@@ -118,3 +118,8 @@ lint-fix:
 	python3 -m black .
 	python3 -c "import ruff" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install ruff
 	python3 -m ruff --fix .
+
+.PHONY: mypy
+mypy:
+	python3 -c "import tox" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install tox
+	python3 -m tox -e mypy

Tests/bench_cffi_access.py

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import time
-
-from PIL import PyAccess
-
-from .helper import hopper
-
-# Not running this test by default. No DOS against CI.
-
-
-def iterate_get(size, access) -> None:
-    (w, h) = size
-    for x in range(w):
-        for y in range(h):
-            access[(x, y)]
-
-
-def iterate_set(size, access) -> None:
-    (w, h) = size
-    for x in range(w):
-        for y in range(h):
-            access[(x, y)] = (x % 256, y % 256, 0)
-
-
-def timer(func, label, *args) -> None:
-    iterations = 5000
-    starttime = time.time()
-    for x in range(iterations):
-        func(*args)
-        if time.time() - starttime > 10:
-            break
-    endtime = time.time()
-    print(
-        f"{label}: completed {x + 1} iterations in {endtime - starttime:.4f}s, "
-        f"{(endtime - starttime) / (x + 1.0):.6f}s per iteration"
-    )
-
-
-def test_direct() -> None:
-    im = hopper()
-    im.load()
-    # im = Image.new("RGB", (2000, 2000), (1, 3, 2))
-    caccess = im.im.pixel_access(False)
-    access = PyAccess.new(im, False)
-
-    assert caccess[(0, 0)] == access[(0, 0)]
-
-    print(f"Size: {im.width}x{im.height}")
-    timer(iterate_get, "PyAccess - get", im.size, access)
-    timer(iterate_set, "PyAccess - set", im.size, access)
-    timer(iterate_get, "C-api - get", im.size, caccess)
-    timer(iterate_set, "C-api - set", im.size, caccess)

Tests/helper.py

@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import sysconfig
 import tempfile
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import pytest
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from PIL import Image, ImageMath, features
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, ImageMath, features
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -59,9 +60,7 @@ def convert_to_comparable(
     return new_a, new_b
 
 
-def assert_deep_equal(
+def assert_deep_equal(a: Any, b: Any, msg: str | None = None) -> None:
-    a: Sequence[Any], b: Sequence[Any], msg: str | None = None
-) -> None:
     try:
         assert len(a) == len(b), msg or f"got length {len(a)}, expected {len(b)}"
     except Exception:
@@ -174,12 +173,13 @@ def skip_unless_feature(feature: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
 def skip_unless_feature_version(
     feature: str, required: str, reason: str | None = None
 ) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
-    if not features.check(feature):
+    version = features.version(feature)
+    if version is None:
         return pytest.mark.skip(f"{feature} not available")
     if reason is None:
         reason = f"{feature} is older than {required}"
     version_required = parse_version(required)
-    version_available = parse_version(features.version(feature))
+    version_available = parse_version(version)
     return pytest.mark.skipif(version_available < version_required, reason=reason)
 
 
@@ -189,12 +189,13 @@ def mark_if_feature_version(
     version_blacklist: str,
     reason: str | None = None,
 ) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
-    if not features.check(feature):
+    version = features.version(feature)
+    if version is None:
         return pytest.mark.pil_noop_mark()
     if reason is None:
         reason = f"{feature} is {version_blacklist}"
     version_required = parse_version(version_blacklist)
-    version_available = parse_version(features.version(feature))
+    version_available = parse_version(version)
     if (
         version_available.major == version_required.major
         and version_available.minor == version_required.minor
@@ -220,16 +221,11 @@ class PillowLeakTestCase:
         from resource import RUSAGE_SELF, getrusage
 
         mem = getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss
-        if sys.platform == "darwin":
         # man 2 getrusage:
         #     ru_maxrss
-            # This is the maximum resident set size utilized (in bytes).
+        # This is the maximum resident set size utilized
-            return mem / 1024  # Kb
+        # in bytes on macOS, in kilobytes on Linux
-        # linux
+        return mem / 1024 if sys.platform == "darwin" else mem
-        # man 2 getrusage
-        #        ru_maxrss (since Linux 2.6.32)
-        #  This is the maximum resident set size used (in kilobytes).
-        return mem  # Kb
 
     def _test_leak(self, core: Callable[[], None]) -> None:
         start_mem = self._get_mem_usage()
@@ -243,7 +239,7 @@ class PillowLeakTestCase:
 # helpers
 
 
-def fromstring(data: bytes) -> Image.Image:
+def fromstring(data: bytes) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     return Image.open(BytesIO(data))
 
 

Tests/oss-fuzz/test_fuzzers.py

@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ from Tests.helper import skip_unless_feature
 
 if sys.platform.startswith("win32"):
     pytest.skip("Fuzzer is linux only", allow_module_level=True)
-if features.check("libjpeg_turbo"):
+libjpeg_turbo_version = features.version("libjpeg_turbo")
-    version = packaging.version.parse(features.version("libjpeg_turbo"))
+if libjpeg_turbo_version is not None:
+    version = packaging.version.parse(libjpeg_turbo_version)
     if version.major == 2 and version.minor == 0:
         pytestmark = pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error(
             reason="Known failing with libjpeg_turbo 2.0"

Tests/test_color_lut.py

@@ -321,6 +321,7 @@ class TestColorLut3DCoreAPI:
                                   -1,  2,  2,   2,  2,  2,
                               ])).load()
         # fmt: on
+        assert transformed is not None
         assert transformed[0, 0] == (0, 0, 255)
         assert transformed[50, 50] == (0, 0, 255)
         assert transformed[255, 0] == (0, 255, 255)
@@ -341,6 +342,7 @@ class TestColorLut3DCoreAPI:
                                   -3,  5,  5,   5,  5,  5,
                               ])).load()
         # fmt: on
+        assert transformed is not None
         assert transformed[0, 0] == (0, 0, 255)
         assert transformed[50, 50] == (0, 0, 255)
         assert transformed[255, 0] == (0, 255, 255)
@@ -354,10 +356,10 @@ class TestColorLut3DCoreAPI:
 class TestColorLut3DFilter:
     def test_wrong_args(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="should be either an integer"):
-            ImageFilter.Color3DLUT("small", [1])
+            ImageFilter.Color3DLUT("small", [1])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="should be either an integer"):
-            ImageFilter.Color3DLUT((11, 11), [1])
+            ImageFilter.Color3DLUT((11, 11), [1])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"in \[2, 65\] range"):
             ImageFilter.Color3DLUT((11, 11, 1), [1])

Tests/test_decompression_bomb.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ORIGINAL_LIMIT = Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS
 
 
 class TestDecompressionBomb:
-    def teardown_method(self, method) -> None:
+    def teardown_method(self) -> None:
         Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = ORIGINAL_LIMIT
 
     def test_no_warning_small_file(self) -> None:

Tests/test_deprecate.py

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from PIL import _deprecate
     "version, expected",
     [
         (
-            11,
+            12,
-            "Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 11 "
+            "Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 "
-            r"\(2024-10-15\)\. Use new thing instead\.",
+            r"\(2025-10-15\)\. Use new thing instead\.",
         ),
         (
             None,
@@ -54,18 +54,18 @@ def test_old_version(deprecated: str, plural: bool, expected: str) -> None:
 
 def test_plural() -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old things are deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 11 \(2024-10-15\)\. "
+        r"Old things are deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)\. "
         r"Use new thing instead\."
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old things", 11, "new thing", plural=True)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old things", 12, "new thing", plural=True)
 
 
 def test_replacement_and_action() -> None:
     expected = "Use only one of 'replacement' and 'action'"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected):
         _deprecate.deprecate(
-            "Old thing", 11, replacement="new thing", action="Upgrade to new thing"
+            "Old thing", 12, replacement="new thing", action="Upgrade to new thing"
         )
 
 
@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ def test_replacement_and_action() -> None:
 )
 def test_action(action: str) -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 11 \(2024-10-15\)\. "
+        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)\. "
         r"Upgrade to new thing\."
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 11, action=action)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 12, action=action)
 
 
 def test_no_replacement_or_action() -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 11 \(2024-10-15\)"
+        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)"
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 11)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 12)

Tests/test_features.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def test_version() -> None:
     # Check the correctness of the convenience function
     # and the format of version numbers
 
-    def test(name: str, function: Callable[[str], bool]) -> None:
+    def test(name: str, function: Callable[[str], str | None]) -> None:
         version = features.version(name)
         if not features.check(name):
             assert version is None
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ def test_version() -> None:
             assert function(name) == version
             if name != "PIL":
                 if name == "zlib" and version is not None:
-                    version = version.replace(".zlib-ng", "")
+                    version = re.sub(".zlib-ng$", "", version)
+                elif name == "libtiff" and version is not None:
+                    version = re.sub("t$", "", version)
                 assert version is None or re.search(r"\d+(\.\d+)*$", version)
 
     for module in features.modules:
@@ -67,12 +69,16 @@ def test_webp_anim() -> None:
 
 @skip_unless_feature("libjpeg_turbo")
 def test_libjpeg_turbo_version() -> None:
-    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version("libjpeg_turbo"))
+    version = features.version("libjpeg_turbo")
+    assert version is not None
+    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
 
 @skip_unless_feature("libimagequant")
 def test_libimagequant_version() -> None:
-    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version("libimagequant"))
+    version = features.version("libimagequant")
+    assert version is not None
+    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("feature", features.modules)
@@ -120,7 +126,7 @@ def test_unsupported_module() -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("supported_formats", (True, False))
-def test_pilinfo(supported_formats) -> None:
+def test_pilinfo(supported_formats: bool) -> None:
     buf = io.StringIO()
     features.pilinfo(buf, supported_formats=supported_formats)
     out = buf.getvalue()

Tests/test_file_apng.py

@@ -706,10 +706,21 @@ def test_different_modes_in_later_frames(
         assert reloaded.mode == mode
 
 
-def test_apng_repeated_seeks_give_correct_info() -> None:
+def test_different_durations(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/different_durations.png") as im:
-        for i in range(3):
+        for _ in range(3):
             im.seek(0)
             assert im.info["duration"] == 4000
+
             im.seek(1)
             assert im.info["duration"] == 1000
+
+        im.save(test_file, save_all=True)
+
+    with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.info["duration"] == 4000
+
+        reloaded.seek(1)
+        assert reloaded.info["duration"] == 1000

Tests/test_file_bmp.py

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def test_load_dib() -> None:
         (124, "g/pal8v5.bmp"),
     ),
 )
-def test_dib_header_size(header_size, path):
+def test_dib_header_size(header_size: int, path: str) -> None:
     image_path = "Tests/images/bmp/" + path
     with open(image_path, "rb") as fp:
         data = fp.read()[14:]

Tests/test_file_bufrstub.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import BufrStubImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import BufrStubImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile
 
 from .helper import hopper
 
@@ -50,30 +51,33 @@ def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    class TestHandler:
+    class TestHandler(ImageFile.StubHandler):
         opened = False
         loaded = False
         saved = False
 
-        def open(self, im) -> None:
+        def open(self, im: ImageFile.StubImageFile) -> None:
             self.opened = True
 
-        def load(self, im):
+        def load(self, im: ImageFile.StubImageFile) -> Image.Image:
             self.loaded = True
             im.fp.close()
             return Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
 
-        def save(self, im, fp, filename) -> None:
+        def is_loaded(self) -> bool:
+            return self.loaded
+
+        def save(self, im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str) -> None:
             self.saved = True
 
     handler = TestHandler()
     BufrStubImagePlugin.register_handler(handler)
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         assert handler.opened
-        assert not handler.loaded
+        assert not handler.is_loaded()
 
         im.load()
-        assert handler.loaded
+        assert handler.is_loaded()
 
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.bufr")
         im.save(temp_file)

Tests/test_file_container.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Literal
-
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import ContainerIO, Image
@@ -23,6 +21,13 @@ def test_isatty() -> None:
     assert container.isatty() is False
 
 
+def test_seekable() -> None:
+    with hopper() as im:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(im, 0, 0)
+
+    assert container.seekable() is True
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "mode, expected_position",
     (
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ def test_isatty() -> None:
         (2, 100),
     ),
 )
-def test_seek_mode(mode: Literal[0, 1, 2], expected_position: int) -> None:
+def test_seek_mode(mode: int, expected_position: int) -> None:
     # Arrange
     with open(TEST_FILE, "rb") as fh:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
@@ -44,6 +49,14 @@ def test_seek_mode(mode: Literal[0, 1, 2], expected_position: int) -> None:
         assert container.tell() == expected_position
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_readable(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+    assert container.readable() is True
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_read_n0(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
     # Arrange
@@ -51,7 +64,7 @@ def test_read_n0(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(81)
+        assert container.seek(81) == 81
         data = container.read()
 
         # Assert
@@ -67,7 +80,7 @@ def test_read_n(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(81)
+        assert container.seek(81) == 81
         data = container.read(3)
 
         # Assert
@@ -83,7 +96,7 @@ def test_read_eof(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 22, 100)
 
         # Act
-        container.seek(100)
+        assert container.seek(100) == 100
         data = container.read()
 
         # Assert
@@ -94,21 +107,65 @@ def test_read_eof(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_readline(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
-    # Arrange
     with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
 
-        # Act
         data = container.readline()
-
-        # Assert
         if bytesmode:
             data = data.decode()
         assert data == "This is line 1\n"
 
+        data = container.readline(4)
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = data.decode()
+        assert data == "This"
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
 def test_readlines(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    expected = [
+        "This is line 1\n",
+        "This is line 2\n",
+        "This is line 3\n",
+        "This is line 4\n",
+        "This is line 5\n",
+        "This is line 6\n",
+        "This is line 7\n",
+        "This is line 8\n",
+    ]
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        data = container.readlines()
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = [line.decode() for line in data]
+        assert data == expected
+
+        assert container.seek(0) == 0
+
+        data = container.readlines(2)
+        if bytesmode:
+            data = [line.decode() for line in data]
+        assert data == expected[:2]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_write(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        assert container.writable() is False
+
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.write(b"" if bytesmode else "")
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.writelines([])
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            container.truncate()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_iter(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
     # Arrange
     expected = [
         "This is line 1\n",
@@ -124,9 +181,21 @@ def test_readlines(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
 
         # Act
-        data = container.readlines()
+        data = []
+        for line in container:
+            data.append(line)
 
         # Assert
         if bytesmode:
             data = [line.decode() for line in data]
         assert data == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytesmode", (True, False))
+def test_file(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb" if bytesmode else "r") as fh:
+        container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
+
+        assert isinstance(container.fileno(), int)
+        container.flush()
+        container.close()

Tests/test_file_eps.py

@@ -329,46 +329,6 @@ def test_read_binary_preview() -> None:
         pass
 
 
-def test_readline_psfile(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    # check all the freaking line endings possible from the spec
-    # test_string = u'something\r\nelse\n\rbaz\rbif\n'
-    line_endings = ["\r\n", "\n", "\n\r", "\r"]
-    strings = ["something", "else", "baz", "bif"]
-
-    def _test_readline(t: EpsImagePlugin.PSFile, ending: str) -> None:
-        ending = f"Failure with line ending: {''.join(str(ord(s)) for s in ending)}"
-        assert t.readline().strip("\r\n") == "something", ending
-        assert t.readline().strip("\r\n") == "else", ending
-        assert t.readline().strip("\r\n") == "baz", ending
-        assert t.readline().strip("\r\n") == "bif", ending
-
-    def _test_readline_io_psfile(test_string: str, ending: str) -> None:
-        f = io.BytesIO(test_string.encode("latin-1"))
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            t = EpsImagePlugin.PSFile(f)
-        _test_readline(t, ending)
-
-    def _test_readline_file_psfile(test_string: str, ending: str) -> None:
-        f = str(tmp_path / "temp.txt")
-        with open(f, "wb") as w:
-            w.write(test_string.encode("latin-1"))
-
-        with open(f, "rb") as r:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-                t = EpsImagePlugin.PSFile(r)
-            _test_readline(t, ending)
-
-    for ending in line_endings:
-        s = ending.join(strings)
-        _test_readline_io_psfile(s, ending)
-        _test_readline_file_psfile(s, ending)
-
-
-def test_psfile_deprecation() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-        EpsImagePlugin.PSFile(None)
-
-
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("prefix", (b"", simple_binary_header))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "line_ending",
@@ -425,9 +385,10 @@ def test_timeout(test_file: str) -> None:
 def test_bounding_box_in_trailer() -> None:
     # Check bounding boxes are parsed in the same way
     # when specified in the header and the trailer
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/zero_bb_trailer.eps") as trailer_image, Image.open(
+    with (
-        FILE1
+        Image.open("Tests/images/zero_bb_trailer.eps") as trailer_image,
-    ) as header_image:
+        Image.open(FILE1) as header_image,
+    ):
         assert trailer_image.size == header_image.size
 
 

Tests/test_file_gif.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ def test_closed_file() -> None:
 
 def test_seek_after_close() -> None:
     im = Image.open("Tests/images/iss634.gif")
+    assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
     im.load()
     im.close()
 
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ def test_palette_434(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **kwargs: bool) -> Image.Image:
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
-        im.copy().save(out, **kwargs)
+        im.copy().save(out, "GIF", **kwargs)
         reloaded = Image.open(out)
 
         return reloaded
@@ -377,7 +378,8 @@ def test_save_netpbm_bmp_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         img = img.convert("RGB")
 
         tempfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
-        GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img, 0, tempfile)
+        b = BytesIO()
+        GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img, b, tempfile)
         with Image.open(tempfile) as reloaded:
             assert_image_similar(img, reloaded.convert("RGB"), 0)
 
@@ -388,7 +390,8 @@ def test_save_netpbm_l_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         img = img.convert("L")
 
         tempfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
-        GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img, 0, tempfile)
+        b = BytesIO()
+        GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img, b, tempfile)
         with Image.open(tempfile) as reloaded:
             assert_image_similar(img, reloaded.convert("L"), 0)
 
@@ -648,7 +651,7 @@ def test_dispose2_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             assert rgb_img.getpixel((50, 50)) == circle
 
             # Check that frame transparency wasn't added unnecessarily
-            assert img._frame_transparency is None
+            assert getattr(img, "_frame_transparency") is None
 
 
 def test_dispose2_diff(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -1252,10 +1255,11 @@ def test_palette_save_L(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     im = hopper("P")
     im_l = Image.frombytes("L", im.size, im.tobytes())
-    palette = bytes(im.getpalette())
+    palette = im.getpalette()
+    assert palette is not None
 
     out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
-    im_l.save(out, palette=palette)
+    im_l.save(out, palette=bytes(palette))
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
         assert_image_equal(reloaded.convert("RGB"), im.convert("RGB"))

Tests/test_file_gribstub.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import IO
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import GribStubImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import GribStubImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile
 
 from .helper import hopper
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    class TestHandler:
+    class TestHandler(ImageFile.StubHandler):
         opened = False
         loaded = False
         saved = False
@@ -64,6 +64,9 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             im.fp.close()
             return Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
 
+        def is_loaded(self) -> bool:
+            return self.loaded
+
         def save(self, im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str) -> None:
             self.saved = True
 
@@ -71,10 +74,10 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     GribStubImagePlugin.register_handler(handler)
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         assert handler.opened
-        assert not handler.loaded
+        assert not handler.is_loaded()
 
         im.load()
-        assert handler.loaded
+        assert handler.is_loaded()
 
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.grib")
         im.save(temp_file)

Tests/test_file_hdf5stub.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import IO
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Hdf5StubImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import Hdf5StubImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile
 
 TEST_FILE = "Tests/images/hdf5.h5"
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ def test_load() -> None:
 def test_save() -> None:
     # Arrange
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
-        dummy_fp = None
+        dummy_fp = BytesIO()
         dummy_filename = "dummy.filename"
 
         # Act / Assert: stub cannot save without an implemented handler
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ def test_save() -> None:
 
 
 def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    class TestHandler:
+    class TestHandler(ImageFile.StubHandler):
         opened = False
         loaded = False
         saved = False
@@ -65,6 +66,9 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             im.fp.close()
             return Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
 
+        def is_loaded(self) -> bool:
+            return self.loaded
+
         def save(self, im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str) -> None:
             self.saved = True
 
@@ -72,10 +76,10 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     Hdf5StubImagePlugin.register_handler(handler)
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         assert handler.opened
-        assert not handler.loaded
+        assert not handler.is_loaded()
 
         im.load()
-        assert handler.loaded
+        assert handler.is_loaded()
 
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.h5")
         im.save(temp_file)

Tests/test_file_jpeg.py

@@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
 
     def test_sanity(self) -> None:
         # internal version number
-        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+$", features.version_codec("jpg"))
+        version = features.version_codec("jpg")
+        assert version is not None
+        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
         with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
             im.load()
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
             assert k > 0.9
 
     def test_rgb(self) -> None:
-        def getchannels(im: Image.Image) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+        def getchannels(im: JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
             return tuple(v[0] for v in im.layer)
 
         im = hopper()
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
         [TEST_FILE, "Tests/images/pil_sample_cmyk.jpg"],
     )
     def test_dpi(self, test_image_path: str) -> None:
-        def test(xdpi: int, ydpi: int | None = None):
+        def test(xdpi: int, ydpi: int | None = None) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
             with Image.open(test_image_path) as im:
                 im = self.roundtrip(im, dpi=(xdpi, ydpi or xdpi))
             return im.info.get("dpi")
@@ -441,7 +443,9 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
         assert_image(im1, im2.mode, im2.size)
 
     def test_subsampling(self) -> None:
-        def getsampling(im: Image.Image):
+        def getsampling(
+            im: JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile,
+        ) -> tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]:
             layer = im.layer
             return layer[0][1:3] + layer[1][1:3] + layer[2][1:3]
 
@@ -697,7 +701,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
     def test_save_cjpeg(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as img:
             tempfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")
-            JpegImagePlugin._save_cjpeg(img, 0, tempfile)
+            JpegImagePlugin._save_cjpeg(img, BytesIO(), tempfile)
             # Default save quality is 75%, so a tiny bit of difference is alright
             assert_image_similar_tofile(img, tempfile, 17)
 
@@ -868,7 +872,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
 
     def test_multiple_exif(self) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/multiple_exif.jpg") as im:
-            assert im.info["exif"] == b"Exif\x00\x00firstsecond"
+            assert im.getexif()[270] == "firstsecond"
 
     @mark_if_feature_version(
         pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error, "libjpeg_turbo", "2.0", reason="Known Failing"
@@ -915,24 +919,25 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/icc-after-SOF.jpg") as im:
             assert im.info["icc_profile"] == b"profile"
 
-    def test_jpeg_magic_number(self) -> None:
+    def test_jpeg_magic_number(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         size = 4097
         buffer = BytesIO(b"\xFF" * size)  # Many xFF bytes
-        buffer.max_pos = 0
+        max_pos = 0
         orig_read = buffer.read
 
-        def read(n=-1):
+        def read(n: int | None = -1) -> bytes:
+            nonlocal max_pos
             res = orig_read(n)
-            buffer.max_pos = max(buffer.max_pos, buffer.tell())
+            max_pos = max(max_pos, buffer.tell())
             return res
 
-        buffer.read = read
+        monkeypatch.setattr(buffer, "read", read)
         with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
             with Image.open(buffer):
                 pass
 
         # Assert the entire file has not been read
-        assert 0 < buffer.max_pos < size
+        assert 0 < max_pos < size
 
     def test_getxmp(self) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/xmp_test.jpg") as im:
@@ -943,6 +948,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
                 ):
                     assert im.getxmp() == {}
             else:
+                assert "xmp" in im.info
                 xmp = im.getxmp()
 
                 description = xmp["xmpmeta"]["RDF"]["Description"]
@@ -1027,8 +1033,10 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
 
     def test_repr_jpeg(self) -> None:
         im = hopper()
+        b = im._repr_jpeg_()
+        assert b is not None
 
-        with Image.open(BytesIO(im._repr_jpeg_())) as repr_jpeg:
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(b)) as repr_jpeg:
             assert repr_jpeg.format == "JPEG"
             assert_image_similar(im, repr_jpeg, 17)
 

Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py

@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> Image.Image:
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     # Internal version number
-    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version_codec("jpg_2000"))
+    version = features.version_codec("jpg_2000")
+    assert version is not None
+    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/test-card-lossless.jp2") as im:
         px = im.load()
@@ -333,9 +335,15 @@ def test_issue_6194() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((5, 5)) == 31
 
 
+def test_unknown_j2k_mode() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/unknown_mode.j2k"):
+            pass
+
+
 def test_unbound_local() -> None:
     # prepatch, a malformed jp2 file could cause an UnboundLocalError exception.
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+    with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/unbound_variable.jp2"):
             pass
 
@@ -458,7 +466,7 @@ def test_plt_marker() -> None:
         out.seek(length - 2, os.SEEK_CUR)
 
 
-def test_9bit():
+def test_9bit() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/9bit.j2k") as im:
         assert im.mode == "I;16"
         assert im.size == (128, 128)

Tests/test_file_libtiff.py

@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ class LibTiffTestCase:
 
 class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
     def test_version(self) -> None:
-        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version_codec("libtiff"))
+        version = features.version_codec("libtiff")
+        assert version is not None
+        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+t?$", version)
 
     def test_g4_tiff(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         """Test the ordinary file path load path"""
@@ -90,11 +92,22 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
     def test_g4_non_disk_file_object(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         """Testing loading from non-disk non-BytesIO file object"""
         test_file = "Tests/images/hopper_g4_500.tif"
-        s = io.BytesIO()
         with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
-            s.write(f.read())
+            data = f.read()
-            s.seek(0)
+
-        r = io.BufferedReader(s)
+        class NonBytesIO(io.RawIOBase):
+            def read(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+                nonlocal data
+                if size == -1:
+                    size = len(data)
+                result = data[:size]
+                data = data[size:]
+                return result
+
+            def readable(self) -> bool:
+                return True
+
+        r = io.BufferedReader(NonBytesIO())
         with Image.open(r) as im:
             assert im.size == (500, 500)
             self._assert_noerr(tmp_path, im)
@@ -666,7 +679,8 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             pilim.save(buffer_io, format="tiff", compression=compression)
             buffer_io.seek(0)
 
-            assert_image_similar_tofile(pilim, buffer_io, 0)
+            with Image.open(buffer_io) as saved_im:
+                assert_image_similar(pilim, saved_im, 0)
 
         save_bytesio()
         save_bytesio("raw")
@@ -682,13 +696,18 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             assert reloaded.tag_v2[530] == (1, 1)
             assert reloaded.tag_v2[532] == (0, 255, 128, 255, 128, 255)
 
-    def test_exif_ifd(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_exif_ifd(self) -> None:
-        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
+        out = io.BytesIO()
         with Image.open("Tests/images/tiff_adobe_deflate.tif") as im:
             assert im.tag_v2[34665] == 125456
-            im.save(outfile)
+            im.save(out, "TIFF")
 
-        with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
+            with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+                assert 34665 not in reloaded.tag_v2
+
+            im.save(out, "TIFF", tiffinfo={34665: 125456})
+
+        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             if Image.core.libtiff_support_custom_tags:
                 assert reloaded.tag_v2[34665] == 125456
 
@@ -1040,7 +1059,11 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         ],
     )
     def test_wrong_bits_per_sample(
-        self, file_name: str, mode: str, size: tuple[int, int], tile
+        self,
+        file_name: str,
+        mode: str,
+        size: tuple[int, int],
+        tile: list[tuple[str, tuple[int, int, int, int], int, tuple[Any, ...]]],
     ) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/" + file_name) as im:
             assert im.mode == mode
@@ -1127,7 +1150,7 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             arguments: dict[str, str | int] = {"compression": "tiff_adobe_deflate"}
             if argument:
                 arguments["strip_size"] = 2**18
-            im.save(out, **arguments)
+            im.save(out, "TIFF", **arguments)
 
             with Image.open(out) as im:
                 assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)

Tests/test_file_mpo.py

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, cast
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, MpoImagePlugin
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, MpoImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ test_files = ["Tests/images/sugarshack.mpo", "Tests/images/frozenpond.mpo"]
 pytestmark = skip_unless_feature("jpg")
 
 
-def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile:
+def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     out = BytesIO()
     im.save(out, "MPO", **options)
     out.seek(0)
-    return cast(MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile, Image.open(out))
+    return Image.open(out)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("test_file", test_files)
@@ -226,6 +226,17 @@ def test_eoferror() -> None:
         im.seek(n_frames - 1)
 
 
+def test_adopt_jpeg() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.jpg") as im:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile.adopt(im)
+
+
+def test_ultra_hdr() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/ultrahdr.jpg") as im:
+        assert im.format == "JPEG"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("test_file", test_files)
 def test_image_grab(test_file: str) -> None:
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
@@ -270,6 +281,8 @@ def test_save_all() -> None:
     im_reloaded = roundtrip(im, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
 
     assert_image_equal(im, im_reloaded)
+    assert isinstance(im_reloaded, MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile)
+    assert im_reloaded.mpinfo is not None
     assert im_reloaded.mpinfo[45056] == b"0100"
 
     im_reloaded.seek(1)

Tests/test_file_pcx.py

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ def test_pil184() -> None:
 def test_1px_width(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (1, 256))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(256):
         px[0, y] = y
     _roundtrip(tmp_path, im)
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ def test_1px_width(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_large_count(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 1))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for x in range(256):
         px[x, 0] = x // 67 * 67
     _roundtrip(tmp_path, im)
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ def _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path: Path, im: Image.Image, size: int = 1024) ->
 def test_break_in_count_overflow(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(4):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
@@ -110,6 +113,7 @@ def test_break_in_count_overflow(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_break_one_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(5):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
@@ -119,6 +123,7 @@ def test_break_one_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_break_many_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(4):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
@@ -130,6 +135,7 @@ def test_break_many_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_break_one_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(5):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
@@ -140,6 +146,7 @@ def test_break_one_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_break_many_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(5):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
@@ -152,6 +159,7 @@ def test_break_many_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_break_padding(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (257, 5))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for y in range(5):
         for x in range(257):
             px[x, y] = x % 128

Tests/test_file_pdf.py

@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ import os
 import os.path
 import tempfile
 import time
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Generator
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ def test_dpi(params: dict[str, int | tuple[int, int]], tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = hopper()
 
     outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.pdf")
-    im.save(outfile, **params)
+    im.save(outfile, "PDF", **params)
 
     with open(outfile, "rb") as fp:
         contents = fp.read()
@@ -228,6 +229,7 @@ def test_pdf_append_fails_on_nonexistent_file() -> None:
 
 
 def check_pdf_pages_consistency(pdf: PdfParser.PdfParser) -> None:
+    assert pdf.pages_ref is not None
     pages_info = pdf.read_indirect(pdf.pages_ref)
     assert b"Parent" not in pages_info
     assert b"Kids" in pages_info

Tests/test_file_png.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ MAGIC = PngImagePlugin._MAGIC
 
 def chunk(cid: bytes, *data: bytes) -> bytes:
     test_file = BytesIO()
-    PngImagePlugin.putchunk(*(test_file, cid) + data)
+    PngImagePlugin.putchunk(test_file, cid, *data)
     return test_file.getvalue()
 
 
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ class TestFilePng:
 
     def test_sanity(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         # internal version number
-        assert re.search(
+        version = features.version_codec("zlib")
-            r"\d+(\.\d+){1,3}(\.zlib\-ng)?$", features.version_codec("zlib")
+        assert version is not None
-        )
+        assert re.search(r"\d+(\.\d+){1,3}(\.zlib\-ng)?$", version)
 
         test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
 
@@ -535,8 +535,10 @@ class TestFilePng:
 
     def test_repr_png(self) -> None:
         im = hopper()
+        b = im._repr_png_()
+        assert b is not None
 
-        with Image.open(BytesIO(im._repr_png_())) as repr_png:
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(b)) as repr_png:
             assert repr_png.format == "PNG"
             assert_image_equal(im, repr_png)
 
@@ -655,11 +657,12 @@ class TestFilePng:
             png.call(cid, 0, 0)
             ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = False
 
-    def test_specify_bits(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("save_all", (True, False))
+    def test_specify_bits(self, save_all: bool, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = hopper("P")
 
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
-        im.save(out, bits=4)
+        im.save(out, bits=4, save_all=save_all)
 
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
             assert len(reloaded.png.im_palette[1]) == 48
@@ -683,6 +686,7 @@ class TestFilePng:
                 ):
                     assert im.getxmp() == {}
             else:
+                assert "xmp" in im.info
                 xmp = im.getxmp()
 
                 description = xmp["xmpmeta"]["RDF"]["Description"]
@@ -767,16 +771,12 @@ class TestFilePng:
     def test_save_stdout(self, buffer: bool) -> None:
         old_stdout = sys.stdout
 
-        if buffer:
-
         class MyStdOut:
             buffer = BytesIO()
 
-            mystdout = MyStdOut()
+        mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
-        else:
-            mystdout = BytesIO()
 
-        sys.stdout = mystdout
+        sys.stdout = mystdout  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
         with Image.open(TEST_PNG_FILE) as im:
             im.save(sys.stdout, "PNG")
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class TestFilePng:
         # Reset stdout
         sys.stdout = old_stdout
 
-        if buffer:
+        if isinstance(mystdout, MyStdOut):
             mystdout = mystdout.buffer
         with Image.open(mystdout) as reloaded:
             assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded, TEST_PNG_FILE)

Tests/test_file_ppm.py

@@ -368,16 +368,12 @@ def test_mimetypes(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_save_stdout(buffer: bool) -> None:
     old_stdout = sys.stdout
 
-    if buffer:
-
     class MyStdOut:
         buffer = BytesIO()
 
-        mystdout = MyStdOut()
+    mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
-    else:
-        mystdout = BytesIO()
 
-    sys.stdout = mystdout
+    sys.stdout = mystdout  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         im.save(sys.stdout, "PPM")
@@ -385,7 +381,7 @@ def test_save_stdout(buffer: bool) -> None:
     # Reset stdout
     sys.stdout = old_stdout
 
-    if buffer:
+    if isinstance(mystdout, MyStdOut):
         mystdout = mystdout.buffer
     with Image.open(mystdout) as reloaded:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded, TEST_FILE)

Tests/test_file_psd.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import warnings
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, PsdImagePlugin, UnidentifiedImageError
+from PIL import Image, PsdImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, assert_image_similar, hopper, is_pypy
 
@@ -150,20 +150,26 @@ def test_combined_larger_than_size() -> None:
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "test_file,raises",
     [
-        (
-            "Tests/images/timeout-1ee28a249896e05b83840ae8140622de8e648ba9.psd",
-            UnidentifiedImageError,
-        ),
-        (
-            "Tests/images/timeout-598843abc37fc080ec36a2699ebbd44f795d3a6f.psd",
-            UnidentifiedImageError,
-        ),
         ("Tests/images/timeout-c8efc3fded6426986ba867a399791bae544f59bc.psd", OSError),
         ("Tests/images/timeout-dedc7a4ebd856d79b4359bbcc79e8ef231ce38f6.psd", OSError),
     ],
 )
-def test_crashes(test_file: str, raises) -> None:
+def test_crashes(test_file: str, raises: type[Exception]) -> None:
     with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
         with pytest.raises(raises):
             with Image.open(f):
                 pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "test_file",
+    [
+        "Tests/images/timeout-1ee28a249896e05b83840ae8140622de8e648ba9.psd",
+        "Tests/images/timeout-598843abc37fc080ec36a2699ebbd44f795d3a6f.psd",
+    ],
+)
+def test_layer_crashes(test_file: str) -> None:
+    with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
+        with Image.open(f) as im:
+            with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+                im.layers

Tests/test_file_spider.py

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ def test_load_image_series() -> None:
     img_list = SpiderImagePlugin.loadImageSeries(file_list)
 
     # Assert
+    assert img_list is not None
     assert len(img_list) == 1
     assert isinstance(img_list[0], Image.Image)
     assert img_list[0].size == (128, 128)

Tests/test_file_tga.py

@@ -72,12 +72,21 @@ def test_palette_depth_8(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 def test_palette_depth_16(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/p_16.tga") as im:
-        assert_image_equal_tofile(im.convert("RGB"), "Tests/images/p_16.png")
+        assert im.palette.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im.convert("RGBA"), "Tests/images/p_16.png")
 
         out = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
         im.save(out)
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-            assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded.convert("RGB"), "Tests/images/p_16.png")
+            assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded.convert("RGBA"), "Tests/images/p_16.png")
+
+
+def test_rgba_16() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/rgba16.tga") as im:
+        assert im.mode == "RGBA"
+
+        assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (172, 0, 255, 255)
+        assert im.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0, 255, 82, 0)
 
 
 def test_id_field() -> None:

Tests/test_file_tiff.py

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ class TestFileTiff:
 
     def test_seek_after_close(self) -> None:
         im = Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff")
+        assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
         im.close()
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -113,14 +114,14 @@ class TestFileTiff:
             outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
             im.save(outfile, save_all=True, append_images=[im], tiffinfo=im.tag_v2)
 
-    def test_seek_too_large(self):
+    def test_seek_too_large(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unable to seek to frame"):
             Image.open("Tests/images/seek_too_large.tif")
 
     def test_set_legacy_api(self) -> None:
         ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
         with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
-            ifd.legacy_api = None
+            ifd.legacy_api = False
         assert str(e.value) == "Not allowing setting of legacy api"
 
     def test_xyres_tiff(self) -> None:
@@ -424,13 +425,13 @@ class TestFileTiff:
     def test_load_float(self) -> None:
         ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
         data = b"abcdabcd"
-        ret = ifd.load_float(data, False)
+        ret = getattr(ifd, "load_float")(data, False)
         assert ret == (1.6777999408082104e22, 1.6777999408082104e22)
 
     def test_load_double(self) -> None:
         ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
         data = b"abcdefghabcdefgh"
-        ret = ifd.load_double(data, False)
+        ret = getattr(ifd, "load_double")(data, False)
         assert ret == (8.540883223036124e194, 8.540883223036124e194)
 
     def test_ifd_tag_type(self) -> None:
@@ -599,7 +600,7 @@ class TestFileTiff:
     def test_with_underscores(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         kwargs = {"resolution_unit": "inch", "x_resolution": 72, "y_resolution": 36}
         filename = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
-        hopper("RGB").save(filename, **kwargs)
+        hopper("RGB").save(filename, "TIFF", **kwargs)
         with Image.open(filename) as im:
             # legacy interface
             assert im.tag[X_RESOLUTION][0][0] == 72
@@ -621,6 +622,22 @@ class TestFileTiff:
 
             assert_image_equal_tofile(im, tmpfile)
 
+    def test_iptc(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        # Do not preserve IPTC_NAA_CHUNK by default if type is LONG
+        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.tif") as im:
+            im.load()
+            assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
+            ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+            ifd[33723] = 1
+            ifd.tagtype[33723] = 4
+            im.tag_v2 = ifd
+            im.save(outfile)
+
+        with Image.open(outfile) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
+            assert 33723 not in im.tag_v2
+
     def test_rowsperstrip(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tif")
         im = hopper()
@@ -759,6 +776,7 @@ class TestFileTiff:
                 ):
                     assert im.getxmp() == {}
             else:
+                assert "xmp" in im.info
                 xmp = im.getxmp()
 
                 description = xmp["xmpmeta"]["RDF"]["Description"]

Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py

@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ from PIL.TiffImagePlugin import IFDRational
 
 from .helper import assert_deep_equal, hopper
 
-TAG_IDS = {info.name: info.value for info in TiffTags.TAGS_V2.values()}
+TAG_IDS: dict[str, int] = {
+    info.name: info.value
+    for info in TiffTags.TAGS_V2.values()
+    if info.value is not None
+}
 
 
 def test_rt_metadata(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -411,8 +415,8 @@ def test_empty_values() -> None:
     info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(head)
     info.load(data)
     # Should not raise ValueError.
-    info = dict(info)
+    info_dict = dict(info)
-    assert 33432 in info
+    assert 33432 in info_dict
 
 
 def test_photoshop_info(tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_webp.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import re
 import sys
 import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ class TestFileWebp:
     def test_version(self) -> None:
         _webp.WebPDecoderVersion()
         _webp.WebPDecoderBuggyAlpha()
-        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version_module("webp"))
+        version = features.version_module("webp")
+        assert version is not None
+        assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
     def test_read_rgb(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -68,7 +71,9 @@ class TestFileWebp:
             # dwebp -ppm ../../Tests/images/hopper.webp -o hopper_webp_bits.ppm
             assert_image_similar_tofile(image, "Tests/images/hopper_webp_bits.ppm", 1.0)
 
-    def _roundtrip(self, tmp_path: Path, mode, epsilon, args={}) -> None:
+    def _roundtrip(
+        self, tmp_path: Path, mode: str, epsilon: float, args: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    ) -> None:
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.webp")
 
         hopper(mode).save(temp_file, **args)
@@ -196,7 +201,9 @@ class TestFileWebp:
         (0, (0,), (-1, 0, 1, 2), (253, 254, 255, 256)),
     )
     @skip_unless_feature("webp_anim")
-    def test_invalid_background(self, background, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    def test_invalid_background(
+        self, background: int | tuple[int, ...], tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.webp")
         im = hopper()
         with pytest.raises(OSError):

Tests/test_file_webp_animated.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -52,8 +53,9 @@ def test_write_animation_L(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             assert_image_similar(im, orig.convert("RGBA"), 32.9)
 
             if is_big_endian():
-                webp = parse_version(features.version_module("webp"))
+                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                if webp < parse_version("1.2.2"):
+                assert version is not None
+                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
                     pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
             orig.seek(orig.n_frames - 1)
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ def test_write_animation_RGB(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     are visually similar to the originals.
     """
 
-    def check(temp_file) -> None:
+    def check(temp_file: str) -> None:
         with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
             assert im.n_frames == 2
 
@@ -78,8 +80,9 @@ def test_write_animation_RGB(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
             # Compare second frame to original
             if is_big_endian():
-                webp = parse_version(features.version_module("webp"))
+                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                if webp < parse_version("1.2.2"):
+                assert version is not None
+                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
                     pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
             im.seek(1)
             im.load()
@@ -94,7 +97,9 @@ def test_write_animation_RGB(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             check(temp_file1)
 
             # Tests appending using a generator
-            def im_generator(ims):
+            def im_generator(
+                ims: list[Image.Image],
+            ) -> Generator[Image.Image, None, None]:
                 yield from ims
 
             temp_file2 = str(tmp_path / "temp_generator.webp")

Tests/test_file_webp_metadata.py

@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ def test_getxmp() -> None:
             ):
                 assert im.getxmp() == {}
         else:
+            assert "xmp" in im.info
             assert (
                 im.getxmp()["xmpmeta"]["xmptk"]
                 == "Adobe XMP Core 5.3-c011 66.145661, 2012/02/06-14:56:27        "

Tests/test_file_wmf.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, WmfImagePlugin
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, WmfImagePlugin
 
 from .helper import assert_image_similar_tofile, hopper
 
@@ -34,10 +35,13 @@ def test_load() -> None:
 
 
 def test_register_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    class TestHandler:
+    class TestHandler(ImageFile.StubHandler):
         methodCalled = False
 
-        def save(self, im, fp, filename) -> None:
+        def load(self, im: ImageFile.StubImageFile) -> Image.Image:
+            return Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+
+        def save(self, im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str) -> None:
             self.methodCalled = True
 
     handler = TestHandler()
@@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ def test_load_set_dpi() -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", (".wmf", ".emf"))
-def test_save(ext, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_save(ext: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = hopper()
 
     tmpfile = str(tmp_path / ("temp" + ext))

Tests/test_font_leaks.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TestTTypeFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
     iterations = 10
     mem_limit = 4096  # k
 
-    def _test_font(self, font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
+    def _test_font(self, font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont | ImageFont.ImageFont) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", (255, 255), "white")
         draw = ImageDraw.ImageDraw(im)
         self._test_leak(
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TestDefaultFontLeak(TestTTypeFontLeak):
 
     def test_leak(self) -> None:
         if features.check_module("freetype2"):
-            ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError)
+            ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing"))
         try:
             default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
         finally:

Tests/test_image.py

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import IO
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import IO, Any
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ from PIL import (
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
     assert_image_equal_tofile,
+    assert_image_similar,
     assert_image_similar_tofile,
     assert_not_all_same,
     hopper,
@@ -34,6 +36,12 @@ from .helper import (
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
 
+ElementTree: ModuleType | None
+try:
+    from defusedxml import ElementTree
+except ImportError:
+    ElementTree = None
+
 
 # Deprecation helper
 def helper_image_new(mode: str, size: tuple[int, int]) -> Image.Image:
@@ -99,10 +107,18 @@ class TestImage:
         JPGFILE = "Tests/images/hopper.jpg"
 
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            with Image.open(PNGFILE, formats=123):
+            with Image.open(PNGFILE, formats=123):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                 pass
 
-        for formats in [["JPEG"], ("JPEG",), ["jpeg"], ["Jpeg"], ["jPeG"], ["JpEg"]]:
+        format_list: list[list[str] | tuple[str, ...]] = [
+            ["JPEG"],
+            ("JPEG",),
+            ["jpeg"],
+            ["Jpeg"],
+            ["jPeG"],
+            ["JpEg"],
+        ]
+        for formats in format_list:
             with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
                 with Image.open(PNGFILE, formats=formats):
                     pass
@@ -116,6 +132,15 @@ class TestImage:
                 assert im.mode == "RGB"
                 assert im.size == (128, 128)
 
+    def test_open_verbose_failure(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(Image, "WARN_POSSIBLE_FORMATS", True)
+
+        im = io.BytesIO(b"")
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+            with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+                with Image.open(im):
+                    pass
+
     def test_width_height(self) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 2))
         assert im.width == 1
@@ -138,12 +163,12 @@ class TestImage:
 
     def test_bad_mode(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            with Image.open("filename", "bad mode"):
+            with Image.open("filename", "bad mode"):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                 pass
 
     def test_stringio(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            with Image.open(io.StringIO()):
+            with Image.open(io.StringIO()):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                 pass
 
     def test_pathlib(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -166,11 +191,19 @@ class TestImage:
     def test_fp_name(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")
 
-        class FP:
+        class FP(io.BytesIO):
             name: str
 
-            def write(self, b: bytes) -> None:
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
-                pass
+                from collections.abc import Buffer
+
+                def write(self, data: Buffer) -> int:
+                    return len(data)
+
+            else:
+
+                def write(self, data: Any) -> int:
+                    return len(data)
 
         fp = FP()
         fp.name = temp_file
@@ -185,7 +218,8 @@ class TestImage:
         with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as fp:
             im.save(fp, "JPEG")
             fp.seek(0)
-            assert_image_similar_tofile(im, fp, 20)
+            with Image.open(fp) as reloaded:
+                assert_image_similar(im, reloaded, 20)
 
     def test_unknown_extension(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = hopper()
@@ -338,8 +372,9 @@ class TestImage:
         img = Image.alpha_composite(dst, src)
 
         # Assert
-        img_colors = sorted(img.getcolors())
+        img_colors = img.getcolors()
-        assert img_colors == expected_colors
+        assert img_colors is not None
+        assert sorted(img_colors) == expected_colors
 
     def test_alpha_inplace(self) -> None:
         src = Image.new("RGBA", (128, 128), "blue")
@@ -383,13 +418,13 @@ class TestImage:
 
         # errors
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            source.alpha_composite(over, "invalid source")
+            source.alpha_composite(over, "invalid destination")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            source.alpha_composite(over, (0, 0), "invalid destination")
+            source.alpha_composite(over, (0, 0), "invalid source")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            source.alpha_composite(over, 0)
+            source.alpha_composite(over, 0)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            source.alpha_composite(over, (0, 0), 0)
+            source.alpha_composite(over, (0, 0), 0)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             source.alpha_composite(over, (0, 0), (0, -1))
 
@@ -497,9 +532,11 @@ class TestImage:
     def test_check_size(self) -> None:
         # Checking that the _check_size function throws value errors when we want it to
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            Image.new("RGB", 0)  # not a tuple
+            # not a tuple
+            Image.new("RGB", 0)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            Image.new("RGB", (0,))  # Tuple too short
+            # tuple too short
+            Image.new("RGB", (0,))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             Image.new("RGB", (-1, -1))  # w,h < 0
 
@@ -539,6 +576,7 @@ class TestImage:
         for mode in ("I", "F", "L"):
             im = Image.new(mode, (100, 100), (5,))
             px = im.load()
+            assert px is not None
             assert px[0, 0] == 5
 
     def test_linear_gradient_wrong_mode(self) -> None:
@@ -633,7 +671,9 @@ class TestImage:
 
         im_remapped = im.remap_palette([1, 0])
         assert im_remapped.info["transparency"] == 1
-        assert len(im_remapped.getpalette()) == 6
+        palette = im_remapped.getpalette()
+        assert palette is not None
+        assert len(palette) == 6
 
         # Test unused transparency
         im.info["transparency"] = 2
@@ -664,7 +704,7 @@ class TestImage:
             else:
                 assert new_image.palette is None
 
-        _make_new(im, im_p, ImagePalette.ImagePalette(list(range(256)) * 3))
+        _make_new(im, im_p, ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB"))
         _make_new(im_p, im, None)
         _make_new(im, blank_p, ImagePalette.ImagePalette())
         _make_new(im, blank_pa, ImagePalette.ImagePalette())
@@ -897,6 +937,25 @@ class TestImage:
                     assert tag not in exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
                 assert exif.get_ifd(0xA005)
 
+    def test_empty_xmp(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.gif") as im:
+            assert im.getxmp() == {}
+
+    def test_getxmp_padded(self) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+        im.info["xmp"] = (
+            b'<?xpacket begin="\xef\xbb\xbf" id="W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d"?>\n'
+            b'<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" />\n<?xpacket end="w"?>\x00\x00'
+        )
+        if ElementTree is None:
+            with pytest.warns(
+                UserWarning,
+                match="XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency",
+            ):
+                assert im.getxmp() == {}
+        else:
+            assert im.getxmp() == {"xmpmeta": None}
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)))
     def test_zero_tobytes(self, size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", size)

Tests/test_image_access.py

@@ -12,19 +12,6 @@ from PIL import Image
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper, is_win32
 
-# CFFI imports pycparser which doesn't support PYTHONOPTIMIZE=2
-# https://github.com/eliben/pycparser/pull/198#issuecomment-317001670
-cffi: ModuleType | None
-if os.environ.get("PYTHONOPTIMIZE") == "2":
-    cffi = None
-else:
-    try:
-        import cffi
-
-        from PIL import PyAccess
-    except ImportError:
-        cffi = None
-
 numpy: ModuleType | None
 try:
     import numpy
@@ -32,21 +19,7 @@ except ImportError:
     numpy = None
 
 
-class AccessTest:
+class TestImagePutPixel:
-    # Initial value
-    _init_cffi_access = Image.USE_CFFI_ACCESS
-    _need_cffi_access = False
-
-    @classmethod
-    def setup_class(cls) -> None:
-        Image.USE_CFFI_ACCESS = cls._need_cffi_access
-
-    @classmethod
-    def teardown_class(cls) -> None:
-        Image.USE_CFFI_ACCESS = cls._init_cffi_access
-
-
-class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
     def test_sanity(self) -> None:
         im1 = hopper()
         im2 = Image.new(im1.mode, im1.size, 0)
@@ -54,7 +27,9 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         for y in range(im1.size[1]):
             for x in range(im1.size[0]):
                 pos = x, y
-                im2.putpixel(pos, im1.getpixel(pos))
+                value = im1.getpixel(pos)
+                assert value is not None
+                im2.putpixel(pos, value)
 
         assert_image_equal(im1, im2)
 
@@ -64,7 +39,9 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         for y in range(im1.size[1]):
             for x in range(im1.size[0]):
                 pos = x, y
-                im2.putpixel(pos, im1.getpixel(pos))
+                value = im1.getpixel(pos)
+                assert value is not None
+                im2.putpixel(pos, value)
 
         assert not im2.readonly
         assert_image_equal(im1, im2)
@@ -74,10 +51,12 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         pix1 = im1.load()
         pix2 = im2.load()
 
+        assert pix1 is not None
+        assert pix2 is not None
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            pix1[0, "0"]
+            pix1[0, "0"]  # type: ignore[index]
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            pix1["0", 0]
+            pix1["0", 0]  # type: ignore[index]
 
         for y in range(im1.size[1]):
             for x in range(im1.size[0]):
@@ -96,7 +75,9 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         for y in range(-1, -im1.size[1] - 1, -1):
             for x in range(-1, -im1.size[0] - 1, -1):
                 pos = x, y
-                im2.putpixel(pos, im1.getpixel(pos))
+                value = im1.getpixel(pos)
+                assert value is not None
+                im2.putpixel(pos, value)
 
         assert_image_equal(im1, im2)
 
@@ -106,7 +87,9 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         for y in range(-1, -im1.size[1] - 1, -1):
             for x in range(-1, -im1.size[0] - 1, -1):
                 pos = x, y
-                im2.putpixel(pos, im1.getpixel(pos))
+                value = im1.getpixel(pos)
+                assert value is not None
+                im2.putpixel(pos, value)
 
         assert not im2.readonly
         assert_image_equal(im1, im2)
@@ -116,6 +99,8 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
         pix1 = im1.load()
         pix2 = im2.load()
 
+        assert pix1 is not None
+        assert pix2 is not None
         for y in range(-1, -im1.size[1] - 1, -1):
             for x in range(-1, -im1.size[0] - 1, -1):
                 pix2[x, y] = pix1[x, y]
@@ -125,13 +110,14 @@ class TestImagePutPixel(AccessTest):
     @pytest.mark.skipif(numpy is None, reason="NumPy not installed")
     def test_numpy(self) -> None:
         im = hopper()
-        pix = im.load()
+        px = im.load()
 
+        assert px is not None
         assert numpy is not None
-        assert pix[numpy.int32(1), numpy.int32(2)] == (18, 20, 59)
+        assert px[numpy.int32(1), numpy.int32(2)] == (18, 20, 59)
 
 
-class TestImageGetPixel(AccessTest):
+class TestImageGetPixel:
     @staticmethod
     def color(mode: str) -> int | tuple[int, ...]:
         bands = Image.getmodebands(mode)
@@ -144,9 +130,6 @@ class TestImageGetPixel(AccessTest):
         return tuple(range(1, bands + 1))
 
     def check(self, mode: str, expected_color_int: int | None = None) -> None:
-        if self._need_cffi_access and mode.startswith("BGR;"):
-            pytest.skip("Support not added to deprecated module for BGR;* modes")
-
         expected_color = (
             self.color(mode) if expected_color_int is None else expected_color_int
         )
@@ -171,15 +154,14 @@ class TestImageGetPixel(AccessTest):
         # Check 0x0 image with None initial color
         im = Image.new(mode, (0, 0), None)
         assert im.load() is not None
-        error = ValueError if self._need_cffi_access else IndexError
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
-        with pytest.raises(error):
             im.putpixel((0, 0), expected_color)
-        with pytest.raises(error):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             im.getpixel((0, 0))
         # Check negative index
-        with pytest.raises(error):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             im.putpixel((-1, -1), expected_color)
-        with pytest.raises(error):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             im.getpixel((-1, -1))
 
         # Check initial color
@@ -199,10 +181,10 @@ class TestImageGetPixel(AccessTest):
 
         # Check 0x0 image with initial color
         im = Image.new(mode, (0, 0), expected_color)
-        with pytest.raises(error):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             im.getpixel((0, 0))
         # Check negative index
-        with pytest.raises(error):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             im.getpixel((-1, -1))
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", Image.MODES)
@@ -235,120 +217,7 @@ class TestImageGetPixel(AccessTest):
         assert im.convert("RGBA").getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0, alpha)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::DeprecationWarning")
+class TestImagePutPixelError:
-@pytest.mark.skipif(cffi is None, reason="No CFFI")
-class TestCffiPutPixel(TestImagePutPixel):
-    _need_cffi_access = True
-
-
-@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::DeprecationWarning")
-@pytest.mark.skipif(cffi is None, reason="No CFFI")
-class TestCffiGetPixel(TestImageGetPixel):
-    _need_cffi_access = True
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(cffi is None, reason="No CFFI")
-class TestCffi(AccessTest):
-    _need_cffi_access = True
-
-    def _test_get_access(self, im: Image.Image) -> None:
-        """Do we get the same thing as the old pixel access
-
-        Using private interfaces, forcing a capi access and
-        a pyaccess for the same image"""
-        caccess = im.im.pixel_access(False)
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            access = PyAccess.new(im, False)
-
-        w, h = im.size
-        for x in range(0, w, 10):
-            for y in range(0, h, 10):
-                assert access[(x, y)] == caccess[(x, y)]
-
-        # Access an out-of-range pixel
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            access[(access.xsize + 1, access.ysize + 1)]
-
-    def test_get_vs_c(self) -> None:
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            rgb = hopper("RGB")
-            rgb.load()
-            self._test_get_access(rgb)
-            for mode in ("RGBA", "L", "LA", "1", "P", "F"):
-                self._test_get_access(hopper(mode))
-
-            for mode in ("I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B", "I;16N", "I"):
-                im = Image.new(mode, (10, 10), 40000)
-                self._test_get_access(im)
-
-    def _test_set_access(self, im: Image.Image, color: tuple[int, ...] | float) -> None:
-        """Are we writing the correct bits into the image?
-
-        Using private interfaces, forcing a capi access and
-        a pyaccess for the same image"""
-        caccess = im.im.pixel_access(False)
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            access = PyAccess.new(im, False)
-
-        w, h = im.size
-        for x in range(0, w, 10):
-            for y in range(0, h, 10):
-                access[(x, y)] = color
-                assert color == caccess[(x, y)]
-
-        # Attempt to set the value on a read-only image
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            access = PyAccess.new(im, True)
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            access[(0, 0)] = color
-
-    def test_set_vs_c(self) -> None:
-        rgb = hopper("RGB")
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            rgb.load()
-        self._test_set_access(rgb, (255, 128, 0))
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("RGBA"), (255, 192, 128, 0))
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("L"), 128)
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("LA"), (128, 128))
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("1"), 255)
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("P"), 128)
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("PA"), (128, 128))
-        self._test_set_access(hopper("F"), 1024.0)
-
-        for mode in ("I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B", "I;16N", "I"):
-            im = Image.new(mode, (10, 10), 40000)
-            self._test_set_access(im, 45000)
-
-    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::DeprecationWarning")
-    def test_not_implemented(self) -> None:
-        assert PyAccess.new(hopper("BGR;15")) is None
-
-    # Ref https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/2009
-    def test_reference_counting(self) -> None:
-        size = 10
-
-        for _ in range(10):
-            # Do not save references to the image, only to the access object
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-                px = Image.new("L", (size, 1), 0).load()
-            for i in range(size):
-                # Pixels can contain garbage if image is released
-                assert px[i, 0] == 0
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "PA"))
-    def test_p_putpixel_rgb_rgba(self, mode: str) -> None:
-        for color in ((255, 0, 0), (255, 0, 0, 127 if mode == "PA" else 255)):
-            im = Image.new(mode, (1, 1))
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-                access = PyAccess.new(im, False)
-                access.putpixel((0, 0), color)
-
-                if len(color) == 3:
-                    color += (255,)
-                assert im.convert("RGBA").getpixel((0, 0)) == color
-
-
-class TestImagePutPixelError(AccessTest):
     IMAGE_MODES1 = ["LA", "RGB", "RGBA", "BGR;15"]
     IMAGE_MODES2 = ["L", "I", "I;16"]
     INVALID_TYPES = ["foo", 1.0, None]
@@ -358,7 +227,7 @@ class TestImagePutPixelError(AccessTest):
         im = hopper(mode)
         for v in self.INVALID_TYPES:
             with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="color must be int or tuple"):
-                im.putpixel((0, 0), v)
+                im.putpixel((0, 0), v)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         ("mode", "band_numbers", "match"),
@@ -392,7 +261,7 @@ class TestImagePutPixelError(AccessTest):
             with pytest.raises(
                 TypeError, match="color must be int or single-element tuple"
             ):
-                im.putpixel((0, 0), v)
+                im.putpixel((0, 0), v)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", IMAGE_MODES1 + IMAGE_MODES2)
     def test_putpixel_overflow_error(self, mode: str) -> None:

Tests/test_image_array.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import pytest
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
@@ -13,13 +13,16 @@ numpy = pytest.importorskip("numpy", reason="NumPy not installed")
 
 im = hopper().resize((128, 100))
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy.typing as npt
+
 
 def test_toarray() -> None:
     def test(mode: str) -> tuple[tuple[int, ...], str, int]:
         ai = numpy.array(im.convert(mode))
         return ai.shape, ai.dtype.str, ai.nbytes
 
-    def test_with_dtype(dtype) -> None:
+    def test_with_dtype(dtype: npt.DTypeLike) -> None:
         ai = numpy.array(im, dtype=dtype)
         assert ai.dtype == dtype
 
@@ -86,8 +89,8 @@ def test_fromarray() -> None:
     assert test("RGBX") == ("RGBA", (128, 100), True)
 
     # Test mode is None with no "typestr" in the array interface
+    wrapped = Wrapper(hopper("L"), {"shape": (100, 128)})
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        wrapped = Wrapper(test("L"), {"shape": (100, 128)})
         Image.fromarray(wrapped)
 
 

Tests/test_image_convert.py

@@ -222,8 +222,10 @@ def test_l_macro_rounding(convert_mode: str) -> None:
 
         converted_im = im.convert(convert_mode)
         px = converted_im.load()
+        assert px is not None
         converted_color = px[0, 0]
         if convert_mode == "LA":
+            assert isinstance(converted_color, tuple)
             converted_color = converted_color[0]
         assert converted_color == 1
 

Tests/test_image_crop.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def test_crop(mode: str) -> None:
 
 
 def test_wide_crop() -> None:
-    def crop(*bbox: int) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+    def crop(bbox: tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         i = im.crop(bbox)
         h = i.histogram()
         while h and not h[-1]:
@@ -27,23 +27,23 @@ def test_wide_crop() -> None:
 
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), 1)
 
-    assert crop(0, 0, 100, 100) == (0, 10000)
+    assert crop((0, 0, 100, 100)) == (0, 10000)
-    assert crop(25, 25, 75, 75) == (0, 2500)
+    assert crop((25, 25, 75, 75)) == (0, 2500)
 
     # sides
-    assert crop(-25, 0, 25, 50) == (1250, 1250)
+    assert crop((-25, 0, 25, 50)) == (1250, 1250)
-    assert crop(0, -25, 50, 25) == (1250, 1250)
+    assert crop((0, -25, 50, 25)) == (1250, 1250)
-    assert crop(75, 0, 125, 50) == (1250, 1250)
+    assert crop((75, 0, 125, 50)) == (1250, 1250)
-    assert crop(0, 75, 50, 125) == (1250, 1250)
+    assert crop((0, 75, 50, 125)) == (1250, 1250)
 
-    assert crop(-25, 25, 125, 75) == (2500, 5000)
+    assert crop((-25, 25, 125, 75)) == (2500, 5000)
-    assert crop(25, -25, 75, 125) == (2500, 5000)
+    assert crop((25, -25, 75, 125)) == (2500, 5000)
 
     # corners
-    assert crop(-25, -25, 25, 25) == (1875, 625)
+    assert crop((-25, -25, 25, 25)) == (1875, 625)
-    assert crop(75, -25, 125, 25) == (1875, 625)
+    assert crop((75, -25, 125, 25)) == (1875, 625)
-    assert crop(75, 75, 125, 125) == (1875, 625)
+    assert crop((75, 75, 125, 125)) == (1875, 625)
-    assert crop(-25, 75, 25, 125) == (1875, 625)
+    assert crop((-25, 75, 25, 125)) == (1875, 625)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("box", ((8, 2, 2, 8), (2, 8, 8, 2), (8, 8, 2, 2)))

Tests/test_image_draft.py

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ def draft_roundtrip(
     im = Image.new(in_mode, in_size)
     data = tostring(im, "JPEG")
     im = fromstring(data)
-    mode, box = im.draft(req_mode, req_size)
+    result = im.draft(req_mode, req_size)
+    assert result is not None
+    box = result[1]
     scale, _ = im.decoderconfig
     assert box[:2] == (0, 0)
     assert (im.width - scale) < box[2] <= im.width

Tests/test_image_filter.py

@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ def test_sanity(filter_to_apply: ImageFilter.Filter, mode: str) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "I", "RGB", "CMYK"))
 def test_sanity_error(mode: str) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
     im = hopper(mode)
-        im.filter("hello")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        im.filter("hello")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 # crashes on small images
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test_builtinfilter_p() -> None:
     builtin_filter = ImageFilter.BuiltinFilter()
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        builtin_filter.filter(hopper("P"))
+        builtin_filter.filter(hopper("P").im)
 
 
 def test_kernel_not_enough_coefficients() -> None:

Tests/test_image_getcolors.py

@@ -54,17 +54,21 @@ def test_pack() -> None:
     assert A is None
 
     A = im.getcolors(maxcolors=3)
+    assert A is not None
     A.sort()
     assert A == expected
 
     A = im.getcolors(maxcolors=4)
+    assert A is not None
     A.sort()
     assert A == expected
 
     A = im.getcolors(maxcolors=8)
+    assert A is not None
     A.sort()
     assert A == expected
 
     A = im.getcolors(maxcolors=16)
+    assert A is not None
     A.sort()
     assert A == expected

Tests/test_image_getextrema.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from .helper import hopper
 
 
 def test_extrema() -> None:
-    def extrema(mode: str) -> tuple[int, int] | tuple[tuple[int, int], ...]:
+    def extrema(mode: str) -> tuple[float, float] | tuple[tuple[int, int], ...]:
         return hopper(mode).getextrema()
 
     assert extrema("1") == (0, 255)

Tests/test_image_load.py

@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ from .helper import hopper
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     im = hopper()
-    pix = im.load()
+    px = im.load()
 
-    assert pix[0, 0] == (20, 20, 70)
+    assert px is not None
+    assert px[0, 0] == (20, 20, 70)
 
 
 def test_close() -> None:

Tests/test_image_mode.py

@@ -68,7 +68,11 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     ),
 )
 def test_properties(
-    mode, expected_base, expected_type, expected_bands, expected_band_names
+    mode: str,
+    expected_base: str,
+    expected_type: str,
+    expected_bands: int,
+    expected_band_names: tuple[str, ...],
 ) -> None:
     assert Image.getmodebase(mode) == expected_base
     assert Image.getmodetype(mode) == expected_type

Tests/test_image_paste.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class TestImagingPaste:
         self, im: Image.Image, expected: list[tuple[int, int, int, int]]
     ) -> None:
         px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
         actual = [
             px[0, 0],
             px[self.size // 2, 0],
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ class TestImagingPaste:
     def mask_1(self) -> Image.Image:
         mask = Image.new("1", (self.size, self.size))
         px = mask.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for y in range(mask.height):
             for x in range(mask.width):
                 px[y, x] = (x + y) % 2
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ class TestImagingPaste:
     def gradient_L(self) -> Image.Image:
         gradient = Image.new("L", (self.size, self.size))
         px = gradient.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for y in range(gradient.height):
             for x in range(gradient.width):
                 px[y, x] = (x + y) % 255
@@ -338,3 +341,8 @@ class TestImagingPaste:
 
         im.copy().paste(im2)
         im.copy().paste(im2, (0, 0))
+
+    def test_incorrect_abbreviated_form(self) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.paste(im, im, im)

Tests/test_image_point.py

@@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ def test_f_lut() -> None:
 def test_f_mode() -> None:
     im = hopper("F")
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        im.point(None)
+        im.point([])

Tests/test_image_putdata.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 def test_long_integers() -> None:
     # see bug-200802-systemerror
-    def put(value: int) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+    def put(value: int) -> float | tuple[int, ...] | None:
         im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1))
         im.putdata([value])
         return im.getpixel((0, 0))

Tests/test_image_putpalette.py

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ def test_putpalette_with_alpha_values() -> None:
     (
         ("RGBA", (1, 2, 3, 4)),
         ("RGBAX", (1, 2, 3, 4, 0)),
+        ("ARGB", (4, 1, 2, 3)),
     ),
 )
 def test_rgba_palette(mode: str, palette: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:

Tests/test_image_quantize.py

@@ -24,13 +24,16 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 def test_libimagequant_quantize() -> None:
     image = hopper()
     if is_ppc64le():
-        libimagequant = parse_version(features.version_feature("libimagequant"))
+        version = features.version_feature("libimagequant")
-        if libimagequant < parse_version("4"):
+        assert version is not None
+        if parse_version(version) < parse_version("4"):
             pytest.skip("Fails with libimagequant earlier than 4.0.0 on ppc64le")
     converted = image.quantize(100, Image.Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT)
     assert converted.mode == "P"
     assert_image_similar(converted.convert("RGB"), image, 15)
-    assert len(converted.getcolors()) == 100
+    colors = converted.getcolors()
+    assert colors is not None
+    assert len(colors) == 100
 
 
 def test_octree_quantize() -> None:
@@ -38,7 +41,9 @@ def test_octree_quantize() -> None:
     converted = image.quantize(100, Image.Quantize.FASTOCTREE)
     assert converted.mode == "P"
     assert_image_similar(converted.convert("RGB"), image, 20)
-    assert len(converted.getcolors()) == 100
+    colors = converted.getcolors()
+    assert colors is not None
+    assert len(colors) == 100
 
 
 def test_rgba_quantize() -> None:
@@ -79,6 +84,7 @@ def test_quantize_no_dither2() -> None:
     assert tuple(quantized.palette.palette) == data
 
     px = quantized.load()
+    assert px is not None
     for x in range(9):
         assert px[x, 0] == (0 if x < 5 else 1)
 
@@ -97,7 +103,7 @@ def test_quantize_dither_diff() -> None:
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "method", (Image.Quantize.MEDIANCUT, Image.Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE)
 )
-def test_quantize_kmeans(method) -> None:
+def test_quantize_kmeans(method: Image.Quantize) -> None:
     im = hopper()
     no_kmeans = im.quantize(kmeans=0, method=method)
     kmeans = im.quantize(kmeans=1, method=method)
@@ -117,10 +123,12 @@ def test_colors() -> None:
 def test_transparent_colors_equal() -> None:
     im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 2), (0, 0, 0, 0))
     px = im.load()
+    assert px is not None
     px[0, 1] = (255, 255, 255, 0)
 
     converted = im.quantize()
     converted_px = converted.load()
+    assert converted_px is not None
     assert converted_px[0, 0] == converted_px[0, 1]
 
 
@@ -138,6 +146,7 @@ def test_palette(method: Image.Quantize, color: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
 
     converted = im.quantize(method=method)
     converted_px = converted.load()
+    assert converted_px is not None
     assert converted_px[0, 0] == converted.palette.colors[color]
 
 
@@ -153,4 +162,6 @@ def test_small_palette() -> None:
     im = im.quantize(palette=p)
 
     # Assert
-    assert len(im.getcolors()) == 2
+    quantized_colors = im.getcolors()
+    assert quantized_colors is not None
+    assert len(quantized_colors) == 2

Tests/test_image_reduce.py

@@ -56,10 +56,12 @@ def test_args_factor(size: int | tuple[int, int], expected: tuple[int, int]) ->
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "size, expected_error", ((0, ValueError), (2.0, TypeError), ((0, 10), ValueError))
 )
-def test_args_factor_error(size: float | tuple[int, int], expected_error) -> None:
+def test_args_factor_error(
+    size: float | tuple[int, int], expected_error: type[Exception]
+) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (10, 10))
     with pytest.raises(expected_error):
-        im.reduce(size)
+        im.reduce(size)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -86,10 +88,12 @@ def test_args_box(size: tuple[int, int, int, int], expected: tuple[int, int]) ->
         ((5, 0, 5, 10), ValueError),
     ),
 )
-def test_args_box_error(size: str | tuple[int, int, int, int], expected_error) -> None:
+def test_args_box_error(
+    size: str | tuple[int, int, int, int], expected_error: type[Exception]
+) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (10, 10))
     with pytest.raises(expected_error):
-        im.reduce(2, size).size
+        im.reduce(2, size).size  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "1", "I;16"))
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ def test_unsupported_modes(mode: str) -> None:
 def get_image(mode: str) -> Image.Image:
     mode_info = ImageMode.getmode(mode)
     if mode_info.basetype == "L":
-        bands = [gradients_image]
+        bands: list[Image.Image] = [gradients_image]
         for _ in mode_info.bands[1:]:
             # rotate previous image
             band = bands[-1].transpose(Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90)

Tests/test_image_resample.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ class TestImagingCoreResampleAccuracy:
         data = data.replace(" ", "")
         sample = Image.new("L", size)
         s_px = sample.load()
+        assert s_px is not None
         w, h = size[0] // 2, size[1] // 2
         for y in range(h):
             for x in range(w):
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ class TestImagingCoreResampleAccuracy:
     def check_case(self, case: Image.Image, sample: Image.Image) -> None:
         s_px = sample.load()
         c_px = case.load()
+        assert s_px is not None
+        assert c_px is not None
         for y in range(case.size[1]):
             for x in range(case.size[0]):
                 if c_px[x, y] != s_px[x, y]:
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@ class TestImagingCoreResampleAccuracy:
 
     def serialize_image(self, image: Image.Image) -> str:
         s_px = image.load()
+        assert s_px is not None
         return "\n".join(
             " ".join(f"{s_px[x, y]:02x}" for x in range(image.size[0]))
             for y in range(image.size[1])
@@ -233,13 +237,16 @@ class TestImagingCoreResampleAccuracy:
 class TestCoreResampleConsistency:
     def make_case(
         self, mode: str, fill: tuple[int, int, int] | float
-    ) -> tuple[Image.Image, tuple[int, ...]]:
+    ) -> tuple[Image.Image, float | tuple[int, ...]]:
         im = Image.new(mode, (512, 9), fill)
-        return im.resize((9, 512), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS), im.load()[0, 0]
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        return im.resize((9, 512), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS), px[0, 0]
 
-    def run_case(self, case: tuple[Image.Image, int | tuple[int, ...]]) -> None:
+    def run_case(self, case: tuple[Image.Image, float | tuple[int, ...]]) -> None:
         channel, color = case
         px = channel.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for x in range(channel.size[0]):
             for y in range(channel.size[1]):
                 if px[x, y] != color:
@@ -249,6 +256,7 @@ class TestCoreResampleConsistency:
     def test_8u(self) -> None:
         im, color = self.make_case("RGB", (0, 64, 255))
         r, g, b = im.split()
+        assert isinstance(color, tuple)
         self.run_case((r, color[0]))
         self.run_case((g, color[1]))
         self.run_case((b, color[2]))
@@ -271,6 +279,7 @@ class TestCoreResampleAlphaCorrect:
     def make_levels_case(self, mode: str) -> Image.Image:
         i = Image.new(mode, (256, 16))
         px = i.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for y in range(i.size[1]):
             for x in range(i.size[0]):
                 pix = [x] * len(mode)
@@ -280,8 +289,13 @@ class TestCoreResampleAlphaCorrect:
 
     def run_levels_case(self, i: Image.Image) -> None:
         px = i.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for y in range(i.size[1]):
-            used_colors = {px[x, y][0] for x in range(i.size[0])}
+            used_colors = set()
+            for x in range(i.size[0]):
+                value = px[x, y]
+                assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+                used_colors.add(value[0])
             assert 256 == len(used_colors), (
                 "All colors should be present in resized image. "
                 f"Only {len(used_colors)} on line {y}."
@@ -310,6 +324,7 @@ class TestCoreResampleAlphaCorrect:
     ) -> Image.Image:
         i = Image.new(mode, (64, 64), dirty_pixel)
         px = i.load()
+        assert px is not None
         xdiv4 = i.size[0] // 4
         ydiv4 = i.size[1] // 4
         for y in range(ydiv4 * 2):
@@ -319,14 +334,16 @@ class TestCoreResampleAlphaCorrect:
 
     def run_dirty_case(self, i: Image.Image, clean_pixel: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
         px = i.load()
+        assert px is not None
         for y in range(i.size[1]):
             for x in range(i.size[0]):
-                if px[x, y][-1] != 0 and px[x, y][:-1] != clean_pixel:
+                value = px[x, y]
+                assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+                if value[-1] != 0 and value[:-1] != clean_pixel:
                     message = (
-                        f"pixel at ({x}, {y}) is different:\n"
+                        f"pixel at ({x}, {y}) is different:\n{value}\n{clean_pixel}"
-                        f"{px[x, y]}\n{clean_pixel}"
                     )
-                    assert px[x, y][:3] == clean_pixel, message
+                    assert value[:3] == clean_pixel, message
 
     def test_dirty_pixels_rgba(self) -> None:
         case = self.make_dirty_case("RGBA", (255, 255, 0, 128), (0, 0, 255, 0))
@@ -406,6 +423,7 @@ class TestCoreResampleCoefficients:
             draw.rectangle((0, 0, i.size[0] // 2 - 1, 0), test_color)
 
             px = i.resize((5, i.size[1]), Image.Resampling.BICUBIC).load()
+            assert px is not None
             if px[2, 0] != test_color // 2:
                 assert test_color // 2 == px[2, 0]
 
@@ -445,7 +463,7 @@ class TestCoreResampleBox:
         im.resize((32, 32), resample, (20, 20, 100, 20))
 
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="must be sequence of length 4"):
-            im.resize((32, 32), resample, (im.width, im.height))
+            im.resize((32, 32), resample, (im.width, im.height))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="can't be negative"):
             im.resize((32, 32), resample, (-20, 20, 100, 100))

Tests/test_image_resize.py

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Tests for resize functionality.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from itertools import permutations
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -285,14 +285,14 @@ class TestReducingGapResize:
 
 class TestImageResize:
     def test_resize(self) -> None:
-        def resize(mode: str, size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+        def resize(mode: str, size: tuple[int, int] | list[int]) -> None:
             out = hopper(mode).resize(size)
             assert out.mode == mode
-            assert out.size == size
+            assert out.size == tuple(size)
 
         for mode in "1", "P", "L", "RGB", "I", "F":
             resize(mode, (112, 103))
-            resize(mode, (188, 214))
+            resize(mode, [188, 214])
 
         # Test unknown resampling filter
         with hopper() as im:

Tests/test_image_rotate.py

@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ def test_fastpath_translate() -> None:
 def test_center() -> None:
     im = hopper()
     rotate(im, im.mode, 45, center=(0, 0))
-    rotate(im, im.mode, 45, translate=(im.size[0] / 2, 0))
+    rotate(im, im.mode, 45, translate=(im.size[0] // 2, 0))
-    rotate(im, im.mode, 45, center=(0, 0), translate=(im.size[0] / 2, 0))
+    rotate(im, im.mode, 45, center=(0, 0), translate=(im.size[0] // 2, 0))
 
 
 def test_rotate_no_fill() -> None:

Tests/test_image_thumbnail.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from .helper import (
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     im = hopper()
-    assert im.thumbnail((100, 100)) is None
+    im.thumbnail((100, 100))
 
     assert im.size == (100, 100)
 
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ def test_load_first_unless_jpeg() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.jpg") as im:
         draft = im.draft
 
-        def im_draft(mode: str, size: tuple[int, int]):
+        def im_draft(
+            mode: str, size: tuple[int, int]
+        ) -> tuple[str, tuple[int, int, float, float]] | None:
             result = draft(mode, size)
             assert result is not None
 

Tests/test_image_transform.py

@@ -192,8 +192,9 @@ class TestImageTransform:
 
         im = op(im, (40, 10))
 
-        colors = sorted(im.getcolors())
+        colors = im.getcolors()
-        assert colors == sorted(
+        assert colors is not None
+        assert sorted(colors) == sorted(
             (
                 (20 * 10, opaque),
                 (20 * 10, transparent),

Tests/test_imagechops.py

@@ -391,23 +391,25 @@ def test_overlay() -> None:
 def test_logical() -> None:
     def table(
         op: Callable[[Image.Image, Image.Image], Image.Image], a: int, b: int
-    ) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+    ) -> list[float]:
         out = []
         for x in (a, b):
             imx = Image.new("1", (1, 1), x)
             for y in (a, b):
                 imy = Image.new("1", (1, 1), y)
-                out.append(op(imx, imy).getpixel((0, 0)))
+                value = op(imx, imy).getpixel((0, 0))
-        return tuple(out)
+                assert not isinstance(value, tuple) and value is not None
+                out.append(value)
+        return out
 
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 1) == (0, 0, 0, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 1) == [0, 0, 0, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 1) == (0, 255, 255, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 1) == [0, 255, 255, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 1) == (0, 255, 255, 0)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 1) == [0, 255, 255, 0]
 
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 128) == (0, 0, 0, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 128) == [0, 0, 0, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 128) == (0, 255, 255, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 128) == [0, 255, 255, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 128) == (0, 255, 255, 0)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 128) == [0, 255, 255, 0]
 
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 255) == (0, 0, 0, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_and, 0, 255) == [0, 0, 0, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 255) == (0, 255, 255, 255)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_or, 0, 255) == [0, 255, 255, 255]
-    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 255) == (0, 255, 255, 0)
+    assert table(ImageChops.logical_xor, 0, 255) == [0, 255, 255, 0]

Tests/test_imagecms.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Literal, cast
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -60,10 +60,13 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     assert list(map(type, v)) == [str, str, str, str]
 
     # internal version number
-    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+(\.\d+)?$", features.version_module("littlecms2"))
+    version = features.version_module("littlecms2")
+    assert version is not None
+    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+(\.\d+)?$", version)
 
     skip_missing()
     i = ImageCms.profileToProfile(hopper(), SRGB, SRGB)
+    assert i is not None
     assert_image(i, "RGB", (128, 128))
 
     i = hopper()
@@ -72,23 +75,27 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
     t = ImageCms.buildTransform(SRGB, SRGB, "RGB", "RGB")
     i = ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t)
+    assert i is not None
     assert_image(i, "RGB", (128, 128))
 
     with hopper() as i:
         t = ImageCms.buildTransform(SRGB, SRGB, "RGB", "RGB")
         ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t, inPlace=True)
+        assert i is not None
         assert_image(i, "RGB", (128, 128))
 
     p = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
     o = ImageCms.getOpenProfile(SRGB)
     t = ImageCms.buildTransformFromOpenProfiles(p, o, "RGB", "RGB")
     i = ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t)
+    assert i is not None
     assert_image(i, "RGB", (128, 128))
 
     t = ImageCms.buildProofTransform(SRGB, SRGB, SRGB, "RGB", "RGB")
     assert t.inputMode == "RGB"
     assert t.outputMode == "RGB"
     i = ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t)
+    assert i is not None
     assert_image(i, "RGB", (128, 128))
 
     # test PointTransform convenience API
@@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 
 def test_flags() -> None:
-    assert ImageCms.Flags.NONE == 0
+    assert ImageCms.Flags.NONE.value == 0
     assert ImageCms.Flags.GRIDPOINTS(0) == ImageCms.Flags.NONE
     assert ImageCms.Flags.GRIDPOINTS(256) == ImageCms.Flags.NONE
 
@@ -202,13 +209,13 @@ def test_exceptions() -> None:
         ImageCms.buildTransform("foo", "bar", "RGB", "RGB")
 
     with pytest.raises(ImageCms.PyCMSError, match="Invalid type for Profile"):
-        ImageCms.getProfileName(None)
+        ImageCms.getProfileName(None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     skip_missing()
 
     # Python <= 3.9: "an integer is required (got type NoneType)"
     # Python > 3.9: "'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer"
     with pytest.raises(ImageCms.PyCMSError, match="integer"):
-        ImageCms.isIntentSupported(SRGB, None, None)
+        ImageCms.isIntentSupported(SRGB, None, None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 def test_display_profile() -> None:
@@ -232,7 +239,7 @@ def test_unsupported_color_space() -> None:
             "Color space not supported for on-the-fly profile creation (unsupported)"
         ),
     ):
-        ImageCms.createProfile("unsupported")
+        ImageCms.createProfile("unsupported")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 def test_invalid_color_temperature() -> None:
@@ -240,7 +247,7 @@ def test_invalid_color_temperature() -> None:
         ImageCms.PyCMSError,
         match='Color temperature must be numeric, "invalid" not valid',
     ):
-        ImageCms.createProfile("LAB", "invalid")
+        ImageCms.createProfile("LAB", "invalid")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("flag", ("my string", -1))
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ def test_invalid_flag(flag: str | int) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(
             ImageCms.PyCMSError, match="flags must be an integer between 0 and "
         ):
-            ImageCms.profileToProfile(im, "foo", "bar", flags=flag)
+            ImageCms.profileToProfile(im, "foo", "bar", flags=flag)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 def test_simple_lab() -> None:
@@ -260,7 +267,7 @@ def test_simple_lab() -> None:
     t = ImageCms.buildTransform(psRGB, pLab, "RGB", "LAB")
 
     i_lab = ImageCms.applyTransform(i, t)
-
+    assert i_lab is not None
     assert i_lab.mode == "LAB"
 
     k = i_lab.getpixel((0, 0))
@@ -284,6 +291,7 @@ def test_lab_color() -> None:
     # Need to add a type mapping for some PIL type to TYPE_Lab_8 in findLCMSType, and
     # have that mapping work back to a PIL mode (likely RGB).
     i = ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t)
+    assert i is not None
     assert_image(i, "LAB", (128, 128))
 
     # i.save('temp.lab.tif')  # visually verified vs PS.
@@ -298,6 +306,7 @@ def test_lab_srgb() -> None:
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.Lab.tif") as img:
         img_srgb = ImageCms.applyTransform(img, t)
+    assert img_srgb is not None
 
     # img_srgb.save('temp.srgb.tif') # visually verified vs ps.
 
@@ -317,11 +326,11 @@ def test_lab_roundtrip() -> None:
     t2 = ImageCms.buildTransform(pLab, psRGB, "LAB", "RGB")
 
     i = ImageCms.applyTransform(hopper(), t)
-
+    assert i is not None
     assert i.info["icc_profile"] == ImageCmsProfile(pLab).tobytes()
 
     out = ImageCms.applyTransform(i, t2)
-
+    assert out is not None
     assert_image_similar(hopper(), out, 2)
 
 
@@ -343,7 +352,7 @@ def test_extended_information() -> None:
     p = o.profile
 
     def assert_truncated_tuple_equal(
-        tup1: tuple[Any, ...], tup2: tuple[Any, ...], digits: int = 10
+        tup1: tuple[Any, ...] | None, tup2: tuple[Any, ...], digits: int = 10
     ) -> None:
         # Helper function to reduce precision of tuples of floats
         # recursively and then check equality.
@@ -359,6 +368,7 @@ def test_extended_information() -> None:
                 for val in tuple_value
             )
 
+        assert tup1 is not None
         assert truncate_tuple(tup1) == truncate_tuple(tup2)
 
     assert p.attributes == 4294967296
@@ -504,22 +514,22 @@ def test_non_ascii_path(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_profile_typesafety() -> None:
     # does not segfault
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Invalid type for Profile"):
-        ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile(0).tobytes()
+        ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile(0)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Invalid type for Profile"):
-        ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile(1).tobytes()
+        ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile(1)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     # also check core function
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        ImageCms.core.profile_tobytes(0)
+        ImageCms.core.profile_tobytes(0)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        ImageCms.core.profile_tobytes(1)
+        ImageCms.core.profile_tobytes(1)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     if not is_pypy():
         # core profile should not be directly instantiable
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
             ImageCms.core.CmsProfile()
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            ImageCms.core.CmsProfile(0)
+            ImageCms.core.CmsProfile(0)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="fails on PyPy")
@@ -528,7 +538,7 @@ def test_transform_typesafety() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         ImageCms.core.CmsTransform()
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        ImageCms.core.CmsTransform(0)
+        ImageCms.core.CmsTransform(0)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
 
 def assert_aux_channel_preserved(
@@ -559,9 +569,9 @@ def assert_aux_channel_preserved(
             for delta in nine_grid_deltas:
                 channel_data.paste(
                     channel_pattern,
-                    tuple(
+                    (
-                        paste_offset[c] + delta[c] * channel_pattern.size[c]
+                        paste_offset[0] + delta[0] * channel_pattern.size[0],
-                        for c in range(2)
+                        paste_offset[1] + delta[1] * channel_pattern.size[1],
                     ),
                 )
             chans.append(channel_data)
@@ -578,11 +588,13 @@ def assert_aux_channel_preserved(
     )
 
     # apply transform
+    result_image: Image.Image | None
     if transform_in_place:
         ImageCms.applyTransform(source_image, t, inPlace=True)
         result_image = source_image
     else:
         result_image = ImageCms.applyTransform(source_image, t, inPlace=False)
+    assert result_image is not None
     result_image_aux = result_image.getchannel(preserved_channel)
 
     assert_image_equal(source_image_aux, result_image_aux)
@@ -628,8 +640,10 @@ def test_auxiliary_channels_isolated() -> None:
                     continue
 
                 # convert with and without AUX data, test colors are equal
-                source_profile = ImageCms.createProfile(src_format[1])
+                src_colorSpace = cast(Literal["LAB", "XYZ", "sRGB"], src_format[1])
-                destination_profile = ImageCms.createProfile(dst_format[1])
+                source_profile = ImageCms.createProfile(src_colorSpace)
+                dst_colorSpace = cast(Literal["LAB", "XYZ", "sRGB"], dst_format[1])
+                destination_profile = ImageCms.createProfile(dst_colorSpace)
                 source_image = src_format[3]
                 test_transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
                     source_profile,
@@ -639,6 +653,7 @@ def test_auxiliary_channels_isolated() -> None:
                 )
 
                 # test conversion from aux-ful source
+                test_image: Image.Image | None
                 if transform_in_place:
                     test_image = source_image.copy()
                     ImageCms.applyTransform(test_image, test_transform, inPlace=True)
@@ -646,6 +661,7 @@ def test_auxiliary_channels_isolated() -> None:
                     test_image = ImageCms.applyTransform(
                         source_image, test_transform, inPlace=False
                     )
+                assert test_image is not None
 
                 # reference conversion from aux-less source
                 reference_transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
@@ -657,12 +673,13 @@ def test_auxiliary_channels_isolated() -> None:
                 reference_image = ImageCms.applyTransform(
                     source_image.convert(src_format[2]), reference_transform
                 )
-
+                assert reference_image is not None
                 assert_image_equal(test_image.convert(dst_format[2]), reference_image)
 
 
 def test_long_modes() -> None:
     p = ImageCms.getOpenProfile("Tests/icc/sGrey-v2-nano.icc")
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
         ImageCms.buildTransform(p, p, "ABCDEFGHI", "ABCDEFGHI")
 
 
@@ -674,7 +691,9 @@ def test_rgb_lab(mode: str) -> None:
 
     im = Image.new("LAB", (1, 1), (255, 0, 0))
     converted_im = im.convert(mode)
-    assert converted_im.getpixel((0, 0))[:3] == (0, 255, 255)
+    value = converted_im.getpixel((0, 0))
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+    assert value[:3] == (0, 255, 255)
 
 
 def test_deprecation() -> None:
@@ -684,3 +703,9 @@ def test_deprecation() -> None:
         assert ImageCms.VERSION == "1.0.0 pil"
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
         assert isinstance(ImageCms.FLAGS, dict)
+
+    profile = ImageCmsProfile(ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB"))
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        ImageCms.ImageCmsTransform(profile, profile, "RGBA;16B", "RGB")
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        ImageCms.ImageCmsTransform(profile, profile, "RGB", "RGBA;16B")

Tests/test_imagedraw.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import contextlib
 import os.path
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -265,6 +266,21 @@ def test_chord_too_fat() -> None:
     assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_chord_too_fat.png")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("xy", ((W / 2, H / 2), [W / 2, H / 2]))
+def test_circle(mode: str, xy: Sequence[float]) -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    im = Image.new(mode, (W, H))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    expected = f"Tests/images/imagedraw_ellipse_{mode}.png"
+
+    # Act
+    draw.circle(xy, 25, fill="green", outline="blue")
+
+    # Assert
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, expected, 1)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", BBOX)
 def test_ellipse(mode: str, bbox: Coords) -> None:
@@ -432,6 +448,7 @@ def test_shape1() -> None:
     x3, y3 = 95, 5
 
     # Act
+    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -453,6 +470,7 @@ def test_shape2() -> None:
     x3, y3 = 5, 95
 
     # Act
+    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -471,6 +489,7 @@ def test_transform() -> None:
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 
     # Act
+    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.line(0, 0)
     s.transform((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
@@ -615,6 +634,19 @@ def test_polygon(points: Coords) -> None:
     assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_polygon.png")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("points", POINTS)
+def test_polygon_width_I16(points: Coords) -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    im = Image.new("I;16", (W, H))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+
+    # Act
+    draw.polygon(points, outline=0xFFFF, width=2)
+
+    # Assert
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_polygon_width_I.tiff")
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGB", "L"))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("kite_points", KITE_POINTS)
 def test_polygon_kite(
@@ -897,7 +929,12 @@ def test_rounded_rectangle_translucent(
 def test_floodfill(bbox: Coords) -> None:
     red = ImageColor.getrgb("red")
 
-    for mode, value in [("L", 1), ("RGBA", (255, 0, 0, 0)), ("RGB", red)]:
+    mode_values: list[tuple[str, int | tuple[int, ...]]] = [
+        ("L", 1),
+        ("RGBA", (255, 0, 0, 0)),
+        ("RGB", red),
+    ]
+    for mode, value in mode_values:
         # Arrange
         im = Image.new(mode, (W, H))
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
@@ -1067,8 +1104,8 @@ def test_line_horizontal() -> None:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="failing test")
 def test_line_h_s1_w2() -> None:
-    pytest.skip("failing")
     img, draw = create_base_image_draw((20, 20))
     draw.line((5, 5, 14, 6), BLACK, 2)
     assert_image_equal_tofile(
@@ -1385,25 +1422,44 @@ def test_default_font_size() -> None:
 
     im = Image.new("RGB", (220, 25))
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    with contextlib.nullcontext() if freetype_support else pytest.raises(ImportError):
+
+    def check(func: Callable[[], None]) -> None:
+        if freetype_support:
+            func()
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+                func()
+
+    def draw_text() -> None:
         draw.text((0, 0), text, font_size=16)
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_default_font_size.png")
 
-    with contextlib.nullcontext() if freetype_support else pytest.raises(ImportError):
+    check(draw_text)
+
+    def draw_textlength() -> None:
         assert draw.textlength(text, font_size=16) == 216
 
-    with contextlib.nullcontext() if freetype_support else pytest.raises(ImportError):
+    check(draw_textlength)
+
+    def draw_textbbox() -> None:
         assert draw.textbbox((0, 0), text, font_size=16) == (0, 3, 216, 19)
 
+    check(draw_textbbox)
+
     im = Image.new("RGB", (220, 25))
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    with contextlib.nullcontext() if freetype_support else pytest.raises(ImportError):
+
+    def draw_multiline_text() -> None:
         draw.multiline_text((0, 0), text, font_size=16)
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_default_font_size.png")
 
-    with contextlib.nullcontext() if freetype_support else pytest.raises(ImportError):
+    check(draw_multiline_text)
+
+    def draw_multiline_textbbox() -> None:
         assert draw.multiline_textbbox((0, 0), text, font_size=16) == (0, 3, 216, 19)
 
+    check(draw_multiline_textbbox)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", BBOX)
 def test_same_color_outline(bbox: Coords) -> None:
@@ -1413,6 +1469,7 @@ def test_same_color_outline(bbox: Coords) -> None:
     x2, y2 = 95, 50
     x3, y3 = 95, 5
 
+    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -1451,7 +1508,7 @@ def test_same_color_outline(bbox: Coords) -> None:
         (4, "square", {}),
         (8, "regular_octagon", {}),
         (4, "square_rotate_45", {"rotation": 45}),
-        (3, "triangle_width", {"width": 5, "outline": "yellow"}),
+        (3, "triangle_width", {"outline": "yellow", "width": 5}),
     ],
 )
 def test_draw_regular_polygon(
@@ -1461,7 +1518,10 @@ def test_draw_regular_polygon(
     filename = f"Tests/images/imagedraw_{polygon_name}.png"
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     bounding_circle = ((W // 2, H // 2), 25)
-    draw.regular_polygon(bounding_circle, n_sides, fill="red", **args)
+    rotation = int(args.get("rotation", 0))
+    outline = args.get("outline")
+    width = int(args.get("width", 1))
+    draw.regular_polygon(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation, "red", outline, width)
     assert_image_equal_tofile(im, filename)
 
 
@@ -1546,10 +1606,14 @@ def test_compute_regular_polygon_vertices(
     ],
 )
 def test_compute_regular_polygon_vertices_input_error_handling(
-    n_sides, bounding_circle, rotation, expected_error, error_message
+    n_sides: int,
+    bounding_circle: int | tuple[int | tuple[int] | str, ...],
+    rotation: int | str,
+    expected_error: type[Exception],
+    error_message: str,
 ) -> None:
     with pytest.raises(expected_error) as e:
-        ImageDraw._compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation)
+        ImageDraw._compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     assert str(e.value) == error_message
 
 
@@ -1608,3 +1672,8 @@ def test_incorrectly_ordered_coordinates(xy: tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> None:
         draw.rectangle(xy)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         draw.rounded_rectangle(xy)
+
+
+def test_getdraw() -> None:
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        ImageDraw.getdraw(None, [])

Tests/test_imagedraw2.py

@@ -51,9 +51,18 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     pen = ImageDraw2.Pen("blue", width=7)
     draw.line(list(range(10)), pen)
 
-    draw, handler = ImageDraw.getdraw(im)
+    draw2, handler = ImageDraw.getdraw(im)
+    assert draw2 is not None
     pen = ImageDraw2.Pen("blue", width=7)
-    draw.line(list(range(10)), pen)
+    draw2.line(list(range(10)), pen)
+
+
+def test_mode() -> None:
+    draw = ImageDraw2.Draw("L", (1, 1))
+    assert draw.image.mode == "L"
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageDraw2.Draw("L")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bbox", BBOX)

Tests/test_imagefile.py

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
             data = f.read()
         with ImageFile.Parser() as p:
             p.feed(data)
+            assert p.image is not None
             assert (48, 48) == p.image.size
 
     @skip_unless_feature("webp")
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
                 assert not p.image
 
                 p.feed(f.read())
+            assert p.image is not None
             assert (128, 128) == p.image.size
 
     @skip_unless_feature("zlib")
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class TestImageFile:
     def test_raise_typeerror(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
             parser = ImageFile.Parser()
-            parser.feed(1)
+            parser.feed(1)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     def test_negative_stride(self) -> None:
         with open("Tests/images/raw_negative_stride.bin", "rb") as f:
@@ -202,23 +204,27 @@ class TestImageFile:
 
 
 class MockPyDecoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
+    last: MockPyDecoder
+
     def __init__(self, mode: str, *args: Any) -> None:
         MockPyDecoder.last = self
 
         super().__init__(mode, *args)
 
-    def decode(self, buffer):
+    def decode(self, buffer: bytes) -> tuple[int, int]:
         # eof
         return -1, 0
 
 
 class MockPyEncoder(ImageFile.PyEncoder):
+    last: MockPyEncoder | None
+
     def __init__(self, mode: str, *args: Any) -> None:
         MockPyEncoder.last = self
 
         super().__init__(mode, *args)
 
-    def encode(self, buffer):
+    def encode(self, bufsize: int) -> tuple[int, int, bytes]:
         return 1, 1, b""
 
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
@@ -299,9 +305,9 @@ class TestPyDecoder(CodecsTest):
             im.load()
 
     def test_decode(self) -> None:
-        decoder = ImageFile.PyDecoder(None)
+        decoder = ImageFile.PyDecoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-            decoder.decode(None)
+            decoder.decode(b"")
 
 
 class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
@@ -315,6 +321,7 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
             im, fp, [("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize), 0, "RGB")]
         )
 
+        assert MockPyEncoder.last
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xoff == xoff
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.yoff == yoff
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xsize == xsize
@@ -329,6 +336,7 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
         fp = BytesIO()
         ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("MOCK", None, 0, "RGB")])
 
+        assert MockPyEncoder.last
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xoff == 0
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.yoff == 0
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xsize == 200
@@ -345,7 +353,9 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
             ImageFile._save(
                 im, fp, [("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, -10, yoff + ysize), 0, "RGB")]
             )
-        assert MockPyEncoder.last.cleanup_called
+        last: MockPyEncoder | None = MockPyEncoder.last
+        assert last
+        assert last.cleanup_called
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             ImageFile._save(
@@ -373,9 +383,9 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
             )
 
     def test_encode(self) -> None:
-        encoder = ImageFile.PyEncoder(None)
+        encoder = ImageFile.PyEncoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-            encoder.encode(None)
+            encoder.encode(0)
 
         bytes_consumed, errcode = encoder.encode_to_pyfd()
         assert bytes_consumed == 0
@@ -385,8 +395,9 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             encoder.encode_to_pyfd()
 
+        fh = BytesIO()
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-            encoder.encode_to_file(None, None)
+            encoder.encode_to_file(fh, 0)
 
     def test_zero_height(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):

Tests/test_imagefont.py

@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ pytestmark = skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
-    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", features.version_module("freetype2"))
+    version = features.version_module("freetype2")
+    assert version is not None
+    assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ def test_getlength(
         assert length == length_raqm
 
 
-def test_float_size() -> None:
+def test_float_size(layout_engine: ImageFont.Layout) -> None:
     lengths = []
     for size in (48, 48.5, 49):
         f = ImageFont.truetype(
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ def test_render_multiline(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     line_spacing = font.getbbox("A")[3] + 4
     lines = TEST_TEXT.split("\n")
-    y = 0
+    y: float = 0
     for line in lines:
         draw.text((0, y), line, font=font)
         y += line_spacing
@@ -492,8 +494,8 @@ def test_default_font() -> None:
     assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/default_font_freetype.png")
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", (None, "1", "RGBA"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("", "1", "RGBA"))
-def test_getbbox(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont, mode: str | None) -> None:
+def test_getbbox(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont, mode: str) -> None:
     assert (0, 4, 12, 16) == font.getbbox("A", mode)
 
 
@@ -546,12 +548,11 @@ def test_find_font(
 
             def loadable_font(
                 filepath: str, size: int, index: int, encoding: str, *args: Any
-            ):
+            ) -> ImageFont.FreeTypeFont:
+                _freeTypeFont = getattr(ImageFont, "_FreeTypeFont")
                 if filepath == path_to_fake:
-                    return ImageFont._FreeTypeFont(
+                    return _freeTypeFont(FONT_PATH, size, index, encoding, *args)
-                        FONT_PATH, size, index, encoding, *args
+                return _freeTypeFont(filepath, size, index, encoding, *args)
-                    )
-                return ImageFont._FreeTypeFont(filepath, size, index, encoding, *args)
 
             m.setattr(ImageFont, "FreeTypeFont", loadable_font)
             font = ImageFont.truetype(fontname)
@@ -563,6 +564,7 @@ def test_find_font(
     # catching syntax like errors
     monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "platform", platform)
     if platform == "linux":
+        monkeypatch.setenv("XDG_DATA_HOME", os.path.expanduser("~/.local/share"))
         monkeypatch.setenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS", "/usr/share/:/usr/local/share/")
 
     def fake_walker(path: str) -> list[tuple[str, list[str], list[str]]]:
@@ -630,7 +632,9 @@ def test_complex_font_settings() -> None:
 
 
 def test_variation_get(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
-    freetype = parse_version(features.version_module("freetype2"))
+    version = features.version_module("freetype2")
+    assert version is not None
+    freetype = parse_version(version)
     if freetype < parse_version("2.9.1"):
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             font.get_variation_names()
@@ -700,7 +704,9 @@ def _check_text(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont, path: str, epsilon: float) -> None
 
 
 def test_variation_set_by_name(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
-    freetype = parse_version(features.version_module("freetype2"))
+    version = features.version_module("freetype2")
+    assert version is not None
+    freetype = parse_version(version)
     if freetype < parse_version("2.9.1"):
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             font.set_variation_by_name("Bold")
@@ -725,7 +731,9 @@ def test_variation_set_by_name(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
 
 
 def test_variation_set_by_axes(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
-    freetype = parse_version(features.version_module("freetype2"))
+    version = features.version_module("freetype2")
+    assert version is not None
+    freetype = parse_version(version)
     if freetype < parse_version("2.9.1"):
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
             font.set_variation_by_axes([100])
@@ -1089,6 +1097,23 @@ def test_too_many_characters(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
         imagefont.getmask("A" * 1_000_001)
 
 
+def test_bytes(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
+    assert font.getlength(b"test") == font.getlength("test")
+
+    assert font.getbbox(b"test") == font.getbbox("test")
+
+    assert_image_equal(
+        Image.Image()._new(font.getmask(b"test")),
+        Image.Image()._new(font.getmask("test")),
+    )
+
+    assert_image_equal(
+        Image.Image()._new(font.getmask2(b"test")[0]),
+        Image.Image()._new(font.getmask2("test")[0]),
+    )
+    assert font.getmask2(b"test")[1] == font.getmask2("test")[1]
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "test_file",
     [

Tests/test_imagefontpil.py

@@ -9,51 +9,57 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, _util, features
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
 
-original_core = ImageFont.core
+fonts = [ImageFont.load_default_imagefont()]
+if not features.check_module("freetype2"):
+    default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
+    if isinstance(default_font, ImageFont.ImageFont):
+        fonts.append(default_font)
 
 
-def setup_module() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("font", fonts)
-    if features.check_module("freetype2"):
+def test_default_font(font: ImageFont.ImageFont) -> None:
-        ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError)
-
-
-def teardown_module() -> None:
-    ImageFont.core = original_core
-
-
-def test_default_font() -> None:
     # Arrange
     txt = 'This is a "better than nothing" default font.'
     im = Image.new(mode="RGB", size=(300, 100))
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 
     # Act
-    default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
+    draw.text((10, 10), txt, font=font)
-    draw.text((10, 10), txt, font=default_font)
 
     # Assert
     assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/default_font.png")
 
 
-def test_size_without_freetype() -> None:
+def test_without_freetype() -> None:
+    original_core = ImageFont.core
+    if features.check_module("freetype2"):
+        ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing"))
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+            ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+
+        assert isinstance(ImageFont.load_default(), ImageFont.ImageFont)
+
         with pytest.raises(ImportError):
             ImageFont.load_default(size=14)
+    finally:
+        ImageFont.core = original_core
 
 
-def test_unicode() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("font", fonts)
+def test_unicode(font: ImageFont.ImageFont) -> None:
     # should not segfault, should return UnicodeDecodeError
     # issue #2826
-    font = ImageFont.load_default()
     with pytest.raises(UnicodeEncodeError):
         font.getbbox("’")
 
 
-def test_textbbox() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("font", fonts)
+def test_textbbox(font: ImageFont.ImageFont) -> None:
     im = Image.new("RGB", (200, 200))
     d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
+    assert d.textlength("test", font=font) == 24
-    assert d.textlength("test", font=default_font) == 24
+    assert d.textbbox((0, 0), "test", font=font) == (0, 0, 24, 11)
-    assert d.textbbox((0, 0), "test", font=default_font) == (0, 0, 24, 11)
 
 
 def test_decompression_bomb() -> None:

Tests/test_imagegrab.py

@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ class TestImageGrab:
     def test_grabclipboard(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "darwin":
             subprocess.call(["screencapture", "-cx"])
+
+            ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
         elif sys.platform == "win32":
             p = subprocess.Popen(["powershell", "-command", "-"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
             p.stdin.write(
@@ -69,6 +71,8 @@ $bmp = New-Object Drawing.Bitmap 200, 200
 [Windows.Forms.Clipboard]::SetImage($bmp)"""
             )
             p.communicate()
+
+            ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
         else:
             if not shutil.which("wl-paste") and not shutil.which("xclip"):
                 with pytest.raises(
@@ -77,9 +81,6 @@ $bmp = New-Object Drawing.Bitmap 200, 200
                     r" ImageGrab.grabclipboard\(\) on Linux",
                 ):
                     ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
-            return
-
-        ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows only")
     def test_grabclipboard_file(self) -> None:
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ $bmp = New-Object Drawing.Bitmap 200, 200
         p.communicate()
 
         im = ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
+        assert isinstance(im, list)
         assert len(im) == 1
         assert os.path.samefile(im[0], "Tests/images/hopper.gif")
 
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ $ms = new-object System.IO.MemoryStream(, $bytes)
         p.communicate()
 
         im = ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
+        assert isinstance(im, Image.Image)
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/hopper.png")
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(
@@ -120,6 +123,7 @@ $ms = new-object System.IO.MemoryStream(, $bytes)
         with open(image_path, "rb") as fp:
             subprocess.call(["wl-copy"], stdin=fp)
         im = ImageGrab.grabclipboard()
+        assert isinstance(im, Image.Image)
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, image_path)
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(

Tests/test_imagemath_lambda_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, ImageMath
 
 
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ I = Image.new("I", (1, 1), 4)  # noqa: E741
 A2 = A.resize((2, 2))
 B2 = B.resize((2, 2))
 
-images = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
+images: dict[str, Any] = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
@@ -30,13 +34,13 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], **images))
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 3.0"
@@ -44,42 +48,47 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["int"](args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["int"](args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 3"
     )
 
 
+def test_options_deprecated() -> None:
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1, images) == 1
+
+
 def test_ops() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * -1, images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * -1, **images)) == "I -1"
 
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] + args["B"], **images))
         == "I 3"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] - args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] - args["B"], **images))
         == "I -1"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] * args["B"], **images))
         == "I 2"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] / args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] / args["B"], **images))
         == "I 0"
     )
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 2, images)) == "I 4"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 2, **images)) == "I 4"
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 33, images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["B"] ** 33, **images))
         == "I 2147483647"
     )
 
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) + args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 3.0"
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) - args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) - args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F -1.0"
@@ -95,7 +104,7 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) * args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) * args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 2.0"
@@ -103,31 +112,33 @@ def test_ops() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) / args["B"], images
+                lambda args: args["float"](args["A"]) / args["B"], **images
             )
         )
         == "F 0.5"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 2, images))
+        pixel(
+            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 2, **images)
+        )
         == "F 4.0"
     )
     assert (
         pixel(
-            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 33, images)
+            ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["float"](args["B"]) ** 33, **images)
         )
         == "F 8589934592.0"
     )
 
 
 def test_logical() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: not args["A"], images)) == 0
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: not args["A"], **images)) == 0
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] and args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] and args["B"], **images))
         == "L 2"
     )
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] or args["B"], images))
+        pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] or args["B"], **images))
         == "L 1"
     )
 
@@ -136,7 +147,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "L"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "L"), **images
             )
         )
         == "L 3"
@@ -144,7 +155,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "1"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "1"), **images
             )
         )
         == "1 0"
@@ -152,7 +163,7 @@ def test_convert() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "RGB"), images
+                lambda args: args["convert"](args["A"] + args["B"], "RGB"), **images
             )
         )
         == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
@@ -163,7 +174,7 @@ def test_compare() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["min"](args["A"], args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["min"](args["A"], args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 1"
@@ -171,13 +182,13 @@ def test_compare() -> None:
     assert (
         pixel(
             ImageMath.lambda_eval(
-                lambda args: args["max"](args["A"], args["B"]), images
+                lambda args: args["max"](args["A"], args["B"]), **images
             )
         )
         == "I 2"
     )
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 1, images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 1, **images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 2, images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["A"] == 2, **images)) == "I 0"
 
 
 def test_one_image_larger() -> None:

Tests/test_imagemath_unsafe_eval.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from typing import Any
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageMath
@@ -21,16 +23,16 @@ I = Image.new("I", (1, 1), 4)  # noqa: E741
 A2 = A.resize((2, 2))
 B2 = B.resize((2, 2))
 
-images = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
+images: dict[str, Any] = {"A": A, "B": B, "F": F, "I": I}
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1") == 1
     assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1+A", A=2) == 3
     assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", A=A, B=B)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", **images)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", images)) == "F 3.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", **images)) == "F 3.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("int(float(A)+B)", images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("int(float(A)+B)", **images)) == "I 3"
 
 
 def test_eval_deprecated() -> None:
@@ -38,23 +40,28 @@ def test_eval_deprecated() -> None:
         assert ImageMath.eval("1") == 1
 
 
+def test_options_deprecated() -> None:
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", images) == 1
+
+
 def test_ops() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("-A", images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("-A", **images)) == "I -1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("+B", images)) == "L 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("+B", **images)) == "L 2"
 
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", images)) == "I 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A+B", **images)) == "I 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A-B", images)) == "I -1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A-B", **images)) == "I -1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A*B", images)) == "I 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A*B", **images)) == "I 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A/B", images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A/B", **images)) == "I 0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**2", images)) == "I 4"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**2", **images)) == "I 4"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**33", images)) == "I 2147483647"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("B**33", **images)) == "I 2147483647"
 
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", images)) == "F 3.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)+B", **images)) == "F 3.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)-B", images)) == "F -1.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)-B", **images)) == "F -1.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)*B", images)) == "F 2.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)*B", **images)) == "F 2.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)/B", images)) == "F 0.5"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(A)/B", **images)) == "F 0.5"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**2", images)) == "F 4.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**2", **images)) == "F 4.0"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**33", images)) == "F 8589934592.0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("float(B)**33", **images)) == "F 8589934592.0"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -72,33 +79,33 @@ def test_prevent_exec(expression: str) -> None:
 
 def test_prevent_double_underscores() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", {"__": None})
+        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("1", __=None)
 
 
 def test_prevent_builtins() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("(lambda: exec('exit()'))()", {"exec": None})
+        ImageMath.unsafe_eval("(lambda: exec('exit()'))()", exec=None)
 
 
 def test_logical() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("not A", images)) == 0
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("not A", **images)) == 0
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A and B", images)) == "L 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A and B", **images)) == "L 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A or B", images)) == "L 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A or B", **images)) == "L 1"
 
 
 def test_convert() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'L')", images)) == "L 3"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'L')", **images)) == "L 3"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, '1')", images)) == "1 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, '1')", **images)) == "1 0"
     assert (
-        pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'RGB')", images)) == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
+        pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("convert(A+B, 'RGB')", **images)) == "RGB (3, 3, 3)"
     )
 
 
 def test_compare() -> None:
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("min(A, B)", images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("min(A, B)", **images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("max(A, B)", images)) == "I 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("max(A, B)", **images)) == "I 2"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 1", images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 1", **images)) == "I 1"
-    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 2", images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.unsafe_eval("A == 2", **images)) == "I 0"
 
 
 def test_one_image_larger() -> None:

Tests/test_imagemorph.py

@@ -41,11 +41,15 @@ A = string_to_img(
 def img_to_string(im: Image.Image) -> str:
     """Turn a (small) binary image into a string representation"""
     chars = ".1"
-    width, height = im.size
+    result = []
-    return "\n".join(
+    for r in range(im.height):
-        "".join(chars[im.getpixel((c, r)) > 0] for c in range(width))
+        line = ""
-        for r in range(height)
+        for c in range(im.width):
-    )
+            value = im.getpixel((c, r))
+            assert not isinstance(value, tuple) and value is not None
+            line += chars[value > 0]
+        result.append(line)
+    return "\n".join(result)
 
 
 def img_string_normalize(im: str) -> str:

Tests/test_imageops.py

@@ -165,10 +165,14 @@ def test_pad() -> None:
 def test_pad_round() -> None:
     im = Image.new("1", (1, 1), 1)
     new_im = ImageOps.pad(im, (4, 1))
-    assert new_im.load()[2, 0] == 1
+    px = new_im.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    assert px[2, 0] == 1
 
     new_im = ImageOps.pad(im, (1, 4))
-    assert new_im.load()[0, 2] == 1
+    px = new_im.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    assert px[0, 2] == 1
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("P", "PA"))
@@ -223,6 +227,7 @@ def test_expand_palette(border: int | tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> None:
         else:
             left, top, right, bottom = border
         px = im_expanded.convert("RGB").load()
+        assert px is not None
         for x in range(im_expanded.width):
             for b in range(top):
                 assert px[x, b] == (255, 0, 0)
@@ -254,20 +259,26 @@ def test_colorize_2color() -> None:
     left = (0, 1)
     middle = (127, 1)
     right = (255, 1)
+    value = im_test.getpixel(left)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(left),
+        value,
         (255, 0, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="black test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(middle)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(middle),
+        value,
         (127, 63, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="mid test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(right)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(right),
+        value,
         (0, 127, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="white test pixel incorrect",
@@ -290,20 +301,26 @@ def test_colorize_2color_offset() -> None:
     left = (25, 1)
     middle = (75, 1)
     right = (125, 1)
+    value = im_test.getpixel(left)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(left),
+        value,
         (255, 0, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="black test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(middle)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(middle),
+        value,
         (127, 63, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="mid test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(right)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(right),
+        value,
         (0, 127, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="white test pixel incorrect",
@@ -334,29 +351,37 @@ def test_colorize_3color_offset() -> None:
     middle = (100, 1)
     right_middle = (150, 1)
     right = (225, 1)
+    value = im_test.getpixel(left)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(left),
+        value,
         (255, 0, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="black test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(left_middle)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(left_middle),
+        value,
         (127, 0, 127),
         threshold=1,
         msg="low-mid test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(middle)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+    assert_tuple_approx_equal(value, (0, 0, 255), threshold=1, msg="mid incorrect")
+    value = im_test.getpixel(right_middle)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(middle), (0, 0, 255), threshold=1, msg="mid incorrect"
+        value,
-    )
-    assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(right_middle),
         (0, 63, 127),
         threshold=1,
         msg="high-mid test pixel incorrect",
     )
+    value = im_test.getpixel(right)
+    assert isinstance(value, tuple)
     assert_tuple_approx_equal(
-        im_test.getpixel(right),
+        value,
         (0, 127, 0),
         threshold=1,
         msg="white test pixel incorrect",
@@ -432,6 +457,17 @@ def test_exif_transpose() -> None:
     assert 0x0112 not in transposed_im.getexif()
 
 
+def test_exif_transpose_xml_without_xmp() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/xmp_tags_orientation.png") as im:
+        assert im.getexif()[0x0112] == 3
+        assert "XML:com.adobe.xmp" in im.info
+
+        del im.info["xmp"]
+        transposed_im = ImageOps.exif_transpose(im)
+        assert transposed_im is not None
+        assert 0x0112 not in transposed_im.getexif()
+
+
 def test_exif_transpose_in_place() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/orientation_rectangle.jpg") as im:
         assert im.size == (2, 1)
@@ -454,7 +490,7 @@ def test_autocontrast_cutoff() -> None:
     # Test the cutoff argument of autocontrast
     with Image.open("Tests/images/bw_gradient.png") as img:
 
-        def autocontrast(cutoff: int | tuple[int, int]):
+        def autocontrast(cutoff: int | tuple[int, int]) -> list[int]:
             return ImageOps.autocontrast(img, cutoff).histogram()
 
         assert autocontrast(10) == autocontrast((10, 10))

Tests/test_imageops_usm.py

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Generator
+from collections.abc import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
+from PIL import Image, ImageFile, ImageFilter
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def test_images() -> Generator[dict[str, Image.Image], None, None]:
+def test_images() -> Generator[dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile], None, None]:
     ims = {
         "im": Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm"),
         "snakes": Image.open("Tests/images/color_snakes.png"),
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def test_images() -> Generator[dict[str, Image.Image], None, None]:
             im.close()
 
 
-def test_filter_api(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
+def test_filter_api(test_images: dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile]) -> None:
     im = test_images["im"]
 
     test_filter = ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(2.0)
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_filter_api(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
     assert i.size == (128, 128)
 
 
-def test_usm_formats(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
+def test_usm_formats(test_images: dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile]) -> None:
     im = test_images["im"]
 
     usm = ImageFilter.UnsharpMask
@@ -52,13 +52,12 @@ def test_usm_formats(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
         im.convert("YCbCr").filter(usm)
 
 
-def test_blur_formats(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
+def test_blur_formats(test_images: dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile]) -> None:
     im = test_images["im"]
 
     blur = ImageFilter.GaussianBlur
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         im.convert("1").filter(blur)
-    blur(im.convert("L"))
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         im.convert("I").filter(blur)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ def test_blur_formats(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
         im.convert("YCbCr").filter(blur)
 
 
-def test_usm_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
+def test_usm_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile]) -> None:
     snakes = test_images["snakes"]
 
     src = snakes.convert("RGB")
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def test_usm_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
     assert i.tobytes() == src.tobytes()
 
 
-def test_blur_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
+def test_blur_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, ImageFile.ImageFile]) -> None:
     snakes = test_images["snakes"]
 
     i = snakes.filter(ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(0.4))
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ def test_blur_accuracy(test_images: dict[str, Image.Image]) -> None:
         assert i.im.getpixel((x, y))[c] >= 250
     # Fuzzy match.
 
-    def gp(x, y):
+    def gp(x: int, y: int) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         return i.im.getpixel((x, y))
 
     assert 236 <= gp(7, 4)[0] <= 239

Tests/test_imagepalette.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def test_getcolor() -> None:
 
     # Test unknown color specifier
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        palette.getcolor("unknown")
+        palette.getcolor("unknown")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 def test_getcolor_rgba_color_rgb_palette() -> None:
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ def test_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     palette.save(f)
 
-    p = ImagePalette.load(f)
+    lut = ImagePalette.load(f)
 
     # load returns raw palette information
-    assert len(p[0]) == 768
+    assert len(lut[0]) == 768
-    assert p[1] == "RGB"
+    assert lut[1] == "RGB"
 
-    p = ImagePalette.raw(p[1], p[0])
+    p = ImagePalette.raw(lut[1], lut[0])
     assert isinstance(p, ImagePalette.ImagePalette)
     assert p.palette == palette.tobytes()
 

Tests/test_imagepath.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import array
 import math
 import struct
-from typing import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 import pytest
 

Tests/test_imageqt.py

@@ -41,13 +41,8 @@ def test_rgb() -> None:
     checkrgb(0, 0, 255)
 
 
-def test_image() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("1", "RGB", "RGBA", "L", "P", "I;16"))
-    modes = ["1", "RGB", "RGBA", "L", "P"]
+def test_image(mode: str) -> None:
-    qt_format = ImageQt.QImage.Format if ImageQt.qt_version == "6" else ImageQt.QImage
-    if hasattr(qt_format, "Format_Grayscale16"):  # Qt 5.13+
-        modes.append("I;16")
-
-    for mode in modes:
     im = hopper(mode)
     roundtripped_im = ImageQt.fromqimage(ImageQt.ImageQt(im))
     if mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):

Tests/test_imageshow.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
 from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
@@ -15,8 +16,11 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 
 def test_register() -> None:
-    # Test registering a viewer that is not a class
+    # Test registering a viewer that is an instance
-    ImageShow.register("not a class")
+    class TestViewer(ImageShow.Viewer):
+        pass
+
+    ImageShow.register(TestViewer())
 
     # Restore original state
     ImageShow._viewers.pop()
@@ -65,6 +69,27 @@ def test_show_without_viewers() -> None:
     ImageShow._viewers = viewers
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "viewer",
+    (
+        ImageShow.Viewer(),
+        ImageShow.WindowsViewer(),
+        ImageShow.MacViewer(),
+        ImageShow.XDGViewer(),
+        ImageShow.DisplayViewer(),
+        ImageShow.GmDisplayViewer(),
+        ImageShow.EogViewer(),
+        ImageShow.XVViewer(),
+        ImageShow.IPythonViewer(),
+    ),
+)
+def test_show_file(viewer: ImageShow.Viewer) -> None:
+    assert not os.path.exists("missing.png")
+
+    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
+        viewer.show_file("missing.png")
+
+
 def test_viewer() -> None:
     viewer = ImageShow.Viewer()
 

Tests/test_imagestat.py

@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     st.stddev
 
     with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
-        st.spam()
+        st.spam()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-        ImageStat.Stat(1)
+        ImageStat.Stat(1)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 def test_hopper() -> None:

Tests/test_imagetk.py

@@ -45,10 +45,12 @@ def test_kw() -> None:
 
             # Test "file"
             im = ImageTk._get_image_from_kw(kw)
+            assert im is not None
             assert_image_equal(im, im1)
 
             # Test "data"
             im = ImageTk._get_image_from_kw(kw)
+            assert im is not None
             assert_image_equal(im, im2)
 
     # Test no relevant entry
@@ -70,6 +72,11 @@ def test_photoimage(mode: str) -> None:
     reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
     assert_image_equal(reloaded, im.convert("RGBA"))
 
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageTk.PhotoImage()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageTk.PhotoImage(mode)
+
 
 def test_photoimage_apply_transparency() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/pil123p.png") as im:
@@ -102,3 +109,6 @@ def test_bitmapimage() -> None:
 
     # reloaded = ImageTk.getimage(im_tk)
     # assert_image_equal(reloaded, im)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageTk.BitmapImage()