Merge branch 'main' into jpeg-app-segments

.ci/install.sh

@@ -13,32 +13,29 @@ aptget_update()
         return 1
     fi
 }
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
 aptget_update || aptget_update retry || aptget_update retry
-fi
 
 set -e
 
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
 sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
                          ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
                          cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
-                             sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev
+                         sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev nasm
-fi
 
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade wheel
 python3 -m pip install coverage
 python3 -m pip install defusedxml
 python3 -m pip install ipython
+python3 -m pip install numpy
 python3 -m pip install olefile
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
-
+# optional test dependency, only install if there's a binary package.
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
+# fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
-    python3 -m pip install numpy
+python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
 
 # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
 if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
@@ -47,12 +44,6 @@ if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
     if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
 fi
 
-    # Pyroma uses non-isolated build and fails with old setuptools
-    if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.9 ]]; then
-        # To match pyproject.toml
-        python3 -m pip install "setuptools>=67.8"
-    fi
-
 # webp
 pushd depends && ./install_webp.sh && popd
 
@@ -60,10 +51,10 @@ if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
 pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
 
 # raqm
-    pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
+pushd depends && sudo ./install_raqm.sh && popd
+
+# libavif
+pushd depends && sudo ./install_libavif.sh && popd
 
 # extra test images
 pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
-else
-    cd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && cd ..
-fi

.ci/requirements-cibw.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==2.23.1
+cibuildwheel==3.2.1

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-mypy==1.15.0
+mypy==1.18.2
+arro3-compute
+arro3-core
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PyQt6
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PySide6
 ipython
 numpy
 packaging
+pyarrow-stubs
+pybind11
 pytest
 sphinx
 types-atheris

.ci/test.cmd

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 python.exe -c "from PIL import Image"
 IF ERRORLEVEL 1 EXIT /B
-python.exe -bb -m pytest -v -x -W always --cov PIL --cov Tests --cov-report term --cov-report xml Tests
+python.exe -bb -m pytest -vv -x -W always --cov PIL --cov Tests --cov-report term --cov-report xml Tests

.ci/test.sh

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ set -e
 
 python3 -c "from PIL import Image"
 
-python3 -bb -m pytest -v -x -W always --cov PIL --cov Tests --cov-report term --cov-report xml Tests $REVERSE
+python3 -bb -m pytest -vv -x -W always --cov PIL --cov Tests --cov-report term --cov-report xml Tests $REVERSE

.clang-format

@@ -1,5 +1,26 @@
 # A clang-format style that approximates Python's PEP 7
 # Useful for IDE integration
+Language: C
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: All
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: BlockIndent
+BinPackArguments: false
+BinPackParameters: false
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+ColumnLimit: 88
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+IndentGotoLabels: false
+IndentWidth: 4
+PointerAlignment: Right
+ReflowComments: true
+SortIncludes: false
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+SpacesInParentheses: false
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+---
+Language: Cpp
 BasedOnStyle: Google
 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: All
 AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
@@ -11,7 +32,6 @@ ColumnLimit: 88
 DerivePointerAlignment: false
 IndentGotoLabels: false
 IndentWidth: 4
-Language: Cpp
 PointerAlignment: Right
 ReflowComments: true
 SortIncludes: false

.coveragerc

@@ -18,6 +18,5 @@ exclude_also =
 
 [run]
 omit =
-    Tests/32bit_segfault_check.py
+    checks/*.py
-    Tests/check_*.py
     Tests/createfontdatachunk.py

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/RELEASE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+name: "Maintainers only: Release"
+about: For maintainers to schedule a quarterly release
+labels: Release
+---
+
+## Main release
+
+Released quarterly on January 2nd, April 1st, July 1st and October 15th.
+
+* [ ] Open a release ticket e.g. https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/3154
+* [ ] Develop and prepare release in `main` branch.
+  * [ ] Add release notes e.g. https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/8885
+* [ ] Check [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions) to confirm passing tests in `main` branch.
+* [ ] Check that all the wheel builds pass the tests in the [GitHub Actions "Wheels" workflow](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml) jobs by manually triggering them.
+* [ ] In compliance with [PEP 440](https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/), update version identifier in `src/PIL/_version.py`
+* [ ] Run pre-release check via `make release-test` in a freshly cloned repo.
+* [ ] Create branch and tag for release e.g.:
+  ```bash
+  git branch [[MAJOR.MINOR]].x
+  git tag [[MAJOR.MINOR]].0
+  git push --tags
+  ```
+* [ ] Check the [GitHub Actions "Wheels" workflow](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml) has passed, including the "Upload release to PyPI" job. This will have been triggered by the new tag.
+* [ ] Publish the [release on GitHub](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases).
+* [ ] In compliance with [PEP 440](https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/), increment and append `.dev0` to version identifier in `src/PIL/_version.py` and then:
+  ```bash
+  git push --all
+   ```
+
+## Publicize release
+
+* [ ] Announce release availability via [Mastodon](https://fosstodon.org/@pillow) e.g. https://fosstodon.org/@pillow/110639450470725321
+
+## Documentation
+
+* [ ] Make sure the [default version for Read the Docs](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) is up-to-date with the release changes
+
+## Docker images
+
+* [ ] Update Pillow in the Docker Images repository
+  ```bash
+  git clone https://github.com/python-pillow/docker-images
+  cd docker-images
+  ./update-pillow-tag.sh [[release tag]]
+  ```

.github/mergify.yml

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pull_request_rules:
       - status-success=Docker Test Successful
       - status-success=Windows Test Successful
       - status-success=MinGW
-      - status-success=Cygwin Test Successful
     actions:
       merge:
         method: merge

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ jobs:
     name: Docs
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
         cache: pip

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Lint
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           lint-pre-commit-
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
         cache: pip

.github/workflows/macos-install.sh

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 
 set -e
 
-if [[ "$ImageOS" == "macos13" ]]; then
-    brew uninstall gradle maven
-fi
 brew install \
+    aom \
+    dav1d \
     freetype \
     ghostscript \
     jpeg-turbo \
@@ -14,6 +13,8 @@ brew install \
     libtiff \
     little-cms2 \
     openjpeg \
+    rav1e \
+    svt-av1 \
     webp
 export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/openblas/lib/pkgconfig"
 
@@ -26,6 +27,12 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
 python3 -m pip install numpy
+# optional test dependency, only install if there's a binary package.
+# fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
+python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
+
+# libavif
+pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
 
 # extra test images
 pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: "Check issues"
-      uses: actions/stale@v9
+      uses: actions/stale@v10
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         only-labels: "Awaiting OP Action"

.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml

@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-name: Test Cygwin
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-env:
-  COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        python-minor-version: [9]
-
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-
-    name: Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Fix line endings
-        run: |
-          git config --global core.autocrlf input
-
-      - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Install Cygwin
-        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v5
-        with:
-          packages: >
-            gcc-g++
-            ghostscript
-            git
-            ImageMagick
-            jpeg
-            libfreetype-devel
-            libimagequant-devel
-            libjpeg-devel
-            liblapack-devel
-            liblcms2-devel
-            libopenjp2-devel
-            libraqm-devel
-            libtiff-devel
-            libwebp-devel
-            libxcb-devel
-            libxcb-xinerama0
-            make
-            netpbm
-            perl
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-cython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-devel
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-ipython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-numpy
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-sip
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-tkinter
-            wget
-            xorg-server-extra
-            zlib-devel
-
-      - name: Add Lapack to PATH
-        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v4
-        with:
-          dirs: 'C:\cygwin\bin;C:\cygwin\lib\lapack'
-
-      - name: Select Python version
-        run: |
-          ln -sf c:/cygwin/bin/python3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }} c:/cygwin/bin/python3
-
-      - name: pip cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: 'C:\cygwin\home\runneradmin\.cache\pip'
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-${{ hashFiles('.ci/install.sh') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-
-
-      - name: Build system information
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py"
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/install.sh
-
-      - name: Build
-        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
-        run: |
-          .ci/build.sh
-
-      - name: Test
-        run: |
-          bash.exe xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' .ci/test.sh
-
-      - name: Prepare to upload errors
-        if: failure()
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "mkdir -p Tests/errors"
-
-      - name: Upload errors
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        if: failure()
-        with:
-          name: errors
-          path: Tests/errors
-
-      - name: After success
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/after_success.sh
-          rm C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE
-
-      - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
-        with:
-          files: ./coverage.xml
-          flags: GHA_Cygwin
-          name: Cygwin Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
-
-  success:
-    permissions:
-      contents: none
-    needs: build
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: Cygwin Test Successful
-    steps:
-      - name: Success
-        run: echo Cygwin Test Successful

.github/workflows/test-docker.yml

@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@ jobs:
           centos-stream-10-amd64,
           debian-12-bookworm-x86,
           debian-12-bookworm-amd64,
-          fedora-40-amd64,
+          debian-13-trixie-x86,
-          fedora-41-amd64,
+          debian-13-trixie-amd64,
+          fedora-42-amd64,
           gentoo,
           ubuntu-22.04-jammy-amd64,
           ubuntu-24.04-noble-amd64,
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ jobs:
               mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-ghostscript \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-lcms2 \
+              mingw-w64-x86_64-libavif \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libjpeg-turbo \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm \

.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: Test Valgrind Memory Leaks
+
+# like the Docker tests, but running valgrind only on *.c/*.h changes.
+
+# this is very expensive. Only run on the pull request.
+on:
+  # push:
+  #   branches:
+  #     - "**"
+  #   paths:
+  #     - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+  #     - "**.c"
+  #     - "**.h"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+      - "**.c"
+      - "**.h"
+      - "depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        docker: [
+          ubuntu-22.04-jammy-amd64-valgrind,
+        ]
+        dockerTag: [main]
+
+    name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+
+    - name: Build system information
+      run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
+
+    - name: Docker pull
+      run: |
+        docker pull pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }}
+
+    - name: Build and Run Valgrind
+      run: |
+        # The Pillow user in the docker container is UID 1001
+        sudo chown -R 1001 $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
+        docker run --name pillow_container -e "PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true" -v $GITHUB_WORKSPACE:/Pillow pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }} /Pillow/depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh
+        sudo chown -R runner $GITHUB_WORKSPACE

.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -31,36 +31,35 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   build:
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
         architecture: ["x64"]
-        os: ["windows-latest"]
         include:
             # Test the oldest Python on 32-bit
-            - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86", os: "windows-2019" }
+            - { python-version: "3.10", architecture: "x86" }
 
-    timeout-minutes: 30
+    timeout-minutes: 45
 
     name: Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} (${{ matrix.architecture }})
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Pillow
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Checkout cached dependencies
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/pillow-depends
         path: winbuild\depends
 
     - name: Checkout extra test images
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/test-images
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # sets env: pythonLocation
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -84,18 +83,22 @@ jobs:
         python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
 
     - name: Install CPython dependencies
-      if: "!contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy') && matrix.architecture != 'x86'"
+      if: "!contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy') && !contains(matrix.python-version, '3.14') && matrix.architecture != 'x86'"
       run: |
         python3 -m pip install PyQt6
 
+    - name: Install PyArrow dependency
+      run: |
+        python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       id: install
       run: |
         choco install nasm --no-progress
         echo "C:\Program Files\NASM" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
-        choco install ghostscript --version=10.5.0 --no-progress
+        choco install ghostscript --version=10.6.0 --no-progress
-        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.05.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.06.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
         # Install extra test images
         xcopy /S /Y Tests\test-images\* Tests\images
@@ -145,6 +148,10 @@ jobs:
       if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libpng.cmd"
 
+    - name: Build dependencies / libavif
+      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && matrix.architecture == 'x64'
+      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libavif.cmd"
+
     # for FreeType WOFF2 font support
     - name: Build dependencies / brotli
       if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -42,35 +42,35 @@ jobs:
         ]
         python-version: [
           "pypy3.11",
-          "pypy3.10",
+          "3.14t",
           "3.14",
           "3.13t",
           "3.13",
           "3.12",
           "3.11",
           "3.10",
-          "3.9",
         ]
         include:
-        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
+        - { python-version: "3.12", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
-        - { python-version: "3.10", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
+        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
         # Free-threaded
+        - { python-version: "3.14t", disable-gil: true }
         - { python-version: "3.13t", disable-gil: true }
-        # M1 only available for 3.10+
+        # Intel
-        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.9" }
+        - { os: "macos-15-intel", python-version: "3.10" }
         exclude:
-        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.9" }
+        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.10" }
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: Quansight-Labs/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ jobs:
         GHA_PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     - name: Register gcc problem matcher
-      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.13'"
+      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.14'"
       run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/problem-matchers/gcc.json"
 
     - name: Build

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -1,80 +1,164 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-# Setup that needs to be done before multibuild utils are invoked
+# Safety check - Pillow builds require that CIBW_ARCHS is set, and that it only
-PROJECTDIR=$(pwd)
+# contains a single value (even though cibuildwheel allows multiple values in
-if [[ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]]; then
+# CIBW_ARCHS). This check doesn't work on Linux because of how the CIBW_ARCHS
-    # Safety check - macOS builds require that CIBW_ARCHS is set, and that it
+# variable is exposed.
-    # only contains a single value (even though cibuildwheel allows multiple
+function check_cibw_archs {
-    # values in CIBW_ARCHS).
     if [[ -z "$CIBW_ARCHS" ]]; then
-        echo "ERROR: Pillow macOS builds require CIBW_ARCHS be defined."
+        echo "ERROR: Pillow builds require CIBW_ARCHS be defined."
         exit 1
     fi
     if [[ "$CIBW_ARCHS" == *" "* ]]; then
-        echo "ERROR: Pillow macOS builds only support a single architecture in CIBW_ARCHS."
+        echo "ERROR: Pillow builds only support a single architecture in CIBW_ARCHS."
         exit 1
     fi
+}
 
+# Setup that needs to be done before multibuild utils are invoked. Process
+# potential cross-build platforms before native platforms to ensure that we pick
+# up the cross environment.
+PROJECTDIR=$(pwd)
+if [[ "$CIBW_PLATFORM" == "ios" ]]; then
+    check_cibw_archs
+    # On iOS, CIBW_ARCHS is actually a multi-arch - arm64_iphoneos,
+    # arm64_iphonesimulator or x86_64_iphonesimulator. Split into the CPU
+    # platform, and the iOS SDK.
+    PLAT=$(echo $CIBW_ARCHS | sed "s/\(.*\)_\(.*\)/\1/")
+    IOS_SDK=$(echo $CIBW_ARCHS | sed "s/\(.*\)_\(.*\)/\2/")
+
+    # Build iOS builds in `build/iphoneos` or `build/iphonesimulator`
+    # (depending on the build target). Install them into `build/deps/iphoneos`
+    # or `build/deps/iphonesimulator`
+    WORKDIR=$(pwd)/build/$IOS_SDK
+    BUILD_PREFIX=$(pwd)/build/deps/$IOS_SDK
+    PATCH_DIR=$(pwd)/patches/iOS
+
+    # GNU tooling insists on using aarch64 rather than arm64
+    if [[ $PLAT == "arm64" ]]; then
+        GNU_ARCH=aarch64
+    else
+        GNU_ARCH=x86_64
+    fi
+
+    IOS_SDK_PATH=$(xcrun --sdk $IOS_SDK --show-sdk-path)
+    CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=iOS
+    IOS_HOST_TRIPLE=$PLAT-apple-ios$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+    if [[ "$IOS_SDK" == "iphonesimulator" ]]; then
+        IOS_HOST_TRIPLE=$IOS_HOST_TRIPLE-simulator
+    fi
+
+    # GNU Autotools doesn't recognize the existence of arm64-apple-ios-simulator
+    # as a valid host. However, the only difference between arm64-apple-ios and
+    # arm64-apple-ios-simulator is the choice of sysroot, and that is
+    # coordinated by CC, CFLAGS etc. From the perspective of configure, the two
+    # platforms are identical, so we can use arm64-apple-ios consistently.
+    # This (mostly) avoids us needing to patch config.sub in dependency sources.
+    HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS="--disable-shared --enable-static --host=$GNU_ARCH-apple-ios --build=$GNU_ARCH-apple-darwin"
+
+    # CMake has native support for iOS. However, most of that support is based
+    # on using the Xcode builder, which isn't very helpful for most of Pillow's
+    # dependencies. Therefore, we lean on the OSX configurations, plus CC, CFLAGS
+    # etc. to ensure the right sysroot is selected.
+    HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS="-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=$CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=$GNU_ARCH -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET -DCMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT=$IOS_SDK_PATH -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=NO -DENABLE_SHARED=NO"
+
+    # Meson needs to be pointed at a cross-platform configuration file
+    # This will be generated once CC etc. have been evaluated.
+    HOST_MESON_FLAGS="--cross-file $WORKDIR/meson-cross.txt -Dprefer_static=true -Ddefault_library=static"
+
+elif [[ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]]; then
+    check_cibw_archs
     # Build macOS dependencies in `build/darwin`
     # Install them into `build/deps/darwin`
+    PLAT=$CIBW_ARCHS
     WORKDIR=$(pwd)/build/darwin
     BUILD_PREFIX=$(pwd)/build/deps/darwin
 else
     # Build prefix will default to /usr/local
+    PLAT="${CIBW_ARCHS:-$AUDITWHEEL_ARCH}"
     WORKDIR=$(pwd)/build
     MB_ML_LIBC=${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}
     MB_ML_VER=${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY:9}
 fi
-PLAT=$CIBW_ARCHS
 
 # Define custom utilities
 source wheels/multibuild/common_utils.sh
 source wheels/multibuild/library_builders.sh
-if [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+if [[ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
     source wheels/multibuild/manylinux_utils.sh
 fi
 
 ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 
-# Package versions for fresh source builds
+# Package versions for fresh source builds. Version numbers with "Patched"
+# annotations have a source code patch that is required for some platforms. If
+# you change those versions, ensure the patch is also updated.
+if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
   FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.3
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=10.4.0
+else
-LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.47
+  FREETYPE_VERSION=2.14.1
-JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.0
+fi
-OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.3
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=12.1.0
-XZ_VERSION=5.6.4
+LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.50
-TIFF_VERSION=4.7.0
+JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.2
+OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.4
+XZ_VERSION=5.8.1
+ZSTD_VERSION=1.5.7
+TIFF_VERSION=4.7.1
 LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
-ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.4
+ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.5
-LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.5.0
+LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.6.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
 LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
-BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0
+BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0  # Patched; next release won't need patching. See patch file.
+LIBAVIF_VERSION=1.3.0
 
 function build_pkg_config {
     if [ -e pkg-config-stamp ]; then return; fi
-    # This essentially duplicates the Homebrew recipe
+    # This essentially duplicates the Homebrew recipe.
-    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-int-conversion" build_simple pkg-config 0.29.2 https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases tar.gz \
+    # On iOS, we need a binary that can be executed on the build machine; but we
+    # can create a host-specific pc-path to store iOS .pc files. To ensure a
+    # macOS-compatible build, we temporarily clear environment flags that set
+    # iOS-specific values.
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        ORIGINAL_HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS=$HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
+        ORIGINAL_IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+        unset HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
+        unset IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+    fi
+
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-int-conversion" CPPFLAGS="" build_simple pkg-config 0.29.2 https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases tar.gz \
         --disable-debug --disable-host-tool --with-internal-glib \
         --with-pc-path=$BUILD_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig:$BUILD_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig \
         --with-system-include-path=$(xcrun --show-sdk-path --sdk macosx)/usr/include
+
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS=$ORIGINAL_HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
+        IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$ORIGINAL_IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+    fi;
+
     export PKG_CONFIG=$BUILD_PREFIX/bin/pkg-config
     touch pkg-config-stamp
 }
 
 function build_zlib_ng {
     if [ -e zlib-stamp ]; then return; fi
-    fetch_unpack https://github.com/zlib-ng/zlib-ng/archive/$ZLIB_NG_VERSION.tar.gz zlib-ng-$ZLIB_NG_VERSION.tar.gz
+    # zlib-ng uses a "configure" script, but it's not a GNU autotools script, so
-    (cd zlib-ng-$ZLIB_NG_VERSION \
+    # it doesn't honor the usual flags. Temporarily disable any
-        && ./configure --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX --zlib-compat \
+    # cross-compilation flags.
-        && make -j4 \
+    ORIGINAL_HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS=$HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
-        && make install)
+    unset HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
 
-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    build_github zlib-ng/zlib-ng $ZLIB_NG_VERSION --zlib-compat
+
+    HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS=$ORIGINAL_HOST_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
+
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] && [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
         # Ensure that on macOS, the library name is an absolute path, not an
         # @rpath, so that delocate picks up the right library (and doesn't need
         # DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to be set). The default Makefile doesn't have an
-        # option to control the install_name.
+        # option to control the install_name. This isn't needed on iOS, as iOS
+        # only builds the static library.
         install_name_tool -id $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/libz.1.dylib $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/libz.1.dylib
     fi
     touch zlib-stamp
@@ -84,8 +168,8 @@ function build_brotli {
     if [ -e brotli-stamp ]; then return; fi
     local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/google/brotli/archive/v$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz brotli-$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz)
     (cd $out_dir \
-        && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib . \
+        && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . \
-        && make install)
+        && make -j4 install)
     touch brotli-stamp
 }
 
@@ -95,42 +179,129 @@ function build_harfbuzz {
 
     local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/releases/download/$HARFBUZZ_VERSION/harfbuzz-$HARFBUZZ_VERSION.tar.xz harfbuzz-$HARFBUZZ_VERSION.tar.xz)
     (cd $out_dir \
-        && meson setup build --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX --libdir=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib --buildtype=release -Dfreetype=enabled -Dglib=disabled)
+        && meson setup build --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX --libdir=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib --buildtype=minsize -Dfreetype=enabled -Dglib=disabled -Dtests=disabled $HOST_MESON_FLAGS)
     (cd $out_dir/build \
         && meson install)
     touch harfbuzz-stamp
 }
 
+function build_libavif {
+    if [ -e libavif-stamp ]; then return; fi
+
+    python3 -m pip install meson ninja
+
+    if ([[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] && [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]) || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
+        build_simple nasm 2.16.03 https://www.nasm.us/pub/nasm/releasebuilds/2.16.03
+    fi
+
+    local build_type=MinSizeRel
+    local build_shared=ON
+    local lto=ON
+
+    local libavif_cmake_flags
+
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
+        lto=OFF
+        libavif_cmake_flags=(
+            -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
+            -DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,-S,-x,-dead_strip_dylibs" \
+        )
+        if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+            build_shared=OFF
+        fi
+    else
+        if [[ "$MB_ML_VER" == 2014 ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
+            build_type=Release
+        fi
+        libavif_cmake_flags=(-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,--strip-all,-z,relro,-z,now")
+    fi
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(-DAOM_TARGET_CPU=generic)
+    else
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM_DECODE=OFF \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL
+        )
+    fi
+
+    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz libavif-$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz)
+
+    # CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 is a flag for libaom (included as a subproject
+    # of libavif) that disables support for encoding high bit depth images.
+    (cd $out_dir \
+        && cmake \
+            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX \
+            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
+            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
+            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=$build_shared \
+            -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL \
+            -DCONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 \
+            -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=$lto \
+            -DCMAKE_C_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=$build_type \
+            "${libavif_cmake_flags[@]}" \
+            $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . )
+
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        # libavif's CMake configuration generates a meson cross file... but it
+        # doesn't work for iOS cross-compilation. Copy in Pillow-generated
+        # meson-cross config to replace the cmake-generated version.
+        cp $WORKDIR/meson-cross.txt $out_dir/crossfile-apple.meson
+    fi
+
+    (cd $out_dir && make -j4 install)
+
+    touch libavif-stamp
+}
+
+function build_zstd {
+    if [ -e zstd-stamp ]; then return; fi
+    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v$ZSTD_VERSION/zstd-$ZSTD_VERSION.tar.gz)
+    (cd $out_dir \
+        && make -j4 install)
+    touch zstd-stamp
+}
+
 function build {
     build_xz
     if [ -z "$IS_ALPINE" ] && [ -z "$SANITIZER" ] && [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
         yum remove -y zlib-devel
     fi
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
+        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -headerpad_max_install_names" build_zlib_ng
+    else
         build_zlib_ng
+    fi
 
     build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         build_simple xorgproto 2024.1 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/proto
         build_simple libXau 1.0.12 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/lib
         build_simple libpthread-stubs 0.5 https://xcb.freedesktop.org/dist
     else
-        sed s/\${pc_sysrootdir\}// $BUILD_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig/xcb-proto.pc > $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig/xcb-proto.pc
+        sed "s/\${pc_sysrootdir\}//" $BUILD_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig/xcb-proto.pc > $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig/xcb-proto.pc
     fi
     build_simple libxcb $LIBXCB_VERSION https://www.x.org/releases/individual/lib
 
     build_libjpeg_turbo
-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         # Custom tiff build to include jpeg; by default, configure won't include
-        # headers/libs in the custom macOS prefix. Explicitly disable webp,
+        # headers/libs in the custom macOS/iOS prefix. Explicitly disable webp,
         # libdeflate and zstd, because on x86_64 macs, it will pick up the
         # Homebrew versions of those libraries from /usr/local.
         build_simple tiff $TIFF_VERSION https://download.osgeo.org/libtiff tar.gz \
             --with-jpeg-include-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/include --with-jpeg-lib-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
             --disable-webp --disable-libdeflate --disable-zstd
     else
+        build_zstd
         build_tiff
     fi
 
+    build_libavif
     build_libpng
     build_lcms2
     build_openjpeg
@@ -139,20 +310,58 @@ function build {
     if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         webp_cflags="$webp_cflags -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names"
     fi
-    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $webp_cflags" build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
+    webp_ldflags=""
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        webp_ldflags="$webp_ldflags -llzma -lz"
+    fi
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $webp_cflags" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $webp_ldflags" build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
         https://storage.googleapis.com/downloads.webmproject.org/releases/webp tar.gz \
         --enable-libwebpmux --enable-libwebpdemux
 
     build_brotli
 
-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         # Custom freetype build
+        if [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+          build_simple sed 4.9 https://mirrors.middlendian.com/gnu/sed
+        fi
+
         build_simple freetype $FREETYPE_VERSION https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype tar.gz --with-harfbuzz=no
     else
         build_freetype
     fi
 
+    if [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        # On iOS, there's no vendor-provided raqm, and we can't ship it due to
+        # licensing, so there's no point building harfbuzz.
         build_harfbuzz
+    fi
+}
+
+function create_meson_cross_config {
+    cat << EOF > $WORKDIR/meson-cross.txt
+[binaries]
+pkg-config = '$BUILD_PREFIX/bin/pkg-config'
+cmake = '$(which cmake)'
+c = '$CC'
+cpp = '$CXX'
+strip = '$STRIP'
+
+[built-in options]
+c_args = '$CFLAGS -I$BUILD_PREFIX/include'
+cpp_args = '$CXXFLAGS -I$BUILD_PREFIX/include'
+c_link_args = '$CFLAGS -L$BUILD_PREFIX/lib'
+cpp_link_args = '$CFLAGS -L$BUILD_PREFIX/lib'
+
+[host_machine]
+system = 'darwin'
+subsystem = 'ios'
+kernel = 'xnu'
+cpu_family = '$(uname -m)'
+cpu = '$(uname -m)'
+endian = 'little'
+
+EOF
 }
 
 # Perform all dependency builds in the build subfolder.
@@ -171,28 +380,53 @@ if [[ ! -d $WORKDIR/pillow-depends-main ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
-    # Homebrew (or similar packaging environments) install can contain some of
-    # the libraries that we're going to build. However, they may be compiled
-    # with a MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET that doesn't match what we want to use,
-    # and they may bring in other dependencies that we don't want. The same will
-    # be true of any other locations on the path. To avoid conflicts, strip the
-    # path down to the bare minimum (which, on macOS, won't include any
-    # development dependencies).
-    export PATH="$BUILD_PREFIX/bin:$(dirname $(which python3)):/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin"
-    export CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=$BUILD_PREFIX
-
     # Ensure the basic structure of the build prefix directory exists.
     mkdir -p "$BUILD_PREFIX/bin"
     mkdir -p "$BUILD_PREFIX/lib"
 
-    # Ensure pkg-config is available
+    # Ensure pkg-config is available. This is done *before* setting CC, CFLAGS
+    # etc. to ensure that the build is *always* a macOS build, even when building
+    # for iOS.
     build_pkg_config
-    # Ensure cmake is available
+
+    # Ensure cmake is available, and that the default prefix used by CMake is
+    # the build prefix
     python3 -m pip install cmake
+    export CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=$BUILD_PREFIX
+
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        export AR="$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK ar)"
+        export CPP="$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK clang) -E"
+        export CC=$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK clang)
+        export CXX=$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK clang++)
+        export LD=$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK ld)
+        export STRIP=$(xcrun --find --sdk $IOS_SDK strip)
+
+        CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS --sysroot=$IOS_SDK_PATH"
+        CFLAGS="-target $IOS_HOST_TRIPLE --sysroot=$IOS_SDK_PATH -mios-version-min=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"
+        CXXFLAGS="-target $IOS_HOST_TRIPLE --sysroot=$IOS_SDK_PATH -mios-version-min=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"
+
+        # Having IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET in the environment causes problems
+        # with some cross-building toolchains, because it introduces implicit
+        # behavior into clang.
+        unset IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+
+        # Now that we know CC etc., we can create a meson cross-configuration file
+        create_meson_cross_config
+    fi
 fi
 
 wrap_wheel_builder build
 
+# A safety catch for iOS. iOS can't use dynamic libraries, but clang will prefer
+# to link dynamic libraries to static libraries. The only way to reliably
+# prevent this is to not have dynamic libraries available in the first place.
+# The build process *shouldn't* generate any dylibs... but just in case, purge
+# any dylibs that *have* been installed into the build prefix directory.
+if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+    find "$BUILD_PREFIX" -name "*.dylib" -exec rm -rf {} \;
+fi
+
 # Return to the project root to finish the build
 popd > /dev/null
 

.github/workflows/wheels-test.ps1

@@ -9,17 +9,18 @@ if ("$venv" -like "*\cibw-run-*\pp*-win_amd64\*") {
     C:\vc_redist.x64.exe /install /quiet /norestart | Out-Null
 }
 $env:path += ";$pillow\winbuild\build\bin\"
-& "$venv\Scripts\activate.ps1"
+if (Test-Path $venv\Scripts\pypy.exe) {
-& reg add "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\python.exe" /v "GlobalFlag" /t REG_SZ /d "0x02000000" /f
+  $python = "pypy.exe"
-if ("$venv" -like "*\cibw-run-*-win_amd64\*") {
+} else {
-  & python -m pip install numpy
+  $python = "python.exe"
 }
+& reg add "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\python.exe" /v "GlobalFlag" /t REG_SZ /d "0x02000000" /f
 cd $pillow
-& python -VV
+& $venv\Scripts\$python -VV
 if (!$?) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-& python selftest.py
+& $venv\Scripts\$python selftest.py
 if (!$?) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-& python -m pytest -vx Tests\check_wheel.py
+& $venv\Scripts\$python -m pytest -vv -x checks\check_wheel.py
 if (!$?) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
-& python -m pytest -vx Tests
+& $venv\Scripts\$python -m pytest -vv -x Tests
 if (!$?) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }

.github/workflows/wheels-test.sh

@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ else
     yum install -y fribidi
 fi
 
-python3 -m pip install numpy
-
 if [ ! -d "test-images-main" ]; then
     curl -fsSL -o pillow-test-images.zip https://github.com/python-pillow/test-images/archive/main.zip
     unzip pillow-test-images.zip
@@ -35,5 +33,5 @@ fi
 
 # Runs tests
 python3 selftest.py
-python3 -m pytest Tests/check_wheel.py
+python3 -m pytest -vv -x checks/check_wheel.py
-python3 -m pytest
+python3 -m pytest -vv -x

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
+  EXPECTED_DISTS: 91
   FORCE_COLOR: 1
 
 jobs:
@@ -51,47 +52,67 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - name: "macOS 10.10 x86_64"
-            os: macos-13
+            platform: macos
+            os: macos-15-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
-            build: "cp3{9,10,11}*"
+            build: "cp3{10,11}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.10"
           - name: "macOS 10.13 x86_64"
-            os: macos-13
+            platform: macos
+            os: macos-15-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "cp3{12,13}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.13"
           - name: "macOS 10.15 x86_64"
-            os: macos-13
+            platform: macos
+            os: macos-15-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
-            build: "pp3*"
+            build: "{cp314,pp3}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.15"
           - name: "macOS arm64"
+            platform: macos
             os: macos-latest
             cibw_arch: arm64
             macosx_deployment_target: "11.0"
           - name: "manylinux2014 and musllinux x86_64"
+            platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-latest
             cibw_arch: x86_64
+            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
           - name: "manylinux_2_28 x86_64"
+            platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-latest
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "*manylinux*"
-            manylinux: "manylinux_2_28"
           - name: "manylinux2014 and musllinux aarch64"
+            platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
             cibw_arch: aarch64
+            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
           - name: "manylinux_2_28 aarch64"
+            platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
             cibw_arch: aarch64
             build: "*manylinux*"
-            manylinux: "manylinux_2_28"
+          - name: "iOS arm64 device"
+            platform: ios
+            os: macos-latest
+            cibw_arch: arm64_iphoneos
+          - name: "iOS arm64 simulator"
+            platform: ios
+            os: macos-14
+            cibw_arch: arm64_iphonesimulator
+          - name: "iOS x86_64 simulator"
+            platform: ios
+            os: macos-15-intel
+            cibw_arch: x86_64_iphonesimulator
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           submodules: true
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -103,6 +124,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           python3 -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
         env:
+          CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform }}
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BUILD: ${{ matrix.build }}
           CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading pypy
@@ -110,38 +132,40 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
-          CIBW_SKIP: pp39-*
           MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ matrix.macosx_deployment_target }}
 
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: dist-${{ matrix.os }}${{ matrix.macosx_deployment_target && format('-{0}', matrix.macosx_deployment_target) }}-${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}${{ matrix.manylinux && format('-{0}', matrix.manylinux) }}
+          name: dist-${{ matrix.name }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
   windows:
     if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
     name: Windows ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
           - cibw_arch: x86
+            os: windows-latest
           - cibw_arch: AMD64
+            os: windows-latest
           - cibw_arch: ARM64
+            os: windows-11-arm
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Checkout extra test images
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           repository: python-pillow/test-images
           path: Tests\test-images
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -185,7 +209,6 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: "{package}\\winbuild\\build\\build_dep_all.cmd"
           CIBW_CACHE_PATH: "C:\\cibw"
           CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading pypy
-          CIBW_SKIP: pp39-*
           CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"
           CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: 'docker run --rm
             -v {project}:C:\pillow
@@ -209,15 +232,15 @@ jobs:
           path: winbuild\build\bin\fribidi*
 
   sdist:
-    if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -228,26 +251,44 @@ jobs:
         name: dist-sdist
         path: dist/*.tar.gz
 
-  scientific-python-nightly-wheels-publish:
+  count-dists:
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    needs: [build-native-wheels, windows, sdist]
-    needs: [build-native-wheels, windows]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+    name: Count dists
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist
           merge-multiple: true
+      - name: "What did we get?"
+        run: |
+          ls -alR
+          echo "Number of dists, should be $EXPECTED_DISTS:"
+          files=$(ls dist 2>/dev/null | wc -l)
+          echo $files
+          [ "$files" -eq $EXPECTED_DISTS ] || exit 1
+
+  scientific-python-nightly-wheels-publish:
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    needs: count-dists
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        with:
+          pattern: dist-!(sdist)*
+          path: dist
+          merge-multiple: true
       - name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
-        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@82396a2ed4269ba06c6b2988bb4fd568ef3c3d6b # 0.6.1
+        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@b36e8c0c10dbcfd2e05bf95f17ef8c14fd708dbf # 0.6.2
         with:
           artifacts_path: dist
           anaconda_nightly_upload_token: ${{ secrets.ANACONDA_ORG_UPLOAD_TOKEN }}
 
   pypi-publish:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
-    needs: [build-native-wheels, windows, sdist]
+    needs: count-dists
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Upload release to PyPI
     environment:
@@ -256,7 +297,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist

.github/zizmor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Configuration for the zizmor static analysis tool, run via pre-commit in CI
+# https://docs.zizmor.sh/configuration/
+rules:
+  unpinned-uses:
+    config:
+      policies:
+        "*": ref-pin

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.9.9
+    rev: v0.13.3
     hooks:
-      - id: ruff
+      - id: ruff-check
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black-pre-commit-mirror
-    rev: 25.1.0
+    rev: 25.9.0
     hooks:
       - id: black
 
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
-    rev: 1.8.3
+    rev: 1.8.6
     hooks:
     - id: bandit
       args: [--severity-level=high]
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ repos:
     rev: v1.5.5
     hooks:
       - id: remove-tabs
-        exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$)
+        exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$|\.patch$)
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v19.1.7
+    rev: v21.1.2
     hooks:
       - id: clang-format
         types: [c]
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ repos:
       - id: rst-backticks
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v5.0.0
+    rev: v6.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
       - id: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
@@ -44,20 +44,21 @@ repos:
       - id: check-json
       - id: check-toml
       - id: check-yaml
+        args: [--allow-multiple-documents]
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
-        exclude: ^Tests/images/
+        exclude: ^Tests/images/|\.patch$
       - id: trailing-whitespace
-        exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/
+        exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/|\.patch$
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.31.2
+    rev: 0.34.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
       - id: check-readthedocs
       - id: check-renovate
 
-  - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
+  - repo: https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.4.1
+    rev: v1.14.2
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
 
@@ -67,18 +68,18 @@ repos:
       - id: sphinx-lint
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: v2.5.1
+    rev: v2.7.0
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 
   - repo: https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject
-    rev: v0.23
+    rev: v0.24.1
     hooks:
       - id: validate-pyproject
         additional_dependencies: [trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/tox-ini-fmt
-    rev: 1.5.0
+    rev: 1.6.0
     hooks:
       - id: tox-ini-fmt
 

MANIFEST.in

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ include LICENSE
 include Makefile
 include tox.ini
 graft Tests
+graft Tests/images
+graft checks
+graft patches
 graft src
 graft depends
 graft winbuild
@@ -26,8 +29,19 @@ exclude .editorconfig
 exclude .readthedocs.yml
 exclude codecov.yml
 exclude renovate.json
+exclude Tests/images/README.md
+exclude Tests/images/crash*.tif
+exclude Tests/images/string_dimension.tiff
 global-exclude .git*
 global-exclude *.pyc
 global-exclude *.so
 prune .ci
 prune wheels
+prune winbuild/build
+prune winbuild/depends
+prune Tests/errors
+prune Tests/images/jpeg2000
+prune Tests/images/msp
+prune Tests/images/picins
+prune Tests/images/sunraster
+prune Tests/test-images

Makefile

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ doc html:
 htmlview:
 	$(MAKE) -C docs htmlview
 
+.PHONY: htmllive
+htmllive:
+	$(MAKE) -C docs htmllive
+
 .PHONY: doccheck
 doccheck:
 	$(MAKE) doc
@@ -43,6 +47,7 @@ help:
 	@echo "  docserve           run an HTTP server on the docs directory"
 	@echo "  html               make HTML docs"
 	@echo "  htmlview           open the index page built by the html target in your browser"
+	@echo "  htmllive           rebuild and reload HTML files in your browser"
 	@echo "  install            make and install"
 	@echo "  install-coverage   make and install with C coverage"
 	@echo "  lint               run the lint checks"
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ debug:
 
 .PHONY: release-test
 release-test:
-	python3 Tests/check_release_notes.py
+	python3 checks/check_release_notes.py
 	python3 -m pip install -e .[tests]
 	python3 selftest.py
 	python3 -m pytest Tests
@@ -92,13 +97,27 @@ test:
 	python3 -c "import pytest" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest
 	python3 -m pytest -qq
 
+.PHONY: test-p
+test-p:
+	python3 -c "import xdist" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-xdist
+	python3 -m pytest -qq -n auto
+
+
 .PHONY: valgrind
 valgrind:
 	python3 -c "import pytest_valgrind" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-valgrind
-	PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp --leak-check=no \
+	PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp --leak-check=no \
             --log-file=/tmp/valgrind-output \
             python3 -m pytest --no-memcheck -vv --valgrind --valgrind-log=/tmp/valgrind-output
 
+.PHONY: valgrind-leak
+valgrind-leak:
+	python3 -c "import pytest_valgrind" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-valgrind
+	PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp \
+	    --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=definite --errors-for-leak-kinds=definite \
+            --log-file=/tmp/valgrind-output \
+            python3 -m pytest -vv --valgrind --valgrind-log=/tmp/valgrind-output
+
 .PHONY: readme
 readme:
 	python3 -c "import markdown2" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install markdown2

README.md

@@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ As of 2019, Pillow development is
             <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-mingw.yml"><img
                 alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test MinGW)"
                 src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20MinGW/badge.svg"></a>
-            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-cygwin.yml"><img
-                alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Cygwin)"
-                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Cygwin/badge.svg"></a>
             <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-docker.yml"><img
                 alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Docker)"
                 src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Docker/badge.svg"></a>
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ This library provides extensive file format support, an efficient internal repre
 
 The core image library is designed for fast access to data stored in a few basic pixel formats. It should provide a solid foundation for a general image processing tool.
 
-## More Information
+## More information
 
 - [Documentation](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/)
   - [Installation](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation/basic-installation.html)
@@ -107,6 +104,6 @@ The core image library is designed for fast access to data stored in a few basic
 - [Changelog](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases)
   - [Pre-fork](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/blob/main/CHANGES.rst#pre-fork)
 
-## Report a Vulnerability
+## Report a vulnerability
 
 To report a security vulnerability, please follow the procedure described in the [Tidelift security policy](https://tidelift.com/docs/security).

RELEASING.md

@@ -1,34 +1,15 @@
-# Release Checklist
+# Release checklist
 
 See https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/versioning.html for
 information about how the version numbers line up with releases.
 
-## Main Release
+## Main release
 
 Released quarterly on January 2nd, April 1st, July 1st and October 15th.
 
-* [ ] Open a release ticket e.g. https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/3154
+* [ ] Create a new issue and select the "Maintainers only: Release" template.
-* [ ] Develop and prepare release in `main` branch.
+
-* [ ] Check [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions) to confirm passing tests in `main` branch.
+## Point release
-* [ ] Check that all the wheel builds pass the tests in the [GitHub Actions "Wheels" workflow](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml) jobs by manually triggering them.
-* [ ] In compliance with [PEP 440](https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/), update version identifier in `src/PIL/_version.py`
-* [ ] Run pre-release check via `make release-test` in a freshly cloned repo.
-* [ ] Create branch and tag for release e.g.:
-  ```bash
-  git branch 5.2.x
-  git tag 5.2.0
-  git push --tags
-  ```
-* [ ] Check the [GitHub Actions "Wheels" workflow](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml)
-  has passed, including the "Upload release to PyPI" job. This will have been triggered
-  by the new tag.
-* [ ] Publish the [release on GitHub](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases).
-* [ ] In compliance with [PEP 440](https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/),
-      increment and append `.dev0` to version identifier in `src/PIL/_version.py` and then:
-  ```bash
-  git push --all
-   ```
-## Point Release
 
 Released as needed for security, installation or critical bug fixes.
 
@@ -58,7 +39,7 @@ Released as needed for security, installation or critical bug fixes.
   git push
   ```
 
-## Embargoed Release
+## Embargoed release
 
 Released as needed privately to individual vendors for critical security-related bug fixes.
 
@@ -82,7 +63,7 @@ Released as needed privately to individual vendors for critical security-related
   git push origin 2.5.x
   ```
 
-## Publicize Release
+## Publicize release
 
 * [ ] Announce release availability via [Mastodon](https://fosstodon.org/@pillow) e.g. https://fosstodon.org/@pillow/110639450470725321
 
@@ -90,7 +71,7 @@ Released as needed privately to individual vendors for critical security-related
 
 * [ ] Make sure the [default version for Read the Docs](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) is up-to-date with the release changes
 
-## Docker Images
+## Docker images
 
 * [ ] Update Pillow in the Docker Images repository
   ```bash

Tests/README.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Pillow Tests
+Pillow tests
 ============
 
 Test scripts are named ``test_xxx.py``. Helper classes and functions can be found in ``helper.py``.

Tests/createfontdatachunk.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import base64

Tests/helper.py

@@ -10,16 +10,20 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, Callable
 
 import pytest
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageFile, ImageMath, features
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+    from pathlib import Path
+    from typing import Any
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 uploader = None
@@ -95,7 +99,10 @@ def assert_image_equal(a: Image.Image, b: Image.Image, msg: str | None = None) -
 
 
 def assert_image_equal_tofile(
-    a: Image.Image, filename: str, msg: str | None = None, mode: str | None = None
+    a: Image.Image,
+    filename: str | Path,
+    msg: str | None = None,
+    mode: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     with Image.open(filename) as img:
         if mode:
@@ -136,7 +143,7 @@ def assert_image_similar(
 
 def assert_image_similar_tofile(
     a: Image.Image,
-    filename: str,
+    filename: str | Path,
     epsilon: float,
     msg: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
@@ -157,11 +164,25 @@ def assert_tuple_approx_equal(
             pytest.fail(msg + ": " + repr(actuals) + " != " + repr(targets))
 
 
+def timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(timeout: float) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    if "PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST" in os.environ:
+        return pytest.mark.pil_noop_mark()
+    return pytest.mark.timeout(timeout)
+
+
 def skip_unless_feature(feature: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
     reason = f"{feature} not available"
     return pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check(feature), reason=reason)
 
 
+def has_feature_version(feature: str, required: str) -> bool:
+    version = features.version(feature)
+    assert version is not None
+    version_required = parse_version(required)
+    version_available = parse_version(version)
+    return version_available >= version_required
+
+
 def skip_unless_feature_version(
     feature: str, required: str, reason: str | None = None
 ) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
@@ -261,10 +282,6 @@ def _cached_hopper(mode: str) -> Image.Image:
         im = hopper("L")
     else:
         im = hopper()
-    if mode.startswith("BGR;"):
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-            im = im.convert(mode)
-    else:
     try:
         im = im.convert(mode)
     except ImportError:
@@ -285,16 +302,6 @@ def djpeg_available() -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def cjpeg_available() -> bool:
-    if shutil.which("cjpeg"):
-        try:
-            subprocess.check_call(["cjpeg", "-version"])
-            return True
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:  # pragma: no cover
-            return False
-    return False
-
-
 def netpbm_available() -> bool:
     return bool(shutil.which("ppmquant") and shutil.which("ppmtogif"))
 

Tests/images/full_gimp_palette.gpl

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+GIMP Palette
+Name: fullpalette
+Columns: 4
+#
+  0   0   0     Index 0
+  1   1   1     Index 1
+  2   2   2     Index 2
+  3   3   3     Index 3
+  4   4   4     Index 4
+  5   5   5     Index 5
+  6   6   6     Index 6
+  7   7   7     Index 7
+  8   8   8     Index 8
+  9   9   9     Index 9
+ 10  10  10     Index 10
+ 11  11  11     Index 11
+ 12  12  12     Index 12
+ 13  13  13     Index 13
+ 14  14  14     Index 14
+ 15  15  15     Index 15
+ 16  16  16     Index 16
+ 17  17  17     Index 17
+ 18  18  18     Index 18
+ 19  19  19     Index 19
+ 20  20  20     Index 20
+ 21  21  21     Index 21
+ 22  22  22     Index 22
+ 23  23  23     Index 23
+ 24  24  24     Index 24
+ 25  25  25     Index 25
+ 26  26  26     Index 26
+ 27  27  27     Index 27
+ 28  28  28     Index 28
+ 29  29  29     Index 29
+ 30  30  30     Index 30
+ 31  31  31     Index 31
+ 32  32  32     Index 32
+ 33  33  33     Index 33
+ 34  34  34     Index 34
+ 35  35  35     Index 35
+ 36  36  36     Index 36
+ 37  37  37     Index 37
+ 38  38  38     Index 38
+ 39  39  39     Index 39
+ 40  40  40     Index 40
+ 41  41  41     Index 41
+ 42  42  42     Index 42
+ 43  43  43     Index 43
+ 44  44  44     Index 44
+ 45  45  45     Index 45
+ 46  46  46     Index 46
+ 47  47  47     Index 47
+ 48  48  48     Index 48
+ 49  49  49     Index 49
+ 50  50  50     Index 50
+ 51  51  51     Index 51
+ 52  52  52     Index 52
+ 53  53  53     Index 53
+ 54  54  54     Index 54
+ 55  55  55     Index 55
+ 56  56  56     Index 56
+ 57  57  57     Index 57
+ 58  58  58     Index 58
+ 59  59  59     Index 59
+ 60  60  60     Index 60
+ 61  61  61     Index 61
+ 62  62  62     Index 62
+ 63  63  63     Index 63
+ 64  64  64     Index 64
+ 65  65  65     Index 65
+ 66  66  66     Index 66
+ 67  67  67     Index 67
+ 68  68  68     Index 68
+ 69  69  69     Index 69
+ 70  70  70     Index 70
+ 71  71  71     Index 71
+ 72  72  72     Index 72
+ 73  73  73     Index 73
+ 74  74  74     Index 74
+ 75  75  75     Index 75
+ 76  76  76     Index 76
+ 77  77  77     Index 77
+ 78  78  78     Index 78
+ 79  79  79     Index 79
+ 80  80  80     Index 80
+ 81  81  81     Index 81
+ 82  82  82     Index 82
+ 83  83  83     Index 83
+ 84  84  84     Index 84
+ 85  85  85     Index 85
+ 86  86  86     Index 86
+ 87  87  87     Index 87
+ 88  88  88     Index 88
+ 89  89  89     Index 89
+ 90  90  90     Index 90
+ 91  91  91     Index 91
+ 92  92  92     Index 92
+ 93  93  93     Index 93
+ 94  94  94     Index 94
+ 95  95  95     Index 95
+ 96  96  96     Index 96
+ 97  97  97     Index 97
+ 98  98  98     Index 98
+ 99  99  99     Index 99
+100 100 100     Index 100
+101 101 101     Index 101
+102 102 102     Index 102
+103 103 103     Index 103
+104 104 104     Index 104
+105 105 105     Index 105
+106 106 106     Index 106
+107 107 107     Index 107
+108 108 108     Index 108
+109 109 109     Index 109
+110 110 110     Index 110
+111 111 111     Index 111
+112 112 112     Index 112
+113 113 113     Index 113
+114 114 114     Index 114
+115 115 115     Index 115
+116 116 116     Index 116
+117 117 117     Index 117
+118 118 118     Index 118
+119 119 119     Index 119
+120 120 120     Index 120
+121 121 121     Index 121
+122 122 122     Index 122
+123 123 123     Index 123
+124 124 124     Index 124
+125 125 125     Index 125
+126 126 126     Index 126
+127 127 127     Index 127
+128 128 128     Index 128
+129 129 129     Index 129
+130 130 130     Index 130
+131 131 131     Index 131
+132 132 132     Index 132
+133 133 133     Index 133
+134 134 134     Index 134
+135 135 135     Index 135
+136 136 136     Index 136
+137 137 137     Index 137
+138 138 138     Index 138
+139 139 139     Index 139
+140 140 140     Index 140
+141 141 141     Index 141
+142 142 142     Index 142
+143 143 143     Index 143
+144 144 144     Index 144
+145 145 145     Index 145
+146 146 146     Index 146
+147 147 147     Index 147
+148 148 148     Index 148
+149 149 149     Index 149
+150 150 150     Index 150
+151 151 151     Index 151
+152 152 152     Index 152
+153 153 153     Index 153
+154 154 154     Index 154
+155 155 155     Index 155
+156 156 156     Index 156
+157 157 157     Index 157
+158 158 158     Index 158
+159 159 159     Index 159
+160 160 160     Index 160
+161 161 161     Index 161
+162 162 162     Index 162
+163 163 163     Index 163
+164 164 164     Index 164
+165 165 165     Index 165
+166 166 166     Index 166
+167 167 167     Index 167
+168 168 168     Index 168
+169 169 169     Index 169
+170 170 170     Index 170
+171 171 171     Index 171
+172 172 172     Index 172
+173 173 173     Index 173
+174 174 174     Index 174
+175 175 175     Index 175
+176 176 176     Index 176
+177 177 177     Index 177
+178 178 178     Index 178
+179 179 179     Index 179
+180 180 180     Index 180
+181 181 181     Index 181
+182 182 182     Index 182
+183 183 183     Index 183
+184 184 184     Index 184
+185 185 185     Index 185
+186 186 186     Index 186
+187 187 187     Index 187
+188 188 188     Index 188
+189 189 189     Index 189
+190 190 190     Index 190
+191 191 191     Index 191
+192 192 192     Index 192
+193 193 193     Index 193
+194 194 194     Index 194
+195 195 195     Index 195
+196 196 196     Index 196
+197 197 197     Index 197
+198 198 198     Index 198
+199 199 199     Index 199
+200 200 200     Index 200
+201 201 201     Index 201
+202 202 202     Index 202
+203 203 203     Index 203
+204 204 204     Index 204
+205 205 205     Index 205
+206 206 206     Index 206
+207 207 207     Index 207
+208 208 208     Index 208
+209 209 209     Index 209
+210 210 210     Index 210
+211 211 211     Index 211
+212 212 212     Index 212
+213 213 213     Index 213
+214 214 214     Index 214
+215 215 215     Index 215
+216 216 216     Index 216
+217 217 217     Index 217
+218 218 218     Index 218
+219 219 219     Index 219
+220 220 220     Index 220
+221 221 221     Index 221
+222 222 222     Index 222
+223 223 223     Index 223
+224 224 224     Index 224
+225 225 225     Index 225
+226 226 226     Index 226
+227 227 227     Index 227
+228 228 228     Index 228
+229 229 229     Index 229
+230 230 230     Index 230
+231 231 231     Index 231
+232 232 232     Index 232
+233 233 233     Index 233
+234 234 234     Index 234
+235 235 235     Index 235
+236 236 236     Index 236
+237 237 237     Index 237
+238 238 238     Index 238
+239 239 239     Index 239
+240 240 240     Index 240
+241 241 241     Index 241
+242 242 242     Index 242
+243 243 243     Index 243
+244 244 244     Index 244
+245 245 245     Index 245
+246 246 246     Index 246
+247 247 247     Index 247
+248 248 248     Index 248
+249 249 249     Index 249
+250 250 250     Index 250
+251 251 251     Index 251
+252 252 252     Index 252
+253 253 253     Index 253
+254 254 254     Index 254
+255 255 255     Index 255

Tests/images/hopper_bpp2.xpm

@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/* XPM */
+static const char *hopper[] = {
+/* columns rows colors chars-per-pixel */
+"128 128 256 2 ",
+"   c #0C0C0D",
+".  c #0A0708",
+"X  c #1C0A04",
+"o  c #120B0C",
+"O  c #170808",
+"+  c #0B110D",
+"@  c #16120C",
+"#  c #0D0D12",
+"$  c #0D0D1A",
+"%  c #070A16",
+"&  c #120D13",
+"*  c #120E1A",
+"=  c #1A0C16",
+"-  c #0D1114",
+";  c #0D121B",
+":  c #091518",
+">  c #131215",
+",  c #14131B",
+"<  c #1A141C",
+"1  c #1B191D",
+"2  c #191517",
+"3  c #250906",
+"4  c #390904",
+"5  c #27150A",
+"6  c #250A18",
+"7  c #251719",
+"8  c #361410",
+"9  c #342215",
+"0  c #0C0C24",
+"q  c #0C0D2B",
+"w  c #060927",
+"e  c #130D24",
+"r  c #150D2A",
+"t  c #0C1225",
+"y  c #0C122C",
+"u  c #061227",
+"i  c #151422",
+"p  c #1A1522",
+"a  c #1C1B23",
+"s  c #13132C",
+"d  c #19172A",
+"f  c #0C0D35",
+"g  c #130E37",
+"h  c #0D1436",
+"j  c #131333",
+"k  c #13143C",
+"l  c #191838",
+"z  c #241926",
+"x  c #231B38",
+"c  c #2E1226",
+"v  c #372628",
+"b  c #292538",
+"n  c #362B37",
+"m  c #2F2A2F",
+"M  c #1A2233",
+"N  c #4C150D",
+"B  c #740F10",
+"V  c #512916",
+"C  c #793419",
+"Z  c #6D2C13",
+"A  c #4E1524",
+"S  c #741624",
+"D  c #4E332E",
+"F  c #6F3629",
+"G  c #574438",
+"H  c #744831",
+"J  c #775A2E",
+"K  c #0E1444",
+"L  c #141443",
+"P  c #1B1A44",
+"I  c #14144B",
+"U  c #1A1B4C",
+"Y  c #181747",
+"T  c #1B1B53",
+"R  c #181955",
+"E  c #0F0E44",
+"W  c #231C46",
+"Q  c #231C56",
+"!  c #1C234E",
+"~  c #272547",
+"^  c #2E2F52",
+"/  c #2E3765",
+"(  c #483947",
+")  c #742D4A",
+"_  c #364970",
+"`  c #534A51",
+"'  c #6E534D",
+"]  c #756654",
+"[  c #53556D",
+"{  c #6B5B69",
+"}  c #746B71",
+"|  c #5E616A",
+" . c #880C15",
+".. c #881217",
+"X. c #8D0D0F",
+"o. c #8B3218",
+"O. c #8C3828",
+"+. c #AC2F30",
+"@. c #9A1825",
+"#. c #CE202B",
+"$. c #8A452A",
+"%. c #974A2B",
+"&. c #884934",
+"*. c #954B35",
+"=. c #995539",
+"-. c #895736",
+";. c #A75738",
+":. c #A84E30",
+">. c #996839",
+",. c #B6683B",
+"<. c #AE6835",
+"1. c #A35419",
+"2. c #D26D19",
+"3. c #CC712E",
+"4. c #CD6922",
+"5. c #A83152",
+"6. c #985845",
+"7. c #8A5748",
+"8. c #AE5A46",
+"9. c #916A4F",
+"0. c #A96647",
+"q. c #B76947",
+"w. c #BA744A",
+"e. c #B97757",
+"r. c #AB6F53",
+"t. c #8D736D",
+"y. c #B27669",
+"u. c #91566F",
+"i. c #C56B4A",
+"p. c #C8764B",
+"a. c #C87856",
+"s. c #D47A59",
+"d. c #C96E53",
+"f. c #C77C64",
+"g. c #D17969",
+"h. c #D45D68",
+"j. c #C52A46",
+"k. c #D58932",
+"l. c #B38355",
+"z. c #968775",
+"x. c #BA8667",
+"c. c #B38C74",
+"v. c #AB9C73",
+"b. c #C9845A",
+"n. c #D7855B",
+"m. c #D39454",
+"M. c #E28C5B",
+"N. c #F7B251",
+"B. c #C78867",
+"V. c #D98866",
+"C. c #D8956A",
+"Z. c #C79878",
+"A. c #D89876",
+"S. c #CD8C70",
+"D. c #E38A68",
+"F. c #E5956A",
+"G. c #E79776",
+"H. c #ED9176",
+"J. c #D6A371",
+"K. c #E8A379",
+"L. c #F3A677",
+"P. c #D8A05D",
+"I. c #3D65AB",
+"U. c #3F67B2",
+"Y. c #3B5C9C",
+"T. c #506796",
+"R. c #72748D",
+"E. c #446AAE",
+"W. c #4869A9",
+"Q. c #4166B2",
+"!. c #436BB3",
+"~. c #496EB4",
+"^. c #476DB9",
+"/. c #4A71B6",
+"(. c #4C73BA",
+"). c #4772B6",
+"_. c #5176BC",
+"`. c #547BBD",
+"'. c #577BB7",
+"]. c #5572A9",
+"[. c #6B7CAA",
+"{. c #505B8C",
+"}. c #557CC1",
+"|. c #4C73C2",
+" X c #897987",
+".X c #9F7593",
+"XX c #C46B87",
+"oX c #5981BF",
+"OX c #5884BD",
+"+X c #768AB9",
+"@X c #7288B5",
+"#X c #5C83C3",
+"$X c #5D8AC5",
+"%X c #6186C5",
+"&X c #648AC6",
+"*X c #6B8DC6",
+"=X c #668BC9",
+"-X c #6B8ECA",
+";X c #6586C6",
+":X c #738DC7",
+">X c #6D91CB",
+",X c #6C94C6",
+"<X c #7294CC",
+"1X c #7895C8",
+"2X c #6E92D1",
+"3X c #7294D3",
+"4X c #7698D5",
+"5X c #708ED1",
+"6X c #7799E3",
+"7X c #9B9399",
+"8X c #928890",
+"9X c #B89887",
+"0X c #A99191",
+"qX c #B9A598",
+"wX c #B1A394",
+"eX c #8C8EAA",
+"rX c #AB9AA6",
+"tX c #ABA4A9",
+"yX c #B7A9A8",
+"uX c #B7ABB4",
+"iX c #B6AFB7",
+"pX c #C69B86",
+"aX c #D4978B",
+"sX c #EF9C83",
+"dX c #CAA487",
+"fX c #D7A787",
+"gX c #C7A899",
+"hX c #D1B294",
+"jX c #E9A887",
+"kX c #F8A886",
+"lX c #F9B798",
+"zX c #F1B291",
+"xX c #C9B3AD",
+"cX c #F4B9A5",
+"vX c #D497B3",
+"bX c #D5C6B1",
+"nX c #FEC4A6",
+"mX c #EAD0B2",
+"MX c #EDD1A4",
+"NX c #8399C8",
+"BX c #B2B4CD",
+"VX c #C7BBC7",
+"CX c #D3CBCF",
+"ZX c #ECDAD1",
+"AX c #F6E6DA",
+"SX c #F7EACF",
+"DX c #D1D1E9",
+"FX c #E7DDE4",
+"GX c #E9E5E8",
+"HX c #F7EAE6",
+"JX c #FDF6E9",
+"KX c #FEFCFE",
+"LX c #FAF7F7",
+"PX c #F1EBF6",
+"IX c #DCE2E5",
+"UX c #BEC5DF",
+/* pixels */
+"L k f k P l y j T R I I U U L U R Q T L E E E R R R E U j } GX9XfXpXxXR.j ~ ~ = V Z.G > b R.DXPXLXHXHXHXHXCX~ / T.Y.T.T.W.T.W.E.Q.I.E.I.I.E.E.I.I.I.I.I.Y.I.Q.^.Q.E.E.E.E.Q.Q.~.U.U.U.U.U.U.Q.Q.U.U.U.U.U.U.Q.Q.Q.Q.U.U.U.Q.~.~.Q.U.Q.~.^._._._._._._._._.(.(.(.",
+"L k f L L k y h T R I L U U L U R R T L E E E R I R I U l  XuX' fXV v [ / P h z V Z.G a y l [ 7XCXHXJXHXHXCXb ! {.{.T.{._ _ {.T.W.W.T.T.W.I.I.U.U.I.I.E.W.I.I.Q.Q.E.E.E.Q.Q.~.~.~.U.U.U.U.Q.Q.Q.Q.U.U.U.U.U.Q.~.~.~.U.U.U.U.U.Q.~.Q.Q.Q.~.~._._._.'.`._._._._._.",
+"L k f L L k 0 h T T I E U U L T T T U L h h E U R R E U W R.{ D pXF z l L U ^ p F fXD i P W Y ~ n CXHXHXHXFX8Xl W ~ ~ l ^ b b ^ ^ / [ T.W._.U.^.U.U.Q.E.W.W.~.^.E.E.E.~.~.Q.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.Q.Q.Q.Q.U.U.U.U.U.U.~.Q.U.U.U.U.U.U.^.~.~.Q.~.~._._.`.`.`.`._._.|.|.",
+"k k f L L k 0 h U T L h I U I T T T U k h k E U Q I E U k ` m ' hXV z k U I Q d V fX( j L U W W z VXLX8X XuX( z b x d `  X X` n n b b ! {.W.~.I.Q.Q.Q.E.W.].~.I.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.Q.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.Q.Q.Q.U.U.U.U.U.Q.U.U.~.~.Q.Q.Q.Q.Q.Q.Q.~._._._._._._._._.|.|.",
+"k k f L L k q j U T L h U U I T R T U k h h E I E R I I k b p ' Z.V z k ! T U p H Z.c k U L U W n CXCXn z = c c v 7X8X` 8XPX} c R.tX` n b / {.].W.~.~.E.W.E.~.^.~.~.~.~.^.~.~.~.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.U.~.U.~.~.~.~.~.Q.U.Q.~.~.E.~.~./././.(.(.(.(.(.(.",
+"h k h P L k q j U T L h U U I T R T U h h h E E I R I E k d p ' dXV x P U L L z J fXv l L L P j n IX` m = = 7 ' HXLXKXCX7XKXtXrXLXKXJXqXv n ^ {.T.T.T.W.].E.Q.^.~.~.~.~.^.^.~.~.E.E.E.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.U.~.~.~.~.U.U.U.U.Q.Q.~.~.E.~.~.E.~.~.~./././.(.(.",
+"j k k P Y k q h U U k h U R I R R T U h h h E E R R E I Y d d ' Z.V p L ! ! Y = H Z.v j h ! l b n iXtX7Xa p t.LXZX0XHXPXKXKXPXLXLXCXbXAXVXn m 8XVXeX[.T.W.W.^.^.~.~.~.^.^.^.^.~.E.E.E.E.E.~.U.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.I.I.I.~.~.Q.Q.~.~.~.~.E.~.~.~./.(.(.(.(.",
+"j k k U P k 0 y L U k h U R I R T Q T E f E E E E I I I f k z ` Z.V d U T L P z >.B.c j l l l } IXKXKX8Xp ` t.` t.' G ] tXIXIXwX] ' z.t.` { c n PXKXLXUX+X].E.~.~.~.~.~.^.^.^.~.Q.E.E.E.E.U.U.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.I.I.I.I.~.~.~.Q.Q.Q.~.~.~.~.~.~.~./.(.(.(.(.",
+"j k R.~ k k q q Y T k f Q T I I I Q I L E L E E R I I E f d x ` dXV d T T T U z -.Z.c b s b CXLXKXLXKX} z 7 7 z.hXSXSXz.AXbXmXbX0XJXmXmX` 1 n b iXKXLXLXLXDX@XT.].W.E.(.U.|.^.^.~.~.W.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.I.I.I.U.~.~.Q.~.~.~.~.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.^.^.",
+"j ~ DX[ W q s q Q I f h Q L R R R R I I L f E I I I I L P d x ` dXV d R R T Y z -.Z.7 0 ` GXLXKXJXLXJX` 7 7 7 t.hXMXmXJXLXJXJXJXJXSXSXmX' n z b 7XKXKXPXKXLXPXBX].T.W./.^.^.U.|.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.^.~.U.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.U.I.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.^.^.",
+"r x DXIX~ s $ b L U L L Y Q L I I I T L f L U E T T L k k d x ` dXV x T R U L p 9.Z.7 | KXKXLXLXJXSXZXD v 7 7 D mXMXmXSXZXZXCXZXAXZXdXmXG v n n 7XKXLXKXKXKXLXKXDX[.T.]./.I.}.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.~.U.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.~.~.~.~.^.^.^.^.",
+"r b CXPX X[ iX[ Y U L k P [.~ k U T U L f f f L I U U k f d x ` dXV z T T U L z 9.x.D LXHXJXJXZXqXqXmXD @ 7 7 9 ] mXbXJXKXKXKXLXJXJXMXv.9 7 7 7 } HXKXKXHXLXJXLXKXDX[.T.W.(.~.^.Q.Q.E.E.E.~.U.U.~.U.U.U.~.U.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.~.~.~.~.~.^.^.^.",
+"d x VXKXPXGXCX` P U L Y ~ BX| l k P k k k P w k h L L P j d d ( dXZ z P ! L k z 9.B.mXJXJXSX9Xz.t.D 5 5 5 7 7 9 hXmXv.mXLXKXKXKXJXSXv.mX] v c v D t.xXZXJXJXJXLXPXKXUXT.W.E.~.~.Q.Q.E.E.E.E.Q.Q.~.I.I.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.I.~.~.U.U.~.~.~.~.^.^.^.(.",
+"x 8XGXPXHXHXtXb k U U k l CXtXd b ~ | {.j q k f P / h k k d d ( dXF < k ! L k z 7.zXSXJXSXt.] V 3 3 X 5 @ 2 c 7 z.v.bXSXAXKXLXLXZXmXhXMX' 7 n 7 9 3 8 ] qXZXJXLXLXKXPX@X].W.I.^.~.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.E.I.E.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.U.U.~.~.~.~.^.^.(.(.",
+"uXGXHXLXJXAX} & W Q g g ~ DXCX` [ VXDX[ s j s y ^ eX~ j j d l ( pXF 7 k ! L L z 7.nXJXAX] D 3 3 3 X ' ] 7 1 = 9 t.SXSXMX9XZXJXJXxXmXSXSXJ v v 7 9 ] 9 9 5 ' 9XxXJXHXGXDX{.'.).~.~.~.E.E.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.E.I.~.~.~.~.~.~.I.I.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.U.~.U.U.~.~.^.(.(.(.",
+"iXFXPXLXLXLXyX( k W k ~ b CXGXFXPXGXtXl l s 0 j ^ DX` d d d x D pXF z P T L P z ' AXAXz.5 X 3 9.] 9 5 v.5 G ` 9 J hXhXhXmX9X' ] qXhXhXMX] 9 D 9 G z.5 ] t.8 8 G wXHXPXIX[.T.W.].~.~.~.~.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.E.E.~.I.~.~.~.~.I.I.I.~.~.~.~.U.U.U.~.U.U.U.~.^.(.(.(.",
+"d n } LXLXCXVX[ W W d ` tXHXAXAXHXIX^ x j l w s ` GX7X7 n } ~ D dXH p k ! P k l ` xX8X2 @ 5 7 gXbXhXhXv.hXmXSXmXMX9.J 5 5 V 9 9 9 V G dXhXSXSXdXhXl.MXMXdXV J V 9 wXLXFXtXR.T.T.W.~.^.~./.E.E.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.).~.~.~.^.^.^.^.~.^.(.(.(.",
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+"qX0X8Xx r r * $ 0 s j j j f g k g j j r * & 6 D  XrXuXyXyXgXgXfXP.P.B.zXhXZ.9.=.A.jXjXzXr.e.V.b.F.b.n.<.o.:.s.D.G.sXsXkXsXkXlXzXzXsXsXD.H.G.G.V.s.O.o.:.i.s.V.C.B.B.zXjXB.c.7XeX+X*X-X>X>X*X*X-X-X>X>X>X-X-X-X>X-X-X*X*X*X*X-X-X-X*X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"mXqX} z p z $ * b ` b j l w k k h f s i = 6 A u.rXrXyXxXqXqXxXfXJ.P.B.zXhXZ.-.H >.B.A.0.N -.e.C.C.C.n.:.o.p.d.H.G.sXG.kXsXkXlXzXzXkXsXsXsXG.G.V.V.i.o.d.n.V.F.b.B.*.r.B.e.9XeX@X+X*X-X-X-X*X*X-X-X-X>X>X-X-X-X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X*X*X*X*X-X-X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"hXqXD z z e * ( R.[ d $ d s q q h h j r 6 c A u..XvXxXyXqXqXxXdXP.P.x.hXzXZ.7.H -.0.0.Z 4 H w.V.V.G.V.,.:.s.s.D.s.a.q.d.i.d.H.H.g.s.i.s.s.a.s.D.s.V.;.s.H.F.G.V.e.C F 6.fXwX+X+X+X+X-X-X-X*X-X-X-X-X>X-X-X*X-X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X>X>X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"bXqX( z = p & ` } p d d 0 s q k q h j $ 6 c A &.y.gXxXxXyXqXgXhXP.P.B.fXzXZ.9.H H =.x.9.V V e.C.C.F.kXs.i.d.s.d.%.o.o.o.o.o.:.:.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.:.q.d.D.F.kXF.n.B.B.C *.c.c.z.eX+X:X:X-X5X-X-X>X>X-X-X>X-X-X-X-X>X>X>X>X-X-X>X>X>X-X*X*X*X*X*X-X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"ZXxX.Xz z = . ` n x d s l q q h f j s r = A S S r.9XgXyXxXqXgXfXC.F.m.fXfXe.6.H F V D D V N 0.b.V.G.L.L.i.i.:.O.o.%.:.;.8.8.+.+.:.d.H.D.s.D.n.a.i.s.n.L.L.F.S.Z.e.H -.y.qXtX@X,X*X-X5X5X5X>X>X>X>X,X,X,X,X,X-X-X<X>X,X*X>X>X*X*X-X-X-X>X-X-X-X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X2X",
+"0XyXuX( = p . { ^ * d j j h y s r j s r 6 A S B 6.pXgXyXgXgXgXfXF.F.m.jXZ.0.>.;.Z N 3 9 v V =.b.b.n.G.L.V.p.a.p.s.s.g.H.sXsXH.sXsXH.G.sXH.D.s.n.V.p.F.L.F.n.A.B.9.H 9.c.yXtX+X+X-X2X5X5X5X-X>X>X>X>X,X,X>X>X-X-X>X,X,X*X*X*X*X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X>X",
+"` = { } z & < 7X{ * d r q j 0 s s r y r 6 A S B ..g.gXgXgXgXgXfXF.P.B.fXZ.>.;.,.<.Z N N N N F w.p.n.L.F.n.p.M.n.s.n.n.V.H.sXsXH.H.D.H.V.d.p.n.F.F.p.F.L.n.n.B.x.-.H 9.0XtXeX+X<X2X>X>X>X*X,X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X-X-X-X*X*X,X*X*X*X*X,X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X>X",
+"z p r z r * & }  Xx d r r s 0 s s s t * 6 N S B B r.gXgXgXgXhXfXP.P.B.J.Z.0.,.<.3.3.<.Z N N Z 0.a.b.V.F.M.3.n.M.s.p.p.p.i.q.8.;.:.:.8.q.p.D.F.V.V.a.M.M.M.a.B.r.J -.t.8X7X@X:X<X2X>X>X,X,X,X>X>X<X>X>X>X>X>X-X-X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"i d r s r * $ < } b d r d r 0 d y s i & 3 N B B B O.aXgXgXgXhXA.P.P.l.J.Z.0.,.<.3.2.k.k.<.Z N *.w.p.p.F.n.p.n.n.F.D.n.d.,.;.;.;.;.:.;.<.p.n.n.p.V.V.n.n.s.a.y.7.7.9.} 8XeX:X<X-X<X>X>X>X>X>X<X5X<X<X>X>X>X>X>X>X<X>X*X*X*X*X*X*X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"y q j q $ r * * b x d r d q i i t i = 6 N B B B B ..h.aXgXgXhXZ.P.m.b.J.A.>.<.<.3.2.2.2.3.1.B *.q.n.p.p.,.n.D.s.p.s.s.a.V.G.G.G.D.V.V.a.p.p.p.n.C.V.s.D.i.a.y.H 9.t.} eX+X1X<X>X>X>X,X>X>X<X3X5X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X>X<X>X>X*X>X>X>X*X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"l w h l s $ . & $ i s q j q y 0 t * 6 A B B B B B  .+.aXaXaXgXZ.P.m.b.K.A.<.,.3.4.2.2.2.4.1...O.d.w.q.a.n.n.D.F.F.D.V.H.zXzXzXzXzXL.kXkXL.L.L.L.C.a.n.d.s.q.B.' } 8XeX+X+X,X,X,X,X,X,X>X2X3X3X3X<X<X<X<X>X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"y l h s $ $ * & i 0 j f h q t ; , o 4 A S  .B B B .. .g.aXaXgXZ.m.P.m.G.C.q.3.4.4.2.2.2.4.4.o.o.s.q.p.p.V.a.n.V.s.D.D.D.L.lXlXlXzXH.kXkXL.L.F.L.B.b.a.;.a.e.c.t.} eXeX+X>X>X,X,X,X,X,X2X2X3X3X3X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X<X>X>X>X>X<X>X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"y h j s r $ # # i t q y h q t , = c A S  . .B B  .X...+.aXpXpXx.k.N.m.n.n.,.p.4.4.2.2.2.4.3.Z B e.b.q.w.p.b.p.n.n.M.n.n.F.F.L.kXH.G.kXzXkXL.C.C.e.0.;.q.q.r.y.t. XeX:X1X3X2X1X,X,X,X,X>X2X2X3X3X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X<X<X>X>X>X>X<X>X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"y s s s r $ # # $ d l q q q i = c A S ..X.X.B B  .X...@.f.S.aXe.k.N.k.p.p.<.3.4.3.2.2.2.3.,.Z F A.b.;.;.w.p.,.p.n.n.n.p.n.n.F.V.V.D.G.A.F.F.n.e.0.$.%.o.%.x.y.D 7X[.+X5X3X3X-X>X,X,X,X,X>X>X<X3X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X<X<X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"r s s i r $ # # ; d j q r d = 6 A S S ..X.X. .X. .....B :.S.aXe.k.N.k.<.<.<.3.<.2.2.2.k.<.$.8 gXaXB.r.%.$.%.%.;.a.n.b.a.s.e.e.q.e.g.B.f.a.a.q.=.F C Z C r.Z.t.o ^ R.+X5X3X6X6X2X>X,X,X,X>X>X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X<X<X<X<X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"r s s r r $ # - ; i q r r 6 6 A S S ....X.X. . . ..... .o.g.S.b.k.N.k.<.<.1.3.3.k.2.2.3.;.4 9 AXc.S.f.*.Z N Z C =.0.q.0.=.$.&.=.6.6.6.=.=.%.%.o.Z N Z r.B.Z.t.X < M T.:X5X3X3X4X3X<X,X,X,X,X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X<X<X<X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"s s s r r $ # - ; i r r 6 6 N S S  .X.X.X.X. .B  . . . .B i.V.b.k.N.k.<.<.:.3.3.3.4.k.<.4 X t.bX9.S.f.e.$.N N N Z F F Z V N V F F V N N Z Z C o.Z Z 0.B.B.Z.t.@ > $ y {.NX3X3X-X3X3X<X,X1X1X1X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X>X<X<X>X>X>X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X",
+"j j j r 0 $ # ; i p p 6 8 A S .. .X.X.X.X. . .B B B ..B X.:.D.,.k.N.k.1.:.%.p.<.,.<.-.8 X X wXgXH S.f.f.r.C C Z Z Z N 4 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 N C $.$.F 6.f.a.Z.Z.t.o . - $ y [ +X1X6X3X4X4X<X1X1X<X>X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X-X>X>X>X>X2X2X2X2X",
+"j j j q 0 $ # ; , * c c A S .. . .X.X.X.X. .B B B B .. .X.+.D.;.k.N.N.1.1.%.w.%.0.V 3 3 = & xXgXZ A.B.e.r.*.&.&.&.H V N 8 8 3 3 3 4 N V F =.6.*.*.0.e.B.B.pXz.X < # # ; % ^ @X,X>X3X4X3X1X<X>X>X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X1X<X<X<X<X<X>X>X<X<X<X<X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X>X2X2X2X2X",
+"j j j q 0 $ # - , z ( ) S S ..X. .X.X.X.X.X.B B B S B ..X.X.g.;.m.N.P.1.%.$.r.H 3 3 @ o * . CXmXV C.B.e.e.;.$.6.=.7.F V N 8 8 8 4 N V F &.6.6.*.6.f.e.B.B.mXt.o # , & . - + h _ @X:X1XNX1X<X4X4X<X<X<X<X<X3X<X<X4X4X4X4X1X<X>X>X<X<X<X<X<X<X3X3X>X>X>X>X>X2X2X2X",
+"s s d w r $ # . 7 } vXXXS ..X.X.X.X.X.X.X.B B B B B B X.....f.;.m.L.P.-.Z N 3 X o o # # # & CXZXF e.B.e.e.;.;.=.6.6.&.F Z V N 8 N N Z C =.6.*.*.0.f.e.B.hXZX} ; # # & & # # ; u w ! {.+XNX,X,X4X1X<X>X<X4X4X3X>X3X4X4X1X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X3X3X3X3X<X>X*X*X*X-X<X5X5X",
+"i r s r s $ . v 8XxXgXy.*...X.X. . .X.X.X. .B B B B X.X. .B y.r.0.>.Z 3 X X . . # # # # > @ CXZXF 0.A.e.0.q.;.=.;.=.O.O.C Z V V F C O.%.6.;.%.;.e.e.B.Z.SXAX| % # # # # # # # # ; t u h _ +XNX+X<X<X<X<X<X<X4X4X4X4X4X4X<X<X<X<X<X<X<X3X3X3X3X<X<X,X,X,X<X5X5X5X",
+"i r s s 0 # 2 } yXxX9Xy.g.O.....B ....X.X. .B B B B  .X...S F V 3 3 X X X @ & # # # # # & @ CXZXV -.B.C.a.<.;.;.;.*.O.&.F F F H &.O.$.=.8.=.%.0.q.e.B.hXAXAX` # # # # # # # # # ; % t l h u / [.1X1X1X1X1X1X<X<X1X>X>X4X4X<X1X4X<X<X3X3X3X3X3X>X<X<X,X,X<X<X5X5X",
+"d r s t % # 7 qXyXgX9Xc.aXr.@...B B  ... .B B B B B S B N 4 3 X X o o o . . # - # # # & = X xXHXD F S.V.w.w.;.<.;.=.$.&.F F F =.=.*.*.;.0.;.;.q.e.e.pXAXZXGXn # # # # # # . # # > , i t t y h h ^ T.+X+X+X1X1X<X4X1X4X4X4X>X>X>X<X<X3X3X3X3X3X2X<X<X,X,X<X<X5X5X",
+"d r 0 t ; , 7 qXxXgXqX9XgXaX8... . .....S B N 8 8 8 4 3 3 3 . . # # $ ; $ ; ; # # . . & = o tXHXhXV e.V.a.q.<.w.0.6.*.*.&.$.*.8.;.;.;.8.0.;.;.w.b.r.mXHXGXFX= > # # # # # # # # & # # i d i r t h w h {.eXNX1X1X,X,X1X1X1X<X>X4X<X<X3X3X3X3X3X3X<X>X,X,X<X<X5X5X",
+"r r y t ; 2 7 9XqXxXqXqXxXcXaXO.S S B N N 4 3 X @ X o o o & % % $ $ $ % % # - . . . o > & o  XFXHXt.&.f.a.,.w.<.q.0.=.&.*.*.=.8.;.:.;.0.q.;.;.e.0.pXAXZXPXVXo & # # # # # # # # & & < < , * , a i d y y l / T.+XNX1X1X1X,X,X1X4X<X<X3X3X3X2X2X2X>X>X>X-X5X<X5X5X",
+"r s y 0 # o 9 gXgXxXqXqXxXbXcX7.N 8 4 3 X @ . + - . . . . . # # . # > > > + + + . . . & # # | CXHXZXF 0.s.,.<.w.w.;.=.&.=.*.;.8.;.:.;.w.q.;.0.r.r.ZXAXGXGX} = o # # # # # # # # & & & < < < , < , i i i t y h h ^ _ ].+X1XNX1X,X1X<X<X<X3X3X2X>X2X>X-X-X5X5X5X5X",
+"s q q 0 , o 9 9XgXgXxXyXxXCXgXD 3 o o @ + + + . - . # - > # , . > . . . @ . . . . . . # # , | IXHXHXt.F e.a.,.<.w.;.=.&.=.%.;.8.;.;.;.q.;.=.=.-.hXAXHXGXGX` o & . # # . . . # # & < < * , < < > < < , , i d s y h l h h ! [ @XNX1X1X1X1X<X<X>X-X3X2X>X-X5X-X5X-X",
+"j q s 0 * o 9 9XgXxXxXyXtX X7 o o o . + . . . . & # # - - - - + + . . . o o . . > . # . # # ` IXFXLXZXF =.e.p.<.w.q.=.*.*.o.;.;.;.=.,.q.;.*.F c.ZXJXHXGXFX< & . . . # . . # # # # # * , i i , , < < < p i i i i s d l l y q l ! T.NX1X,X,X1X*X<X>X>X2X2X-X-X5X5X",
+"y y r r = o 5 9XqXbXwX7 2 2 . 2 & & & > # # & o & & # + + . . . . . . . o & & & # # , > - # n GXFXHXJXmX&.r.w.p.w.e.=.$.=.C $.$.$.=.%.w.;.C 9.ZXHXHXLXGX7X& $ # . . # . . . # # * , , , i i i i < < < < < p p p a i i d d s s j h ! T.NX1X,X,X*X<X>X2X2X-X-X5X5X",
+"0 s r r p & @ qXbXyX7 2 o & > & & = & & & # & # . . . . o o o o . . . # # & * * * * * , # & z FXPXHXLXAXZX6.a.s.e.e.6.*.=.C $.*.$.O.0.0.$.7.AXHXKXPXPXGXD . $ # . . . # # # # # * ; ; ; i i i i , < p p < < < < z < < p a p i r y h L _ @XeX1X,X<X<X3X>X-X-X-X-X",
+"i i $ r * & o wXxX` o < . # # # = = & & & & # - . . . . o o o o # # # # $ $ $ * * * * & . & 2 tXFXLXPXLXJXcX6.g.A.e.r.0.%.C *.&.$.&.e.0.H SXHXKXKXLXPXCX2 . # # & # # # . # # - # $ ; ; i t i i i i i i < < < < 7 < < < < < < p d s y h h ^ [.1X:X5X5X5X-X-X-X-X",
+"p = * * * & o 0XyXo 7 . $ 1 # > & & & & & > - - . . . . o o o o # # # $ $ $ $ $ $ # * * & & & ` FXGXKXKXLXJXpX6.B.B.b.e.=.$.r.&.&.y.r.H SXLXLXKXKXKXLX X& & & & > # # # # - - - # - ; i i i i i i i i i , , < < < < < < < < p a a x i t y h / NX:X5X5X5X-X-X-X-X",
+"v = * i # & = 0X' o . 1 , . & > - - & & & > & - . . . . . . . . # # # # # # # # # # & & , & < < xXFXPXKXKXLXJXc.r.B.A.B.e.0.y.0.r.y.7.AXLXLXKXKXKXKXPXn , > & > > > # # - - > > > , , i i i i i i i i i i , p < p , < , p i , , & & z i t y u [.:X<X5X5X5X-X-X-X",
+"{ 7 & , # # = 8Xv o & . - > > . + - & & & & & & # # # # . . . . . o o . . . . + + + + . - # p * t.GXPXKXKXKXJXJXx.e.B.B.x.e.y.e.e.c.AXLXLXKXKXKXKXKXtX# , > > > , ; # # - > > > > > > , , , i i i i i i i i i p i i , i i i t $ 7 o 7 > $ s u _ :X5X5X5X5X-X-X-X",
+"yXD & > # # o } o X > > - # o @ + + o o & & & & . # # # # # # . o o o o . . . . + . . . - # , p ` GXGXKXKXLXLXJXAXx.Z.fXMXnXcXcXcX9XAXKXKXKXKXKXKXLX| , , # < & , ; # - - > > > > > > > , , , i i i i i i i i i , i i i * t i i = 2 & > a % y K :X5X5X5X-X-X-X-X",
+"xX8X3 o o o 2 n o o > > > > & & > - # & o . & # . . . # # # # . # o & o . . . . . . # # # & , , m IXGXLXKXKXKXKXLXJXHXAXAXZXxXwXD 5 D FXKXKXKXKXLXCX, , 1 > . > > > > > > > , , , , , , , , , , i i i i i i , , , , , , , , , , # > , , > - $ q @X:X5X3X-X>X*X>X",
+"xXqXG X o o = z & & o > > & & # & # # . # # # # . . # # # # # . . # # - # # # # # # # # # # & & < tXPXPXLXKXKXKXKX8X` ` n v z < < < & m CXKXKXKXKX} , - > > > > > > > > , , , , , , , i , , , , i i i i i i , , i i i i , , * $ $ ; , , > & # 0 {.:X3X-X>X,X*X<X",
+"gXgXt.D X 3 7 & & & o & & & # # & > # # # . . . - - - # # # . . . . # # # # # # # # # # # # # & < } FXPXKXLXKXLX} < . a > & < > & > z > m IXKXLXGXb 1 , > < > > , , , , , , , , , , i i i i , , p i p p p p i i p p i , , * $ $ $ , , , & & - t ! 1X3X*X>X*X>X>X",
+"gXgXgXt.3 7 7 & & & o & & & # # # - # # # # # . > > > # . . . # . . # # # # # # . # # # # # # & > ` FXKXKXKXLX{ > & 1 1 < a < & 1 o . . a n GXKX8X< , 1 > < > > , , , , , , , , p p p p i , , , i i i p p p i i i i , , * * * $ $ , * * & & - t h +X*X<X*X*X3X-X",
+"hX9XhX9Xv 3 o o o o o & & & & & # # # # # # . . > > # # . . . . . . - - # # # # . # # # # # # & , b CXPXLXKX| # & , , . > , > 1 > 2 < < > & ` GXn , > , > > < > , , , , , , , , a a p p p , , , , i i i i i i i i i , , , , * $ , * * * & # # $ q {.+X<X*X>X3X-X",
+"hXpXgX0X' 7 X o o o o & & & & & # # # - > # # . > > # # # # . . . # - # # # . . # # # # # # # # & a R.PXKX| , , , # & & & > & > & & & & . z # ` 1 # 1 > > > 1 > < < , , , , , , p p p p p i , , , i i i i i i i i i i i , , , * * * * * & # # $ q ! 1X:X,X<X-X3X",
+"fXpXpXc.t.5 o o o o & # # # & & # . > > > > . . # . . . - # # . . . # # # # # # # # # # # # # & # a ` PX} , # # & . > > . > > # > 2 < & a . , 1 a > z , > , < > , , , , , , , , p p p p i , , , i i i i i i i p i i i , i , , * $ $ * * & # # $ t u [.+X,X<X-X3X",
+"hXpXpX9Xt.3 7 . o . # # # # # # # # - > > > . . . . . . - - # . . . # . # # # # . # # # # # > , , # z | & , > . # # > # . # . > & & < > # a , 1 , , , , & 1 > > , , , , , , , , p p p p i , , , , , , , , , , i , * , * , , , , $ $ * & & # # # % u _ +X,X-X3X3X",
+"fXpXpX9Xt.9 X o o . . # # # & > # . . . . # # - > # . # # # . . . . . . # # # # # # # # # # # > , , a # - 1 . > 1 > > > < . > m 7 z m , , , , < , , , , , , , > , , , , , , i p p i , i p p , , , , , * * , , i , , , , , , , * $ $ $ # & & & - ; u P +X1X5X3X2X",
+"fXpXpX9Xt.5 X o o . # # # # # # # - . . # # > > # . . # # # # . . . . . # # # # # # # # # # # & , , 1 > # # . > # # # 8XtXCXCXCXCXCXiX7Xa > , > , , , , , , , > , > > > , , , , , , , i p p < , , , , * * , , i i , , , , , * * $ $ $ # # # # # # % y [.:X<X3X3X",
+"fXdXpX9Xt.3 X o o # # - # # # . # - - - # > > > - # . . . # # # # # . . # # # # # # # # # # # # # ; , , & , 1 & 1 , | CXPXKXKXKXKXKXPXIX| 1 > # > > > , , , , > , , > > & > , , , , , p p p , , , , , * * , , , i , , , * * * $ , , ; - # # # # # % % [ +X1X3X3X",
+"fXdXpX9Xt.3 o o o # # # # # # . - - - - # > > > # . . . . # - # # # # # # # # # # & # # # # # # # ; ; , > , 1 # > 1 uXIXKXKXLXKXKXKXPXIX} 1 # , > > > , , , > > , , > > , , , , , , , p p i , , , , , * * * , , , , , * * * * $ , # # # # # # # # # % ^ :X1X2X3X",
+"fXdX9X9Xt.X o o o # . . # # # # . . . # # # # # - # . . . # # # # - - - # # # # # # # # # # # # , # # , , > < a < { CXLXKXKXKXKXKXKXPXGX( > , ; , , , , , , , < , , , , , , , , , i p p i , & # , , , * $ $ * , , , * * * * * $ # # # # # $ $ # o . $ P NX1X3X2X",
+"fXdXpX9X' X o o # # . . # # # & . . # # # # # # > > # . . # # # - - # - # # # # # # # # # # # # # ; , , a 1 > > n tXFXKXKXKXKXKXKXPXGXtX, , a # , , , , , , , < , , , , , , , , p p p i , * # # , , * * $ $ * , , * * * * * * # # # . # # $ * # o . ; u +X1X3X2X",
+"fXpXpX9XG X o o # # # # # # # # . . . . - # # # > > - . # . . . . . # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # , , # , , & m 7XCXLXKXKXKXKXKXKXPXCX` , , 1 , , , 1 1 , , , , , < , , , , i i p p i , * $ & & , , , , * $ * , , , * * * * $ # # # . . # $ * & o . # w [.1X<X3X",
+"fXpXpX9XD o o & # # # # # # # # . . # @ > @ - . > > - # # . . . . . # # # # # # # # # # # # # & , # , a a # m 7XCXGXKXKXLXKXKXKXPXCXuX< 1 a , i 1 1 1 1 , > > , 1 1 1 < 1 , p a p p < , $ # & * , , , , , ; , , , , , * & & # # # # . # # $ $ # & & # y {.1X<X3X",
+"Z.pXpX9XD @ & . > & # . . # # # . . > . 1 @ . @ > . . > . . . . . 2 & . # # > . > > & # # # # & , # a , a , 7XCXGXKXLXKXKXKXKXLXCXVX( z a 1 , i a 1 , , > > > > 1 - 1 , , 1 , , , & = o , # * = < & , $ , , ; , , - ; & & & # # $ # & # # # $ $ ; # $ t [ NX4X3X",
+"aXpXpX9X9 X & # & & & o . . # # > . . 1 . . 1 . @ @ o 2 . o > > . . . & , < . 1 & & & # # # # # # , , , i M R.CXFXKXKXKXKXKXPXIXrX} z < < a , 1 1 1 , < , > > > < > < a 1 , a < < = = = . & = 6 7 & a # - % ; , , # # # & & & - # # # & # # $ $ $ $ $ 0 _ NX4X3X",
+"fXZ.9X9X5 X & # # # & o . . # # . o 8X8X8X} } | ` ` n m 2 > o . 2 & > & . < . # # & # # # # # # # 1 # , , a ` iXIXPXLXKXKXLXCX7X} n , , , a , , < < < < < > > , , a < < , , < = 6 6 6 c 6 c 6 6 6 6 , ; t : & & = * & & & & . # # # # & # # $ $ $ ; * 0 ^ NX4X4X",
+"fXZ.9X9XX o & # # . o o # . # # 7 . 8XxXKXKXLX7X7X7XrXuXiXxXtXrX8X X{ ` & . 1 > # & # # # # # # # , # , , , a 7XVXHXKXLXLXFXrX{ ` i i a i a i , i < p < < , , , * x p p p < 1 ` D ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) u.2 + + ; o = & & o > * # # - # # # o # # $ $ $ ; * 0 ! NX3X4X",
+"dXZ.9Xz.X o & # . # o o & # # # . z 8XCXLXKXCXt.8X7X7XrXtXiXxXxXiXiXtXtX{ > . . & & > # # # # # & # , a i i , | iXFXLXHXZX7X} } n t i i a $ i p i p p p p , , , d r * < z & o 8X5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.vX7 + ; , = = 2 > @ > $ % . . # # # & # # $ $ # ; # $ l +X<X3X",
+"pXpXpXt.X o o # # . o o . # # # . v tXxXIXFXCXrX8XtXuXiXiXxXiXxXiXuXtXuX7X` > & & & & & # # - > , # , , i a , m uXVXZXFXtX X8X8Xi t i i a * p p p p p i i 1 , , ; i x = < < 6 0X5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.vXv @ = = 8 3 3 3 X 2 , % # . # # # & & & ; ; ; - , $ h [.1X4X",
+"pXpXpX' o o . # & & o o . . # # < D yXCXCXVXFX7X8XuXVXCXCXCXVXCXCXVXxXiXVX7X` . & & & & # & > > , , , , , i a & 8XCXFXxX8XrXVX` , i p , p p p p i a i i , 1 , , 1 > 6 7 { rXu.u.u.) .Xu.u.u.XXu..X7X' t.u.7.O.@.O.7.9.] ( r o o # # & & > > ; ; ; , < , y {.1X4X",
+"pXpX9XD o o . & > o o o . . # # & `  XuXFXFX7Xt.8XrXrXrXtXuXuXiXiXuXyXtXuXtX7Xz & & & & # # > > # , # a i * a < ` VXxXrX8X8X7X= < * < * * p , , i a i 1 , , , > @ 5 A ' yXPXvXu..X} uX X.Xu.vX{ BX} ] cXXXh.+.j.+.h.pX9X' = o = & - & > > > ; ; - # , $ y [ 1X4X",
+"dX9X9X9 o > # # . . o o . . # # & n { } } }  X7X7X7X7XrXtXtXuXuXtXtXtXtXrXrX7Xz # & # & # # # # > , ; ; , , , < & uXyX} ` 8Xv & < * * * * , , , i , , , < < < 7 4 V O.u.vXPXvXu..X{ VX X7Xt.vX} BXR.9.aXg.h.j.#.#.h.g.pX' z & > & > > > > $ ; ; ; > , $ y / 1X4X",
+"dXpX9X9 @ > . # # . o o o o & > . & & # . . < z m n n ` ` { } } 8X7X8X7X7X7X7Xz # # # # # # # # > > , , , * , * < ' 8X` D { & = , , , , , , , , ; ; , < = 6 6 8 Z *.8.8.5.h.5.u. XrX8X X X7Xu.t.8X} ' 8.5.j.#.#.#.#.+.r.A & . > # > > > , ; ; ; ; > > , y ^ NXNX",
+"pXpXz.5 @ > . - . . o o o . # # # # . # & & # # & & & # . . # & & & 2 z m n n & # . # # # # # > > & # # $ * * & = 7 ` D ( c & & # - - - , , 1 1 1 1 , 2 6 c A F 0.G.G.D.+.j.5.XXrXVX` 7XiXGX( { uXrXu.5.j.#.#.#.#.#.+.h.c * # > # & > > , , ; ; ; - > i t h NX4X",
+"pXpXt.X @ > . > . . . o . . # # . . . # # - # # # # # # # # # & & . o & . . # & # # . # # # # & > & # # $ $ # & & & 7 ( D . < & # - - - - ; 1 1 1 1 , = 6 c D F e.K.A.B.+.+.5.u.rXVX| 7XrXCX' t.uX.Xu.5.j.+.+.+.+.+.+.y.v ; . . # , > > , ; ; ; ; > > i t u NX4X",
+"pX9X] X o & . # # . o o o . # # - > > . . . . # . . # # # # # # o o 2 . # < & . # # # # # # # # & & # # # # # # & & > m < > # , - - - - - - , , 1 , > 2 7 c A A F H F D A A A A ( ( a M b ` c v n m c 4 N N 4 4 N 4 N N O . - , ; , > & & $ ; ; ; , , , t u NX1X",
+"pX9X' X o & . . . . o o o o . # # + - > > > > # # > > > > > > & > & < . . & . # # # # # # # # # & & & # # # # - > & > & . < # - - - - - > , < 1 , ; - > < 7 6 6 6 7 o 7 6 6 7 z z < i a z < , 1 < < 6 c o 2 @ @ 7 3 3 X = . - - ; , * & * $ ; ; ; , , * t u @X1X",
+"pX9XD X o . . . . . . . . . . . > . . . . . # & # & # # . . . . . . > & , . . > # # # # # # # # & # # # # - - , & , > > # - , # - - , * < < p < , ; ; - , > < < p < z z a < = 7 z z a , p x d - , < < z < , , p = < z = = o . # , * * * * $ ; ; ; - , # t u {.NX",
+"pXc.D X o . # # . . o o o o # & # . @ > - > & & & & & & & & & & > . > . > # , # # # # . # # # # & . # # # ; ; , , . # > . - , , , , , < z 6 = * # ; : : : , 1 1 i i p p ; a 7 7 < < < z z = i i , 1 < & , p i r r r * * o & & > $ * , , * , ; ; ; # , # i q _ NX"
+};

Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp

@@ -14,3 +14,23 @@
    fun:_TIFFReadEncodedTileAndAllocBuffer
    ...
 }
+
+{
+   <python_alloc_possible_leak>
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   match-leak-kinds: all
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyMem_RawMalloc
+   fun:PyObject_Malloc
+   ...
+}
+
+{
+   <python_realloc_possible_leak>
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   match-leak-kinds: all
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyMem_RawRealloc
+   fun:PyMem_Realloc
+   ...
+}

Tests/oss-fuzz/test_fuzzers.py

@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import pytest
 from PIL import Image, features
 from Tests.helper import skip_unless_feature
 
-if sys.platform.startswith("win32"):
+if sys.platform.startswith("win32") or sys.platform == "ios":
-    pytest.skip("Fuzzer is linux only", allow_module_level=True)
+    pytest.skip("Fuzzer doesn't run on Windows or iOS", allow_module_level=True)
+
 libjpeg_turbo_version = features.version("libjpeg_turbo")
 if libjpeg_turbo_version is not None:
     version = packaging.version.parse(libjpeg_turbo_version)

Tests/test_arro3.py

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from .helper import (
+    assert_deep_equal,
+    assert_image_equal,
+    hopper,
+    is_big_endian,
+)
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from arro3 import compute
+    from arro3.core import (
+        Array,
+        DataType,
+        Field,
+        fixed_size_list_array,
+    )
+else:
+    arro3 = pytest.importorskip("arro3", reason="Arro3 not installed")
+    from arro3 import compute
+    from arro3.core import Array, DataType, Field, fixed_size_list_array
+
+TEST_IMAGE_SIZE = (10, 10)
+
+
+def _test_img_equals_pyarray(
+    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None, elts_per_pixel: int = 1
+) -> None:
+    assert img.height * img.width * elts_per_pixel == len(arr)
+    px = img.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    if elts_per_pixel > 1 and mask is None:
+        # have to do element-wise comparison when we're comparing
+        # flattened r,g,b,a to a pixel.
+        mask = list(range(elts_per_pixel))
+    for x in range(0, img.size[0], int(img.size[0] / 10)):
+        for y in range(0, img.size[1], int(img.size[1] / 10)):
+            if mask:
+                pixel = px[x, y]
+                assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
+                for ix, elt in enumerate(mask):
+                    if elts_per_pixel == 1:
+                        assert pixel[ix] == arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()[elt]
+                    else:
+                        assert (
+                            pixel[ix]
+                            == arr[(y * img.width + x) * elts_per_pixel + elt].as_py()
+                        )
+            else:
+                assert_deep_equal(px[x, y], arr[y * img.width + x].as_py())
+
+
+def _test_img_equals_int32_pyarray(
+    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None, elts_per_pixel: int = 1
+) -> None:
+    assert img.height * img.width * elts_per_pixel == len(arr)
+    px = img.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    if mask is None:
+        # have to do element-wise comparison when we're comparing
+        # flattened rgba in an uint32 to a pixel.
+        mask = list(range(elts_per_pixel))
+    for x in range(0, img.size[0], int(img.size[0] / 10)):
+        for y in range(0, img.size[1], int(img.size[1] / 10)):
+            pixel = px[x, y]
+            assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
+            arr_pixel_int = arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()
+            arr_pixel_tuple = (
+                arr_pixel_int % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256) % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256**2) % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256**3),
+            )
+            if is_big_endian():
+                arr_pixel_tuple = arr_pixel_tuple[::-1]
+
+            for ix, elt in enumerate(mask):
+                assert pixel[ix] == arr_pixel_tuple[elt]
+
+
+fl_uint8_4_type = DataType.list(Field("_", DataType.uint8()).with_nullable(False), 4)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, dtype, mask",
+    (
+        ("L", DataType.uint8(), None),
+        ("I", DataType.int32(), None),
+        ("F", DataType.float32(), None),
+        ("LA", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("RGBX", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("CMYK", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("YCbCr", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_to_array(mode: str, dtype: DataType, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+    img = hopper(mode)
+
+    # Resize to non-square
+    img = img.crop((3, 0, 124, 127))
+    assert img.size == (121, 127)
+
+    arr = Array(img)
+    _test_img_equals_pyarray(img, arr, mask)
+    assert arr.type == dtype
+
+    reloaded = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, img.size)
+    assert_image_equal(img, reloaded)
+
+
+def test_lifetime() -> None:
+    # valgrind shouldn't error out here.
+    # arrays should be accessible after the image is deleted.
+
+    img = hopper("L")
+
+    arr_1 = Array(img)
+    arr_2 = Array(img)
+
+    del img
+
+    assert compute.sum(arr_1).as_py() > 0
+    del arr_1
+
+    assert compute.sum(arr_2).as_py() > 0
+    del arr_2
+
+
+def test_lifetime2() -> None:
+    # valgrind shouldn't error out here.
+    # img should remain after the arrays are collected.
+
+    img = hopper("L")
+
+    arr_1 = Array(img)
+    arr_2 = Array(img)
+
+    assert compute.sum(arr_1).as_py() > 0
+    del arr_1
+
+    assert compute.sum(arr_2).as_py() > 0
+    del arr_2
+
+    img2 = img.copy()
+    px = img2.load()
+    assert px  # make mypy happy
+    assert isinstance(px[0, 0], int)
+
+
+class DataShape(NamedTuple):
+    dtype: DataType
+    # Strictly speaking, elt should be a pixel or pixel component, so
+    # list[uint8][4], float, int, uint32, uint8, etc.  But more
+    # correctly, it should be exactly the dtype from the line above.
+    elt: Any
+    elts_per_pixel: int
+
+
+UINT_ARR = DataShape(
+    dtype=fl_uint8_4_type,
+    elt=[1, 2, 3, 4],  # array of 4 uint8 per pixel
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # only one array per pixel
+)
+
+UINT = DataShape(
+    dtype=DataType.uint8(),
+    elt=3,  # one uint8,
+    elts_per_pixel=4,  # but repeated 4x per pixel
+)
+
+UINT32 = DataShape(
+    dtype=DataType.uint32(),
+    elt=0xABCDEF45,  # one packed int, doesn't fit in a int32 > 0x80000000
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # one per pixel
+)
+
+INT32 = DataShape(
+    dtype=DataType.uint32(),
+    elt=0x12CDEF45,  # one packed int
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # one per pixel
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, data_tp, mask",
+    (
+        ("L", DataShape(DataType.uint8(), 3, 1), None),
+        ("I", DataShape(DataType.int32(), 1 << 24, 1), None),
+        ("F", DataShape(DataType.float32(), 3.14159, 1), None),
+        ("LA", UINT_ARR, [0, 3]),
+        ("LA", UINT, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", UINT_ARR, None),
+        ("CMYK", UINT_ARR, None),
+        ("YCbCr", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGB", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", UINT, None),
+        ("CMYK", UINT, None),
+        ("YCbCr", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+
+    ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
+    if dtype == fl_uint8_4_type:
+        tmp_arr = Array(elt * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=DataType.uint8())
+        arr = fixed_size_list_array(tmp_arr, 4)
+    else:
+        arr = Array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)
+    img = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
+
+    _test_img_equals_pyarray(img, arr, mask, elts_per_pixel)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, mask",
+    (
+        ("LA", [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", None),
+        ("CMYK", None),
+        ("YCbCr", [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("data_tp", (UINT32, INT32))
+def test_from_int32array(mode: str, mask: list[int] | None, data_tp: DataShape) -> None:
+    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+
+    ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
+    arr = Array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)
+    img = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
+
+    _test_img_equals_int32_pyarray(img, arr, mask, elts_per_pixel)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, metadata",
+    (
+        ("LA", ["L", "X", "X", "A"]),
+        ("RGB", ["R", "G", "B", "X"]),
+        ("RGBX", ["R", "G", "B", "X"]),
+        ("RGBA", ["R", "G", "B", "A"]),
+        ("CMYK", ["C", "M", "Y", "K"]),
+        ("YCbCr", ["Y", "Cb", "Cr", "X"]),
+        ("HSV", ["H", "S", "V", "X"]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_image_metadata(mode: str, metadata: list[str]) -> None:
+    img = hopper(mode)
+
+    arr = Array(img)
+
+    assert arr.type.value_field
+    assert arr.type.value_field.metadata
+    assert arr.type.value_field.metadata[b"image"]
+
+    parsed_metadata = json.loads(arr.type.value_field.metadata[b"image"].decode("utf8"))
+
+    assert "bands" in parsed_metadata
+    assert parsed_metadata["bands"] == metadata

Tests/test_arrow.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from .helper import hopper
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, dest_modes",
+    (
+        ("L", ["I", "F", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr", "HSV"]),
+        ("I", ["L", "F"]),  # Technically I;32 can work for any 4x8bit storage.
+        ("F", ["I", "L", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr", "HSV"]),
+        ("LA", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGB", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGBA", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGBX", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("CMYK", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("YCbCr", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("HSV", ["L", "F"]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_invalid_array_type(mode: str, dest_modes: list[str]) -> None:
+    img = hopper(mode)
+    for dest_mode in dest_modes:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            Image.fromarrow(img, dest_mode, img.size)
+
+
+def test_invalid_array_size() -> None:
+    img = hopper("RGB")
+
+    assert img.size != (10, 10)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        Image.fromarrow(img, "RGB", (10, 10))
+
+
+def test_release_schema() -> None:
+    # these should not error out, valgrind should be clean
+    img = hopper("L")
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    del schema
+
+
+def test_release_array() -> None:
+    # these should not error out, valgrind should be clean
+    img = hopper("L")
+    array, schema = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    del array
+    del schema
+
+
+def test_readonly() -> None:
+    img = hopper("L")
+    reloaded = Image.fromarrow(img, img.mode, img.size)
+    assert reloaded.readonly == 1
+    reloaded._readonly = 0
+    assert reloaded.readonly == 1
+
+
+def test_multiblock_l_image() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_rgba_image() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_l_schema() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_rgba_schema() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+
+def test_singleblock_l_image() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * (block_size // 4096))
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    assert schema
+    assert arr
+
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_rgba_image() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    assert schema
+    assert arr
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_l_schema() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    assert schema
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_rgba_schema() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    assert schema
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)

Tests/test_core_resources.py

@@ -188,5 +188,5 @@ class TestEnvVars:
         ),
     )
     def test_warnings(self, var: dict[str, str]) -> None:
-        with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=list(var)[0]):
             Image._apply_env_variables(var)

Tests/test_deprecate.py

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from PIL import _deprecate
     "version, expected",
     [
         (
-            12,
+            13,
-            "Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 "
+            "Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 13 "
-            r"\(2025-10-15\)\. Use new thing instead\.",
+            r"\(2026-10-15\)\. Use new thing instead\.",
         ),
         (
             None,
@@ -47,25 +47,24 @@ def test_unknown_version() -> None:
     ],
 )
 def test_old_version(deprecated: str, plural: bool, expected: str) -> None:
-    expected = r""
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=expected):
         _deprecate.deprecate(deprecated, 1, plural=plural)
 
 
 def test_plural() -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old things are deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)\. "
+        r"Old things are deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 13 \(2026-10-15\)\. "
         r"Use new thing instead\."
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old things", 12, "new thing", plural=True)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old things", 13, "new thing", plural=True)
 
 
 def test_replacement_and_action() -> None:
     expected = "Use only one of 'replacement' and 'action'"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected):
         _deprecate.deprecate(
-            "Old thing", 12, replacement="new thing", action="Upgrade to new thing"
+            "Old thing", 13, replacement="new thing", action="Upgrade to new thing"
         )
 
 
@@ -78,16 +77,16 @@ def test_replacement_and_action() -> None:
 )
 def test_action(action: str) -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)\. "
+        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 13 \(2026-10-15\)\. "
         r"Upgrade to new thing\."
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 12, action=action)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 13, action=action)
 
 
 def test_no_replacement_or_action() -> None:
     expected = (
-        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 12 \(2025-10-15\)"
+        r"Old thing is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow 13 \(2026-10-15\)"
     )
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=expected):
-        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 12)
+        _deprecate.deprecate("Old thing", 13)

Tests/test_features.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
 import re
-from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -10,6 +9,10 @@ from PIL import features
 
 from .helper import skip_unless_feature
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 
 def test_check() -> None:
     # Check the correctness of the convenience function
@@ -18,10 +21,6 @@ def test_check() -> None:
     for codec in features.codecs:
         assert features.check_codec(codec) == features.check(codec)
     for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-                assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
-        else:
         assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
 
 
@@ -48,26 +47,7 @@ def test_version() -> None:
     for codec in features.codecs:
         test(codec, features.version_codec)
     for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
         test(feature, features.version_feature)
-        else:
-            test(feature, features.version_feature)
-
-
-def test_webp_transparency() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-        assert (features.check("transp_webp") or False) == features.check_module("webp")
-
-
-def test_webp_mux() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-        assert (features.check("webp_mux") or False) == features.check_module("webp")
-
-
-def test_webp_anim() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-        assert (features.check("webp_anim") or False) == features.check_module("webp")
 
 
 @skip_unless_feature("libjpeg_turbo")
@@ -95,10 +75,9 @@ def test_check_codecs(feature: str) -> None:
 
 
 def test_check_warns_on_nonexistent() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning) as cm:
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Unknown feature 'typo'."):
         has_feature = features.check("typo")
     assert has_feature is False
-    assert str(cm[-1].message) == "Unknown feature 'typo'."
 
 
 def test_supported_modules() -> None:
@@ -128,6 +107,25 @@ def test_unsupported_module() -> None:
         features.version_module(module)
 
 
+def test_unsupported_feature() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    feature = "unsupported_feature"
+    # Act / Assert
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.check_feature(feature)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.version_feature(feature)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_version() -> None:
+    assert features.version("unsupported_version") is None
+
+
+def test_modulenotfound(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(features, "features", {"test": ("PIL._test", "", "")})
+    assert features.check_feature("test") is None
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("supported_formats", (True, False))
 def test_pilinfo(supported_formats: bool) -> None:
     buf = io.StringIO()

Tests/test_file_apng.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageSequence, PngImagePlugin
 # (referenced from https://wiki.mozilla.org/APNG_Specification)
 def test_apng_basic() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/single_frame.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert not im.is_animated
         assert im.n_frames == 1
         assert im.get_format_mimetype() == "image/apng"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ def test_apng_basic() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/single_frame_default.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.is_animated
         assert im.n_frames == 2
         assert im.get_format_mimetype() == "image/apng"
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ def test_apng_basic() -> None:
 )
 def test_apng_fdat(filename: str) -> None:
     with Image.open(filename) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
@@ -59,31 +62,37 @@ def test_apng_fdat(filename: str) -> None:
 
 def test_apng_dispose() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_none.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_background.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_background_final.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_previous.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_previous_final.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_previous_first.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
@@ -91,21 +100,25 @@ def test_apng_dispose() -> None:
 
 def test_apng_dispose_region() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_none_region.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_background_before_region.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_background_region.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 255, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_previous_region.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
@@ -132,6 +145,7 @@ def test_apng_dispose_op_previous_frame() -> None:
     #     ],
     # )
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/dispose_op_previous_frame.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0, 255)
 
@@ -145,26 +159,31 @@ def test_apng_dispose_op_background_p_mode() -> None:
 
 def test_apng_blend() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/blend_op_source_solid.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/blend_op_source_transparent.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/blend_op_source_near_transparent.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 2)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 2)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/blend_op_over.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/blend_op_over_near_transparent.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 97)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
@@ -178,6 +197,7 @@ def test_apng_blend_transparency() -> None:
 
 def test_apng_chunk_order() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/fctl_actl.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
@@ -233,24 +253,28 @@ def test_apng_num_plays() -> None:
 
 def test_apng_mode() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_16bit.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "RGBA"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 128, 191)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 0, 128, 191)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_grayscale.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "L"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == 128
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == 255
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_grayscale_alpha.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "LA"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (128, 191)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (128, 191)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_palette.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "P"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         im = im.convert("RGB")
@@ -258,6 +282,7 @@ def test_apng_mode() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_palette_alpha.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "P"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         im = im.convert("RGBA")
@@ -265,6 +290,7 @@ def test_apng_mode() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (0, 255, 0, 255)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/mode_palette_1bit_alpha.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "P"
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         im = im.convert("RGBA")
@@ -274,54 +300,68 @@ def test_apng_mode() -> None:
 
 def test_apng_chunk_errors() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_no_actl.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert not im.is_animated
 
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Invalid APNG"):
-        with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_multi_actl.png") as im:
+        im = Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_multi_actl.png")
-            im.load()
+    assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
     assert not im.is_animated
+    im.close()
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_actl_after_idat.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert not im.is_animated
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_no_fctl.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_repeat_fctl.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/chunk_no_fdat.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
 
 
 def test_apng_syntax_errors() -> None:
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Invalid APNG"):
-        with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_zero.png") as im:
+        im = Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_zero.png")
+    assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
     assert not im.is_animated
     with pytest.raises(OSError):
         im.load()
+    im.close()
 
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Invalid APNG"):
-        with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_zero_default.png") as im:
+        im = Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_zero_default.png")
+    assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
     assert not im.is_animated
     im.load()
+    im.close()
 
     # we can handle this case gracefully
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_low.png") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
 
     with pytest.raises(OSError):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_high.png") as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
             im.load()
 
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Invalid APNG"):
-        with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_invalid.png") as im:
+        im = Image.open("Tests/images/apng/syntax_num_frames_invalid.png")
+    assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
     assert not im.is_animated
     im.load()
+    im.close()
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -339,16 +379,18 @@ def test_apng_syntax_errors() -> None:
 def test_apng_sequence_errors(test_file: str) -> None:
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         with Image.open(f"Tests/images/apng/{test_file}") as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
             im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
             im.load()
 
 
 def test_apng_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/single_frame.png") as im:
-        test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
         im.save(test_file, save_all=True)
 
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.load()
         assert not im.is_animated
         assert im.n_frames == 1
@@ -364,6 +406,7 @@ def test_apng_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         )
 
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.load()
         assert im.is_animated
         assert im.n_frames == 2
@@ -375,7 +418,7 @@ def test_apng_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_apng_save_alpha(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
 
     im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1), (255, 0, 0, 255))
     im2 = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1), (255, 0, 0, 127))
@@ -393,7 +436,7 @@ def test_apng_save_split_fdat(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # frames with image data spanning multiple fdAT chunks (in this case
     # both the default image and first animation frame will span multiple
     # data chunks)
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/old-style-jpeg-compression.png") as im:
         frames = [im.copy(), Image.new("RGBA", im.size, (255, 0, 0, 255))]
         im.save(
@@ -403,12 +446,13 @@ def test_apng_save_split_fdat(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             append_images=frames,
         )
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
         im.load()
 
 
 def test_apng_save_duration_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/delay.png") as im:
         frames = []
         durations = []
@@ -445,6 +489,7 @@ def test_apng_save_duration_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         test_file, save_all=True, append_images=[frame, frame], duration=[500, 100, 150]
     )
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 1
         assert "duration" not in im.info
 
@@ -456,6 +501,7 @@ def test_apng_save_duration_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         duration=[500, 100, 150],
     )
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 2
         assert im.info["duration"] == 600
 
@@ -466,12 +512,13 @@ def test_apng_save_duration_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     frame.info["duration"] = 300
     frame.save(test_file, save_all=True, append_images=[frame, different_frame])
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 2
         assert im.info["duration"] == 600
 
 
 def test_apng_save_disposal(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
     size = (128, 64)
     red = Image.new("RGBA", size, (255, 0, 0, 255))
     green = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 255, 0, 255))
@@ -572,7 +619,7 @@ def test_apng_save_disposal(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_apng_save_disposal_previous(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
     size = (128, 64)
     blue = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 0, 255, 255))
     red = Image.new("RGBA", size, (255, 0, 0, 255))
@@ -594,7 +641,7 @@ def test_apng_save_disposal_previous(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_apng_save_blend(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
     size = (128, 64)
     red = Image.new("RGBA", size, (255, 0, 0, 255))
     green = Image.new("RGBA", size, (0, 255, 0, 255))
@@ -662,7 +709,7 @@ def test_apng_save_blend(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_apng_save_size(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
 
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100))
     im.save(test_file, save_all=True, append_images=[Image.new("L", (200, 200))])
@@ -686,7 +733,7 @@ def test_seek_after_close() -> None:
 def test_different_modes_in_later_frames(
     mode: str, default_image: bool, duplicate: bool, tmp_path: Path
 ) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
 
     im = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
     im.save(
@@ -700,7 +747,7 @@ def test_different_modes_in_later_frames(
 
 
 def test_different_durations(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    test_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.png")
+    test_file = tmp_path / "temp.png"
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/apng/different_durations.png") as im:
         for _ in range(3):

Tests/test_file_avif.py

@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import gc
+import os
+import re
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator, Sequence
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import (
+    AvifImagePlugin,
+    GifImagePlugin,
+    Image,
+    ImageDraw,
+    ImageFile,
+    UnidentifiedImageError,
+    features,
+)
+
+from .helper import (
+    PillowLeakTestCase,
+    assert_image,
+    assert_image_similar,
+    assert_image_similar_tofile,
+    hopper,
+    skip_unless_feature,
+)
+
+try:
+    from PIL import _avif
+
+    HAVE_AVIF = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAVE_AVIF = False
+
+
+TEST_AVIF_FILE = "Tests/images/avif/hopper.avif"
+
+
+def assert_xmp_orientation(xmp: bytes, expected: int) -> None:
+    assert int(xmp.split(b'tiff:Orientation="')[1].split(b'"')[0]) == expected
+
+
+def roundtrip(im: ImageFile.ImageFile, **options: Any) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
+    out = BytesIO()
+    im.save(out, "AVIF", **options)
+    return Image.open(out)
+
+
+def skip_unless_avif_decoder(codec_name: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    reason = f"{codec_name} decode not available"
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not HAVE_AVIF or not _avif.decoder_codec_available(codec_name), reason=reason
+    )
+
+
+def skip_unless_avif_encoder(codec_name: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    reason = f"{codec_name} encode not available"
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not HAVE_AVIF or not _avif.encoder_codec_available(codec_name), reason=reason
+    )
+
+
+def is_docker_qemu() -> bool:
+    try:
+        init_proc_exe = os.readlink("/proc/1/exe")
+    except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError):
+        return False
+    return "qemu" in init_proc_exe
+
+
+class TestUnsupportedAvif:
+    def test_unsupported(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "SUPPORTED", False)
+
+        with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+            with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="AVIF support not installed"):
+                with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                    pass
+
+    def test_unsupported_open(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "SUPPORTED", False)
+
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile(TEST_AVIF_FILE)
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestFileAvif:
+    def test_version(self) -> None:
+        version = features.version_module("avif")
+        assert version is not None
+        assert re.search(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
+
+    def test_codec_version(self) -> None:
+        assert AvifImagePlugin.get_codec_version("unknown") is None
+
+        for codec_name in ("aom", "dav1d", "rav1e", "svt"):
+            codec_version = AvifImagePlugin.get_codec_version(codec_name)
+            if _avif.decoder_codec_available(
+                codec_name
+            ) or _avif.encoder_codec_available(codec_name):
+                assert codec_version is not None
+                assert re.search(r"^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+(-([a-z\d])+)*$", codec_version)
+            else:
+                assert codec_version is None
+
+    def test_read(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Can we read an AVIF file without error?
+        Does it have the bits we expect?
+        """
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as image:
+            assert image.mode == "RGB"
+            assert image.size == (128, 128)
+            assert image.format == "AVIF"
+            assert image.get_format_mimetype() == "image/avif"
+            image.getdata()
+
+            # generated with:
+            # avifdec hopper.avif hopper_avif_write.png
+            assert_image_similar_tofile(
+                image, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 11.5
+            )
+
+    def test_write_rgb(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Can we write a RGB mode file to avif without error?
+        Does it have the bits we expect?
+        """
+
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+
+        im = hopper()
+        im.save(temp_file)
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.mode == "RGB"
+            assert reloaded.size == (128, 128)
+            assert reloaded.format == "AVIF"
+            reloaded.getdata()
+
+            # avifdec hopper.avif avif/hopper_avif_write.png
+            assert_image_similar_tofile(
+                reloaded, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 6.02
+            )
+
+            # This test asserts that the images are similar. If the average pixel
+            # difference between the two images is less than the epsilon value,
+            # then we're going to accept that it's a reasonable lossy version of
+            # the image.
+            assert_image_similar(reloaded, im, 8.62)
+
+    def test_AvifEncoder_with_invalid_args(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Calling encoder functions with no arguments should result in an error.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.AvifEncoder()
+
+    def test_AvifDecoder_with_invalid_args(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Calling decoder functions with no arguments should result in an error.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.AvifDecoder()
+
+    def test_invalid_dimensions(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (0, 0))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.save(test_file)
+
+    def test_encoder_finish_none_error(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save should raise an OSError if AvifEncoder.finish returns None"""
+
+        class _mock_avif:
+            class AvifEncoder:
+                def __init__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+                def add(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+                def finish(self) -> None:
+                    return None
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "_avif", _mock_avif)
+
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (150, 150))
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
+            im.save(test_file)
+
+    def test_no_resource_warning(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("error")
+
+                im.save(tmp_path / "temp.avif")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("major_brand", [b"avif", b"avis", b"mif1", b"msf1"])
+    def test_accept_ftyp_brands(self, major_brand: bytes) -> None:
+        data = b"\x00\x00\x00\x1cftyp%s\x00\x00\x00\x00" % major_brand
+        assert AvifImagePlugin._accept(data) is True
+
+    def test_file_pointer_could_be_reused(self) -> None:
+        with open(TEST_AVIF_FILE, "rb") as blob:
+            with Image.open(blob) as im:
+                im.load()
+            with Image.open(blob) as im:
+                im.load()
+
+    def test_background_from_gif(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
+            original_value = im.convert("RGB").getpixel((1, 1))
+            assert isinstance(original_value, tuple)
+
+            # Save as AVIF
+            out_avif = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(out_avif, save_all=True)
+
+        # Save as GIF
+        out_gif = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
+        with Image.open(out_avif) as im:
+            im.save(out_gif)
+
+        with Image.open(out_gif) as reread:
+            reread_value = reread.convert("RGB").getpixel((1, 1))
+        assert isinstance(reread_value, tuple)
+        difference = sum([abs(original_value[i] - reread_value[i]) for i in range(3)])
+        assert difference <= 6
+
+    def test_save_single_frame(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
+            im.save(temp_file)
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+            assert im.n_frames == 1
+
+    def test_invalid_file(self) -> None:
+        invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+    def test_load_transparent_rgb(self) -> None:
+        test_file = "Tests/images/avif/transparency.avif"
+        with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+            assert_image(im, "RGBA", (64, 64))
+
+            # image has 876 transparent pixels
+            colors = im.getchannel("A").getcolors()
+            assert colors is not None
+            assert colors[0] == (876, 0)
+
+    def test_save_transparent(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("RGBA", (10, 10), (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        assert im.getcolors() == [(100, (0, 0, 0, 0))]
+
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        im.save(test_file)
+
+        # check if saved image contains the same transparency
+        with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+            assert_image(im, "RGBA", (10, 10))
+            assert im.getcolors() == [(100, (0, 0, 0, 0))]
+
+    def test_save_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile_none.avif") as im:
+            assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as with_icc:
+                expected_icc = with_icc.info["icc_profile"]
+                assert expected_icc is not None
+
+                im = roundtrip(im, icc_profile=expected_icc)
+                assert im.info["icc_profile"] == expected_icc
+
+    def test_discard_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as im:
+            im = roundtrip(im, icc_profile=None)
+        assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+    def test_roundtrip_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as im:
+            expected_icc = im.info["icc_profile"]
+
+            im = roundtrip(im)
+        assert im.info["icc_profile"] == expected_icc
+
+    def test_roundtrip_no_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile_none.avif") as im:
+            assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+            im = roundtrip(im)
+        assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+    def test_exif(self) -> None:
+        # With an EXIF chunk
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/exif.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        assert exif[274] == 1
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/xmp_tags_orientation.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        assert exif[274] == 3
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_bytes", [True, False])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("orientation", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+    def test_exif_save(
+        self,
+        tmp_path: Path,
+        use_bytes: bool,
+        orientation: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        exif = Image.Exif()
+        exif[274] = orientation
+        exif_data = exif.tobytes()
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif_data if use_bytes else exif)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            if orientation == 1:
+                assert "exif" not in reloaded.info
+            else:
+                assert reloaded.getexif()[274] == orientation
+                assert reloaded.info["exif"] == exif_data
+
+    def test_exif_without_orientation(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        exif = Image.Exif()
+        exif[272] = b"test"
+        exif_data = exif.tobytes()
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.info["exif"] == exif_data
+
+    def test_exif_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+                im.save(test_file, exif=b"invalid")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "rot, mir, exif_orientation",
+        [
+            (0, 0, 4),
+            (0, 1, 2),
+            (1, 0, 5),
+            (1, 1, 7),
+            (2, 0, 2),
+            (2, 1, 4),
+            (3, 0, 7),
+            (3, 1, 5),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_rot_mir_exif(
+        self, rot: int, mir: int, exif_orientation: int, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(f"Tests/images/avif/rot{rot}mir{mir}.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+            assert exif[274] == exif_orientation
+
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif)
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.getexif()[274] == exif_orientation
+
+    def test_xmp(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/xmp_tags_orientation.avif") as im:
+            xmp = im.info["xmp"]
+        assert_xmp_orientation(xmp, 3)
+
+    def test_xmp_save(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        xmp_arg = "\n".join(
+            [
+                '<?xpacket begin="" id="W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d"?>',
+                '<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/">',
+                ' <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">',
+                '  <rdf:Description rdf:about=""',
+                '    xmlns:tiff="http://ns.adobe.com/tiff/1.0/"',
+                '   tiff:Orientation="1"/>',
+                " </rdf:RDF>",
+                "</x:xmpmeta>",
+                '<?xpacket end="r"?>',
+            ]
+        )
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, xmp=xmp_arg)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            xmp = reloaded.info["xmp"]
+        assert_xmp_orientation(xmp, 1)
+
+    def test_tell(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.tell() == 0
+
+    def test_seek(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            im.seek(0)
+
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("subsampling", ["4:4:4", "4:2:2", "4:2:0", "4:0:0"])
+    def test_encoder_subsampling(self, tmp_path: Path, subsampling: str) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, subsampling=subsampling)
+
+    def test_encoder_subsampling_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, subsampling="foo")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("value", ["full", "limited"])
+    def test_encoder_range(self, tmp_path: Path, value: str) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, range=value)
+
+    def test_encoder_range_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, range="foo")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    def test_encoder_codec_param(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, codec="aom")
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="foo")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("dav1d")
+    def test_decoder_codec_cannot_encode(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="dav1d")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "advanced",
+        [
+            {
+                "aq-mode": "1",
+                "enable-chroma-deltaq": "1",
+            },
+            (("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")),
+            [("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")],
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_encoder_advanced_codec_options(
+        self, advanced: dict[str, str] | Sequence[tuple[str, str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            ctrl_buf = BytesIO()
+            im.save(ctrl_buf, "AVIF", codec="aom")
+            test_buf = BytesIO()
+            im.save(
+                test_buf,
+                "AVIF",
+                codec="aom",
+                advanced=advanced,
+            )
+            assert ctrl_buf.getvalue() != test_buf.getvalue()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("advanced", [{"foo": "bar"}, {"foo": 1234}, 1234])
+    def test_encoder_advanced_codec_options_invalid(
+        self, tmp_path: Path, advanced: dict[str, str] | int
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="aom", advanced=advanced)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("aom")
+    def test_decoder_codec_param(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "aom")
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.size == (128, 128)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("rav1e")
+    def test_encoder_codec_cannot_decode(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "rav1e")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                pass
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_invalid(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "foo")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                pass
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    def test_encoder_codec_available(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("aom") is True
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_bad_params(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.encoder_codec_available()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("dav1d")
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_cannot_decode(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("dav1d") is False
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_invalid(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("foo") is False
+
+    def test_encoder_quality_valueerror(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, quality="invalid")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("aom")
+    def test_decoder_codec_available(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("aom") is True
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_bad_params(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.decoder_codec_available()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("rav1e")
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_cannot_decode(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("rav1e") is False
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_invalid(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("foo") is False
+
+    def test_p_mode_transparency(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("P", size=(64, 64))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+        draw.rectangle(xy=[(0, 0), (32, 32)], fill=255)
+        draw.rectangle(xy=[(32, 32), (64, 64)], fill=255)
+
+        out_png = tmp_path / "temp.png"
+        im.save(out_png, transparency=0)
+        with Image.open(out_png) as im_png:
+            out_avif = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im_png.save(out_avif, quality=100)
+
+            with Image.open(out_avif) as expected:
+                assert_image_similar(im_png.convert("RGBA"), expected, 0.17)
+
+    def test_decoder_strict_flags(self) -> None:
+        # This would fail if full avif strictFlags were enabled
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/hopper-missing-pixi.avif") as im:
+            assert im.size == (128, 128)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("speed", [-1, 1, 11])
+    def test_aom_optimizations(self, tmp_path: Path, speed: int) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        hopper().save(test_file, codec="aom", speed=speed)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("svt")
+    def test_svt_optimizations(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        hopper().save(test_file, codec="svt", speed=1)
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestAvifAnimation:
+    @contextmanager
+    def star_frames(self) -> Generator[list[Image.Image], None, None]:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.png") as f:
+            yield [f, f.rotate(90), f.rotate(180), f.rotate(270)]
+
+    def test_n_frames(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Ensure that AVIF format sets n_frames and is_animated attributes
+        correctly.
+        """
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+            assert im.n_frames == 1
+            assert not im.is_animated
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.avifs") as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+    def test_write_animation_P(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Convert an animated GIF to animated AVIF, then compare the frame
+        count, and ensure the frames are visually similar to the originals.
+        """
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.gif") as original:
+            assert isinstance(original, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
+            assert original.n_frames > 1
+
+            temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            original.save(temp_file, save_all=True)
+            with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+                assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+                assert im.n_frames == original.n_frames
+
+                # Compare first frame in P mode to frame from original GIF
+                assert_image_similar(im, original.convert("RGBA"), 2)
+
+                # Compare later frames in RGBA mode to frames from original GIF
+                for frame in range(1, original.n_frames):
+                    original.seek(frame)
+                    im.seek(frame)
+                    assert_image_similar(im, original, 2.54)
+
+    def test_write_animation_RGBA(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Write an animated AVIF from RGBA frames, and ensure the frames
+        are visually similar to the originals.
+        """
+
+        def check(temp_file: Path) -> None:
+            with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+                assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+                assert im.n_frames == 4
+
+                # Compare first frame to original
+                assert_image_similar(im, frame1, 2.7)
+
+                # Compare second frame to original
+                im.seek(1)
+                assert_image_similar(im, frame2, 4.1)
+
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frame1 = frames[0]
+            frame2 = frames[1]
+            temp_file1 = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            frames[0].copy().save(temp_file1, save_all=True, append_images=frames[1:])
+            check(temp_file1)
+
+            # Test appending using a generator
+            def imGenerator(
+                ims: list[Image.Image],
+            ) -> Generator[Image.Image, None, None]:
+                yield from ims
+
+            temp_file2 = tmp_path / "temp_generator.avif"
+            frames[0].copy().save(
+                temp_file2,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=imGenerator(frames[1:]),
+            )
+            check(temp_file2)
+
+    def test_sequence_dimension_mismatch_check(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        frame1 = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+        frame2 = Image.new("RGB", (150, 150))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            frame1.save(temp_file, save_all=True, append_images=[frame2])
+
+    def test_heif_raises_unidentified_image_error(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/hopper.heif"):
+                pass
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("alpha_premultiplied", [False, True])
+    def test_alpha_premultiplied(
+        self, tmp_path: Path, alpha_premultiplied: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        color = (200, 200, 200, 1)
+        im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1), color)
+        im.save(temp_file, alpha_premultiplied=alpha_premultiplied)
+
+        expected = (255, 255, 255, 1) if alpha_premultiplied else color
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == expected
+
+    def test_timestamp_and_duration(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Try passing a list of durations, and make sure the encoded
+        timestamps and durations are correct.
+        """
+
+        durations = [1, 10, 20, 30, 40]
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frames[0].save(
+                temp_file,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=(frames[1:] + [frames[0]]),
+                duration=durations,
+            )
+
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+            # Check that timestamps and durations match original values specified
+            timestamp = 0
+            for frame in range(im.n_frames):
+                im.seek(frame)
+                im.load()
+                assert im.info["duration"] == durations[frame]
+                assert im.info["timestamp"] == timestamp
+                timestamp += durations[frame]
+
+    def test_seeking(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Create an animated AVIF file, and then try seeking through frames in
+        reverse-order, verifying the timestamps and durations are correct.
+        """
+
+        duration = 33
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frames[0].save(
+                temp_file,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=(frames[1:] + [frames[0]]),
+                duration=duration,
+            )
+
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile)
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+            # Traverse frames in reverse, checking timestamps and durations
+            timestamp = duration * (im.n_frames - 1)
+            for frame in reversed(range(im.n_frames)):
+                im.seek(frame)
+                im.load()
+                assert im.info["duration"] == duration
+                assert im.info["timestamp"] == timestamp
+                timestamp -= duration
+
+    def test_seek_errors(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.avifs") as im:
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(-1)
+
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(42)
+
+
+MAX_THREADS = os.cpu_count() or 1
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestAvifLeaks(PillowLeakTestCase):
+    mem_limit = MAX_THREADS * 3 * 1024
+    iterations = 100
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        is_docker_qemu(), reason="Skipping on cross-architecture containers"
+    )
+    def test_leak_load(self) -> None:
+        with open(TEST_AVIF_FILE, "rb") as f:
+            im_data = f.read()
+
+        def core() -> None:
+            with Image.open(BytesIO(im_data)) as im:
+                im.load()
+            gc.collect()
+
+        self._test_leak(core)

Tests/test_file_blp.py

@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ import pytest
 from PIL import BlpImagePlugin, Image
 
 from .helper import (
-    assert_image_equal,
     assert_image_equal_tofile,
-    assert_image_similar,
+    assert_image_similar_tofile,
     hopper,
 )
 
@@ -46,24 +45,22 @@ def test_invalid_file() -> None:
 
 
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    f = str(tmp_path / "temp.blp")
+    f = tmp_path / "temp.blp"
 
     for version in ("BLP1", "BLP2"):
         im = hopper("P")
         im.save(f, blp_version=version)
 
-        with Image.open(f) as reloaded:
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im.convert("RGB"), f)
-            assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), reloaded)
 
         with Image.open("Tests/images/transparent.png") as im:
-            f = str(tmp_path / "temp.blp")
+            f = tmp_path / "temp.blp"
             im.convert("P").save(f, blp_version=version)
 
-            with Image.open(f) as reloaded:
+            assert_image_similar_tofile(im, f, 8)
-                assert_image_similar(im, reloaded, 8)
 
     im = hopper()
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unsupported BLP image mode"):
         im.save(f)
 
 

Tests/test_file_bmp.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import BmpImagePlugin, Image, _binary
+from PIL._binary import o16le as o16
+from PIL._binary import o32le as o32
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
@@ -15,10 +17,11 @@ from .helper import (
 )
 
 
-def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("1", "L", "P", "RGB"))
-    def roundtrip(im: Image.Image) -> None:
+def test_sanity(mode: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.bmp")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.bmp"
 
+    im = hopper(mode)
     im.save(outfile, "BMP")
 
     with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
@@ -28,13 +31,6 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert reloaded.format == "BMP"
         assert reloaded.get_format_mimetype() == "image/bmp"
 
-    roundtrip(hopper())
-
-    roundtrip(hopper("1"))
-    roundtrip(hopper("L"))
-    roundtrip(hopper("P"))
-    roundtrip(hopper("RGB"))
-
 
 def test_invalid_file() -> None:
     with open("Tests/images/flower.jpg", "rb") as fp:
@@ -66,7 +62,7 @@ def test_small_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     colors = [0, 0, 0, 125, 125, 125, 255, 255, 255]
     im.putpalette(colors)
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.bmp")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.bmp"
     im.save(out)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -74,7 +70,7 @@ def test_small_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_save_too_large(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.bmp")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.bmp"
     with Image.new("RGB", (1, 1)) as im:
         im._size = (37838, 37838)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -96,7 +92,7 @@ def test_dpi() -> None:
 def test_save_bmp_with_dpi(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Test for #1301
     # Arrange
-    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.jpg"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.bmp") as im:
         assert im.info["dpi"] == (95.98654816726399, 95.98654816726399)
 
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ def test_save_bmp_with_dpi(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_save_float_dpi(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.bmp")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.bmp"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.bmp") as im:
         im.save(outfile, dpi=(72.21216100543306, 72.21216100543306))
         with Image.open(outfile) as reloaded:
@@ -120,7 +116,7 @@ def test_save_float_dpi(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_load_dib() -> None:
-    # test for #1293, Imagegrab returning Unsupported Bitfields Format
+    # test for #1293, ImageGrab returning Unsupported Bitfields Format
     with Image.open("Tests/images/clipboard.dib") as im:
         assert im.format == "DIB"
         assert im.get_format_mimetype() == "image/bmp"
@@ -152,7 +148,7 @@ def test_dib_header_size(header_size: int, path: str) -> None:
 
 
 def test_save_dib(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.dib")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.dib"
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/clipboard.dib") as im:
         im.save(outfile)
@@ -225,8 +221,30 @@ def test_rle8_eof(file_name: str, length: int) -> None:
             im.load()
 
 
+def test_unsupported_bmp_bitfields_layout() -> None:
+    fp = io.BytesIO(
+        o32(40)  # header size
+        + b"\x00" * 10
+        + o16(1)  # bits
+        + o32(3)  # BITFIELDS compression
+        + b"\x00" * 32
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported BMP bitfields layout"):
+        Image.open(fp)
+
+
 def test_offset() -> None:
     # This image has been hexedited
     # to exclude the palette size from the pixel data offset
     with Image.open("Tests/images/pal8_offset.bmp") as im:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/bmp/g/pal8.bmp")
+
+
+def test_use_raw_alpha(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/bmp/g/rgb32.bmp") as im:
+        assert im.info["compression"] == BmpImagePlugin.BmpImageFile.COMPRESSIONS["RAW"]
+        assert im.mode == "RGB"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(BmpImagePlugin, "USE_RAW_ALPHA", True)
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/bmp/g/rgb32.bmp") as im:
+        assert im.mode == "RGBA"

Tests/test_file_bufrstub.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_load() -> None:
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Arrange
     im = hopper()
-    tmpfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.bufr")
+    tmpfile = tmp_path / "temp.bufr"
 
     # Act / Assert: stub cannot save without an implemented handler
     with pytest.raises(OSError):
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im.load()
         assert handler.is_loaded()
 
-        temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.bufr")
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.bufr"
         im.save(temp_file)
         assert handler.saved
 

Tests/test_file_cur.py

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import CurImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL._binary import o8
+from PIL._binary import o16le as o16
+from PIL._binary import o32le as o32
 
 TEST_FILE = "Tests/images/deerstalker.cur"
 
@@ -17,6 +22,24 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((16, 16)) == (84, 87, 86, 255)
 
 
+def test_largest_cursor() -> None:
+    magic = b"\x00\x00\x02\x00"
+    sizes = ((1, 1), (8, 8), (4, 4))
+    data = magic + o16(len(sizes))
+    for w, h in sizes:
+        image_offset = 6 + len(sizes) * 16 if (w, h) == max(sizes) else 0
+        data += o8(w) + o8(h) + o8(0) * 10 + o32(image_offset)
+    data += (
+        o32(12)  # header size
+        + o16(8)  # width
+        + o16(16)  # height
+        + o16(0)  # planes
+        + o16(1)  # bits
+    )
+    with Image.open(BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        assert im.size == (8, 8)
+
+
 def test_invalid_file() -> None:
     invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
 
@@ -26,6 +49,7 @@ def test_invalid_file() -> None:
     no_cursors_file = "Tests/images/no_cursors.cur"
 
     cur = CurImagePlugin.CurImageFile(TEST_FILE)
+    assert cur.fp is not None
     cur.fp.close()
     with open(no_cursors_file, "rb") as cur.fp:
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):

Tests/test_file_dcx.py

@@ -69,12 +69,14 @@ def test_tell() -> None:
 
 def test_n_frames() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, DcxImagePlugin.DcxImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 1
         assert not im.is_animated
 
 
 def test_eoferror() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, DcxImagePlugin.DcxImageFile)
         n_frames = im.n_frames
 
         # Test seeking past the last frame

Tests/test_file_dds.py

@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import DdsImagePlugin, Image
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_equal,
+    assert_image_equal_tofile,
+    assert_image_similar,
+    assert_image_similar_tofile,
+    hopper,
+)
 
 TEST_FILE_DXT1 = "Tests/images/dxt1-rgb-4bbp-noalpha_MipMaps-1.dds"
 TEST_FILE_DXT3 = "Tests/images/dxt3-argb-8bbp-explicitalpha_MipMaps-1.dds"
@@ -109,6 +115,32 @@ def test_sanity_ati1_bc4u(image_path: str) -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, TEST_FILE_ATI1.replace(".dds", ".png"))
 
 
+def test_dx10_bc2(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT3) as im:
+        im.save(out, pixel_format="BC2")
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.format == "DDS"
+        assert reloaded.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert reloaded.size == (256, 256)
+
+        assert_image_similar(im, reloaded, 3.81)
+
+
+def test_dx10_bc3(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT5) as im:
+        im.save(out, pixel_format="BC3")
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.format == "DDS"
+        assert reloaded.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert reloaded.size == (256, 256)
+
+        assert_image_similar(im, reloaded, 3.69)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "image_path",
     (
@@ -348,29 +380,36 @@ def test_palette() -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/transparent.gif")
 
 
+def test_unsupported_header_size() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported header size 0"):
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(b"DDS " + b"\x00" * 4)):
+            pass
+
+
 def test_unsupported_bitcount() -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported bitcount 24 for 131072"):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/unsupported_bitcount.dds"):
             pass
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "test_file",
+    "test_file, message",
     (
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds",
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds", "Unimplemented DXGI format 93"),
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds",
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pixel_format.dds", "Unimplemented pixel format 0"),
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds", "Unknown pixel format flags 8"),
     ),
 )
-def test_not_implemented(test_file: str) -> None:
+def test_not_implemented(test_file: str, message: str) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=message):
         with Image.open(test_file):
             pass
 
 
 def test_save_unsupported_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.dds")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
     im = hopper("HSV")
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="cannot write mode HSV as DDS"):
         im.save(out)
 
 
@@ -384,10 +423,115 @@ def test_save_unsupported_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     ],
 )
 def test_save(mode: str, test_file: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.dds")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
         assert im.mode == mode
         im.save(out)
 
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, out)
+
+
+def test_save_unsupported_pixel_format(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    im = hopper()
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="cannot write pixel format UNKNOWN"):
+        im.save(out, pixel_format="UNKNOWN")
+
+
+def test_save_dxt1(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    # RGB
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT1) as im:
+        im.convert("RGB").save(out, pixel_format="DXT1")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, out, 1.84)
+
+    # RGBA
+    im_alpha = im.copy()
+    im_alpha.putpixel((0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0))
+    im_alpha.save(out, pixel_format="DXT1")
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
-            assert_image_equal(im, reloaded)
+        assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    # L
+    im_l = im.convert("L")
+    im_l.save(out, pixel_format="DXT1")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_l.convert("RGBA"), out, 6.07)
+
+    # LA
+    im_alpha.convert("LA").save(out, pixel_format="DXT1")
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+
+def test_save_dxt3(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    # RGB
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT3) as im:
+        im_rgb = im.convert("RGB")
+    im_rgb.save(out, pixel_format="DXT3")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_rgb.convert("RGBA"), out, 1.26)
+
+    # RGBA
+    im.save(out, pixel_format="DXT3")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, out, 3.81)
+
+    # L
+    im_l = im.convert("L")
+    im_l.save(out, pixel_format="DXT3")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_l.convert("RGBA"), out, 5.89)
+
+    # LA
+    im_la = im.convert("LA")
+    im_la.save(out, pixel_format="DXT3")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_la.convert("RGBA"), out, 8.44)
+
+
+def test_save_dxt5(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    # RGB
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT1) as im:
+        im.convert("RGB").save(out, pixel_format="DXT5")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, out, 1.84)
+
+    # RGBA
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DXT5) as im_rgba:
+        im_rgba.save(out, pixel_format="DXT5")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_rgba, out, 3.69)
+
+    # L
+    im_l = im.convert("L")
+    im_l.save(out, pixel_format="DXT5")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_l.convert("RGBA"), out, 6.07)
+
+    # LA
+    im_la = im_rgba.convert("LA")
+    im_la.save(out, pixel_format="DXT5")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im_la.convert("RGBA"), out, 8.32)
+
+
+def test_save_dx10_bc5(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.dds"
+    with Image.open(TEST_FILE_DX10_BC5_TYPELESS) as im:
+        im.save(out, pixel_format="BC5")
+    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, out, 9.56)
+
+    im = hopper("L")
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="only RGB mode can be written as BC5"):
+        im.save(out, pixel_format="BC5")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "pixel_format, mode",
+    (
+        ("DXT1", "RGBA"),
+        ("DXT3", "RGBA"),
+        ("DXT5", "RGBA"),
+        ("BC2", "RGBA"),
+        ("BC3", "RGBA"),
+        ("BC5", "RGB"),
+    ),
+)
+def test_save_large_file(tmp_path: Path, pixel_format: str, mode: str) -> None:
+    im = hopper(mode).resize((440, 440))
+    # should not error in valgrind
+    im.save(tmp_path / "img.dds", pixel_format=pixel_format)

Tests/test_file_eps.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from .helper import (
     is_win32,
     mark_if_feature_version,
     skip_unless_feature,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
 )
 
 HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT = EpsImagePlugin.has_ghostscript()
@@ -86,6 +87,8 @@ simple_eps_file_with_long_binary_data = (
 def test_sanity(filename: str, size: tuple[int, int], scale: int) -> None:
     expected_size = tuple(s * scale for s in size)
     with Image.open(filename) as image:
+        assert isinstance(image, EpsImagePlugin.EpsImageFile)
+
         image.load(scale=scale)
         assert image.mode == "RGB"
         assert image.size == expected_size
@@ -194,6 +197,14 @@ def test_load_long_binary_data(prefix: bytes) -> None:
         assert img.format == "EPS"
 
 
+def test_begin_binary() -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/eps/binary_preview_map.eps", "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[76875 : 76875 + 11] = b"%" * 11
+    with Image.open(io.BytesIO(data)) as img:
+        assert img.size == (399, 480)
+
+
 @mark_if_feature_version(
     pytest.mark.valgrind_known_error, "libjpeg_turbo", "2.0", reason="Known Failing"
 )
@@ -227,6 +238,8 @@ def test_showpage() -> None:
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
 def test_transparency() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/eps/reqd_showpage.eps") as plot_image:
+        assert isinstance(plot_image, EpsImagePlugin.EpsImageFile)
+
         plot_image.load(transparency=True)
         assert plot_image.mode == "RGBA"
 
@@ -239,7 +252,7 @@ def test_transparency() -> None:
 def test_file_object(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # issue 479
     with Image.open(FILE1) as image1:
-        with open(str(tmp_path / "temp.eps"), "wb") as fh:
+        with open(tmp_path / "temp.eps", "wb") as fh:
             image1.save(fh, "EPS")
 
 
@@ -274,7 +287,7 @@ def test_1(filename: str) -> None:
 
 def test_image_mode_not_supported(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = hopper("RGBA")
-    tmpfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.eps")
+    tmpfile = tmp_path / "temp.eps"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         im.save(tmpfile)
 
@@ -308,6 +321,7 @@ def test_render_scale2() -> None:
 
     # Zero bounding box
     with Image.open(FILE1) as image1_scale2:
+        assert isinstance(image1_scale2, EpsImagePlugin.EpsImageFile)
         image1_scale2.load(scale=2)
         with Image.open(FILE1_COMPARE_SCALE2) as image1_scale2_compare:
             image1_scale2_compare = image1_scale2_compare.convert("RGB")
@@ -316,6 +330,7 @@ def test_render_scale2() -> None:
 
     # Non-zero bounding box
     with Image.open(FILE2) as image2_scale2:
+        assert isinstance(image2_scale2, EpsImagePlugin.EpsImageFile)
         image2_scale2.load(scale=2)
         with Image.open(FILE2_COMPARE_SCALE2) as image2_scale2_compare:
             image2_scale2_compare = image2_scale2_compare.convert("RGB")
@@ -392,7 +407,7 @@ def test_emptyline() -> None:
     assert image.format == "EPS"
 
 
-@pytest.mark.timeout(timeout=5)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(5)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "test_file",
     ["Tests/images/eps/timeout-d675703545fee17acab56e5fec644c19979175de.eps"],

Tests/test_file_fli.py

@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import FliImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, is_pypy
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_equal,
+    assert_image_equal_tofile,
+    is_pypy,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
+)
 
 # created as an export of a palette image from Gimp2.6
 # save as...-> hopper.fli, default options.
@@ -22,6 +27,8 @@ animated_test_file_with_prefix_chunk = "Tests/images/2422.flc"
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     with Image.open(static_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
+
         im.load()
         assert im.mode == "P"
         assert im.size == (128, 128)
@@ -29,6 +36,8 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
         assert not im.is_animated
 
     with Image.open(animated_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
+
         assert im.mode == "P"
         assert im.size == (320, 200)
         assert im.format == "FLI"
@@ -39,6 +48,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 def test_prefix_chunk(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES", True)
     with Image.open(animated_test_file_with_prefix_chunk) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
         assert im.mode == "P"
         assert im.size == (320, 200)
         assert im.format == "FLI"
@@ -46,6 +56,7 @@ def test_prefix_chunk(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         assert im.is_animated
 
         palette = im.getpalette()
+        assert palette is not None
         assert palette[3:6] == [255, 255, 255]
         assert palette[381:384] == [204, 204, 12]
         assert palette[765:] == [252, 0, 0]
@@ -112,16 +123,19 @@ def test_palette_chunk_second() -> None:
 
 def test_n_frames() -> None:
     with Image.open(static_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 1
         assert not im.is_animated
 
     with Image.open(animated_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 384
         assert im.is_animated
 
 
 def test_eoferror() -> None:
     with Image.open(animated_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
         n_frames = im.n_frames
 
         # Test seeking past the last frame
@@ -166,6 +180,7 @@ def test_seek_tell() -> None:
 
 def test_seek() -> None:
     with Image.open(animated_test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, FliImagePlugin.FliImageFile)
         im.seek(50)
 
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/a_fli.png")
@@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ def test_seek() -> None:
         "Tests/images/timeout-bff0a9dc7243a8e6ede2408d2ffa6a9964698b87.fli",
     ],
 )
-@pytest.mark.timeout(timeout=3)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(3)
 def test_timeouts(test_file: str) -> None:
     with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
         with Image.open(f) as im:

Tests/test_file_fpx.py

@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 def test_close() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/input_bw_one_band.fpx") as im:
-        pass
+        assert isinstance(im, FpxImagePlugin.FpxImageFile)
     assert im.ole.fp.closed
 
     im = Image.open("Tests/images/input_bw_one_band.fpx")
+    assert isinstance(im, FpxImagePlugin.FpxImageFile)
     im.close()
     assert im.ole.fp.closed
 

Tests/test_file_gbr.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image, _binary
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
 
@@ -31,8 +33,49 @@ def test_multiple_load_operations() -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/gbr.png")
 
 
-def test_invalid_file() -> None:
+def create_gbr_image(info: dict[str, int] = {}, magic_number=b"") -> BytesIO:
-    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+    return BytesIO(
+        b"".join(
+            _binary.o32be(i)
+            for i in [
+                info.get("header_size", 20),
+                info.get("version", 1),
+                info.get("width", 1),
+                info.get("height", 1),
+                info.get("color_depth", 1),
+            ]
+        )
+        + magic_number
+    )
 
-    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+
+def test_invalid_file() -> None:
+    for f in [
+        create_gbr_image({"header_size": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"width": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"height": 0}),
+    ]:
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush"):
+            GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush version"):
         GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_gimp_brush() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"color_depth": 2})
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush color depth: 2"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_bad_magic_number() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"version": 2}, magic_number=b"badm")
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush, bad magic number"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_L() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image()
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.mode == "L"

Tests/test_file_gd.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import GdImageFile, UnidentifiedImageError
@@ -16,6 +18,14 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
         assert_image_similar_tofile(im.convert("RGB"), "Tests/images/hopper.jpg", 14)
 
 
+def test_transparency() -> None:
+    with open(TEST_GD_FILE, "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[7:11] = b"\x00\x00\x00\x05"
+    with GdImageFile.open(BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        assert im.info["transparency"] == 5
+
+
 def test_bad_mode() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         GdImageFile.open(TEST_GD_FILE, "bad mode")

Tests/test_file_gif.py

@@ -100,6 +100,18 @@ def test_l_mode_after_rgb() -> None:
         assert im.mode == "RGB"
 
 
+def test_l_mode_transparency_after_rgb() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/no_palette_with_transparency_after_rgb.gif") as im:
+        expected = im.convert("RGB")
+        d = ImageDraw.Draw(expected)
+        d.rectangle([(0, 0), (64, 128)], fill="#000")
+
+        im.seek(1)
+        assert im.mode == "RGB"
+
+        assert_image_equal(im, expected)
+
+
 def test_palette_not_needed_for_second_frame() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/palette_not_needed_for_second_frame.gif") as im:
         im.seek(1)
@@ -224,11 +236,12 @@ def test_optimize_if_palette_can_be_reduced_by_half() -> None:
         out = BytesIO()
         im.save(out, "GIF", optimize=optimize)
         with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.palette is not None
             assert len(reloaded.palette.palette) // 3 == colors
 
 
 def test_full_palette_second_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("P", (1, 256))
 
     full_palette_im = Image.new("P", (1, 256))
@@ -249,7 +262,7 @@ def test_full_palette_second_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_roundtrip(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = hopper()
     im.save(out)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
@@ -258,7 +271,7 @@ def test_roundtrip(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 def test_roundtrip2(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/403
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
         im2 = im.copy()
         im2.save(out)
@@ -268,7 +281,7 @@ def test_roundtrip2(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 def test_roundtrip_save_all(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Single frame image
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = hopper()
     im.save(out, save_all=True)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
@@ -276,15 +289,16 @@ def test_roundtrip_save_all(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     # Multiframe image
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd.gif") as im:
-        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
         im.save(out, save_all=True)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 5
 
 
 def test_roundtrip_save_all_1(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("1", (1, 1))
     im2 = Image.new("1", (1, 1), 1)
     im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
@@ -329,7 +343,7 @@ def test_headers_saving_for_animated_gifs(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd.gif") as im:
         info = im.info.copy()
 
-        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
         im.save(out, save_all=True)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
         for header in important_headers:
@@ -345,7 +359,7 @@ def test_palette_handling(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = im.resize((100, 100), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
         im2 = im.convert("P", palette=Image.Palette.ADAPTIVE, colors=256)
 
-        f = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+        f = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
         im2.save(f, optimize=True)
 
     with Image.open(f) as reloaded:
@@ -356,7 +370,7 @@ def test_palette_434(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/434
 
     def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **kwargs: bool) -> Image.Image:
-        out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
         im.copy().save(out, "GIF", **kwargs)
         reloaded = Image.open(out)
 
@@ -402,6 +416,7 @@ def test_save_netpbm_l_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 def test_seek() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_none.gif") as img:
+        assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         frame_count = 0
         try:
             while True:
@@ -446,10 +461,12 @@ def test_seek_rewind() -> None:
 def test_n_frames(path: str, n_frames: int) -> None:
     # Test is_animated before n_frames
     with Image.open(path) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.is_animated == (n_frames != 1)
 
     # Test is_animated after n_frames
     with Image.open(path) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == n_frames
         assert im.is_animated == (n_frames != 1)
 
@@ -459,6 +476,7 @@ def test_no_change() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd.gif") as im:
         im.seek(1)
         expected = im.copy()
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 5
         assert_image_equal(im, expected)
 
@@ -466,17 +484,20 @@ def test_no_change() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd.gif") as im:
         im.seek(3)
         expected = im.copy()
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.is_animated
         assert_image_equal(im, expected)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/comment_after_only_frame.gif") as im:
         expected = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert not im.is_animated
         assert_image_equal(im, expected)
 
 
 def test_eoferror() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         n_frames = im.n_frames
 
         # Test seeking past the last frame
@@ -495,6 +516,7 @@ def test_first_frame_transparency() -> None:
 
 def test_dispose_none() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_none.gif") as img:
+        assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         try:
             while True:
                 img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
@@ -518,6 +540,7 @@ def test_dispose_none_load_end() -> None:
 
 def test_dispose_background() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd.gif") as img:
+        assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         try:
             while True:
                 img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
@@ -531,7 +554,9 @@ def test_dispose_background_transparency() -> None:
         img.seek(2)
         px = img.load()
         assert px is not None
-        assert px[35, 30][3] == 0
+        value = px[35, 30]
+        assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+        assert value[3] == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -571,6 +596,7 @@ def test_transparent_dispose(
 
 def test_dispose_previous() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_prev.gif") as img:
+        assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         try:
             while True:
                 img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
@@ -599,7 +625,7 @@ def test_previous_frame_loaded() -> None:
 
 
 def test_save_dispose(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im_list = [
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#111"),
@@ -608,6 +634,7 @@ def test_save_dispose(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     for method in range(4):
         im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], disposal=method)
         with Image.open(out) as img:
+            assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
             for _ in range(2):
                 img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
                 assert img.disposal_method == method
@@ -621,13 +648,14 @@ def test_save_dispose(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     )
 
     with Image.open(out) as img:
+        assert isinstance(img, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         for i in range(2):
             img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
             assert img.disposal_method == i + 1
 
 
 def test_dispose2_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     # Four colors: white, gray, black, red
     circles = [(255, 255, 255), (153, 153, 153), (0, 0, 0), (255, 0, 0)]
@@ -661,7 +689,7 @@ def test_dispose2_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_dispose2_diff(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     # 4 frames: red/blue, red/red, blue/blue, red/blue
     circles = [
@@ -703,7 +731,7 @@ def test_dispose2_diff(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_dispose2_background(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im_list = []
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ def test_dispose2_background(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_dispose2_background_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im_list = [Image.new("RGBA", (1, 20))]
 
@@ -743,11 +771,12 @@ def test_dispose2_background_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], disposal=2)
 
     with Image.open(out) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.n_frames == 3
 
 
 def test_dispose2_previous_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("P", (100, 100))
     im.info["transparency"] = 0
@@ -766,7 +795,7 @@ def test_dispose2_previous_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_dispose2_without_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("P", (100, 100))
 
@@ -781,7 +810,7 @@ def test_dispose2_without_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_transparency_in_second_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/different_transparency.gif") as im:
         assert im.info["transparency"] == 0
 
@@ -811,7 +840,7 @@ def test_no_transparency_in_second_frame() -> None:
 
 
 def test_remapped_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("P", (1, 2))
     im2 = im.copy()
@@ -829,7 +858,7 @@ def test_remapped_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     duration = 1000
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
 
     # Check that the argument has priority over the info settings
@@ -843,7 +872,7 @@ def test_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_multiple_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     duration_list = [1000, 2000, 3000]
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im_list = [
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#111"),
@@ -878,7 +907,7 @@ def test_multiple_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_roundtrip_info_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     duration_list = [100, 500, 500]
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/transparent_dispose.gif") as im:
         assert [
             frame.info["duration"] for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(im)
@@ -893,7 +922,7 @@ def test_roundtrip_info_duration(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_roundtrip_info_duration_combined(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/duplicate_frame.gif") as im:
         assert [frame.info["duration"] for frame in ImageSequence.Iterator(im)] == [
             1000,
@@ -911,7 +940,7 @@ def test_roundtrip_info_duration_combined(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_identical_frames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     duration_list = [1000, 1500, 2000, 4000]
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im_list = [
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
@@ -924,6 +953,8 @@ def test_identical_frames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], duration=duration_list
     )
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
+
         # Assert that the first three frames were combined
         assert reread.n_frames == 2
 
@@ -944,7 +975,7 @@ def test_identical_frames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_identical_frames_to_single_frame(
     duration: int | list[int], tmp_path: Path
 ) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im_list = [
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000"),
@@ -953,6 +984,8 @@ def test_identical_frames_to_single_frame(
 
     im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], duration=duration)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
+
         # Assert that all frames were combined
         assert reread.n_frames == 1
 
@@ -961,7 +994,7 @@ def test_identical_frames_to_single_frame(
 
 
 def test_loop_none(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
     im.save(out, loop=None)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
@@ -971,7 +1004,7 @@ def test_loop_none(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_number_of_loops(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     number_of_loops = 2
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
     im.save(out, loop=number_of_loops)
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
@@ -987,7 +1020,7 @@ def test_number_of_loops(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_background(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
     im.info["background"] = 1
     im.save(out)
@@ -996,7 +1029,7 @@ def test_background(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_webp_background(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     # Test opaque WebP background
     if features.check("webp"):
@@ -1014,7 +1047,7 @@ def test_comment(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
         assert im.info["comment"] == b"File written by Adobe Photoshop\xa8 4.0"
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
     im.info["comment"] = b"Test comment text"
     im.save(out)
@@ -1031,7 +1064,7 @@ def test_comment(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_comment_over_255(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#000")
     comment = b"Test comment text"
     while len(comment) < 256:
@@ -1057,7 +1090,7 @@ def test_read_multiple_comment_blocks() -> None:
 
 
 def test_empty_string_comment(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
         assert "comment" in im.info
 
@@ -1091,7 +1124,7 @@ def test_retain_comment_in_subsequent_frames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert "comment" not in im.info
 
     # Test that a saved image keeps the comment
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_prev.gif") as im:
         im.save(out, save_all=True, comment="Test")
 
@@ -1101,7 +1134,7 @@ def test_retain_comment_in_subsequent_frames(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_version(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     def assert_version_after_save(im: Image.Image, version: bytes) -> None:
         im.save(out)
@@ -1131,7 +1164,7 @@ def test_version(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     # Test appending single frame images
     im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), "#f00")
@@ -1139,6 +1172,14 @@ def test_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im.copy().save(out, save_all=True, append_images=ims)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
+        assert reread.n_frames == 3
+
+    # Test append_images without save_all
+    im.copy().save(out, append_images=ims)
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 3
 
     # Tests appending using a generator
@@ -1148,6 +1189,7 @@ def test_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_generator(ims))
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 3
 
     # Tests appending single and multiple frame images
@@ -1156,11 +1198,12 @@ def test_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 10
 
 
 def test_append_different_size_image(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
     bigger_im = Image.new("RGB", (200, 200), "#f00")
@@ -1187,7 +1230,7 @@ def test_transparent_optimize(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im.frombytes(data)
     im.putpalette(palette)
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im.save(out, transparency=im.getpixel((252, 0)))
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1195,14 +1238,16 @@ def test_transparent_optimize(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_removed_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im = Image.new("RGB", (256, 1))
 
     for x in range(256):
         im.putpixel((x, 0), (x, 0, 0))
 
     im.info["transparency"] = (255, 255, 255)
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(
+        UserWarning, match="Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
+    ):
         im.save(out)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1210,7 +1255,7 @@ def test_removed_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_rgb_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     # Single frame
     im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
@@ -1224,7 +1269,7 @@ def test_rgb_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
     im.info["transparency"] = b""
     ims = [Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))]
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="should be converted to RGBA images"):
         im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=ims)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1232,7 +1277,7 @@ def test_rgb_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_rgba_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = hopper("P")
     im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[Image.new("RGBA", im.size)])
@@ -1242,25 +1287,26 @@ def test_rgba_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert_image_equal(hopper("P").convert("RGB"), reloaded)
 
 
-def test_background_outside_palettte(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_background_outside_palettte() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/background_outside_palette.gif") as im:
         im.seek(1)
         assert im.info["background"] == 255
 
 
 def test_bbox(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), "#fff")
     ims = [Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), "#000")]
     im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=ims)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 2
 
 
 def test_bbox_alpha(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 2), (255, 0, 0, 255))
     im.putpixel((0, 1), (255, 0, 0, 0))
@@ -1268,6 +1314,7 @@ def test_bbox_alpha(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
 
     with Image.open(out) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reread.n_frames == 2
 
 
@@ -1279,7 +1326,7 @@ def test_palette_save_L(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     palette = im.getpalette()
     assert palette is not None
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im_l.save(out, palette=bytes(palette))
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1290,7 +1337,7 @@ def test_palette_save_P(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("P", (1, 2))
     im.putpixel((0, 1), 1)
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im.save(out, palette=bytes((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)))
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1306,7 +1353,7 @@ def test_palette_save_duplicate_entries(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     im.putpalette((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im.save(out, palette=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1])
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1321,15 +1368,17 @@ def test_palette_save_all_P(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         frame.putpalette(color)
         frames.append(frame)
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     frames[0].save(
         out, save_all=True, palette=[255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0], append_images=frames[1:]
     )
 
     with Image.open(out) as im:
         # Assert that the frames are correct, and each frame has the same palette
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), frames[0].convert("RGB"))
         assert im.palette is not None
+        assert im.global_palette is not None
         assert im.palette.palette == im.global_palette.palette
 
         im.seek(1)
@@ -1344,7 +1393,7 @@ def test_palette_save_ImagePalette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = hopper("P")
     palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256))[::-1] * 3)
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im.save(out, palette=palette)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1357,7 +1406,7 @@ def test_save_I(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
     im = hopper("I")
 
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     im.save(out)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
@@ -1393,7 +1442,9 @@ def test_getdata(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 def test_lzw_bits() -> None:
     # see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2811
     with Image.open("Tests/images/issue_2811.gif") as im:
-        assert im.tile[0][3][0] == 11  # LZW bits
+        args = im.tile[0][3]
+        assert isinstance(args, tuple)
+        assert args[0] == 11  # LZW bits
         # codec error prepatch
         im.load()
 
@@ -1419,6 +1470,7 @@ def test_extents(
 ) -> None:
     monkeypatch.setattr(GifImagePlugin, "LOADING_STRATEGY", loading_strategy)
     with Image.open("Tests/images/" + test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert im.size == (100, 100)
 
         # Check that n_frames does not change the size
@@ -1441,18 +1493,22 @@ def test_missing_background() -> None:
 
 
 def test_saving_rgba(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
     with Image.open("Tests/images/transparent.png") as im:
         im.save(out)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
         reloaded_rgba = reloaded.convert("RGBA")
-        assert reloaded_rgba.load()[0, 0][3] == 0
+        px = reloaded_rgba.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        value = px[0, 0]
+        assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+        assert value[3] == 0
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("params", ({}, {"disposal": 2, "optimize": False}))
 def test_p_rgba(tmp_path: Path, params: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+    out = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
 
     im1 = Image.new("P", (100, 100))
     d = ImageDraw.Draw(im1)
@@ -1466,4 +1522,5 @@ def test_p_rgba(tmp_path: Path, params: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     im1.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im2], **params)
 
     with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        assert isinstance(reloaded, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile)
         assert reloaded.n_frames == 2

Tests/test_file_gimppalette.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL.GimpPaletteFile import GimpPaletteFile
@@ -14,17 +16,20 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
             GimpPaletteFile(fp)
 
     with open("Tests/images/bad_palette_file.gpl", "rb") as fp:
-        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="bad palette file"):
             GimpPaletteFile(fp)
 
     with open("Tests/images/bad_palette_entry.gpl", "rb") as fp:
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="bad palette entry"):
             GimpPaletteFile(fp)
 
 
-def test_get_palette() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "filename, size", (("custom_gimp_palette.gpl", 8), ("full_gimp_palette.gpl", 256))
+)
+def test_get_palette(filename: str, size: int) -> None:
     # Arrange
-    with open("Tests/images/custom_gimp_palette.gpl", "rb") as fp:
+    with open("Tests/images/" + filename, "rb") as fp:
         palette_file = GimpPaletteFile(fp)
 
     # Act
@@ -32,3 +37,36 @@ def test_get_palette() -> None:
 
     # Assert
     assert mode == "RGB"
+    assert len(palette) / 3 == size
+
+
+def test_frombytes() -> None:
+    # Test that __init__ stops reading after 260 lines
+    with open("Tests/images/custom_gimp_palette.gpl", "rb") as fp:
+        custom_data = fp.read()
+    custom_data += b"#\n" * 300 + b"  0   0   0     Index 12"
+    b = BytesIO(custom_data)
+    palette = GimpPaletteFile(b)
+    assert len(palette.palette) / 3 == 8
+
+    # Test that __init__ only reads 256 entries
+    with open("Tests/images/full_gimp_palette.gpl", "rb") as fp:
+        full_data = fp.read()
+    data = full_data.replace(b"#\n", b"") + b"  0   0   0     Index 256"
+    b = BytesIO(data)
+    palette = GimpPaletteFile(b)
+    assert len(palette.palette) / 3 == 256
+
+    # Test that frombytes() can read beyond that
+    palette = GimpPaletteFile.frombytes(data)
+    assert len(palette.palette) / 3 == 257
+
+    # Test that __init__ raises an error if a comment is too long
+    data = full_data[:-1] + b"a" * 100
+    b = BytesIO(data)
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="bad palette file"):
+        palette = GimpPaletteFile(b)
+
+    # Test that frombytes() can read the data regardless
+    palette = GimpPaletteFile.frombytes(data)
+    assert len(palette.palette) / 3 == 256

Tests/test_file_gribstub.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_load() -> None:
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Arrange
     im = hopper()
-    tmpfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.grib")
+    tmpfile = tmp_path / "temp.grib"
 
     # Act / Assert: stub cannot save without an implemented handler
     with pytest.raises(OSError):
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im.load()
         assert handler.is_loaded()
 
-        temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.grib")
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.grib"
         im.save(temp_file)
         assert handler.saved
 

Tests/test_file_hdf5stub.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_save() -> None:
     # Arrange
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         dummy_fp = BytesIO()
-        dummy_filename = "dummy.filename"
+        dummy_filename = "dummy.h5"
 
         # Act / Assert: stub cannot save without an implemented handler
         with pytest.raises(OSError):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def test_handler(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im.load()
         assert handler.is_loaded()
 
-        temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.h5")
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.h5"
         im.save(temp_file)
         assert handler.saved
 

Tests/test_file_icns.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_load() -> None:
 
 
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.icns")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.icns"
 
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         im.save(temp_file)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_save_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.icns")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.icns"
     provided_im = Image.new("RGBA", (32, 32), (255, 0, 0, 128))
 
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ def test_save_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert_image_similar_tofile(im, temp_file, 1)
 
         with Image.open(temp_file) as reread:
+            assert isinstance(reread, IcnsImagePlugin.IcnsImageFile)
             reread.size = (16, 16)
             reread.load(2)
             assert_image_equal(reread, provided_im)
@@ -90,20 +91,13 @@ def test_sizes() -> None:
     # Check that we can load all of the sizes, and that the final pixel
     # dimensions are as expected
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, IcnsImagePlugin.IcnsImageFile)
         for w, h, r in im.info["sizes"]:
-            wr = w * r
-            hr = h * r
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
-                im.size = (w, h, r)
-            im.load()
-            assert im.mode == "RGBA"
-            assert im.size == (wr, hr)
-
             # Test using load() with scale
             im.size = (w, h)
             im.load(scale=r)
             assert im.mode == "RGBA"
-            assert im.size == (wr, hr)
+            assert im.size == (w * r, h * r)
 
         # Check that we cannot load an incorrect size
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -118,6 +112,7 @@ def test_older_icon() -> None:
             wr = w * r
             hr = h * r
             with Image.open("Tests/images/pillow2.icns") as im2:
+                assert isinstance(im2, IcnsImagePlugin.IcnsImageFile)
                 im2.size = (w, h)
                 im2.load(r)
                 assert im2.mode == "RGBA"
@@ -135,6 +130,7 @@ def test_jp2_icon() -> None:
             wr = w * r
             hr = h * r
             with Image.open("Tests/images/pillow3.icns") as im2:
+                assert isinstance(im2, IcnsImagePlugin.IcnsImageFile)
                 im2.size = (w, h)
                 im2.load(r)
                 assert im2.mode == "RGBA"

Tests/test_file_ico.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_black_and_white() -> None:
 
 
 def test_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.ico"
 
     im = Image.new("P", (16, 16))
     im.save(temp_file)
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ def test_save_to_bytes() -> None:
     # The other one
     output.seek(0)
     with Image.open(output) as reloaded:
+        assert isinstance(reloaded, IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile)
         reloaded.size = (32, 32)
 
         assert im.mode == reloaded.mode
@@ -88,21 +89,23 @@ def test_save_to_bytes() -> None:
 
 
 def test_getpixel(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.ico"
 
     im = hopper()
     im.save(temp_file, "ico", sizes=[(32, 32), (64, 64)])
 
     with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+        assert isinstance(reloaded, IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile)
         reloaded.load()
         reloaded.size = (32, 32)
 
+        assert reloaded.load() is not None
         assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == (18, 20, 62)
 
 
 def test_no_duplicates(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.ico"
-    temp_file2 = str(tmp_path / "temp2.ico")
+    temp_file2 = tmp_path / "temp2.ico"
 
     im = hopper()
     sizes = [(32, 32), (64, 64)]
@@ -115,8 +118,8 @@ def test_no_duplicates(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 
 def test_different_bit_depths(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path / "temp.ico")
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.ico"
-    temp_file2 = str(tmp_path / "temp2.ico")
+    temp_file2 = tmp_path / "temp2.ico"
 
     im = hopper()
     im.save(temp_file, "ico", bitmap_format="bmp", sizes=[(128, 128)])
@@ -132,8 +135,8 @@ def test_different_bit_depths(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert os.path.getsize(temp_file) != os.path.getsize(temp_file2)
 
     # Test that only matching sizes of different bit depths are saved
-    temp_file3 = str(tmp_path / "temp3.ico")
+    temp_file3 = tmp_path / "temp3.ico"
-    temp_file4 = str(tmp_path / "temp4.ico")
+    temp_file4 = tmp_path / "temp4.ico"
 
     im.save(temp_file3, "ico", bitmap_format="bmp", sizes=[(128, 128)])
     im.save(
@@ -167,6 +170,7 @@ def test_save_to_bytes_bmp(mode: str) -> None:
     # The other one
     output.seek(0)
     with Image.open(output) as reloaded:
+        assert isinstance(reloaded, IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile)
         reloaded.size = (32, 32)
 
         assert "RGBA" == reloaded.mode
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@ def test_save_to_bytes_bmp(mode: str) -> None:
 
 def test_incorrect_size() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_ICO_FILE) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             im.size = (1, 1)
 
@@ -186,7 +191,7 @@ def test_save_256x256(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     """Issue #2264 https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2264"""
     # Arrange
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_256x256.ico") as im:
-        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp_saved_hopper_256x256.ico")
+        outfile = tmp_path / "temp_saved_hopper_256x256.ico"
 
         # Act
         im.save(outfile)
@@ -202,7 +207,7 @@ def test_only_save_relevant_sizes(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     """
     # Arrange
     with Image.open("Tests/images/python.ico") as im:  # 16x16, 32x32, 48x48
-        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp_saved_python.ico")
+        outfile = tmp_path / "temp_saved_python.ico"
         # Act
         im.save(outfile)
 
@@ -215,10 +220,11 @@ def test_save_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # append_images should be used for scaled down versions of the image
     im = hopper("RGBA")
     provided_im = Image.new("RGBA", (32, 32), (255, 0, 0))
-    outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp_saved_multi_icon.ico")
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp_saved_multi_icon.ico"
     im.save(outfile, sizes=[(32, 32), (128, 128)], append_images=[provided_im])
 
     with Image.open(outfile) as reread:
+        assert isinstance(reread, IcoImagePlugin.IcoImageFile)
         assert_image_equal(reread, hopper("RGBA"))
 
         reread.size = (32, 32)
@@ -228,14 +234,14 @@ def test_save_append_images(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_unexpected_size() -> None:
     # This image has been manually hexedited to state that it is 16x32
     # while the image within is still 16x16
-    with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="Image was not the expected size"):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_unexpected.ico") as im:
             assert im.size == (16, 16)
 
 
 def test_draw_reloaded(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_ICO_FILE) as im:
-        outfile = str(tmp_path / "temp_saved_hopper_draw.ico")
+        outfile = tmp_path / "temp_saved_hopper_draw.ico"
 
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
         draw.line((0, 0) + im.size, "#f00")