diff --git a/Tests/bench_get.py b/Tests/bench_get.py
index 51f3a6aa2..e9afe1af5 100644
--- a/Tests/bench_get.py
+++ b/Tests/bench_get.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ def bench(mode):
         get(xy)
     print(mode, timeit.default_timer() - t0, "us")
 
+
 bench("L")
 bench("I")
 bench("I;16")
diff --git a/Tests/check_imaging_leaks.py b/Tests/check_imaging_leaks.py
index a31cd2180..00a0245e4 100755
--- a/Tests/check_imaging_leaks.py
+++ b/Tests/check_imaging_leaks.py
@@ -40,5 +40,6 @@ class TestImagingLeaks(PillowTestCase):
                         # Pass a new list at each iteration.
                         lambda: im.point(range(256)))
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/check_j2k_overflow.py b/Tests/check_j2k_overflow.py
index bec4ea694..1dd8db69f 100644
--- a/Tests/check_j2k_overflow.py
+++ b/Tests/check_j2k_overflow.py
@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@ class TestJ2kEncodeOverflow(PillowTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(IOError):
             im.save(target)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/check_png_dos.py b/Tests/check_png_dos.py
index 8998f8c0f..0bbaf6a4d 100644
--- a/Tests/check_png_dos.py
+++ b/Tests/check_png_dos.py
@@ -60,5 +60,6 @@ class TestPngDos(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertLess(total_len, 64*1024*1024,
                         "Total text chunks greater than 64M")
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/helper.py b/Tests/helper.py
index 607330122..8556ed76a 100644
--- a/Tests/helper.py
+++ b/Tests/helper.py
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ HAS_UPLOADER = False
 
 if os.environ.get('SHOW_ERRORS', None):
     # local img.show for errors.
-    HAS_UPLOADER=True
+    HAS_UPLOADER = True
+
     class test_image_results:
         @classmethod
         def upload(self, a, b):
@@ -31,7 +32,6 @@ else:
         pass
 
 
-
 def convert_to_comparable(a, b):
     new_a, new_b = a, b
     if a.mode == 'P':
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class PillowLeakTestCase(PillowTestCase):
         if sys.platform == 'darwin':
             # man 2 getrusage:
             #     ru_maxrss    the maximum resident set size utilized (in bytes).
-            return mem / 1024 # Kb
+            return mem / 1024  # Kb
         else:
             # linux
             # man 2 getrusage
diff --git a/Tests/make_hash.py b/Tests/make_hash.py
index 4412f65be..c5e32d606 100644
--- a/Tests/make_hash.py
+++ b/Tests/make_hash.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ def check(size, i0):
         h[i] = m
     return h
 
+
 min_start = 0
 
 # 1) find the smallest table size with no collisions
diff --git a/Tests/test_binary.py b/Tests/test_binary.py
index 2fac9b3d5..7e22e0f59 100644
--- a/Tests/test_binary.py
+++ b/Tests/test_binary.py
@@ -23,5 +23,6 @@ class TestBinary(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(_binary.o16be(65535), b'\xff\xff')
         self.assertEqual(_binary.o32be(65535), b'\x00\x00\xff\xff')
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_decompression_bomb.py b/Tests/test_decompression_bomb.py
index 4da8760cd..4e3c26377 100644
--- a/Tests/test_decompression_bomb.py
+++ b/Tests/test_decompression_bomb.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestDecompressionBomb(PillowTestCase):
 
     def test_warning(self):
         # Set limit to trigger warning on the test file
-        Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = 128 * 128 -1
+        Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = 128 * 128 - 1
         self.assertEqual(Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS, 128 * 128 - 1)
 
         self.assert_warning(Image.DecompressionBombWarning,
@@ -38,12 +38,13 @@ class TestDecompressionBomb(PillowTestCase):
 
     def test_exception(self):
         # Set limit to trigger exception on the test file
-        Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = 64 * 128 -1
+        Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = 64 * 128 - 1
         self.assertEqual(Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS, 64 * 128 - 1)
 
         self.assertRaises(Image.DecompressionBombError,
                           lambda: Image.open(TEST_FILE))
 
+
 class TestDecompressionCrop(PillowTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_dds.py b/Tests/test_file_dds.py
index 89d265ec2..ec975f7ec 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_dds.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_dds.py
@@ -111,5 +111,6 @@ class TestFileDds(PillowTestCase):
 
         self.assertRaises(IOError, short_file)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_ftex.py b/Tests/test_file_ftex.py
index ed1116ad5..6b43244c9 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_ftex.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_ftex.py
@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@ class TestFileFtex(PillowTestCase):
         target = Image.open('Tests/images/ftex_dxt1.png')
         self.assert_image_similar(im, target.convert('RGBA'), 15)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_gbr.py b/Tests/test_file_gbr.py
index aacc193f4..346605bd4 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_gbr.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_gbr.py
@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@ class TestFileGbr(PillowTestCase):
 
         self.assert_image_equal(target, im)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_gif.py b/Tests/test_file_gif.py
index 9d671561d..c8f3836fc 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_gif.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_gif.py
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class TestFileGif(PillowTestCase):
             Image.new('L', (100, 100), '#111'),
             Image.new('L', (100, 100), '#222'),
         ]
-        for method in range(0,4):
+        for method in range(0, 4):
             im_list[0].save(
                 out,
                 save_all=True,
@@ -278,7 +278,6 @@ class TestFileGif(PillowTestCase):
                 img.seek(img.tell() + 1)
                 self.assertEqual(img.disposal_method, method)
 
-
         # check per frame disposal
         im_list[0].save(
             out,
@@ -582,9 +581,10 @@ class TestFileGif(PillowTestCase):
         # see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2811
         im = Image.open('Tests/images/issue_2811.gif')
 
-        self.assertEqual(im.tile[0][3][0], 11) # LZW bits
+        self.assertEqual(im.tile[0][3][0], 11)  # LZW bits
         # codec error prepatch
         im.load()
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
index f46414370..d0b204c9e 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg(PillowTestCase):
         f = self.tempfile("temp.jpg")
         icc_profile = im.info["icc_profile"]
         try:
-            im.save(f, format='JPEG', progressive=True,quality=95,
+            im.save(f, format='JPEG', progressive=True, quality=95,
                     icc_profile=icc_profile, optimize=True)
         except IOError:
             self.fail("Failed saving image with icc larger than image size")
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py b/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
index 753b50598..0766f5b07 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py
@@ -176,5 +176,6 @@ class TestFileJpeg2k(PillowTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(IOError):
             Image.open('Tests/images/unbound_variable.jp2')
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_png.py b/Tests/test_file_png.py
index ce2b3e608..8541c5f24 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_png.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_png.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ def chunk(cid, *data):
     PngImagePlugin.putchunk(*(test_file, cid) + data)
     return test_file.getvalue()
 
+
 o32 = PngImagePlugin.o32
 
 IHDR = chunk(b"IHDR", o32(1), o32(1), b'\x08\x02', b'\0\0\0')
@@ -542,7 +543,7 @@ class TestFilePng(PillowTestCase):
 @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win32'), "requires Unix or MacOS")
 class TestTruncatedPngPLeaks(PillowLeakTestCase):
     mem_limit = 2*1024  # max increase in K
-    iterations = 100 # Leak is 56k/iteration, this will leak 5.6megs
+    iterations = 100  # Leak is 56k/iteration, this will leak 5.6megs
 
     def setUp(self):
         if "zip_encoder" not in codecs or "zip_decoder" not in codecs:
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_sun.py b/Tests/test_file_sun.py
index 6bb6b98d4..61cfdf367 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_sun.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_sun.py
@@ -46,5 +46,6 @@ class TestFileSun(PillowTestCase):
                 with Image.open(target_path) as target:
                     self.assert_image_equal(im, target)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
index 393f4a7a4..334f5c96b 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ class TestFileTiff(PillowTestCase):
         im = Image.open('Tests/images/16bit.s.tif')
         im.load()
         self.assertEqual(im.mode, 'I')
-        self.assertEqual(im.getpixel((0,0)),32767)
-        self.assertEqual(im.getpixel((0,1)),0)
+        self.assertEqual(im.getpixel((0, 0)), 32767)
+        self.assertEqual(im.getpixel((0, 1)), 0)
 
     def test_12bit_rawmode(self):
         """ Are we generating the same interpretation
@@ -398,7 +398,6 @@ class TestFileTiff(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(im.tag_v2[X_RESOLUTION], 72)
         self.assertEqual(im.tag_v2[Y_RESOLUTION], 36)
 
-
     def test_roundtrip_tiff_uint16(self):
         # Test an image of all '0' values
         pixel_value = 0x1234
@@ -447,7 +446,6 @@ class TestFileTiff(PillowTestCase):
         reread = Image.open(mp)
         self.assertEqual(reread.n_frames, 3)
 
-
     def test_saving_icc_profile(self):
         # Tests saving TIFF with icc_profile set.
         # At the time of writing this will only work for non-compressed tiffs
@@ -489,6 +487,7 @@ class TestFileTiff(PillowTestCase):
             im.load()
             self.assertFalse(fp.closed)
 
+
 @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith('win32'), "Windows only")
 class TestFileTiffW32(PillowTestCase):
     def test_fd_leak(self):
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py b/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py
index 0f0031f7d..aabedd6c8 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff_metadata.py
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ class TestFileTiffMetadata(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(loaded.tag[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts], (8, len(bindata) - 8))
         self.assertEqual(loaded.tag_v2[ImageJMetaDataByteCounts], (8, len(bindata) - 8))
 
-
     def test_read_metadata(self):
         img = Image.open('Tests/images/hopper_g4.tif')
 
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ class TestFileTiffMetadata(PillowTestCase):
         ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
 
         #    277: ("SamplesPerPixel", SHORT, 1),
-        ifd._tagdata[277] = struct.pack('hh', 4,4)
+        ifd._tagdata[277] = struct.pack('hh', 4, 4)
         ifd.tagtype[277] = TiffTags.SHORT
 
         try:
diff --git a/Tests/test_font_leaks.py b/Tests/test_font_leaks.py
index 009211aec..a1c40e6a9 100644
--- a/Tests/test_font_leaks.py
+++ b/Tests/test_font_leaks.py
@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@ from helper import unittest, PillowLeakTestCase
 import sys
 from PIL import Image, features, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 
+
 @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win32'), "requires Unix or MacOS")
 class TestTTypeFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
     # fails at iteration 3 in master
     iterations = 10
-    mem_limit = 4096 #k
+    mem_limit = 4096  # k
 
     def _test_font(self, font):
-        im = Image.new('RGB', (255,255), 'white')
+        im = Image.new('RGB', (255, 255), 'white')
         draw = ImageDraw.ImageDraw(im)
-        self._test_leak(lambda: draw.text((0, 0), "some text "*1024, #~10k
+        self._test_leak(lambda: draw.text((0, 0), "some text "*1024,  # ~10k
                                           font=font, fill="black"))
 
     @unittest.skipIf(not features.check('freetype2'), "Test requires freetype2")
@@ -20,10 +21,11 @@ class TestTTypeFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
         ttype = ImageFont.truetype('Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf', 20)
         self._test_font(ttype)
 
+
 class TestDefaultFontLeak(TestTTypeFontLeak):
     # fails at iteration 37 in master
     iterations = 100
-    mem_limit = 1024 #k
+    mem_limit = 1024  # k
 
     def test_leak(self):
         default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
diff --git a/Tests/test_font_pcf.py b/Tests/test_font_pcf.py
index 75ff364f9..2b344c6c2 100644
--- a/Tests/test_font_pcf.py
+++ b/Tests/test_font_pcf.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TestFontPcf(PillowTestCase):
     def test_draw(self):
         tempname = self.save_font()
         font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
-        im = Image.new("L", (130,30), "white")
+        im = Image.new("L", (130, 30), "white")
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
         draw.text((0, 0), message, 'black', font=font)
         with Image.open('Tests/images/test_draw_pbm_target.png') as target:
@@ -56,23 +56,22 @@ class TestFontPcf(PillowTestCase):
         tempname = self.save_font()
         font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
         for i in range(255):
-            (dx,dy) = font.getsize(chr(i))
+            (dx, dy) = font.getsize(chr(i))
             self.assertEqual(dy, 20)
-            self.assertIn(dx, (0,10))
+            self.assertIn(dx, (0, 10))
         for l in range(len(message)):
             msg = message[:l+1]
-            self.assertEqual(font.getsize(msg), (len(msg)*10,20))
+            self.assertEqual(font.getsize(msg), (len(msg)*10, 20))
 
     def _test_high_characters(self, message):
         tempname = self.save_font()
         font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
-        im = Image.new("L", (750,30) , "white")
+        im = Image.new("L", (750, 30) , "white")
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
         draw.text((0, 0), message, "black", font=font)
         with Image.open('Tests/images/high_ascii_chars.png') as target:
             self.assert_image_similar(im, target, 0)
 
-
     def test_high_characters(self):
         message = "".join(chr(i+1) for i in range(140, 232))
         self._test_high_characters(message)
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_access.py b/Tests/test_image_access.py
index 464e0a208..155fa5c2e 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_access.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_access.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from PIL import Image
 import sys
 import os
 
+
 class AccessTest(PillowTestCase):
     # initial value
     _init_cffi_access = Image.USE_CFFI_ACCESS
@@ -309,5 +310,6 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
         process.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(process.returncode, 0)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_convert.py b/Tests/test_image_convert.py
index de88ff519..c7c381382 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_convert.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_convert.py
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ class TestImageConvert(PillowTestCase):
         # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2702
         self.assertEqual(rgba.palette, None)
 
-
     def test_trns_l(self):
         im = hopper('L')
         im.info['transparency'] = 128
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_draft.py b/Tests/test_image_draft.py
index 12f5e0e9f..18982fc99 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_draft.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_draft.py
@@ -70,5 +70,6 @@ class TestImageDraft(PillowTestCase):
         im.draft(None, (64, 64))
         im.load()
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_load.py b/Tests/test_image_load.py
index 15a92e339..88b6e9b5c 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_load.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_load.py
@@ -29,5 +29,6 @@ class TestImageLoad(PillowTestCase):
 
         self.assertRaises(OSError, os.fstat, fn)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_putdata.py b/Tests/test_image_putdata.py
index 1a7a6e7c7..2008c1307 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_putdata.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_putdata.py
@@ -84,5 +84,6 @@ class TestImagePutData(PillowTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(im.getdata()), len(arr))
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_tobytes.py b/Tests/test_image_tobytes.py
index 2cae05e66..f5a738695 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_tobytes.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_tobytes.py
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@ class TestImageToBytes(PillowTestCase):
         data = hopper().tobytes()
         self.assertIsInstance(data, bytes)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_image_transform.py b/Tests/test_image_transform.py
index df8fc83e8..a3ab7805f 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image_transform.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_transform.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TestImageTransform(PillowTestCase):
                                    Image.BILINEAR,
                                    fillcolor = 'red')
 
-        self.assertEqual(transformed.getpixel((w-1,h-1)), (255,0,0))
+        self.assertEqual(transformed.getpixel((w-1, h-1)), (255, 0, 0))
 
     def test_mesh(self):
         # this should be a checkerboard of halfsized hoppers in ul, lr
@@ -267,5 +267,6 @@ class TestImageTransformPerspective(TestImageTransformAffine):
     # Repeat all tests for AFFINE transformations with PERSPECTIVE
     transform = Image.PERSPECTIVE
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagecms.py b/Tests/test_imagecms.py
index 9e304ae01..31417564f 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagecms.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagecms.py
@@ -437,5 +437,6 @@ class TestImageCms(PillowTestCase):
 
                     self.assert_image_equal(test_image.convert(dst_format[2]), reference_image)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagefile.py b/Tests/test_imagefile.py
index b50dcc943..32e44a0e1 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagefile.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefile.py
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ class MockPyDecoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
         # eof
         return (-1, 0)
 
+
 xoff, yoff, xsize, ysize = 10, 20, 100, 100
 
 
@@ -222,5 +223,6 @@ class TestPyDecoder(PillowTestCase):
         im.tile = [("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff+xsize, yoff+ysize + 100), 32, None)]
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, im.load)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagefont.py b/Tests/test_imagefont.py
index fb7987275..e120f8482 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagefont.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefont.py
@@ -420,7 +420,6 @@ class TestImageFont(PillowTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
             font.getsize(u"’")
 
-
     def _test_fake_loading_font(self, path_to_fake, fontname):
         # Make a copy of FreeTypeFont so we can patch the original
         free_type_font = copy.deepcopy(ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagefont_bitmap.py b/Tests/test_imagefont_bitmap.py
index 7ee5f8a2b..bee415fd7 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagefont_bitmap.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefont_bitmap.py
@@ -34,5 +34,6 @@ class TestImageFontBitmap(PillowTestCase):
                           text, fill=(0, 0, 0), font=font_outline)
         self.assert_image_similar(im_bitmap, im_outline, 20)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py b/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py
index ee20014e1..89f9563f3 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, features
 FONT_SIZE = 20
 FONT_PATH = "Tests/fonts/DejaVuSans.ttf"
 
+
 @unittest.skipUnless(features.check('raqm'), "Raqm Library is not installed.")
 class TestImagecomplextext(PillowTestCase):
 
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ class TestImagecomplextext(PillowTestCase):
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
         draw.text((0, 0), 'TEST', font=ttf, fill=500, direction='ltr')
 
-
     def test_complex_text(self):
         ttf = ImageFont.truetype(FONT_PATH, FONT_SIZE)
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class TestImagecomplextext(PillowTestCase):
         self.assert_image_similar(im, target_img, .5)
 
         liga_size = ttf.getsize('fi', features=['-liga'])
-        self.assertEqual(liga_size,(13,19))
+        self.assertEqual(liga_size, (13, 19))
 
     def test_kerning_features(self):
         ttf = ImageFont.truetype(FONT_PATH, FONT_SIZE)
@@ -120,13 +120,14 @@ class TestImagecomplextext(PillowTestCase):
 
         im = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(300, 100))
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-        draw.text((0, 0), 'اللغة العربية', font=ttf, fill=500, features=['-fina','-init','-medi'])
+        draw.text((0, 0), 'اللغة العربية', font=ttf, fill=500, features=['-fina', '-init', '-medi'])
 
         target = 'Tests/images/test_arabictext_features.png'
         target_img = Image.open(target)
 
         self.assert_image_similar(im, target_img, .5)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
 
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagemath.py b/Tests/test_imagemath.py
index 4f99eda93..2329b747e 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagemath.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagemath.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ def pixel(im):
             return int(im)  # hack to deal with booleans
         print(im)
 
+
 A = Image.new("L", (1, 1), 1)
 B = Image.new("L", (1, 1), 2)
 Z = Image.new("L", (1, 1), 0)  # Z for zero
diff --git a/Tests/test_imageops_usm.py b/Tests/test_imageops_usm.py
index cd7dcae5f..3fb021fe7 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imageops_usm.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imageops_usm.py
@@ -97,5 +97,6 @@ class TestImageOpsUsm(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(236 <= gp(8, 6)[2] <= 239)
         self.assertTrue(236 <= gp(8, 7)[1] <= 239)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagesequence.py b/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
index 2a4a358ba..500a2e60a 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagesequence.py
@@ -70,5 +70,6 @@ class TestImageSequence(PillowTestCase):
         color2 = im.getpalette()[0:3]
         self.assertEqual(color1, color2)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_lib_pack.py b/Tests/test_lib_pack.py
index 0155c4bb4..002db2e19 100644
--- a/Tests/test_lib_pack.py
+++ b/Tests/test_lib_pack.py
@@ -24,26 +24,26 @@ class TestLibPack(PillowTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(data, im.tobytes("raw", rawmode))
 
     def test_1(self):
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1", b'\x01', 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,X)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;I", b'\x01', X,X,X,X,X,X,X,0)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;R", b'\x01', X,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;IR", b'\x01', 0,X,X,X,X,X,X,X)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1", b'\x01', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, X)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;I", b'\x01', X, X, X, X, X, X, X, 0)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;R", b'\x01', X, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;IR", b'\x01', 0, X, X, X, X, X, X, X)
 
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1", b'\xaa', X,0,X,0,X,0,X,0)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;I", b'\xaa', 0,X,0,X,0,X,0,X)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;R", b'\xaa', 0,X,0,X,0,X,0,X)
-        self.assert_pack("1", "1;IR", b'\xaa', X,0,X,0,X,0,X,0)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1", b'\xaa', X, 0, X, 0, X, 0, X, 0)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;I", b'\xaa', 0, X, 0, X, 0, X, 0, X)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;R", b'\xaa', 0, X, 0, X, 0, X, 0, X)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "1;IR", b'\xaa', X, 0, X, 0, X, 0, X, 0)
 
-        self.assert_pack("1", "L", b'\xff\x00\x00\xff\x00\x00', X,0,0,X,0,0)
+        self.assert_pack("1", "L", b'\xff\x00\x00\xff\x00\x00', X, 0, 0, X, 0, 0)
 
     def test_L(self):
-        self.assert_pack("L", "L", 1, 1,2,3,4)
+        self.assert_pack("L", "L", 1, 1, 2, 3, 4)
         self.assert_pack("L", "L;16", b'\x00\xc6\x00\xaf', 198, 175)
         self.assert_pack("L", "L;16B", b'\xc6\x00\xaf\x00', 198, 175)
 
     def test_LA(self):
-        self.assert_pack("LA", "LA", 2, (1,2), (3,4), (5,6))
-        self.assert_pack("LA", "LA;L", 2, (1,4), (2,5), (3,6))
+        self.assert_pack("LA", "LA", 2, (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6))
+        self.assert_pack("LA", "LA;L", 2, (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))
 
     def test_P(self):
         self.assert_pack("P", "P;1", b'\xe4', 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0)
@@ -52,100 +52,100 @@ class TestLibPack(PillowTestCase):
         self.assert_pack("P", "P", 1, 1, 2, 3, 4)
 
     def test_PA(self):
-        self.assert_pack("PA", "PA", 2, (1,2), (3,4), (5,6))
-        self.assert_pack("PA", "PA;L", 2, (1,4), (2,5), (3,6))
+        self.assert_pack("PA", "PA", 2, (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6))
+        self.assert_pack("PA", "PA;L", 2, (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))
 
     def test_RGB(self):
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "RGB", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "RGB", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
         self.assert_pack("RGB", "RGBX",
-            b'\x01\x02\x03\xff\x05\x06\x07\xff', (1,2,3), (5,6,7))
+            b'\x01\x02\x03\xff\x05\x06\x07\xff', (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7))
         self.assert_pack("RGB", "XRGB",
-            b'\x00\x02\x03\x04\x00\x06\x07\x08', (2,3,4), (6,7,8))
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "BGR", 3, (3,2,1), (6,5,4), (9,8,7))
+            b'\x00\x02\x03\x04\x00\x06\x07\x08', (2, 3, 4), (6, 7, 8))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "BGR", 3, (3, 2, 1), (6, 5, 4), (9, 8, 7))
         self.assert_pack("RGB", "BGRX",
-            b'\x01\x02\x03\x00\x05\x06\x07\x00', (3,2,1), (7,6,5))
+            b'\x01\x02\x03\x00\x05\x06\x07\x00', (3, 2, 1), (7, 6, 5))
         self.assert_pack("RGB", "XBGR",
-            b'\x00\x02\x03\x04\x00\x06\x07\x08', (4,3,2), (8,7,6))
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "RGB;L", 3, (1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "R", 1, (1,9,9), (2,9,9), (3,9,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "G", 1, (9,1,9), (9,2,9), (9,3,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGB", "B", 1, (9,9,1), (9,9,2), (9,9,3))
+            b'\x00\x02\x03\x04\x00\x06\x07\x08', (4, 3, 2), (8, 7, 6))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "RGB;L", 3, (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "R", 1, (1, 9, 9), (2, 9, 9), (3, 9, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "G", 1, (9, 1, 9), (9, 2, 9), (9, 3, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGB", "B", 1, (9, 9, 1), (9, 9, 2), (9, 9, 3))
 
     def test_RGBA(self):
         self.assert_pack("RGBA", "RGBA", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_pack("RGBA", "RGBA;L", 4,
-            (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "RGB", 3, (1,2,3,14), (4,5,6,15), (7,8,9,16))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "BGR", 3, (3,2,1,14), (6,5,4,15), (9,8,7,16))
+            (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "RGB", 3, (1, 2, 3, 14), (4, 5, 6, 15), (7, 8, 9, 16))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "BGR", 3, (3, 2, 1, 14), (6, 5, 4, 15), (9, 8, 7, 16))
         self.assert_pack("RGBA", "BGRA", 4,
-            (3,2,1,4), (7,6,5,8), (11,10,9,12))
+            (3, 2, 1, 4), (7, 6, 5, 8), (11, 10, 9, 12))
         self.assert_pack("RGBA", "ABGR", 4,
-            (4,3,2,1), (8,7,6,5), (12,11,10,9))
+            (4, 3, 2, 1), (8, 7, 6, 5), (12, 11, 10, 9))
         self.assert_pack("RGBA", "BGRa", 4,
-            (191,127,63,4), (223,191,159,8), (233,212,191,12))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "R", 1, (1,0,8,9), (2,0,8,9), (3,0,8,0))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "G", 1, (6,1,8,9), (6,2,8,9), (6,3,8,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "B", 1, (6,7,1,9), (6,7,2,0), (6,7,3,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "A", 1, (6,7,0,1), (6,7,0,2), (0,7,0,3))
+            (191, 127, 63, 4), (223, 191, 159, 8), (233, 212, 191, 12))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "R", 1, (1, 0, 8, 9), (2, 0, 8, 9), (3, 0, 8, 0))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "G", 1, (6, 1, 8, 9), (6, 2, 8, 9), (6, 3, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "B", 1, (6, 7, 1, 9), (6, 7, 2, 0), (6, 7, 3, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBA", "A", 1, (6, 7, 0, 1), (6, 7, 0, 2), (0, 7, 0, 3))
 
     def test_RGBa(self):
         self.assert_pack("RGBa", "RGBa", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_pack("RGBa", "BGRa", 4,
-            (3,2,1,4), (7,6,5,8), (11,10,9,12))
+            (3, 2, 1, 4), (7, 6, 5, 8), (11, 10, 9, 12))
         self.assert_pack("RGBa", "aBGR", 4,
-            (4,3,2,1), (8,7,6,5), (12,11,10,9))
+            (4, 3, 2, 1), (8, 7, 6, 5), (12, 11, 10, 9))
 
     def test_RGBX(self):
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGBX", 4, (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGBX;L", 4, (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGB", 3, (1,2,3,X), (4,5,6,X), (7,8,9,X))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "BGR", 3, (3,2,1,X), (6,5,4,X), (9,8,7,X))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGBX", 4, (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGBX;L", 4, (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "RGB", 3, (1, 2, 3, X), (4, 5, 6, X), (7, 8, 9, X))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "BGR", 3, (3, 2, 1, X), (6, 5, 4, X), (9, 8, 7, X))
         self.assert_pack("RGBX", "BGRX",
             b'\x01\x02\x03\x00\x05\x06\x07\x00\t\n\x0b\x00',
-            (3,2,1,X), (7,6,5,X), (11,10,9,X))
+            (3, 2, 1, X), (7, 6, 5, X), (11, 10, 9, X))
         self.assert_pack("RGBX", "XBGR",
             b'\x00\x02\x03\x04\x00\x06\x07\x08\x00\n\x0b\x0c',
-            (4,3,2,X), (8,7,6,X), (12,11,10,X))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "R", 1, (1,0,8,9), (2,0,8,9), (3,0,8,0))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "G", 1, (6,1,8,9), (6,2,8,9), (6,3,8,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "B", 1, (6,7,1,9), (6,7,2,0), (6,7,3,9))
-        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "X", 1, (6,7,0,1), (6,7,0,2), (0,7,0,3))
+            (4, 3, 2, X), (8, 7, 6, X), (12, 11, 10, X))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "R", 1, (1, 0, 8, 9), (2, 0, 8, 9), (3, 0, 8, 0))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "G", 1, (6, 1, 8, 9), (6, 2, 8, 9), (6, 3, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "B", 1, (6, 7, 1, 9), (6, 7, 2, 0), (6, 7, 3, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("RGBX", "X", 1, (6, 7, 0, 1), (6, 7, 0, 2), (0, 7, 0, 3))
 
     def test_CMYK(self):
-        self.assert_pack("CMYK", "CMYK", 4, (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+        self.assert_pack("CMYK", "CMYK", 4, (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_pack("CMYK", "CMYK;I", 4,
-            (254,253,252,251), (250,249,248,247), (246,245,244,243))
+            (254, 253, 252, 251), (250, 249, 248, 247), (246, 245, 244, 243))
         self.assert_pack("CMYK", "CMYK;L", 4,
-            (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_pack("CMYK", "K", 1, (6,7,0,1), (6,7,0,2), (0,7,0,3))
+            (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_pack("CMYK", "K", 1, (6, 7, 0, 1), (6, 7, 0, 2), (0, 7, 0, 3))
 
     def test_YCbCr(self):
-        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCr", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
-        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCr;L", 3, (1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9))
+        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCr", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCr;L", 3, (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9))
         self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCrX",
             b'\x01\x02\x03\xff\x05\x06\x07\xff\t\n\x0b\xff',
-            (1,2,3), (5,6,7), (9,10,11))
+            (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7), (9, 10, 11))
         self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "YCbCrK",
             b'\x01\x02\x03\xff\x05\x06\x07\xff\t\n\x0b\xff',
-            (1,2,3), (5,6,7), (9,10,11))
-        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Y", 1, (1,0,8,9), (2,0,8,9), (3,0,8,0))
-        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Cb", 1, (6,1,8,9), (6,2,8,9), (6,3,8,9))
-        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Cr", 1, (6,7,1,9), (6,7,2,0), (6,7,3,9))
+            (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7), (9, 10, 11))
+        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Y", 1, (1, 0, 8, 9), (2, 0, 8, 9), (3, 0, 8, 0))
+        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Cb", 1, (6, 1, 8, 9), (6, 2, 8, 9), (6, 3, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("YCbCr", "Cr", 1, (6, 7, 1, 9), (6, 7, 2, 0), (6, 7, 3, 9))
 
     def test_LAB(self):
         self.assert_pack("LAB", "LAB", 3,
-            (1,130,131), (4,133,134), (7,136,137))
-        self.assert_pack("LAB", "L", 1, (1,9,9), (2,9,9), (3,9,9))
-        self.assert_pack("LAB", "A", 1, (9,1,9), (9,2,9), (9,3,9))
-        self.assert_pack("LAB", "B", 1, (9,9,1), (9,9,2), (9,9,3))
+            (1, 130, 131), (4, 133, 134), (7, 136, 137))
+        self.assert_pack("LAB", "L", 1, (1, 9, 9), (2, 9, 9), (3, 9, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("LAB", "A", 1, (9, 1, 9), (9, 2, 9), (9, 3, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("LAB", "B", 1, (9, 9, 1), (9, 9, 2), (9, 9, 3))
 
     def test_HSV(self):
-        self.assert_pack("HSV", "HSV", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
-        self.assert_pack("HSV", "H", 1, (1,9,9), (2,9,9), (3,9,9))
-        self.assert_pack("HSV", "S", 1, (9,1,9), (9,2,9), (9,3,9))
-        self.assert_pack("HSV", "V", 1, (9,9,1), (9,9,2), (9,9,3))
+        self.assert_pack("HSV", "HSV", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("HSV", "H", 1, (1, 9, 9), (2, 9, 9), (3, 9, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("HSV", "S", 1, (9, 1, 9), (9, 2, 9), (9, 3, 9))
+        self.assert_pack("HSV", "V", 1, (9, 9, 1), (9, 9, 2), (9, 9, 3))
 
     def test_I(self):
         self.assert_pack("I", "I;16B", 2, 0x0102, 0x0304)
@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@ class TestLibUnpack(PillowTestCase):
         self.assert_unpack("L", "L;16", b'\x00\xc6\x00\xaf', 198, 175)
         self.assert_unpack("L", "L;16B", b'\xc6\x00\xaf\x00', 198, 175)
 
-
     def test_LA(self):
         self.assert_unpack("LA", "LA", 2, (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6))
         self.assert_unpack("LA", "LA;L", 2, (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))
@@ -245,163 +244,163 @@ class TestLibUnpack(PillowTestCase):
         self.assert_unpack("PA", "PA;L", 2, (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6))
 
     def test_RGB(self):
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;L", 3, (1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;R", 3, (128,64,192), (32,160,96))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16L", 6, (2,4,6), (8,10,12))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16B", 6, (1,3,5), (7,9,11))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR", 3, (3,2,1), (6,5,4), (9,8,7))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;15", 2, (8,131,0), (24,0,8))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR;15", 2, (0,131,8), (8,0,24))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16", 2, (8,64,0), (24,129,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR;16", 2, (0,64,8), (0,129,24))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;4B", 2, (17,0,34), (51,0,68))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGBX", 4, (1,2,3), (5,6,7), (9,10,11))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGBX;L", 4, (1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGRX", 4, (3,2,1), (7,6,5), (11,10,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "XRGB", 4, (2,3,4), (6,7,8), (10,11,12))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "XBGR", 4, (4,3,2), (8,7,6), (12,11,10))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;L", 3, (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;R", 3, (128, 64, 192), (32, 160, 96))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16L", 6, (2, 4, 6), (8, 10, 12))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16B", 6, (1, 3, 5), (7, 9, 11))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR", 3, (3, 2, 1), (6, 5, 4), (9, 8, 7))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;15", 2, (8, 131, 0), (24, 0, 8))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR;15", 2, (0, 131, 8), (8, 0, 24))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;16", 2, (8, 64, 0), (24, 129, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGR;16", 2, (0, 64, 8), (0, 129, 24))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGB;4B", 2, (17, 0, 34), (51, 0, 68))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGBX", 4, (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7), (9, 10, 11))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "RGBX;L", 4, (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "BGRX", 4, (3, 2, 1), (7, 6, 5), (11, 10, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "XRGB", 4, (2, 3, 4), (6, 7, 8), (10, 11, 12))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "XBGR", 4, (4, 3, 2), (8, 7, 6), (12, 11, 10))
         self.assert_unpack("RGB", "YCC;P",
             b'D]\x9c\x82\x1a\x91\xfaOC\xe7J\x12',  # random data
-            (127,102,0), (192,227,0), (213,255,170), (98,255,133))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "R", 1, (1,0,0), (2,0,0), (3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "G", 1, (0,1,0), (0,2,0), (0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "B", 1, (0,0,1), (0,0,2), (0,0,3))
+            (127, 102, 0), (192, 227, 0), (213, 255, 170), (98, 255, 133))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "R", 1, (1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "G", 1, (0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGB", "B", 1, (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3))
 
     def test_RGBA(self):
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "LA", 2, (1,1,1,2), (3,3,3,4), (5,5,5,6))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "LA", 2, (1, 1, 1, 2), (3, 3, 3, 4), (5, 5, 5, 6))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "LA;16B", 4,
-            (1,1,1,3), (5,5,5,7), (9,9,9,11))
+            (1, 1, 1, 3), (5, 5, 5, 7), (9, 9, 9, 11))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa", 4,
-            (63,127,191,4), (159,191,223,8), (191,212,233,12))
+            (63, 127, 191, 4), (159, 191, 223, 8), (191, 212, 233, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa",
             b'\x01\x02\x03\x00\x10\x20\x30\xff',
-            (0,0,0,0), (16,32,48,255))
+            (0, 0, 0, 0), (16, 32, 48, 255))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa;16L", 8,
-            (63,127,191,8), (159,191,223,16), (191,212,233,24))
+            (63, 127, 191, 8), (159, 191, 223, 16), (191, 212, 233, 24))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa;16L",
             b'\x88\x01\x88\x02\x88\x03\x88\x00'
             b'\x88\x10\x88\x20\x88\x30\x88\xff',
-            (0,0,0,0), (16,32,48,255))
+            (0, 0, 0, 0), (16, 32, 48, 255))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa;16B", 8,
-            (36,109,182,7), (153,187,221,15), (188,210,232,23))
+            (36, 109, 182, 7), (153, 187, 221, 15), (188, 210, 232, 23))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBa;16B",
             b'\x01\x88\x02\x88\x03\x88\x00\x88'
             b'\x10\x88\x20\x88\x30\x88\xff\x88',
-            (0,0,0,0), (16,32,48,255))
+            (0, 0, 0, 0), (16, 32, 48, 255))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "BGRa", 4,
-            (191,127,63,4), (223,191,159,8), (233,212,191,12))
+            (191, 127, 63, 4), (223, 191, 159, 8), (233, 212, 191, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "BGRa",
             b'\x01\x02\x03\x00\x10\x20\x30\xff',
-            (0,0,0,0), (48,32,16,255))
+            (0, 0, 0, 0), (48, 32, 16, 255))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;I", 4,
-            (254,253,252,4), (250,249,248,8), (246,245,244,12))
+            (254, 253, 252, 4), (250, 249, 248, 8), (246, 245, 244, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;L", 4,
-            (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;15", 2, (8,131,0,0), (24,0,8,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "BGRA;15", 2, (0,131,8,0), (8,0,24,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;4B", 2, (17,0,34,0), (51,0,68,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;16L", 8, (2,4,6,8), (10,12,14,16))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;16B", 8, (1,3,5,7), (9,11,13,15))
+            (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;15", 2, (8, 131, 0, 0), (24, 0, 8, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "BGRA;15", 2, (0, 131, 8, 0), (8, 0, 24, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;4B", 2, (17, 0, 34, 0), (51, 0, 68, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;16L", 8, (2, 4, 6, 8), (10, 12, 14, 16))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "RGBA;16B", 8, (1, 3, 5, 7), (9, 11, 13, 15))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "BGRA", 4,
-            (3,2,1,4), (7,6,5,8), (11,10,9,12))
+            (3, 2, 1, 4), (7, 6, 5, 8), (11, 10, 9, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "ARGB", 4,
-            (2,3,4,1), (6,7,8,5), (10,11,12,9))
+            (2, 3, 4, 1), (6, 7, 8, 5), (10, 11, 12, 9))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "ABGR", 4,
-            (4,3,2,1), (8,7,6,5), (12,11,10,9))
+            (4, 3, 2, 1), (8, 7, 6, 5), (12, 11, 10, 9))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "YCCA;P",
             b']bE\x04\xdd\xbej\xed57T\xce\xac\xce:\x11',  # random data
-            (0,161,0,4), (255,255,255,237), (27,158,0,206), (0,118,0,17))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "R", 1, (1,0,0,0), (2,0,0,0), (3,0,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "G", 1, (0,1,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "B", 1, (0,0,1,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "A", 1, (0,0,0,1), (0,0,0,2), (0,0,0,3))
+            (0, 161, 0, 4), (255, 255, 255, 237), (27, 158, 0, 206), (0, 118, 0, 17))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "R", 1, (1, 0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "G", 1, (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "B", 1, (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBA", "A", 1, (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 0, 3))
 
     def test_RGBa(self):
         self.assert_unpack("RGBa", "RGBa", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBa", "BGRa", 4,
-            (3,2,1,4), (7,6,5,8), (11,10,9,12))
+            (3, 2, 1, 4), (7, 6, 5, 8), (11, 10, 9, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBa", "aRGB", 4,
-            (2,3,4,1), (6,7,8,5), (10,11,12,9))
+            (2, 3, 4, 1), (6, 7, 8, 5), (10, 11, 12, 9))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBa", "aBGR", 4,
-            (4,3,2,1), (8,7,6,5), (12,11,10,9))
+            (4, 3, 2, 1), (8, 7, 6, 5), (12, 11, 10, 9))
 
     def test_RGBX(self):
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB", 3, (1,2,3,X), (4,5,6,X), (7,8,9,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;L", 3, (1,4,7,X), (2,5,8,X), (3,6,9,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;16B", 6, (1,3,5,X), (7,9,11,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGR", 3, (3,2,1,X), (6,5,4,X), (9,8,7,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;15", 2, (8,131,0,X), (24,0,8,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGR;15", 2, (0,131,8,X), (8,0,24,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;4B", 2, (17,0,34,X), (51,0,68,X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB", 3, (1, 2, 3, X), (4, 5, 6, X), (7, 8, 9, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;L", 3, (1, 4, 7, X), (2, 5, 8, X), (3, 6, 9, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;16B", 6, (1, 3, 5, X), (7, 9, 11, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGR", 3, (3, 2, 1, X), (6, 5, 4, X), (9, 8, 7, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;15", 2, (8, 131, 0, X), (24, 0, 8, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGR;15", 2, (0, 131, 8, X), (8, 0, 24, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGB;4B", 2, (17, 0, 34, X), (51, 0, 68, X))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBXX", 5,
-            (1,2,3,4), (6,7,8,9), (11,12,13,14))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (6, 7, 8, 9), (11, 12, 13, 14))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBXXX", 6,
-            (1,2,3,4), (7,8,9,10), (13,14,15,16))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (7, 8, 9, 10), (13, 14, 15, 16))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX;L", 4,
-            (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX;16L", 8, (2,4,6,8), (10,12,14,16))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX;16B", 8, (1,3,5,7), (9,11,13,15))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGRX", 4, (3,2,1,X), (7,6,5,X), (11,10,9,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "XRGB", 4, (2,3,4,X), (6,7,8,X), (10,11,12,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "XBGR", 4, (4,3,2,X), (8,7,6,X), (12,11,10,X))
+            (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX;16L", 8, (2, 4, 6, 8), (10, 12, 14, 16))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "RGBX;16B", 8, (1, 3, 5, 7), (9, 11, 13, 15))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "BGRX", 4, (3, 2, 1, X), (7, 6, 5, X), (11, 10, 9, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "XRGB", 4, (2, 3, 4, X), (6, 7, 8, X), (10, 11, 12, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "XBGR", 4, (4, 3, 2, X), (8, 7, 6, X), (12, 11, 10, X))
         self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "YCC;P",
             b'D]\x9c\x82\x1a\x91\xfaOC\xe7J\x12',  # random data
-            (127,102,0,X), (192,227,0,X), (213,255,170,X), (98,255,133,X))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "R", 1, (1,0,0,0), (2,0,0,0), (3,0,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "G", 1, (0,1,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "B", 1, (0,0,1,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "X", 1, (0,0,0,1), (0,0,0,2), (0,0,0,3))
+            (127, 102, 0, X), (192, 227, 0, X), (213, 255, 170, X), (98, 255, 133, X))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "R", 1, (1, 0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "G", 1, (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "B", 1, (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("RGBX", "X", 1, (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 0, 3))
 
     def test_CMYK(self):
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "CMYK", 4,
-            (1,2,3,4), (5,6,7,8), (9,10,11,12))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8), (9, 10, 11, 12))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "CMYKX", 5,
-            (1,2,3,4), (6,7,8,9), (11,12,13,14))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (6, 7, 8, 9), (11, 12, 13, 14))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "CMYKXX", 6,
-            (1,2,3,4), (7,8,9,10), (13,14,15,16))
+            (1, 2, 3, 4), (7, 8, 9, 10), (13, 14, 15, 16))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "CMYK;I", 4,
-            (254,253,252,251), (250,249,248,247), (246,245,244,243))
+            (254, 253, 252, 251), (250, 249, 248, 247), (246, 245, 244, 243))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "CMYK;L", 4,
-            (1,4,7,10), (2,5,8,11), (3,6,9,12))
-        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "C", 1, (1,0,0,0), (2,0,0,0), (3,0,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "M", 1, (0,1,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "Y", 1, (0,0,1,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "K", 1, (0,0,0,1), (0,0,0,2), (0,0,0,3))
+            (1, 4, 7, 10), (2, 5, 8, 11), (3, 6, 9, 12))
+        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "C", 1, (1, 0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "M", 1, (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "Y", 1, (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "K", 1, (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 0, 3))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "C;I", 1,
-            (254,0,0,0), (253,0,0,0), (252,0,0,0))
+            (254, 0, 0, 0), (253, 0, 0, 0), (252, 0, 0, 0))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "M;I", 1,
-            (0,254,0,0), (0,253,0,0), (0,252,0,0))
+            (0, 254, 0, 0), (0, 253, 0, 0), (0, 252, 0, 0))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "Y;I", 1,
-            (0,0,254,0), (0,0,253,0), (0,0,252,0))
+            (0, 0, 254, 0), (0, 0, 253, 0), (0, 0, 252, 0))
         self.assert_unpack("CMYK", "K;I", 1,
-            (0,0,0,254), (0,0,0,253), (0,0,0,252))
+            (0, 0, 0, 254), (0, 0, 0, 253), (0, 0, 0, 252))
 
     def test_YCbCr(self):
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCr", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCr;L", 3, (1,4,7), (2,5,8), (3,6,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrK", 4, (1,2,3), (5,6,7), (9,10,11))
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrX", 4, (1,2,3), (5,6,7), (9,10,11))
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrXX", 5, (1,2,3), (6,7,8), (11,12,13))
-        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrXXX", 6, (1,2,3), (7,8,9), (13,14,15))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCr", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCr;L", 3, (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrK", 4, (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7), (9, 10, 11))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrX", 4, (1, 2, 3), (5, 6, 7), (9, 10, 11))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrXX", 5, (1, 2, 3), (6, 7, 8), (11, 12, 13))
+        self.assert_unpack("YCbCr", "YCbCrXXX", 6, (1, 2, 3), (7, 8, 9), (13, 14, 15))
 
     def test_LAB(self):
         self.assert_unpack("LAB", "LAB", 3,
-            (1,130,131), (4,133,134), (7,136,137))
-        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "L", 1, (1,0,0), (2,0,0), (3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "A", 1, (0,1,0), (0,2,0), (0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "B", 1, (0,0,1), (0,0,2), (0,0,3))
+            (1, 130, 131), (4, 133, 134), (7, 136, 137))
+        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "L", 1, (1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "A", 1, (0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("LAB", "B", 1, (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3))
 
     def test_HSV(self):
-        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "HSV", 3, (1,2,3), (4,5,6), (7,8,9))
-        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "H", 1, (1,0,0), (2,0,0), (3,0,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "S", 1, (0,1,0), (0,2,0), (0,3,0))
-        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "V", 1, (0,0,1), (0,0,2), (0,0,3))
+        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "HSV", 3, (1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
+        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "H", 1, (1, 0, 0), (2, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "S", 1, (0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 3, 0))
+        self.assert_unpack("HSV", "V", 1, (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, 3))
 
     def test_I(self):
         self.assert_unpack("I", "I;8", 1, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04)
diff --git a/Tests/test_numpy.py b/Tests/test_numpy.py
index 7eeee3a83..3f9586513 100644
--- a/Tests/test_numpy.py
+++ b/Tests/test_numpy.py
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class TestNumpy(PillowTestCase):
 
     def test_bool(self):
         # https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/2044
-        a = numpy.zeros((10,2), dtype=numpy.bool)
+        a = numpy.zeros((10, 2), dtype=numpy.bool)
         a[0][0] = True
 
         im2 = Image.fromarray(a)
diff --git a/Tests/test_pickle.py b/Tests/test_pickle.py
index 69eb60949..bdfd3582d 100644
--- a/Tests/test_pickle.py
+++ b/Tests/test_pickle.py
@@ -92,5 +92,6 @@ class TestPickle(PillowTestCase):
             self.helper_pickle_string(cPickle, protocol, mode="L")
             self.helper_pickle_file(cPickle, protocol, mode="L")
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py b/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
index 0bf4503c4..bd767b931 100644
--- a/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
+++ b/Tests/test_tiff_ifdrational.py
@@ -59,5 +59,6 @@ class Test_IFDRational(PillowTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(float(IFDRational(301, 1)),
                              float(reloaded.tag_v2[282]))
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_uploader.py b/Tests/test_uploader.py
index 9d1f164c2..e157867cb 100644
--- a/Tests/test_uploader.py
+++ b/Tests/test_uploader.py
@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ class TestUploader(PillowTestCase):
         target = hopper('RGB')
         self.assert_image_similar(result, target, 0)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_util.py b/Tests/test_util.py
index 9901de357..2316d3d65 100644
--- a/Tests/test_util.py
+++ b/Tests/test_util.py
@@ -75,5 +75,6 @@ class TestUtil(PillowTestCase):
         # Assert
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: thing.some_attr)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/test_webp_leaks.py b/Tests/test_webp_leaks.py
index 82599bbbb..c542ed811 100644
--- a/Tests/test_webp_leaks.py
+++ b/Tests/test_webp_leaks.py
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ from io import BytesIO
 
 test_file = "Tests/images/hopper.webp"
 
+
 @unittest.skipUnless(features.check('webp'), "WebP is not installed")
 class TestWebPLeaks(PillowLeakTestCase):
 
-    mem_limit = 3 * 1024 # kb
+    mem_limit = 3 * 1024  # kb
     iterations = 100
 
     def test_leak_load(self):
diff --git a/Tests/threaded_save.py b/Tests/threaded_save.py
index ba8b17dbc..d8faffa0c 100644
--- a/Tests/threaded_save.py
+++ b/Tests/threaded_save.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class Worker(threading.Thread):
             sys.stdout.write(".")
             queue.task_done()
 
+
 t0 = time.time()
 
 threads = 20
diff --git a/Tests/versions.py b/Tests/versions.py
index 89be1d7c8..abc1a3be9 100644
--- a/Tests/versions.py
+++ b/Tests/versions.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ def version(module, version):
     if v:
         print(version, v)
 
+
 version(Image, "jpeglib")
 version(Image, "zlib")
 
diff --git a/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py b/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py
index 077590f22..71a5b50ea 100644
--- a/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py
@@ -271,6 +271,7 @@ class DXT5Decoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
             raise IOError("Truncated DDS file")
         return 0, 0
 
+
 Image.register_decoder('DXT1', DXT1Decoder)
 Image.register_decoder('DXT5', DXT5Decoder)
 
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index e75105d82..4a0ad86c5 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ try:
           setup_requires=pytest_runner,
           tests_require=['pytest'],
           packages=["PIL"],
-          package_dir={'':'src'},
+          package_dir={'': 'src'},
           keywords=["Imaging", ],
           license='Standard PIL License',
           zip_safe=not (debug_build() or PLATFORM_MINGW), )
diff --git a/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py
index 04c76cea5..f9e5ee5c8 100644
--- a/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ class DibImageFile(BmpImageFile):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Write BMP file
 
+
 SAVE = {
     "1": ("1", 1, 2),
     "L": ("L", 8, 256),
@@ -279,6 +280,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(BmpImageFile.format, BmpImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_save(BmpImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py
index 044d089bf..6013e2722 100644
--- a/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py
@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, eps=1):
 #
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 Image.register_open(EpsImageFile.format, EpsImageFile, _accept)
 
 Image.register_save(EpsImageFile.format, _save)
diff --git a/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py
index 23f15f459..d7bba42eb 100644
--- a/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ class FpxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 #
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 Image.register_open(FpxImageFile.format, FpxImageFile, _accept)
 
 Image.register_extension(FpxImageFile.format, ".fpx")
diff --git a/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
index b8b9f1a3c..bd4c12f21 100644
--- a/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
@@ -89,5 +89,6 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 #
 # registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(GbrImageFile.format, GbrImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_extension(GbrImageFile.format, ".gbr")
diff --git a/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py
index 71d8ce59a..a425e8b62 100644
--- a/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py
@@ -292,6 +292,7 @@ class GifImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Write GIF files
 
+
 RAWMODE = {
     "1": "L",
     "L": "L",
diff --git a/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py b/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py
index 43cd72649..10593da24 100644
--- a/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ def sphere_increasing(middle, pos):
 def sphere_decreasing(middle, pos):
     return 1.0 - sqrt(1.0 - linear(middle, pos) ** 2)
 
+
 SEGMENTS = [linear, curved, sine, sphere_increasing, sphere_decreasing]
 
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py
index 7c1bd5882..6f9686aa5 100644
--- a/src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py
@@ -342,6 +342,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
     if retcode:
         raise CalledProcessError(retcode, convert_cmd)
 
+
 Image.register_open(IcnsImageFile.format, IcnsImageFile,
                     lambda x: x[:4] == b'icns')
 Image.register_extension(IcnsImageFile.format, '.icns')
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/ImImagePlugin.py
index 81b1d7b6c..b87fa9083 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImImagePlugin.py
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ class ImImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Save IM files
 
+
 SAVE = {
     # mode: (im type, raw mode)
     "1": ("0 1", "1"),
@@ -339,6 +340,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(ImImageFile.format, ImImageFile)
 Image.register_save(ImImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/Image.py b/src/PIL/Image.py
index 1a763b653..0fc0b5e87 100644
--- a/src/PIL/Image.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Image.py
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 class DecompressionBombWarning(RuntimeWarning):
     pass
 
+
 class DecompressionBombError(Exception):
     pass
 
+
 class _imaging_not_installed(object):
     # module placeholder
     def __getattr__(self, id):
@@ -1405,7 +1407,7 @@ class Image(object):
         else:
             self.im.paste(im, box)
 
-    def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0,0), source=(0,0)):
+    def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
         """ 'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
         onto this image.
 
@@ -1436,7 +1438,7 @@ class Image(object):
             source = source + im.size
 
         # over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
-        if source == (0,0) + im.size:
+        if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
             overlay = im
         else:
             overlay = im.crop(source)
@@ -1445,7 +1447,7 @@ class Image(object):
         box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
 
         # destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
-        if box == (0,0) + self.size:
+        if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
             background = self
         else:
             background = self.crop(box)
@@ -2499,7 +2501,7 @@ def _decompression_bomb_check(size):
         raise DecompressionBombError(
             "Image size (%d pixels) exceeds limit of %d pixels, "
             "could be decompression bomb DOS attack." %
-            (pixels, 2* MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS))
+            (pixels, 2 * MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS))
 
     if pixels > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
         warnings.warn(
@@ -2745,6 +2747,7 @@ def register_extension(id, extension):
     """
     EXTENSION[extension.lower()] = id.upper()
 
+
 def register_extensions(id, extensions):
     """
     Registers image extensions.  This function should not be
@@ -2756,6 +2759,7 @@ def register_extensions(id, extensions):
     for extension in extensions:
         register_extension(id, extension)
 
+
 def registered_extensions():
     """
     Returns a dictionary containing all file extensions belonging
@@ -2886,5 +2890,6 @@ def _apply_env_variables(env=None):
         except ValueError as e:
             warnings.warn("{0}: {1}".format(var_name, e))
 
+
 _apply_env_variables()
 atexit.register(core.clear_cache)
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageCms.py b/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
index 85cdf6daa..d82e30efc 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ def buildProofTransform(
     except (IOError, TypeError, ValueError) as v:
         raise PyCMSError(v)
 
+
 buildTransformFromOpenProfiles = buildTransform
 buildProofTransformFromOpenProfiles = buildProofTransform
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageColor.py b/src/PIL/ImageColor.py
index 1c7bc31d5..4a1c90b27 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageColor.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageColor.py
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ def getcolor(color, mode):
             return color + (alpha,)
     return color
 
+
 colormap = {
     # X11 colour table from https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-4/, with
     # gray/grey spelling issues fixed.  This is a superset of HTML 4.0
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageFile.py b/src/PIL/ImageFile.py
index 458857f41..f8dedaf93 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFile.py
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class ImageFile(Image.Image):
                     self.map = None
 
         self.load_prepare()
-        err_code = -3 # initialize to unknown error
+        err_code = -3  # initialize to unknown error
         if not self.map:
             # sort tiles in file order
             self.tile.sort(key=_tilesort)
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageFont.py b/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
index a162b8ba6..f3b55e0c4 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import sys
 LAYOUT_BASIC = 0
 LAYOUT_RAQM = 1
 
+
 class _imagingft_not_installed(object):
     # module placeholder
     def __getattr__(self, id):
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageMath.py b/src/PIL/ImageMath.py
index 2ccd1891b..c5bea708a 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageMath.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageMath.py
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ def imagemath_max(self, other):
 def imagemath_convert(self, mode):
     return _Operand(self.im.convert(mode))
 
+
 ops = {}
 for k, v in list(globals().items()):
     if k[:10] == "imagemath_":
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageQt.py b/src/PIL/ImageQt.py
index 36b4e1ebc..280cbc6fc 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageQt.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageQt.py
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ def _toqclass_helper(im):
         'data': __data, 'im': im, 'format': format, 'colortable': colortable
     }
 
+
 if qt_is_installed:
     class ImageQt(QImage):
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/ImageStat.py b/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
index f3c138b3a..cd58fc8ff 100644
--- a/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
@@ -144,4 +144,5 @@ class Stat(object):
             v.append(math.sqrt(self.var[i]))
         return v
 
+
 Global = Stat  # compatibility
diff --git a/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py
index c67cc14bf..4619cc523 100644
--- a/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py
@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # ------------------------------------------------------------
 # Registry stuff
 
+
 Image.register_open(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, Jpeg2KImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_save(Jpeg2KImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/PSDraw.py b/src/PIL/PSDraw.py
index fe0823860..de34713ea 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PSDraw.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PSDraw.py
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class PSDraw(object):
 # Copyright (c) Fredrik Lundh 1994.
 #
 
+
 EDROFF_PS = """\
 /S { show } bind def
 /P { moveto show } bind def
diff --git a/src/PIL/PalmImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PalmImagePlugin.py
index e2b9d15ec..7d7b16579 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PalmImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PalmImagePlugin.py
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ def build_prototype_image():
     image.putpalette(palettedata)
     return image
 
+
 Palm8BitColormapImage = build_prototype_image()
 
 # OK, we now have in Palm8BitColormapImage,
diff --git a/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py
index b847c9e7c..564713a98 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ class PcxImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # save PCX files
 
+
 SAVE = {
     # mode: (version, bits, planes, raw mode)
     "1": (2, 1, 1, "1"),
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(PcxImageFile.format, PcxImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_save(PcxImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py
index 86bc9c8e9..fd48c7297 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py
@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
 #
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 Image.register_save("PDF", _save)
 Image.register_save_all("PDF", _save_all)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py
index 4b9f5da5e..621e19b9a 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ def _safe_zlib_decompress(s):
         raise ValueError("Decompressed Data Too Large")
     return plaintext
 
+
 def _crc32(data, seed=0):
     return zlib.crc32(data, seed) & 0xffffffff
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py
index be68d1b40..c599ba8d5 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 #
 
 
-import string
-
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 
 __version__ = "0.2"
@@ -152,6 +150,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 #
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 Image.register_open(PpmImageFile.format, PpmImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_save(PpmImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py
index ee8032717..f6e04f78b 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@ def _maketile(file, mode, bbox, channels):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(PsdImageFile.format, PsdImageFile, _accept)
 
 Image.register_extension(PsdImageFile.format, ".psd")
diff --git a/src/PIL/SgiImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/SgiImagePlugin.py
index 7966491d2..8b34561e5 100644
--- a/src/PIL/SgiImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/SgiImagePlugin.py
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 
     fp.close()
 
+
 class SGI16Decoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
     _pulls_fd = True
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/SpiderImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/SpiderImagePlugin.py
index b65f181d8..d89a3e1b3 100644
--- a/src/PIL/SpiderImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/SpiderImagePlugin.py
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def isInt(f):
     except (ValueError, OverflowError):
         return 0
 
+
 iforms = [1, 3, -11, -12, -21, -22]
 
 
@@ -279,6 +280,7 @@ def _save_spider(im, fp, filename):
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 Image.register_open(SpiderImageFile.format, SpiderImageFile)
 Image.register_save(SpiderImageFile.format, _save_spider)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/SunImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/SunImagePlugin.py
index afee7d1a7..fd5e82724 100644
--- a/src/PIL/SunImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/SunImagePlugin.py
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ class SunImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 #
 # registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(SunImageFile.format, SunImageFile, _accept)
 
 Image.register_extension(SunImageFile.format, ".ras")
diff --git a/src/PIL/TgaImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/TgaImagePlugin.py
index a9596bd5f..76d9ba8de 100644
--- a/src/PIL/TgaImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TgaImagePlugin.py
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ class TgaImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Write TGA file
 
+
 SAVE = {
     "1": ("1", 1, 0, 3),
     "L": ("L", 8, 0, 3),
@@ -186,6 +187,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(TgaImageFile.format, TgaImageFile)
 Image.register_save(TgaImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
index 17f456930..ce6173453 100644
--- a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ class ImageFileDirectory_v2(collections.MutableMapping):
         if ((info.length == 1) or
             (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)):
             # Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
-            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [5, 10]: # rationals
+            if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [5, 10]:  # rationals
                 values = values,
             try:
                 dest[tag], = values
@@ -1286,7 +1286,6 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                 if ';16L' in rawmode:
                     rawmode = rawmode.replace(';16L', ';16N')
 
-
                 # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
                 # w,h, and we only do this once -- eds
                 a = (rawmode, self._compression, False)
diff --git a/src/PIL/TiffTags.py b/src/PIL/TiffTags.py
index d3150775c..427f3a489 100644
--- a/src/PIL/TiffTags.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffTags.py
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ TAGS_V2 = {
 
     50741: ("MakerNoteSafety", SHORT, 1, {"Unsafe": 0, "Safe": 1}),
     50780: ("BestQualityScale", RATIONAL, 1),
-    50838: ("ImageJMetaDataByteCounts", LONG, 0), # Can be more than one
-    50839: ("ImageJMetaData", UNDEFINED, 1)       # see Issue #2006
+    50838: ("ImageJMetaDataByteCounts", LONG, 0),  # Can be more than one
+    50839: ("ImageJMetaData", UNDEFINED, 1)        # see Issue #2006
 }
 
 # Legacy Tags structure
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ def _populate():
 
         TAGS_V2[k] = TagInfo(k, *v)
 
+
 _populate()
 ##
 # Map type numbers to type names -- defined in ImageFileDirectory.
diff --git a/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py b/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py
index 69964f7be..6602cc86b 100644
--- a/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ def open(filename):
         with builtins.open(filename, "rb") as fp:
             return imopen(fp)
 
+
 quake2palette = (
     # default palette taken from piffo 0.93 by Hans Häggström
     b"\x01\x01\x01\x0b\x0b\x0b\x12\x12\x12\x17\x17\x17\x1b\x1b\x1b\x1e"
diff --git a/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
index fea436b3a..173ddb25b 100644
--- a/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ def register_handler(handler):
     global _handler
     _handler = handler
 
+
 if hasattr(Image.core, "drawwmf"):
     # install default handler (windows only)
 
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ def _save(im, fp, filename):
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Registry stuff
 
+
 Image.register_open(WmfStubImageFile.format, WmfStubImageFile, _accept)
 Image.register_save(WmfStubImageFile.format, _save)
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/XpmImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/XpmImagePlugin.py
index b6e69802d..a5cca0e27 100644
--- a/src/PIL/XpmImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/XpmImagePlugin.py
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ class XpmImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 #
 # Registry
 
+
 Image.register_open(XpmImageFile.format, XpmImageFile, _accept)
 
 Image.register_extension(XpmImageFile.format, ".xpm")
diff --git a/src/PIL/features.py b/src/PIL/features.py
index 9cbd523c9..d96bf385f 100644
--- a/src/PIL/features.py
+++ b/src/PIL/features.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ modules = {
     "webp": "PIL._webp",
 }
 
+
 def check_module(feature):
     if not (feature in modules):
         raise ValueError("Unknown module %s" % feature)
@@ -15,14 +16,16 @@ def check_module(feature):
     module = modules[feature]
 
     try:
-        imported_module = __import__(module)
+        __import__(module)
         return True
     except ImportError:
         return False
 
+
 def get_supported_modules():
     return [f for f in modules if check_module(f)]
 
+
 codecs = {
     "jpg": "jpeg",
     "jpg_2000": "jpeg2k",
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ codecs = {
     "libtiff": "libtiff"
 }
 
+
 def check_codec(feature):
     if feature not in codecs:
         raise ValueError("Unknown codec %s" % feature)
@@ -42,6 +46,7 @@ def check_codec(feature):
 def get_supported_codecs():
     return [f for f in codecs if check_codec(f)]
 
+
 features = {
     "webp_anim": ("PIL._webp", 'HAVE_WEBPANIM'),
     "webp_mux": ("PIL._webp", 'HAVE_WEBPMUX'),
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@ features = {
     "raqm": ("PIL._imagingft", "HAVE_RAQM")
 }
 
+
 def check_feature(feature):
     if feature not in features:
         raise ValueError("Unknown feature %s" % feature)
@@ -71,9 +77,9 @@ def check(feature):
             feature in codecs and check_codec(feature) or \
             feature in features and check_feature(feature))
 
+
 def get_supported():
     ret = get_supported_modules()
     ret.extend(get_supported_features())
     ret.extend(get_supported_codecs())
     return ret
-
diff --git a/winbuild/fetch.py b/winbuild/fetch.py
index 7d140fd35..b7acb63ac 100644
--- a/winbuild/fetch.py
+++ b/winbuild/fetch.py
@@ -14,5 +14,6 @@ def fetch(url):
             fd.write(content)
     return name
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     fetch(sys.argv[1])
diff --git a/winbuild/untar.py b/winbuild/untar.py
index 95b1c2254..d85be384c 100644
--- a/winbuild/untar.py
+++ b/winbuild/untar.py
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@ def untar(src, dest):
     with tarfile.open(src, 'r:gz') as tgz:
         tgz.extractall(dest)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     untar(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
diff --git a/winbuild/unzip.py b/winbuild/unzip.py
index 92d385fa6..5a464757c 100644
--- a/winbuild/unzip.py
+++ b/winbuild/unzip.py
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@ def unzip(src, dest):
     with zipfile.ZipFile(src) as zf:
         zf.extractall(dest)
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unzip(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])