Merge branch 'main' into context_manager

.ci/install.sh

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
     sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
                              ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
                              cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
-                             sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev
+                             sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev nasm
 fi
 
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
+# optional test dependency, only install if there's a binary package.
+# fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
+python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
 
 if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
     python3 -m pip install numpy
@@ -62,6 +65,9 @@ if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
     # raqm
     pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
 
+    # libavif
+    pushd depends && CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5 ./install_libavif.sh && popd
+
     # extra test images
     pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
 else

.github/workflows/macos-install.sh

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ if [[ "$ImageOS" == "macos13" ]]; then
     brew uninstall gradle maven
 fi
 brew install \
+    aom \
+    dav1d \
     freetype \
     ghostscript \
     jpeg-turbo \
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@ brew install \
     libtiff \
     little-cms2 \
     openjpeg \
+    rav1e \
+    svt-av1 \
     webp
 export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/openblas/lib/pkgconfig"
 
@@ -26,6 +30,12 @@ python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-timeout
 python3 -m pip install pyroma
 python3 -m pip install numpy
+# optional test dependency, only install if there's a binary package.
+# fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
+python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
+
+# libavif
+pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
 
 # extra test images
 pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ jobs:
               mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-ghostscript \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-lcms2 \
+              mingw-w64-x86_64-libavif \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libjpeg-turbo \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm \

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
             # Test the oldest Python on 32-bit
             - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86", os: "windows-2019" }
 
-    timeout-minutes: 30
+    timeout-minutes: 45
 
     name: Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} (${{ matrix.architecture }})
 
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         python3 -m pip install PyQt6
 
+    - name: Install PyArrow dependency
+      run: |
+        python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
+
     - name: Install dependencies
       id: install
       run: |
@@ -145,6 +149,10 @@ jobs:
       if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libpng.cmd"
 
+    - name: Build dependencies / libavif
+      if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && matrix.architecture == 'x64'
+      run: "& winbuild\\build\\build_dep_libavif.cmd"
+
     # for FreeType WOFF2 font support
     - name: Build dependencies / brotli
       if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ else
     MB_ML_LIBC=${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY::9}
     MB_ML_VER=${AUDITWHEEL_POLICY:9}
 fi
-PLAT=$CIBW_ARCHS
+PLAT="${CIBW_ARCHS:-$AUDITWHEEL_ARCH}"
 
 # Define custom utilities
 source wheels/multibuild/common_utils.sh
@@ -42,18 +42,30 @@ HARFBUZZ_VERSION=11.0.0
 LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.47
 JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.0
 OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.3
-if [[ $MB_ML_VER == 2014 ]]; then
-  XZ_VERSION=5.6.4
-else
-  XZ_VERSION=5.8.0
-fi
+XZ_VERSION=5.8.0
 TIFF_VERSION=4.7.0
 LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
+ZLIB_VERSION=1.3.1
 ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.4
 LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.5.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
 LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
 BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0
+LIBAVIF_VERSION=1.2.1
+
+if [[ $MB_ML_VER == 2014 ]]; then
+    function build_xz {
+        if [ -e xz-stamp ]; then return; fi
+        yum install -y gettext-devel
+        fetch_unpack https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-$XZ_VERSION.tar.gz
+        (cd xz-$XZ_VERSION \
+            && ./autogen.sh --no-po4a \
+            && ./configure --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX \
+            && make -j4 \
+            && make install)
+        touch xz-stamp
+    }
+fi
 
 function build_pkg_config {
     if [ -e pkg-config-stamp ]; then return; fi
@@ -68,11 +80,7 @@ function build_pkg_config {
 
 function build_zlib_ng {
     if [ -e zlib-stamp ]; then return; fi
-    fetch_unpack https://github.com/zlib-ng/zlib-ng/archive/$ZLIB_NG_VERSION.tar.gz zlib-ng-$ZLIB_NG_VERSION.tar.gz
-    (cd zlib-ng-$ZLIB_NG_VERSION \
-        && ./configure --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX --zlib-compat \
-        && make -j4 \
-        && make install)
+    build_github zlib-ng/zlib-ng $ZLIB_NG_VERSION --zlib-compat
 
     if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
         # Ensure that on macOS, the library name is an absolute path, not an
@@ -105,12 +113,55 @@ function build_harfbuzz {
     touch harfbuzz-stamp
 }
 
+function build_libavif {
+    if [ -e libavif-stamp ]; then return; fi
+
+    python3 -m pip install meson ninja
+
+    if [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
+        build_simple nasm 2.16.03 https://www.nasm.us/pub/nasm/releasebuilds/2.16.03
+    fi
+
+    # For rav1e
+    curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y
+    . "$HOME/.cargo/env"
+    if [ -z "$IS_ALPINE" ] && [ -z "$SANITIZER" ] && [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+        yum install -y perl
+        if [[ "$MB_ML_VER" == 2014 ]]; then
+            yum install -y perl-IPC-Cmd
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz libavif-$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz)
+    (cd $out_dir \
+        && CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5 cmake \
+            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX \
+            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF \
+            -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_RAV1E=LOCAL \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_SVT=LOCAL \
+            -DENABLE_NASM=ON \
+            -DCMAKE_MODULE_PATH=/tmp/cmake/Modules \
+            . \
+        && make install)
+    touch libavif-stamp
+}
+
 function build {
     build_xz
     if [ -z "$IS_ALPINE" ] && [ -z "$SANITIZER" ] && [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
         yum remove -y zlib-devel
     fi
-    build_zlib_ng
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] && [[ "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.10" || "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.13" ]]; then
+        build_new_zlib
+    else
+        build_zlib_ng
+    fi
 
     build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
     if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
@@ -135,6 +186,7 @@ function build {
         build_tiff
     fi
 
+    build_libavif
     build_libpng
     build_lcms2
     build_openjpeg

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -160,6 +160,11 @@ jobs:
           & python.exe winbuild\build_prepare.py -v --no-imagequant --architecture=${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
         shell: pwsh
 
+      - name: Update rust
+        if: matrix.cibw_arch == 'AMD64'
+        run: |
+          rustup update
+
       - name: Build wheels
         run: |
           setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion

Tests/check_wheel.py

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import platform
+import struct
 import sys
 
 from PIL import features
 
+from .helper import is_pypy
+
 
 def test_wheel_modules() -> None:
-    expected_modules = {"pil", "tkinter", "freetype2", "littlecms2", "webp"}
+    expected_modules = {"pil", "tkinter", "freetype2", "littlecms2", "webp", "avif"}
 
     # tkinter is not available in cibuildwheel installed CPython on Windows
     try:
@@ -16,6 +20,11 @@ def test_wheel_modules() -> None:
     except ImportError:
         expected_modules.remove("tkinter")
 
+    # libavif is not available on Windows for x86 and ARM64 architectures
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        if platform.machine() == "ARM64" or struct.calcsize("P") == 4:
+            expected_modules.remove("avif")
+
     assert set(features.get_supported_modules()) == expected_modules
 
 
@@ -40,5 +49,7 @@ def test_wheel_features() -> None:
 
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         expected_features.remove("xcb")
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin" and not is_pypy() and platform.processor() != "arm":
+        expected_features.remove("zlib_ng")
 
     assert set(features.get_supported_features()) == expected_features

Tests/test_arrow.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from .helper import hopper
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, dest_modes",
+    (
+        ("L", ["I", "F", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr", "HSV"]),
+        ("I", ["L", "F"]),  # Technically I;32 can work for any 4x8bit storage.
+        ("F", ["I", "L", "LA", "RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX", "CMYK", "YCbCr", "HSV"]),
+        ("LA", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGB", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGBA", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("RGBX", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("CMYK", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("YCbCr", ["L", "F"]),
+        ("HSV", ["L", "F"]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_invalid_array_type(mode: str, dest_modes: list[str]) -> None:
+    img = hopper(mode)
+    for dest_mode in dest_modes:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            Image.fromarrow(img, dest_mode, img.size)
+
+
+def test_invalid_array_size() -> None:
+    img = hopper("RGB")
+
+    assert img.size != (10, 10)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        Image.fromarrow(img, "RGB", (10, 10))
+
+
+def test_release_schema() -> None:
+    # these should not error out, valgrind should be clean
+    img = hopper("L")
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    del schema
+
+
+def test_release_array() -> None:
+    # these should not error out, valgrind should be clean
+    img = hopper("L")
+    array, schema = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    del array
+    del schema
+
+
+def test_readonly() -> None:
+    img = hopper("L")
+    reloaded = Image.fromarrow(img, img.mode, img.size)
+    assert reloaded.readonly == 1
+    reloaded._readonly = 0
+    assert reloaded.readonly == 1
+
+
+def test_multiblock_l_image() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_rgba_image() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_l_schema() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_rgba_schema() -> None:
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+
+def test_singleblock_l_image() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * (block_size // 4096))
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    assert schema
+    assert arr
+
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_rgba_image() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    assert schema
+    assert arr
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_l_schema() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2 * block_size // 4096)
+    img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    assert schema
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)
+
+
+def test_singleblock_rgba_schema() -> None:
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size // 4096) // 2)
+    img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
+    assert img.im.isblock()
+
+    schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+    assert schema
+    Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)

Tests/test_file_avif.py

@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import gc
+import os
+import re
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator, Sequence
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from io import BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import (
+    AvifImagePlugin,
+    Image,
+    ImageDraw,
+    ImageFile,
+    UnidentifiedImageError,
+    features,
+)
+
+from .helper import (
+    PillowLeakTestCase,
+    assert_image,
+    assert_image_similar,
+    assert_image_similar_tofile,
+    hopper,
+    skip_unless_feature,
+)
+
+try:
+    from PIL import _avif
+
+    HAVE_AVIF = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAVE_AVIF = False
+
+
+TEST_AVIF_FILE = "Tests/images/avif/hopper.avif"
+
+
+def assert_xmp_orientation(xmp: bytes, expected: int) -> None:
+    assert int(xmp.split(b'tiff:Orientation="')[1].split(b'"')[0]) == expected
+
+
+def roundtrip(im: ImageFile.ImageFile, **options: Any) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
+    out = BytesIO()
+    im.save(out, "AVIF", **options)
+    return Image.open(out)
+
+
+def skip_unless_avif_decoder(codec_name: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    reason = f"{codec_name} decode not available"
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not HAVE_AVIF or not _avif.decoder_codec_available(codec_name), reason=reason
+    )
+
+
+def skip_unless_avif_encoder(codec_name: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    reason = f"{codec_name} encode not available"
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not HAVE_AVIF or not _avif.encoder_codec_available(codec_name), reason=reason
+    )
+
+
+def is_docker_qemu() -> bool:
+    try:
+        init_proc_exe = os.readlink("/proc/1/exe")
+    except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError):
+        return False
+    return "qemu" in init_proc_exe
+
+
+class TestUnsupportedAvif:
+    def test_unsupported(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "SUPPORTED", False)
+
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
+            with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+                with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                    pass
+
+    def test_unsupported_open(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "SUPPORTED", False)
+
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile(TEST_AVIF_FILE)
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestFileAvif:
+    def test_version(self) -> None:
+        version = features.version_module("avif")
+        assert version is not None
+        assert re.search(r"^\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
+
+    def test_codec_version(self) -> None:
+        assert AvifImagePlugin.get_codec_version("unknown") is None
+
+        for codec_name in ("aom", "dav1d", "rav1e", "svt"):
+            codec_version = AvifImagePlugin.get_codec_version(codec_name)
+            if _avif.decoder_codec_available(
+                codec_name
+            ) or _avif.encoder_codec_available(codec_name):
+                assert codec_version is not None
+                assert re.search(r"^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+(-([a-z\d])+)*$", codec_version)
+            else:
+                assert codec_version is None
+
+    def test_read(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Can we read an AVIF file without error?
+        Does it have the bits we expect?
+        """
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as image:
+            assert image.mode == "RGB"
+            assert image.size == (128, 128)
+            assert image.format == "AVIF"
+            assert image.get_format_mimetype() == "image/avif"
+            image.getdata()
+
+            # generated with:
+            # avifdec hopper.avif hopper_avif_write.png
+            assert_image_similar_tofile(
+                image, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 11.5
+            )
+
+    def test_write_rgb(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Can we write a RGB mode file to avif without error?
+        Does it have the bits we expect?
+        """
+
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+
+        im = hopper()
+        im.save(temp_file)
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.mode == "RGB"
+            assert reloaded.size == (128, 128)
+            assert reloaded.format == "AVIF"
+            reloaded.getdata()
+
+            # avifdec hopper.avif avif/hopper_avif_write.png
+            assert_image_similar_tofile(
+                reloaded, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 6.02
+            )
+
+            # This test asserts that the images are similar. If the average pixel
+            # difference between the two images is less than the epsilon value,
+            # then we're going to accept that it's a reasonable lossy version of
+            # the image.
+            assert_image_similar(reloaded, im, 8.62)
+
+    def test_AvifEncoder_with_invalid_args(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Calling encoder functions with no arguments should result in an error.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.AvifEncoder()
+
+    def test_AvifDecoder_with_invalid_args(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Calling decoder functions with no arguments should result in an error.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.AvifDecoder()
+
+    def test_invalid_dimensions(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (0, 0))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.save(test_file)
+
+    def test_encoder_finish_none_error(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save should raise an OSError if AvifEncoder.finish returns None"""
+
+        class _mock_avif:
+            class AvifEncoder:
+                def __init__(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+                def add(self, *args: Any) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+                def finish(self) -> None:
+                    return None
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "_avif", _mock_avif)
+
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (150, 150))
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
+            im.save(test_file)
+
+    def test_no_resource_warning(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("error")
+
+                im.save(tmp_path / "temp.avif")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("major_brand", [b"avif", b"avis", b"mif1", b"msf1"])
+    def test_accept_ftyp_brands(self, major_brand: bytes) -> None:
+        data = b"\x00\x00\x00\x1cftyp%s\x00\x00\x00\x00" % major_brand
+        assert AvifImagePlugin._accept(data) is True
+
+    def test_file_pointer_could_be_reused(self) -> None:
+        with open(TEST_AVIF_FILE, "rb") as blob:
+            with Image.open(blob) as im:
+                im.load()
+            with Image.open(blob) as im:
+                im.load()
+
+    def test_background_from_gif(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
+            original_value = im.convert("RGB").getpixel((1, 1))
+
+            # Save as AVIF
+            out_avif = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(out_avif, save_all=True)
+
+        # Save as GIF
+        out_gif = tmp_path / "temp.gif"
+        with Image.open(out_avif) as im:
+            im.save(out_gif)
+
+        with Image.open(out_gif) as reread:
+            reread_value = reread.convert("RGB").getpixel((1, 1))
+        difference = sum([abs(original_value[i] - reread_value[i]) for i in range(3)])
+        assert difference <= 3
+
+    def test_save_single_frame(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
+            im.save(temp_file)
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == 1
+
+    def test_invalid_file(self) -> None:
+        invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            AvifImagePlugin.AvifImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+    def test_load_transparent_rgb(self) -> None:
+        test_file = "Tests/images/avif/transparency.avif"
+        with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+            assert_image(im, "RGBA", (64, 64))
+
+            # image has 876 transparent pixels
+            assert im.getchannel("A").getcolors()[0] == (876, 0)
+
+    def test_save_transparent(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("RGBA", (10, 10), (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        assert im.getcolors() == [(100, (0, 0, 0, 0))]
+
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        im.save(test_file)
+
+        # check if saved image contains the same transparency
+        with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+            assert_image(im, "RGBA", (10, 10))
+            assert im.getcolors() == [(100, (0, 0, 0, 0))]
+
+    def test_save_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile_none.avif") as im:
+            assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as with_icc:
+                expected_icc = with_icc.info["icc_profile"]
+                assert expected_icc is not None
+
+                im = roundtrip(im, icc_profile=expected_icc)
+                assert im.info["icc_profile"] == expected_icc
+
+    def test_discard_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as im:
+            im = roundtrip(im, icc_profile=None)
+        assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+    def test_roundtrip_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile.avif") as im:
+            expected_icc = im.info["icc_profile"]
+
+            im = roundtrip(im)
+        assert im.info["icc_profile"] == expected_icc
+
+    def test_roundtrip_no_icc_profile(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/icc_profile_none.avif") as im:
+            assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+            im = roundtrip(im)
+        assert "icc_profile" not in im.info
+
+    def test_exif(self) -> None:
+        # With an EXIF chunk
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/exif.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        assert exif[274] == 1
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/xmp_tags_orientation.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        assert exif[274] == 3
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_bytes", [True, False])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("orientation", [1, 2])
+    def test_exif_save(
+        self,
+        tmp_path: Path,
+        use_bytes: bool,
+        orientation: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        exif = Image.Exif()
+        exif[274] = orientation
+        exif_data = exif.tobytes()
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif_data if use_bytes else exif)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            if orientation == 1:
+                assert "exif" not in reloaded.info
+            else:
+                assert reloaded.info["exif"] == exif_data
+
+    def test_exif_without_orientation(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        exif = Image.Exif()
+        exif[272] = b"test"
+        exif_data = exif.tobytes()
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.info["exif"] == exif_data
+
+    def test_exif_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+                im.save(test_file, exif=b"invalid")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "rot, mir, exif_orientation",
+        [
+            (0, 0, 4),
+            (0, 1, 2),
+            (1, 0, 5),
+            (1, 1, 7),
+            (2, 0, 2),
+            (2, 1, 4),
+            (3, 0, 7),
+            (3, 1, 5),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_rot_mir_exif(
+        self, rot: int, mir: int, exif_orientation: int, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(f"Tests/images/avif/rot{rot}mir{mir}.avif") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+            assert exif[274] == exif_orientation
+
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, exif=exif)
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.getexif()[274] == exif_orientation
+
+    def test_xmp(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/xmp_tags_orientation.avif") as im:
+            xmp = im.info["xmp"]
+        assert_xmp_orientation(xmp, 3)
+
+    def test_xmp_save(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        xmp_arg = "\n".join(
+            [
+                '<?xpacket begin="" id="W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d"?>',
+                '<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/">',
+                ' <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">',
+                '  <rdf:Description rdf:about=""',
+                '    xmlns:tiff="http://ns.adobe.com/tiff/1.0/"',
+                '   tiff:Orientation="1"/>',
+                " </rdf:RDF>",
+                "</x:xmpmeta>",
+                '<?xpacket end="r"?>',
+            ]
+        )
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, xmp=xmp_arg)
+
+        with Image.open(test_file) as reloaded:
+            xmp = reloaded.info["xmp"]
+        assert_xmp_orientation(xmp, 1)
+
+    def test_tell(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.tell() == 0
+
+    def test_seek(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            im.seek(0)
+
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("subsampling", ["4:4:4", "4:2:2", "4:2:0", "4:0:0"])
+    def test_encoder_subsampling(self, tmp_path: Path, subsampling: str) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, subsampling=subsampling)
+
+    def test_encoder_subsampling_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, subsampling="foo")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("value", ["full", "limited"])
+    def test_encoder_range(self, tmp_path: Path, value: str) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, range=value)
+
+    def test_encoder_range_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, range="foo")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    def test_encoder_codec_param(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im.save(test_file, codec="aom")
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="foo")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("dav1d")
+    def test_decoder_codec_cannot_encode(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="dav1d")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "advanced",
+        [
+            {
+                "aq-mode": "1",
+                "enable-chroma-deltaq": "1",
+            },
+            (("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")),
+            [("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")],
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_encoder_advanced_codec_options(
+        self, advanced: dict[str, str] | Sequence[tuple[str, str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            ctrl_buf = BytesIO()
+            im.save(ctrl_buf, "AVIF", codec="aom")
+            test_buf = BytesIO()
+            im.save(
+                test_buf,
+                "AVIF",
+                codec="aom",
+                advanced=advanced,
+            )
+            assert ctrl_buf.getvalue() != test_buf.getvalue()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("advanced", [{"foo": "bar"}, {"foo": 1234}, 1234])
+    def test_encoder_advanced_codec_options_invalid(
+        self, tmp_path: Path, advanced: dict[str, str] | int
+    ) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, codec="aom", advanced=advanced)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("aom")
+    def test_decoder_codec_param(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "aom")
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.size == (128, 128)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("rav1e")
+    def test_encoder_codec_cannot_decode(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "rav1e")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                pass
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_invalid(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(AvifImagePlugin, "DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE", "foo")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE):
+                pass
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    def test_encoder_codec_available(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("aom") is True
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_bad_params(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.encoder_codec_available()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("dav1d")
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_cannot_decode(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("dav1d") is False
+
+    def test_encoder_codec_available_invalid(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.encoder_codec_available("foo") is False
+
+    def test_encoder_quality_valueerror(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(test_file, quality="invalid")
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_decoder("aom")
+    def test_decoder_codec_available(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("aom") is True
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_bad_params(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            _avif.decoder_codec_available()
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("rav1e")
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_cannot_decode(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("rav1e") is False
+
+    def test_decoder_codec_available_invalid(self) -> None:
+        assert _avif.decoder_codec_available("foo") is False
+
+    def test_p_mode_transparency(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("P", size=(64, 64))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+        draw.rectangle(xy=[(0, 0), (32, 32)], fill=255)
+        draw.rectangle(xy=[(32, 32), (64, 64)], fill=255)
+
+        out_png = tmp_path / "temp.png"
+        im.save(out_png, transparency=0)
+        with Image.open(out_png) as im_png:
+            out_avif = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            im_png.save(out_avif, quality=100)
+
+            with Image.open(out_avif) as expected:
+                assert_image_similar(im_png.convert("RGBA"), expected, 0.17)
+
+    def test_decoder_strict_flags(self) -> None:
+        # This would fail if full avif strictFlags were enabled
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/hopper-missing-pixi.avif") as im:
+            assert im.size == (128, 128)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("aom")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("speed", [-1, 1, 11])
+    def test_aom_optimizations(self, tmp_path: Path, speed: int) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        hopper().save(test_file, codec="aom", speed=speed)
+
+    @skip_unless_avif_encoder("svt")
+    def test_svt_optimizations(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        test_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        hopper().save(test_file, codec="svt", speed=1)
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestAvifAnimation:
+    @contextmanager
+    def star_frames(self) -> Generator[list[Image.Image], None, None]:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.png") as f:
+            yield [f, f.rotate(90), f.rotate(180), f.rotate(270)]
+
+    def test_n_frames(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Ensure that AVIF format sets n_frames and is_animated attributes
+        correctly.
+        """
+
+        with Image.open(TEST_AVIF_FILE) as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == 1
+            assert not im.is_animated
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.avifs") as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+    def test_write_animation_P(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Convert an animated GIF to animated AVIF, then compare the frame
+        count, and ensure the frames are visually similar to the originals.
+        """
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.gif") as original:
+            assert original.n_frames > 1
+
+            temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            original.save(temp_file, save_all=True)
+            with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+                assert im.n_frames == original.n_frames
+
+                # Compare first frame in P mode to frame from original GIF
+                assert_image_similar(im, original.convert("RGBA"), 2)
+
+                # Compare later frames in RGBA mode to frames from original GIF
+                for frame in range(1, original.n_frames):
+                    original.seek(frame)
+                    im.seek(frame)
+                    assert_image_similar(im, original, 2.54)
+
+    def test_write_animation_RGBA(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Write an animated AVIF from RGBA frames, and ensure the frames
+        are visually similar to the originals.
+        """
+
+        def check(temp_file: Path) -> None:
+            with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+                assert im.n_frames == 4
+
+                # Compare first frame to original
+                assert_image_similar(im, frame1, 2.7)
+
+                # Compare second frame to original
+                im.seek(1)
+                assert_image_similar(im, frame2, 4.1)
+
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frame1 = frames[0]
+            frame2 = frames[1]
+            temp_file1 = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+            frames[0].copy().save(temp_file1, save_all=True, append_images=frames[1:])
+            check(temp_file1)
+
+            # Test appending using a generator
+            def imGenerator(
+                ims: list[Image.Image],
+            ) -> Generator[Image.Image, None, None]:
+                yield from ims
+
+            temp_file2 = tmp_path / "temp_generator.avif"
+            frames[0].copy().save(
+                temp_file2,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=imGenerator(frames[1:]),
+            )
+            check(temp_file2)
+
+    def test_sequence_dimension_mismatch_check(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        frame1 = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+        frame2 = Image.new("RGB", (150, 150))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            frame1.save(temp_file, save_all=True, append_images=[frame2])
+
+    def test_heif_raises_unidentified_image_error(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/hopper.heif"):
+                pass
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("alpha_premultiplied", [False, True])
+    def test_alpha_premultiplied(
+        self, tmp_path: Path, alpha_premultiplied: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        color = (200, 200, 200, 1)
+        im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1), color)
+        im.save(temp_file, alpha_premultiplied=alpha_premultiplied)
+
+        expected = (255, 255, 255, 1) if alpha_premultiplied else color
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == expected
+
+    def test_timestamp_and_duration(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Try passing a list of durations, and make sure the encoded
+        timestamps and durations are correct.
+        """
+
+        durations = [1, 10, 20, 30, 40]
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frames[0].save(
+                temp_file,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=(frames[1:] + [frames[0]]),
+                duration=durations,
+            )
+
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+            # Check that timestamps and durations match original values specified
+            timestamp = 0
+            for frame in range(im.n_frames):
+                im.seek(frame)
+                im.load()
+                assert im.info["duration"] == durations[frame]
+                assert im.info["timestamp"] == timestamp
+                timestamp += durations[frame]
+
+    def test_seeking(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        """
+        Create an animated AVIF file, and then try seeking through frames in
+        reverse-order, verifying the timestamps and durations are correct.
+        """
+
+        duration = 33
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.avif"
+        with self.star_frames() as frames:
+            frames[0].save(
+                temp_file,
+                save_all=True,
+                append_images=(frames[1:] + [frames[0]]),
+                duration=duration,
+            )
+
+        with Image.open(temp_file) as im:
+            assert im.n_frames == 5
+            assert im.is_animated
+
+            # Traverse frames in reverse, checking timestamps and durations
+            timestamp = duration * (im.n_frames - 1)
+            for frame in reversed(range(im.n_frames)):
+                im.seek(frame)
+                im.load()
+                assert im.info["duration"] == duration
+                assert im.info["timestamp"] == timestamp
+                timestamp -= duration
+
+    def test_seek_errors(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/avif/star.avifs") as im:
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(-1)
+
+            with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+                im.seek(42)
+
+
+MAX_THREADS = os.cpu_count() or 1
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("avif")
+class TestAvifLeaks(PillowLeakTestCase):
+    mem_limit = MAX_THREADS * 3 * 1024
+    iterations = 100
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        is_docker_qemu(), reason="Skipping on cross-architecture containers"
+    )
+    def test_leak_load(self) -> None:
+        with open(TEST_AVIF_FILE, "rb") as f:
+            im_data = f.read()
+
+        def core() -> None:
+            with Image.open(BytesIO(im_data)) as im:
+                im.load()
+            gc.collect()
+
+        self._test_leak(core)

Tests/test_image.py

@@ -230,10 +230,10 @@ class TestImage:
                 assert_image_similar(im, reloaded, 20)
 
     def test_unknown_extension(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        im = hopper()
         temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.unknown"
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            im.save(temp_file)
+        with hopper() as im:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(temp_file)
 
     def test_internals(self) -> None:
         im = Image.new("L", (100, 100))
@@ -258,6 +258,15 @@ class TestImage:
             assert im.readonly
             im.save(temp_file)
 
+    def test_save_without_changing_readonly(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        temp_file = tmp_path / "temp.bmp"
+
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/rgb32bf-rgba.bmp") as im:
+            assert im.readonly
+
+            im.save(temp_file)
+            assert im.readonly
+
     def test_dump(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = Image.new("L", (10, 10))
         im._dump(str(tmp_path / "temp_L.ppm"))

Tests/test_imagegrab.py

@@ -40,8 +40,10 @@ class TestImageGrab:
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(Image.core.HAVE_XCB, reason="tests missing XCB")
     def test_grab_no_xcb(self) -> None:
-        if sys.platform not in ("win32", "darwin") and not shutil.which(
-            "gnome-screenshot"
+        if (
+            sys.platform not in ("win32", "darwin")
+            and not shutil.which("gnome-screenshot")
+            and not shutil.which("spectacle")
         ):
             with pytest.raises(OSError) as e:
                 ImageGrab.grab()
@@ -57,6 +59,13 @@ class TestImageGrab:
             ImageGrab.grab(xdisplay="error.test:0.0")
         assert str(e.value).startswith("X connection failed")
 
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows only")
+    def test_grab_invalid_handle(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="unable to get device context for handle"):
+            ImageGrab.grab(window=-1)
+        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="screen grab failed"):
+            ImageGrab.grab(window=0)
+
     def test_grabclipboard(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "darwin":
             subprocess.call(["screencapture", "-cx"])

Tests/test_pickle.py

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ def test_pickle_jpeg() -> None:
         unpickled_image = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(image))
 
     # Assert
+    assert unpickled_image.filename == "Tests/images/hopper.jpg"
     assert len(unpickled_image.layer) == 3
     assert unpickled_image.layers == 3
 

Tests/test_pyarrow.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any  # undone
+
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from .helper import (
+    assert_deep_equal,
+    assert_image_equal,
+    hopper,
+)
+
+pyarrow = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow", reason="PyArrow not installed")
+
+TEST_IMAGE_SIZE = (10, 10)
+
+
+def _test_img_equals_pyarray(
+    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None
+) -> None:
+    assert img.height * img.width == len(arr)
+    px = img.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    for x in range(0, img.size[0], int(img.size[0] / 10)):
+        for y in range(0, img.size[1], int(img.size[1] / 10)):
+            if mask:
+                for ix, elt in enumerate(mask):
+                    pixel = px[x, y]
+                    assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
+                    assert pixel[ix] == arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()[elt]
+            else:
+                assert_deep_equal(px[x, y], arr[y * img.width + x].as_py())
+
+
+# really hard to get a non-nullable list type
+fl_uint8_4_type = pyarrow.field(
+    "_", pyarrow.list_(pyarrow.field("_", pyarrow.uint8()).with_nullable(False), 4)
+).type
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, dtype, mask",
+    (
+        ("L", pyarrow.uint8(), None),
+        ("I", pyarrow.int32(), None),
+        ("F", pyarrow.float32(), None),
+        ("LA", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("RGBX", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("CMYK", fl_uint8_4_type, None),
+        ("YCbCr", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_to_array(mode: str, dtype: Any, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+    img = hopper(mode)
+
+    # Resize to non-square
+    img = img.crop((3, 0, 124, 127))
+    assert img.size == (121, 127)
+
+    arr = pyarrow.array(img)
+    _test_img_equals_pyarray(img, arr, mask)
+    assert arr.type == dtype
+
+    reloaded = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, img.size)
+
+    assert reloaded
+
+    assert_image_equal(img, reloaded)
+
+
+def test_lifetime() -> None:
+    # valgrind shouldn't error out here.
+    # arrays should be accessible after the image is deleted.
+
+    img = hopper("L")
+
+    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)
+    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)
+
+    del img
+
+    assert arr_1.sum().as_py() > 0
+    del arr_1
+
+    assert arr_2.sum().as_py() > 0
+    del arr_2
+
+
+def test_lifetime2() -> None:
+    # valgrind shouldn't error out here.
+    # img should remain after the arrays are collected.
+
+    img = hopper("L")
+
+    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)
+    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)
+
+    assert arr_1.sum().as_py() > 0
+    del arr_1
+
+    assert arr_2.sum().as_py() > 0
+    del arr_2
+
+    img2 = img.copy()
+    px = img2.load()
+    assert px  # make mypy happy
+    assert isinstance(px[0, 0], int)

depends/install_libavif.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -eo pipefail
+
+version=1.2.1
+
+./download-and-extract.sh libavif-$version https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$version.tar.gz
+
+pushd libavif-$version
+
+if [ $(uname) == "Darwin" ] && [ -x "$(command -v brew)" ]; then
+    PREFIX=$(brew --prefix)
+else
+    PREFIX=/usr
+fi
+
+PKGCONFIG=${PKGCONFIG:-pkg-config}
+
+LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS=()
+HAS_DECODER=0
+HAS_ENCODER=0
+
+if $PKGCONFIG --exists aom; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=SYSTEM)
+    HAS_ENCODER=1
+    HAS_DECODER=1
+fi
+
+if $PKGCONFIG --exists dav1d; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=SYSTEM)
+    HAS_DECODER=1
+fi
+
+if $PKGCONFIG --exists libgav1; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_LIBGAV1=SYSTEM)
+    HAS_DECODER=1
+fi
+
+if $PKGCONFIG --exists rav1e; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_RAV1E=SYSTEM)
+    HAS_ENCODER=1
+fi
+
+if $PKGCONFIG --exists SvtAv1Enc; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_SVT=SYSTEM)
+    HAS_ENCODER=1
+fi
+
+if [ "$HAS_ENCODER" != 1 ] || [ "$HAS_DECODER" != 1 ]; then
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL)
+fi
+
+cmake \
+    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$PREFIX \
+    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$PREFIX/lib \
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+    -DCMAKE_MACOSX_RPATH=OFF \
+    -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
+    -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
+    "${LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}" \
+    .
+
+sudo make install
+
+popd

docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst

@@ -24,6 +24,83 @@ present, and the :py:attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.format` attribute will be ``None``.
 Fully supported formats
 -----------------------
 
+AVIF
+^^^^
+
+Pillow reads and writes AVIF files, including AVIF sequence images.
+It is only possible to save 8-bit AVIF images, and all AVIF images are decoded
+as 8-bit RGB(A).
+
+The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method supports the following options:
+
+**quality**
+    Integer, 0-100, defaults to 75. 0 gives the smallest size and poorest
+    quality, 100 the largest size and best quality.
+
+**subsampling**
+    If present, sets the subsampling for the encoder. Defaults to ``4:2:0``.
+    Options include:
+
+    * ``4:0:0``
+    * ``4:2:0``
+    * ``4:2:2``
+    * ``4:4:4``
+
+**speed**
+    Quality/speed trade-off (0=slower/better, 10=fastest). Defaults to 6.
+
+**max_threads**
+    Limit the number of active threads used. By default, there is no limit. If the aom
+    codec is used, there is a maximum of 64.
+
+**range**
+    YUV range, either "full" or "limited". Defaults to "full".
+
+**codec**
+    AV1 codec to use for encoding. Specific values are "aom", "rav1e", and
+    "svt", presuming the chosen codec is available. Defaults to "auto", which
+    will choose the first available codec in the order of the preceding list.
+
+**tile_rows** / **tile_cols**
+    For tile encoding, the (log 2) number of tile rows and columns to use.
+    Valid values are 0-6, default 0. Ignored if "autotiling" is set to true.
+
+**autotiling**
+    Split the image up to allow parallelization. Enabled automatically if "tile_rows"
+    and "tile_cols" both have their default values of zero.
+
+**alpha_premultiplied**
+    Encode the image with premultiplied alpha. Defaults to ``False``.
+
+**advanced**
+    Codec specific options.
+
+**icc_profile**
+    The ICC Profile to include in the saved file.
+
+**exif**
+    The exif data to include in the saved file.
+
+**xmp**
+    The XMP data to include in the saved file.
+
+Saving sequences
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When calling :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` to write an AVIF file, by default
+only the first frame of a multiframe image will be saved. If the ``save_all``
+argument is present and true, then all frames will be saved, and the following
+options will also be available.
+
+**append_images**
+    A list of images to append as additional frames. Each of the
+    images in the list can be single or multiframe images.
+
+**duration**
+    The display duration of each frame, in milliseconds. Pass a single
+    integer for a constant duration, or a list or tuple to set the
+    duration for each frame separately.
+
 BLP
 ^^^
 
@@ -242,7 +319,7 @@ following options are available::
 **append_images**
     A list of images to append as additional frames. Each of the
     images in the list can be single or multiframe images.
-    This is currently supported for GIF, PDF, PNG, TIFF, and WebP.
+    This is supported for AVIF, GIF, PDF, PNG, TIFF and WebP.
 
     It is also supported for ICO and ICNS. If images are passed in of relevant
     sizes, they will be used instead of scaling down the main image.

docs/installation/building-from-source.rst

@@ -89,6 +89,14 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
 
 * **libxcb** provides X11 screengrab support.
 
+* **libavif** provides support for the AVIF format.
+
+  * Pillow requires libavif version **1.0.0** or greater.
+  * libavif is merely an API that wraps AVIF codecs. If you are compiling
+    libavif from source, you will also need to install both an AVIF encoder
+    and decoder, such as rav1e and dav1d, or libaom, which both encodes and
+    decodes AVIF images.
+
 .. tab:: Linux
 
     If you didn't build Python from source, make sure you have Python's
@@ -117,6 +125,12 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
     To install libraqm, ``sudo apt-get install meson`` and then see
     ``depends/install_raqm.sh``.
 
+    Build prerequisites for libavif on Ubuntu are installed with::
+
+        sudo apt-get install cmake ninja-build nasm
+
+    Then see ``depends/install_libavif.sh`` to build and install libavif.
+
     Prerequisites are installed on recent **Red Hat**, **CentOS** or **Fedora** with::
 
         sudo dnf install libtiff-devel libjpeg-devel openjpeg2-devel zlib-devel \
@@ -148,7 +162,15 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
     The easiest way to install external libraries is via `Homebrew
     <https://brew.sh/>`_. After you install Homebrew, run::
 
-        brew install libjpeg libraqm libtiff little-cms2 openjpeg webp
+        brew install libavif libjpeg libraqm libtiff little-cms2 openjpeg webp
+
+    If you would like to use libavif with more codecs than just aom, then
+    instead of installing libavif through Homebrew directly, you can use
+    Homebrew to install libavif's build dependencies::
+
+        brew install aom dav1d rav1e svt-av1
+
+    Then see ``depends/install_libavif.sh`` to install libavif.
 
 .. tab:: Windows
 
@@ -187,7 +209,8 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
             mingw-w64-x86_64-libwebp \
             mingw-w64-x86_64-openjpeg2 \
             mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
-            mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-libavif
 
 .. tab:: FreeBSD
 
@@ -199,7 +222,7 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
 
     Prerequisites are installed on **FreeBSD 10 or 11** with::
 
-        sudo pkg install jpeg-turbo tiff webp lcms2 freetype2 openjpeg harfbuzz fribidi libxcb
+        sudo pkg install jpeg-turbo tiff webp lcms2 freetype2 openjpeg harfbuzz fribidi libxcb libavif
 
     Then see ``depends/install_raqm_cmake.sh`` to install libraqm.
 

docs/reference/Image.rst

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ Constructing images
 
 .. autofunction:: new
 .. autofunction:: fromarray
+.. autofunction:: fromarrow
 .. autofunction:: frombytes
 .. autofunction:: frombuffer
 
@@ -370,6 +371,8 @@ Protocols
 
 .. autoclass:: SupportsArrayInterface
     :show-inheritance:
+.. autoclass:: SupportsArrowArrayInterface
+    :show-inheritance:
 .. autoclass:: SupportsGetData
     :show-inheritance:
 

docs/reference/ImageGrab.rst

@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ or the clipboard to a PIL image memory.
 
 .. versionadded:: 1.1.3
 
-.. py:function:: grab(bbox=None, include_layered_windows=False, all_screens=False, xdisplay=None)
+.. py:function:: grab(bbox=None, include_layered_windows=False, all_screens=False, xdisplay=None, window=None)
 
     Take a snapshot of the screen. The pixels inside the bounding box are returned as
     an "RGBA" on macOS, or an "RGB" image otherwise. If the bounding box is omitted,
     the entire screen is copied, and on macOS, it will be at 2x if on a Retina screen.
 
     On Linux, if ``xdisplay`` is ``None`` and the default X11 display does not return
-    a snapshot of the screen, ``gnome-screenshot`` will be used as fallback if it is
-    installed. To disable this behaviour, pass ``xdisplay=""`` instead.
+    a snapshot of the screen, ``gnome-screenshot`` or ``spectacle`` will be used as a
+    fallback if they are installed. To disable this behaviour, pass ``xdisplay=""``
+    instead.
 
     .. versionadded:: 1.1.3 (Windows), 3.0.0 (macOS), 7.1.0 (Linux)
 
@@ -39,6 +40,11 @@ or the clipboard to a PIL image memory.
         You can check X11 support using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with ``feature="xcb"``.
 
         .. versionadded:: 7.1.0
+
+    :param window:
+        HWND, to capture a single window. Windows only.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 11.2.0
     :return: An image
 
 .. py:function:: grabclipboard()

docs/reference/arrow_support.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+.. _arrow-support:
+
+=============
+Arrow Support
+=============
+
+`Arrow <https://arrow.apache.org/>`__
+is an in-memory data exchange format that is the spiritual
+successor to the NumPy array interface. It provides for zero-copy
+access to columnar data, which in our case is ``Image`` data.
+
+The goal with Arrow is to provide native zero-copy interoperability
+with any Arrow provider or consumer in the Python ecosystem.
+
+.. warning:: Zero-copy does not mean zero allocation -- the internal
+  memory layout of Pillow images contains an allocation for row
+  pointers, so there is a non-zero, but significantly smaller than a
+  full-copy memory cost to reading an Arrow image.
+
+
+Data Formats
+============
+
+Pillow currently supports exporting Arrow images in all modes
+**except** for ``BGR;15``, ``BGR;16`` and ``BGR;24``. This is due to
+line-length packing in these modes making for non-continuous memory.
+
+For single-band images, the exported array is width*height elements,
+with each pixel corresponding to the appropriate Arrow type.
+
+For multiband images, the exported array is width*height fixed-length
+four-element arrays of uint8. This is memory compatible with the raw
+image storage of four bytes per pixel.
+
+Mode ``1`` images are exported as one uint8 byte/pixel, as this is
+consistent with the internal storage.
+
+Pillow will accept, but not produce, one other format. For any
+multichannel image with 32-bit storage per pixel, Pillow will accept
+an array of width*height int32 elements, which will then be
+interpreted using the mode-specific interpretation of the bytes.
+
+The image mode must match the Arrow band format when reading single
+channel images.
+
+Memory Allocator
+================
+
+Pillow's default memory allocator, the :ref:`block_allocator`,
+allocates up to a 16 MB block for images by default. Larger images
+overflow into additional blocks. Arrow requires a single continuous
+memory allocation, so images allocated in multiple blocks cannot be
+exported in the Arrow format.
+
+To enable the single block allocator::
+
+  from PIL import Image
+  Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(1)
+
+Note that this is a global setting, not a per-image setting.
+
+Unsupported Features
+====================
+
+* Table/dataframe protocol. We support a single array.
+* Null markers, producing or consuming. Null values are inferred from
+  the mode, e.g. RGB images are stored in the first three bytes of
+  each 32-bit pixel, and the last byte is an implied null.
+* Schema negotiation. There is an optional schema for the requested
+  datatype in the Arrow source interface. We ignore that
+  parameter.
+* Array metadata.
+
+Internal Details
+================
+
+Python Arrow C interface:
+https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/CDataInterface/PyCapsuleInterface.html
+
+The memory that is exported from the Arrow interface is shared -- not
+copied, so the lifetime of the memory allocation is no longer strictly
+tied to the life of the Python object.
+
+The core imaging struct now has a refcount associated with it, and the
+lifetime of the core image struct is now divorced from the Python
+image object. Creating an arrow reference to the image increments the
+refcount, and the imaging struct is only released when the refcount
+reaches zero.

docs/reference/block_allocator.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+
+.. _block_allocator:
+
 Block Allocator
 ===============
 

docs/reference/features.rst

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ Support for the following modules can be checked:
 * ``freetype2``: FreeType font support via :py:func:`PIL.ImageFont.truetype`.
 * ``littlecms2``: LittleCMS 2 support via :py:mod:`PIL.ImageCms`.
 * ``webp``: WebP image support.
+* ``avif``: AVIF image support.
 
 .. autofunction:: PIL.features.check_module
 .. autofunction:: PIL.features.version_module

docs/reference/internal_design.rst

@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ Internal Reference
   block_allocator
   internal_modules
   c_extension_debugging
+  arrow_support

docs/reference/plugins.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 Plugin reference
 ================
 
+:mod:`~PIL.AvifImagePlugin` Module
+----------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: PIL.AvifImagePlugin
+    :members:
+    :undoc-members:
+    :show-inheritance:
+
 :mod:`~PIL.BmpImagePlugin` Module
 ---------------------------------
 

docs/releasenotes/11.2.0.rst

@@ -51,6 +51,15 @@ aligned using ``"justify"`` in :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`::
     draw.multiline_text((0, 0), "Multiline\ntext 1", align="justify")
     draw.multiline_textbbox((0, 0), "Multiline\ntext 2", align="justify")
 
+Specify window in ImageGrab on Windows
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When using :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageGrab.grab`, a specific window can be selected using the
+HWND::
+
+    from PIL import ImageGrab
+    ImageGrab.grab(window=hwnd)
+
 Check for MozJPEG
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -68,3 +77,34 @@ Compressed DDS images can now be saved using a ``pixel_format`` argument. DXT1,
 DXT5, BC2, BC3 and BC5 are supported::
 
     im.save("out.dds", pixel_format="DXT1")
+
+Other Changes
+=============
+
+Arrow support
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+`Arrow <https://arrow.apache.org/>`__ is an in-memory data exchange format that is the
+spiritual successor to the NumPy array interface. It provides for zero-copy access to
+columnar data, which in our case is ``Image`` data.
+
+To create an image with zero-copy shared memory from an object exporting the
+arrow_c_array interface protocol::
+
+    from PIL import Image
+    import pyarrow as pa
+    arr = pa.array([0]*(5*5*4), type=pa.uint8())
+    im = Image.fromarrow(arr, 'RGBA', (5, 5))
+
+Pillow images can also be converted to Arrow objects::
+
+    from PIL import Image
+    import pyarrow as pa
+    im = Image.open('hopper.jpg')
+    arr = pa.array(im)
+
+Reading and writing AVIF images
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pillow can now read and write AVIF images. If you are building Pillow from source, this
+will require libavif 1.0.0 or later.

pyproject.toml

@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ optional-dependencies.fpx = [
 optional-dependencies.mic = [
   "olefile",
 ]
+optional-dependencies.test-arrow = [
+  "pyarrow",
+]
+
 optional-dependencies.tests = [
   "check-manifest",
   "coverage>=7.4.2",
@@ -67,6 +71,7 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
   "pytest-timeout",
   "trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12",
 ]
+
 optional-dependencies.typing = [
   "typing-extensions; python_version<'3.10'",
 ]

setup.py

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ configuration: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
 
 
 PILLOW_VERSION = get_version()
+AVIF_ROOT = None
 FREETYPE_ROOT = None
 HARFBUZZ_ROOT = None
 FRIBIDI_ROOT = None
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ _IMAGING = ("decode", "encode", "map", "display", "outline", "path")
 _LIB_IMAGING = (
     "Access",
     "AlphaComposite",
+    "Arrow",
     "Resample",
     "Reduce",
     "Bands",
@@ -306,6 +308,7 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
             "jpeg2000",
             "imagequant",
             "xcb",
+            "avif",
         ]
 
         required = {"jpeg", "zlib"}
@@ -481,6 +484,7 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
         #
         # add configured kits
         for root_name, lib_name in {
+            "AVIF_ROOT": "avif",
             "JPEG_ROOT": "libjpeg",
             "JPEG2K_ROOT": "libopenjp2",
             "TIFF_ROOT": ("libtiff-5", "libtiff-4"),
@@ -846,6 +850,12 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
                 if _find_library_file(self, "xcb"):
                     feature.set("xcb", "xcb")
 
+        if feature.want("avif"):
+            _dbg("Looking for avif")
+            if _find_include_file(self, "avif/avif.h"):
+                if _find_library_file(self, "avif"):
+                    feature.set("avif", "avif")
+
         for f in feature:
             if not feature.get(f) and feature.require(f):
                 if f in ("jpeg", "zlib"):
@@ -934,6 +944,14 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
         else:
             self._remove_extension("PIL._webp")
 
+        if feature.get("avif"):
+            libs = [feature.get("avif")]
+            if sys.platform == "win32":
+                libs.extend(["ntdll", "userenv", "ws2_32", "bcrypt"])
+            self._update_extension("PIL._avif", libs)
+        else:
+            self._remove_extension("PIL._avif")
+
         tk_libs = ["psapi"] if sys.platform in ("win32", "cygwin") else []
         self._update_extension("PIL._imagingtk", tk_libs)
 
@@ -976,6 +994,7 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
             (feature.get("lcms"), "LITTLECMS2"),
             (feature.get("webp"), "WEBP"),
             (feature.get("xcb"), "XCB (X protocol)"),
+            (feature.get("avif"), "LIBAVIF"),
         ]
 
         all = 1
@@ -1018,6 +1037,7 @@ ext_modules = [
     Extension("PIL._imagingft", ["src/_imagingft.c"]),
     Extension("PIL._imagingcms", ["src/_imagingcms.c"]),
     Extension("PIL._webp", ["src/_webp.c"]),
+    Extension("PIL._avif", ["src/_avif.c"]),
     Extension("PIL._imagingtk", ["src/_imagingtk.c", "src/Tk/tkImaging.c"]),
     Extension("PIL._imagingmath", ["src/_imagingmath.c"]),
     Extension("PIL._imagingmorph", ["src/_imagingmorph.c"]),

src/PIL/AvifImagePlugin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+from io import BytesIO
+from typing import IO
+
+from . import ExifTags, Image, ImageFile
+
+try:
+    from . import _avif
+
+    SUPPORTED = True
+except ImportError:
+    SUPPORTED = False
+
+# Decoder options as module globals, until there is a way to pass parameters
+# to Image.open (see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/569)
+DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE = "auto"
+# Decoding is only affected by this for libavif **0.8.4** or greater.
+DEFAULT_MAX_THREADS = 0
+
+
+def get_codec_version(codec_name: str) -> str | None:
+    versions = _avif.codec_versions()
+    for version in versions.split(", "):
+        if version.split(" [")[0] == codec_name:
+            return version.split(":")[-1].split(" ")[0]
+    return None
+
+
+def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool | str:
+    if prefix[4:8] != b"ftyp":
+        return False
+    major_brand = prefix[8:12]
+    if major_brand in (
+        # coding brands
+        b"avif",
+        b"avis",
+        # We accept files with AVIF container brands; we can't yet know if
+        # the ftyp box has the correct compatible brands, but if it doesn't
+        # then the plugin will raise a SyntaxError which Pillow will catch
+        # before moving on to the next plugin that accepts the file.
+        #
+        # Also, because this file might not actually be an AVIF file, we
+        # don't raise an error if AVIF support isn't properly compiled.
+        b"mif1",
+        b"msf1",
+    ):
+        if not SUPPORTED:
+            return (
+                "image file could not be identified because AVIF support not installed"
+            )
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _get_default_max_threads() -> int:
+    if DEFAULT_MAX_THREADS:
+        return DEFAULT_MAX_THREADS
+    if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+        return len(os.sched_getaffinity(0))
+    else:
+        return os.cpu_count() or 1
+
+
+class AvifImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
+    format = "AVIF"
+    format_description = "AVIF image"
+    __frame = -1
+
+    def _open(self) -> None:
+        if not SUPPORTED:
+            msg = "image file could not be opened because AVIF support not installed"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+        if DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE != "auto" and not _avif.decoder_codec_available(
+            DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE
+        ):
+            msg = "Invalid opening codec"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        self._decoder = _avif.AvifDecoder(
+            self.fp.read(),
+            DECODE_CODEC_CHOICE,
+            _get_default_max_threads(),
+        )
+
+        # Get info from decoder
+        self._size, self.n_frames, self._mode, icc, exif, exif_orientation, xmp = (
+            self._decoder.get_info()
+        )
+        self.is_animated = self.n_frames > 1
+
+        if icc:
+            self.info["icc_profile"] = icc
+        if xmp:
+            self.info["xmp"] = xmp
+
+        if exif_orientation != 1 or exif:
+            exif_data = Image.Exif()
+            if exif:
+                exif_data.load(exif)
+                original_orientation = exif_data.get(ExifTags.Base.Orientation, 1)
+            else:
+                original_orientation = 1
+            if exif_orientation != original_orientation:
+                exif_data[ExifTags.Base.Orientation] = exif_orientation
+                exif = exif_data.tobytes()
+        if exif:
+            self.info["exif"] = exif
+        self.seek(0)
+
+    def seek(self, frame: int) -> None:
+        if not self._seek_check(frame):
+            return
+
+        # Set tile
+        self.__frame = frame
+        self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 0, self.mode)]
+
+    def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
+        if self.tile:
+            # We need to load the image data for this frame
+            data, timescale, pts_in_timescales, duration_in_timescales = (
+                self._decoder.get_frame(self.__frame)
+            )
+            self.info["timestamp"] = round(1000 * (pts_in_timescales / timescale))
+            self.info["duration"] = round(1000 * (duration_in_timescales / timescale))
+
+            if self.fp and self._exclusive_fp:
+                self.fp.close()
+            self.fp = BytesIO(data)
+
+        return super().load()
+
+    def load_seek(self, pos: int) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        return self.__frame
+
+
+def _save_all(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
+    _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=True)
+
+
+def _save(
+    im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes, save_all: bool = False
+) -> None:
+    info = im.encoderinfo.copy()
+    if save_all:
+        append_images = list(info.get("append_images", []))
+    else:
+        append_images = []
+
+    total = 0
+    for ims in [im] + append_images:
+        total += getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)
+
+    quality = info.get("quality", 75)
+    if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:
+        msg = "Invalid quality setting"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    duration = info.get("duration", 0)
+    subsampling = info.get("subsampling", "4:2:0")
+    speed = info.get("speed", 6)
+    max_threads = info.get("max_threads", _get_default_max_threads())
+    codec = info.get("codec", "auto")
+    if codec != "auto" and not _avif.encoder_codec_available(codec):
+        msg = "Invalid saving codec"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    range_ = info.get("range", "full")
+    tile_rows_log2 = info.get("tile_rows", 0)
+    tile_cols_log2 = info.get("tile_cols", 0)
+    alpha_premultiplied = bool(info.get("alpha_premultiplied", False))
+    autotiling = bool(info.get("autotiling", tile_rows_log2 == tile_cols_log2 == 0))
+
+    icc_profile = info.get("icc_profile", im.info.get("icc_profile"))
+    exif_orientation = 1
+    if exif := info.get("exif"):
+        if isinstance(exif, Image.Exif):
+            exif_data = exif
+        else:
+            exif_data = Image.Exif()
+            exif_data.load(exif)
+        if ExifTags.Base.Orientation in exif_data:
+            exif_orientation = exif_data.pop(ExifTags.Base.Orientation)
+            exif = exif_data.tobytes() if exif_data else b""
+        elif isinstance(exif, Image.Exif):
+            exif = exif_data.tobytes()
+
+    xmp = info.get("xmp")
+
+    if isinstance(xmp, str):
+        xmp = xmp.encode("utf-8")
+
+    advanced = info.get("advanced")
+    if advanced is not None:
+        if isinstance(advanced, dict):
+            advanced = advanced.items()
+        try:
+            advanced = tuple(advanced)
+        except TypeError:
+            invalid = True
+        else:
+            invalid = any(not isinstance(v, tuple) or len(v) != 2 for v in advanced)
+        if invalid:
+            msg = (
+                "advanced codec options must be a dict of key-value string "
+                "pairs or a series of key-value two-tuples"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Setup the AVIF encoder
+    enc = _avif.AvifEncoder(
+        im.size,
+        subsampling,
+        quality,
+        speed,
+        max_threads,
+        codec,
+        range_,
+        tile_rows_log2,
+        tile_cols_log2,
+        alpha_premultiplied,
+        autotiling,
+        icc_profile or b"",
+        exif or b"",
+        exif_orientation,
+        xmp or b"",
+        advanced,
+    )
+
+    # Add each frame
+    frame_idx = 0
+    frame_duration = 0
+    cur_idx = im.tell()
+    is_single_frame = total == 1
+    try:
+        for ims in [im] + append_images:
+            # Get number of frames in this image
+            nfr = getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)
+
+            for idx in range(nfr):
+                ims.seek(idx)
+
+                # Make sure image mode is supported
+                frame = ims
+                rawmode = ims.mode
+                if ims.mode not in {"RGB", "RGBA"}:
+                    rawmode = "RGBA" if ims.has_transparency_data else "RGB"
+                    frame = ims.convert(rawmode)
+
+                # Update frame duration
+                if isinstance(duration, (list, tuple)):
+                    frame_duration = duration[frame_idx]
+                else:
+                    frame_duration = duration
+
+                # Append the frame to the animation encoder
+                enc.add(
+                    frame.tobytes("raw", rawmode),
+                    frame_duration,
+                    frame.size,
+                    rawmode,
+                    is_single_frame,
+                )
+
+                # Update frame index
+                frame_idx += 1
+
+                if not save_all:
+                    break
+
+    finally:
+        im.seek(cur_idx)
+
+    # Get the final output from the encoder
+    data = enc.finish()
+    if data is None:
+        msg = "cannot write file as AVIF (encoder returned None)"
+        raise OSError(msg)
+
+    fp.write(data)
+
+
+Image.register_open(AvifImageFile.format, AvifImageFile, _accept)
+if SUPPORTED:
+    Image.register_save(AvifImageFile.format, _save)
+    Image.register_save_all(AvifImageFile.format, _save_all)
+    Image.register_extensions(AvifImageFile.format, [".avif", ".avifs"])
+    Image.register_mime(AvifImageFile.format, "image/avif")

src/PIL/Image.py

@@ -577,6 +577,14 @@ class Image:
     def mode(self) -> str:
         return self._mode
 
+    @property
+    def readonly(self) -> int:
+        return (self._im and self._im.readonly) or self._readonly
+
+    @readonly.setter
+    def readonly(self, readonly: int) -> None:
+        self._readonly = readonly
+
     def _new(self, im: core.ImagingCore) -> Image:
         new = Image()
         new.im = im
@@ -723,6 +731,16 @@ class Image:
         new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
         return new
 
+    def __arrow_c_schema__(self) -> object:
+        self.load()
+        return self.im.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+    def __arrow_c_array__(
+        self, requested_schema: object | None = None
+    ) -> tuple[object, object]:
+        self.load()
+        return (self.im.__arrow_c_schema__(), self.im.__arrow_c_array__())
+
     def __getstate__(self) -> list[Any]:
         im_data = self.tobytes()  # load image first
         return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), im_data]
@@ -1519,6 +1537,8 @@ class Image:
         # XMP tags
         if ExifTags.Base.Orientation not in self._exif:
             xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
+            if not xmp_tags and (xmp_tags := self.info.get("xmp")):
+                xmp_tags = xmp_tags.decode("utf-8")
             if xmp_tags:
                 match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
                 if match:
@@ -2519,8 +2539,15 @@ class Image:
                 msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
                 raise ValueError(msg) from e
 
+        from . import ImageFile
+
         # may mutate self!
-        self._ensure_mutable()
+        if isinstance(self, ImageFile.ImageFile) and os.path.abspath(
+            filename
+        ) == os.path.abspath(self.filename):
+            self._ensure_mutable()
+        else:
+            self.load()
 
         save_all = params.pop("save_all", None)
         self.encoderinfo = {**getattr(self, "encoderinfo", {}), **params}
@@ -3198,6 +3225,18 @@ class SupportsArrayInterface(Protocol):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
+class SupportsArrowArrayInterface(Protocol):
+    """
+    An object that has an ``__arrow_c_array__`` method corresponding to the arrow c
+    data interface.
+    """
+
+    def __arrow_c_array__(
+        self, requested_schema: "PyCapsule" = None  # type: ignore[name-defined]  # noqa: F821, UP037
+    ) -> tuple["PyCapsule", "PyCapsule"]:  # type: ignore[name-defined]  # noqa: F821, UP037
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
 def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     """
     Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
@@ -3286,6 +3325,56 @@ def fromarray(obj: SupportsArrayInterface, mode: str | None = None) -> Image:
     return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
 
 
+def fromarrow(obj: SupportsArrowArrayInterface, mode, size) -> Image:
+    """Creates an image with zero-copy shared memory from an object exporting
+    the arrow_c_array interface protocol::
+
+      from PIL import Image
+      import pyarrow as pa
+      arr = pa.array([0]*(5*5*4), type=pa.uint8())
+      im = Image.fromarrow(arr, 'RGBA', (5, 5))
+
+    If the data representation of the ``obj`` is not compatible with
+    Pillow internal storage, a ValueError is raised.
+
+    Pillow images can also be converted to Arrow objects::
+
+      from PIL import Image
+      import pyarrow as pa
+      im = Image.open('hopper.jpg')
+      arr = pa.array(im)
+
+    As with array support, when converting Pillow images to arrays,
+    only pixel values are transferred. This means that P and PA mode
+    images will lose their palette.
+
+    :param obj: Object with an arrow_c_array interface
+    :param mode: Image mode.
+    :param size: Image size. This must match the storage of the arrow object.
+    :returns: An Image object
+
+    Note that according to the Arrow spec, both the producer and the
+    consumer should consider the exported array to be immutable, as
+    unsynchronized updates will potentially cause inconsistent data.
+
+    See: :ref:`arrow-support` for more detailed information
+
+    .. versionadded:: 11.2.0
+
+    """
+    if not hasattr(obj, "__arrow_c_array__"):
+        msg = "arrow_c_array interface not found"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    (schema_capsule, array_capsule) = obj.__arrow_c_array__()
+    _im = core.new_arrow(mode, size, schema_capsule, array_capsule)
+    if _im:
+        return Image()._new(_im)
+
+    msg = "new_arrow returned None without an exception"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
 def fromqimage(im: ImageQt.QImage) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
     """Creates an image instance from a QImage image"""
     from . import ImageQt

src/PIL/ImageFile.py

@@ -263,8 +263,12 @@ class ImageFile(Image.Image):
             return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
         return None
 
+    def __getstate__(self) -> list[Any]:
+        return super().__getstate__() + [self.filename]
+
     def __setstate__(self, state: list[Any]) -> None:
         self.tile = []
+        self.filename = state[5]
         super().__setstate__(state)
 
     def verify(self) -> None:

src/PIL/ImageGrab.py

@@ -25,12 +25,17 @@ import tempfile
 
 from . import Image
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import ImageWin
+
 
 def grab(
     bbox: tuple[int, int, int, int] | None = None,
     include_layered_windows: bool = False,
     all_screens: bool = False,
     xdisplay: str | None = None,
+    window: int | ImageWin.HWND | None = None,
 ) -> Image.Image:
     im: Image.Image
     if xdisplay is None:
@@ -51,8 +56,12 @@ def grab(
                 return im_resized
             return im
         elif sys.platform == "win32":
+            if window is not None:
+                all_screens = -1
             offset, size, data = Image.core.grabscreen_win32(
-                include_layered_windows, all_screens
+                include_layered_windows,
+                all_screens,
+                int(window) if window is not None else 0,
             )
             im = Image.frombytes(
                 "RGB",
@@ -77,14 +86,16 @@ def grab(
             raise OSError(msg)
         size, data = Image.core.grabscreen_x11(display_name)
     except OSError:
-        if (
-            display_name is None
-            and sys.platform not in ("darwin", "win32")
-            and shutil.which("gnome-screenshot")
-        ):
+        if display_name is None and sys.platform not in ("darwin", "win32"):
+            if shutil.which("gnome-screenshot"):
+                args = ["gnome-screenshot", "-f"]
+            elif shutil.which("spectacle"):
+                args = ["spectacle", "-n", "-b", "-f", "-o"]
+            else:
+                raise
             fh, filepath = tempfile.mkstemp(".png")
             os.close(fh)
-            subprocess.call(["gnome-screenshot", "-f", filepath])
+            subprocess.call(args + [filepath])
             im = Image.open(filepath)
             im.load()
             os.unlink(filepath)

src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py

@@ -409,8 +409,8 @@ class JpegImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         return super().__getstate__() + [self.layers, self.layer]
 
     def __setstate__(self, state: list[Any]) -> None:
+        self.layers, self.layer = state[6:]
         super().__setstate__(state)
-        self.layers, self.layer = state[5:]
 
     def load_read(self, read_bytes: int) -> bytes:
         """

src/PIL/TarIO.py

@@ -35,12 +35,16 @@ class TarIO(ContainerIO.ContainerIO[bytes]):
         while True:
             s = self.fh.read(512)
             if len(s) != 512:
+                self.fh.close()
+
                 msg = "unexpected end of tar file"
                 raise OSError(msg)
 
             name = s[:100].decode("utf-8")
             i = name.find("\0")
             if i == 0:
+                self.fh.close()
+
                 msg = "cannot find subfile"
                 raise OSError(msg)
             if i > 0:

src/PIL/__init__.py

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ del _version
 
 
 _plugins = [
+    "AvifImagePlugin",
     "BlpImagePlugin",
     "BmpImagePlugin",
     "BufrStubImagePlugin",

src/PIL/_avif.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any: ...

src/PIL/features.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ modules = {
     "freetype2": ("PIL._imagingft", "freetype2_version"),
     "littlecms2": ("PIL._imagingcms", "littlecms_version"),
     "webp": ("PIL._webp", "webpdecoder_version"),
+    "avif": ("PIL._avif", "libavif_version"),
 }
 
 
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ def pilinfo(out: IO[str] | None = None, supported_formats: bool = True) -> None:
         ("freetype2", "FREETYPE2"),
         ("littlecms2", "LITTLECMS2"),
         ("webp", "WEBP"),
+        ("avif", "AVIF"),
         ("jpg", "JPEG"),
         ("jpg_2000", "OPENJPEG (JPEG2000)"),
         ("zlib", "ZLIB (PNG/ZIP)"),

src/_avif.c

@@ -0,0 +1,908 @@
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "avif/avif.h"
+
+// Encoder type
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD avifEncoder *encoder;
+    avifImage *image;
+    int first_frame;
+} AvifEncoderObject;
+
+static PyTypeObject AvifEncoder_Type;
+
+// Decoder type
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD avifDecoder *decoder;
+    Py_buffer buffer;
+} AvifDecoderObject;
+
+static PyTypeObject AvifDecoder_Type;
+
+static int
+normalize_tiles_log2(int value) {
+    if (value < 0) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if (value > 6) {
+        return 6;
+    } else {
+        return value;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+exc_type_for_avif_result(avifResult result) {
+    switch (result) {
+        case AVIF_RESULT_INVALID_EXIF_PAYLOAD:
+        case AVIF_RESULT_INVALID_CODEC_SPECIFIC_OPTION:
+            return PyExc_ValueError;
+        case AVIF_RESULT_INVALID_FTYP:
+        case AVIF_RESULT_BMFF_PARSE_FAILED:
+        case AVIF_RESULT_TRUNCATED_DATA:
+        case AVIF_RESULT_NO_CONTENT:
+            return PyExc_SyntaxError;
+        default:
+            return PyExc_RuntimeError;
+    }
+}
+
+static uint8_t
+irot_imir_to_exif_orientation(const avifImage *image) {
+    uint8_t axis = image->imir.axis;
+    int imir = image->transformFlags & AVIF_TRANSFORM_IMIR;
+    int irot = image->transformFlags & AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT;
+    if (irot) {
+        uint8_t angle = image->irot.angle;
+        if (angle == 1) {
+            if (imir) {
+                return axis ? 7   // 90 degrees anti-clockwise then swap left and right.
+                            : 5;  // 90 degrees anti-clockwise then swap top and bottom.
+            }
+            return 6;  // 90 degrees anti-clockwise.
+        }
+        if (angle == 2) {
+            if (imir) {
+                return axis
+                           ? 4   // 180 degrees anti-clockwise then swap left and right.
+                           : 2;  // 180 degrees anti-clockwise then swap top and bottom.
+            }
+            return 3;  // 180 degrees anti-clockwise.
+        }
+        if (angle == 3) {
+            if (imir) {
+                return axis
+                           ? 5   // 270 degrees anti-clockwise then swap left and right.
+                           : 7;  // 270 degrees anti-clockwise then swap top and bottom.
+            }
+            return 8;  // 270 degrees anti-clockwise.
+        }
+    }
+    if (imir) {
+        return axis ? 2   // Swap left and right.
+                    : 4;  // Swap top and bottom.
+    }
+    return 1;  // Default orientation ("top-left", no-op).
+}
+
+static void
+exif_orientation_to_irot_imir(avifImage *image, int orientation) {
+    // Mapping from Exif orientation as defined in JEITA CP-3451C section 4.6.4.A
+    // Orientation to irot and imir boxes as defined in HEIF ISO/IEC 28002-12:2021
+    // sections 6.5.10 and 6.5.12.
+    switch (orientation) {
+        case 2:  // The 0th row is at the visual top of the image, and the 0th column is
+                 // the visual right-hand side.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IMIR;
+            image->imir.axis = 1;
+            break;
+        case 3:  // The 0th row is at the visual bottom of the image, and the 0th column
+                 // is the visual right-hand side.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT;
+            image->irot.angle = 2;
+            break;
+        case 4:  // The 0th row is at the visual bottom of the image, and the 0th column
+                 // is the visual left-hand side.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IMIR;
+            break;
+        case 5:  // The 0th row is the visual left-hand side of the image, and the 0th
+                 // column is the visual top.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT | AVIF_TRANSFORM_IMIR;
+            image->irot.angle = 1;  // applied before imir according to MIAF spec
+                                    // ISO/IEC 28002-12:2021 - section 7.3.6.7
+            break;
+        case 6:  // The 0th row is the visual right-hand side of the image, and the 0th
+                 // column is the visual top.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT;
+            image->irot.angle = 3;
+            break;
+        case 7:  // The 0th row is the visual right-hand side of the image, and the 0th
+                 // column is the visual bottom.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT | AVIF_TRANSFORM_IMIR;
+            image->irot.angle = 3;  // applied before imir according to MIAF spec
+                                    // ISO/IEC 28002-12:2021 - section 7.3.6.7
+            break;
+        case 8:  // The 0th row is the visual left-hand side of the image, and the 0th
+                 // column is the visual bottom.
+            image->transformFlags |= AVIF_TRANSFORM_IROT;
+            image->irot.angle = 1;
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+_codec_available(const char *name, avifCodecFlags flags) {
+    avifCodecChoice codec = avifCodecChoiceFromName(name);
+    if (codec == AVIF_CODEC_CHOICE_AUTO) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const char *codec_name = avifCodecName(codec, flags);
+    return (codec_name == NULL) ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_decoder_codec_available(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    char *codec_name;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &codec_name)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int is_available = _codec_available(codec_name, AVIF_CODEC_FLAG_CAN_DECODE);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(is_available);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_encoder_codec_available(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    char *codec_name;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &codec_name)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int is_available = _codec_available(codec_name, AVIF_CODEC_FLAG_CAN_ENCODE);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(is_available);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_codec_versions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    char buffer[256];
+    avifCodecVersions(buffer);
+    return PyUnicode_FromString(buffer);
+}
+
+static int
+_add_codec_specific_options(avifEncoder *encoder, PyObject *opts) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, size;
+    PyObject *keyval, *py_key, *py_val;
+    if (!PyTuple_Check(opts)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid advanced codec options");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(opts);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        keyval = PyTuple_GetItem(opts, i);
+        if (!PyTuple_Check(keyval) || PyTuple_GET_SIZE(keyval) != 2) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid advanced codec options");
+            return 1;
+        }
+        py_key = PyTuple_GetItem(keyval, 0);
+        py_val = PyTuple_GetItem(keyval, 1);
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(py_key) || !PyUnicode_Check(py_val)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid advanced codec options");
+            return 1;
+        }
+        const char *key = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(py_key);
+        const char *val = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(py_val);
+        if (key == NULL || val == NULL) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid advanced codec options");
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        avifResult result = avifEncoderSetCodecSpecificOption(encoder, key, val);
+        if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+                "Setting advanced codec options failed: %s",
+                avifResultToString(result)
+            );
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Encoder functions
+PyObject *
+AvifEncoderNew(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args) {
+    unsigned int width, height;
+    AvifEncoderObject *self = NULL;
+    avifEncoder *encoder = NULL;
+
+    char *subsampling;
+    int quality;
+    int speed;
+    int exif_orientation;
+    int max_threads;
+    Py_buffer icc_buffer;
+    Py_buffer exif_buffer;
+    Py_buffer xmp_buffer;
+    int alpha_premultiplied;
+    int autotiling;
+    int tile_rows_log2;
+    int tile_cols_log2;
+
+    char *codec;
+    char *range;
+
+    PyObject *advanced;
+    int error = 0;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
+            args,
+            "(II)siiissiippy*y*iy*O",
+            &width,
+            &height,
+            &subsampling,
+            &quality,
+            &speed,
+            &max_threads,
+            &codec,
+            &range,
+            &tile_rows_log2,
+            &tile_cols_log2,
+            &alpha_premultiplied,
+            &autotiling,
+            &icc_buffer,
+            &exif_buffer,
+            &exif_orientation,
+            &xmp_buffer,
+            &advanced
+        )) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // Create a new animation encoder and picture frame
+    avifImage *image = avifImageCreateEmpty();
+    if (image == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Image creation failed");
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    // Set these in advance so any upcoming RGB -> YUV use the proper coefficients
+    if (strcmp(range, "full") == 0) {
+        image->yuvRange = AVIF_RANGE_FULL;
+    } else if (strcmp(range, "limited") == 0) {
+        image->yuvRange = AVIF_RANGE_LIMITED;
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid range");
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+    if (strcmp(subsampling, "4:0:0") == 0) {
+        image->yuvFormat = AVIF_PIXEL_FORMAT_YUV400;
+    } else if (strcmp(subsampling, "4:2:0") == 0) {
+        image->yuvFormat = AVIF_PIXEL_FORMAT_YUV420;
+    } else if (strcmp(subsampling, "4:2:2") == 0) {
+        image->yuvFormat = AVIF_PIXEL_FORMAT_YUV422;
+    } else if (strcmp(subsampling, "4:4:4") == 0) {
+        image->yuvFormat = AVIF_PIXEL_FORMAT_YUV444;
+    } else {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid subsampling: %s", subsampling);
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    // Validate canvas dimensions
+    if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid canvas dimensions");
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+    image->width = width;
+    image->height = height;
+
+    image->depth = 8;
+    image->alphaPremultiplied = alpha_premultiplied ? AVIF_TRUE : AVIF_FALSE;
+
+    encoder = avifEncoderCreate();
+    if (!encoder) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Can't allocate encoder");
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    int is_aom_encode = strcmp(codec, "aom") == 0 ||
+                        (strcmp(codec, "auto") == 0 &&
+                         _codec_available("aom", AVIF_CODEC_FLAG_CAN_ENCODE));
+    encoder->maxThreads = is_aom_encode && max_threads > 64 ? 64 : max_threads;
+
+    encoder->quality = quality;
+
+    if (strcmp(codec, "auto") == 0) {
+        encoder->codecChoice = AVIF_CODEC_CHOICE_AUTO;
+    } else {
+        encoder->codecChoice = avifCodecChoiceFromName(codec);
+    }
+    if (speed < AVIF_SPEED_SLOWEST) {
+        speed = AVIF_SPEED_SLOWEST;
+    } else if (speed > AVIF_SPEED_FASTEST) {
+        speed = AVIF_SPEED_FASTEST;
+    }
+    encoder->speed = speed;
+    encoder->timescale = (uint64_t)1000;
+
+    encoder->autoTiling = autotiling ? AVIF_TRUE : AVIF_FALSE;
+    if (!autotiling) {
+        encoder->tileRowsLog2 = normalize_tiles_log2(tile_rows_log2);
+        encoder->tileColsLog2 = normalize_tiles_log2(tile_cols_log2);
+    }
+
+    if (advanced != Py_None && _add_codec_specific_options(encoder, advanced)) {
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    self = PyObject_New(AvifEncoderObject, &AvifEncoder_Type);
+    if (!self) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "could not create encoder object");
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+    self->first_frame = 1;
+
+    avifResult result;
+    if (icc_buffer.len) {
+        result = avifImageSetProfileICC(image, icc_buffer.buf, icc_buffer.len);
+        if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+                "Setting ICC profile failed: %s",
+                avifResultToString(result)
+            );
+            error = 1;
+            goto end;
+        }
+        // colorPrimaries and transferCharacteristics are ignored when an ICC
+        // profile is present, so set them to UNSPECIFIED.
+        image->colorPrimaries = AVIF_COLOR_PRIMARIES_UNSPECIFIED;
+        image->transferCharacteristics = AVIF_TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTICS_UNSPECIFIED;
+    } else {
+        image->colorPrimaries = AVIF_COLOR_PRIMARIES_BT709;
+        image->transferCharacteristics = AVIF_TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTICS_SRGB;
+    }
+    image->matrixCoefficients = AVIF_MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS_BT601;
+
+    if (exif_buffer.len) {
+        result = avifImageSetMetadataExif(image, exif_buffer.buf, exif_buffer.len);
+        if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+                "Setting EXIF data failed: %s",
+                avifResultToString(result)
+            );
+            error = 1;
+            goto end;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (xmp_buffer.len) {
+        result = avifImageSetMetadataXMP(image, xmp_buffer.buf, xmp_buffer.len);
+        if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+                "Setting XMP data failed: %s",
+                avifResultToString(result)
+            );
+            error = 1;
+            goto end;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (exif_orientation > 1) {
+        exif_orientation_to_irot_imir(image, exif_orientation);
+    }
+
+    self->image = image;
+    self->encoder = encoder;
+
+end:
+    PyBuffer_Release(&icc_buffer);
+    PyBuffer_Release(&exif_buffer);
+    PyBuffer_Release(&xmp_buffer);
+
+    if (error) {
+        if (image) {
+            avifImageDestroy(image);
+        }
+        if (encoder) {
+            avifEncoderDestroy(encoder);
+        }
+        if (self) {
+            PyObject_Del(self);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_encoder_dealloc(AvifEncoderObject *self) {
+    if (self->encoder) {
+        avifEncoderDestroy(self->encoder);
+    }
+    if (self->image) {
+        avifImageDestroy(self->image);
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_encoder_add(AvifEncoderObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    uint8_t *rgb_bytes;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    unsigned int duration;
+    unsigned int width;
+    unsigned int height;
+    char *mode;
+    unsigned int is_single_frame;
+    int error = 0;
+
+    avifRGBImage rgb;
+    avifResult result;
+
+    avifEncoder *encoder = self->encoder;
+    avifImage *image = self->image;
+    avifImage *frame = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
+            args,
+            "y#I(II)sp",
+            (char **)&rgb_bytes,
+            &size,
+            &duration,
+            &width,
+            &height,
+            &mode,
+            &is_single_frame
+        )) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (image->width != width || image->height != height) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            PyExc_ValueError,
+            "Image sequence dimensions mismatch, %ux%u != %ux%u",
+            image->width,
+            image->height,
+            width,
+            height
+        );
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (self->first_frame) {
+        // If we don't have an image populated with yuv planes, this is the first frame
+        frame = image;
+    } else {
+        frame = avifImageCreateEmpty();
+        if (image == NULL) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Image creation failed");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        frame->width = width;
+        frame->height = height;
+        frame->colorPrimaries = image->colorPrimaries;
+        frame->transferCharacteristics = image->transferCharacteristics;
+        frame->matrixCoefficients = image->matrixCoefficients;
+        frame->yuvRange = image->yuvRange;
+        frame->yuvFormat = image->yuvFormat;
+        frame->depth = image->depth;
+        frame->alphaPremultiplied = image->alphaPremultiplied;
+    }
+
+    avifRGBImageSetDefaults(&rgb, frame);
+
+    if (strcmp(mode, "RGBA") == 0) {
+        rgb.format = AVIF_RGB_FORMAT_RGBA;
+    } else {
+        rgb.format = AVIF_RGB_FORMAT_RGB;
+    }
+
+    result = avifRGBImageAllocatePixels(&rgb);
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Pixel allocation failed: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    if (rgb.rowBytes * rgb.height != size) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            PyExc_RuntimeError,
+            "rgb data has incorrect size: %u * %u (%u) != %u",
+            rgb.rowBytes,
+            rgb.height,
+            rgb.rowBytes * rgb.height,
+            size
+        );
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    // rgb.pixels is safe for writes
+    memcpy(rgb.pixels, rgb_bytes, size);
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
+    result = avifImageRGBToYUV(frame, &rgb);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
+
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Conversion to YUV failed: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t addImageFlags =
+        is_single_frame ? AVIF_ADD_IMAGE_FLAG_SINGLE : AVIF_ADD_IMAGE_FLAG_NONE;
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
+    result = avifEncoderAddImage(encoder, frame, duration, addImageFlags);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
+
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Failed to encode image: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        error = 1;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+end:
+    if (&rgb) {
+        avifRGBImageFreePixels(&rgb);
+    }
+    if (!self->first_frame) {
+        avifImageDestroy(frame);
+    }
+
+    if (error) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    self->first_frame = 0;
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_encoder_finish(AvifEncoderObject *self) {
+    avifEncoder *encoder = self->encoder;
+
+    avifRWData raw = AVIF_DATA_EMPTY;
+    avifResult result;
+    PyObject *ret = NULL;
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
+    result = avifEncoderFinish(encoder, &raw);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
+
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Failed to finish encoding: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        avifRWDataFree(&raw);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)raw.data, raw.size);
+
+    avifRWDataFree(&raw);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Decoder functions
+PyObject *
+AvifDecoderNew(PyObject *self_, PyObject *args) {
+    Py_buffer buffer;
+    AvifDecoderObject *self = NULL;
+    avifDecoder *decoder;
+
+    char *codec_str;
+    avifCodecChoice codec;
+    int max_threads;
+
+    avifResult result;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y*si", &buffer, &codec_str, &max_threads)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (strcmp(codec_str, "auto") == 0) {
+        codec = AVIF_CODEC_CHOICE_AUTO;
+    } else {
+        codec = avifCodecChoiceFromName(codec_str);
+    }
+
+    self = PyObject_New(AvifDecoderObject, &AvifDecoder_Type);
+    if (!self) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "could not create decoder object");
+        PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    decoder = avifDecoderCreate();
+    if (!decoder) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Can't allocate decoder");
+        PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
+        PyObject_Del(self);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    decoder->maxThreads = max_threads;
+    // Turn off libavif's 'clap' (clean aperture) property validation.
+    decoder->strictFlags &= ~AVIF_STRICT_CLAP_VALID;
+    // Allow the PixelInformationProperty ('pixi') to be missing in AV1 image
+    // items. libheif v1.11.0 and older does not add the 'pixi' item property to
+    // AV1 image items.
+    decoder->strictFlags &= ~AVIF_STRICT_PIXI_REQUIRED;
+    decoder->codecChoice = codec;
+
+    result = avifDecoderSetIOMemory(decoder, buffer.buf, buffer.len);
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Setting IO memory failed: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        avifDecoderDestroy(decoder);
+        PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
+        PyObject_Del(self);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = avifDecoderParse(decoder);
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Failed to decode image: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        avifDecoderDestroy(decoder);
+        PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
+        PyObject_Del(self);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    self->decoder = decoder;
+    self->buffer = buffer;
+
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_decoder_dealloc(AvifDecoderObject *self) {
+    if (self->decoder) {
+        avifDecoderDestroy(self->decoder);
+    }
+    PyBuffer_Release(&self->buffer);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_decoder_get_info(AvifDecoderObject *self) {
+    avifDecoder *decoder = self->decoder;
+    avifImage *image = decoder->image;
+
+    PyObject *icc = NULL;
+    PyObject *exif = NULL;
+    PyObject *xmp = NULL;
+    PyObject *ret = NULL;
+
+    if (image->xmp.size) {
+        xmp = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)image->xmp.data, image->xmp.size);
+    }
+
+    if (image->exif.size) {
+        exif =
+            PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)image->exif.data, image->exif.size);
+    }
+
+    if (image->icc.size) {
+        icc = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)image->icc.data, image->icc.size);
+    }
+
+    ret = Py_BuildValue(
+        "(II)IsSSIS",
+        image->width,
+        image->height,
+        decoder->imageCount,
+        decoder->alphaPresent ? "RGBA" : "RGB",
+        NULL == icc ? Py_None : icc,
+        NULL == exif ? Py_None : exif,
+        irot_imir_to_exif_orientation(image),
+        NULL == xmp ? Py_None : xmp
+    );
+
+    Py_XDECREF(xmp);
+    Py_XDECREF(exif);
+    Py_XDECREF(icc);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_decoder_get_frame(AvifDecoderObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    PyObject *bytes;
+    PyObject *ret;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    avifResult result;
+    avifRGBImage rgb;
+    avifDecoder *decoder;
+    avifImage *image;
+    uint32_t frame_index;
+
+    decoder = self->decoder;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "I", &frame_index)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = avifDecoderNthImage(decoder, frame_index);
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Failed to decode frame %u: %s",
+            frame_index,
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    image = decoder->image;
+
+    avifRGBImageSetDefaults(&rgb, image);
+
+    rgb.depth = 8;
+    rgb.format = decoder->alphaPresent ? AVIF_RGB_FORMAT_RGBA : AVIF_RGB_FORMAT_RGB;
+
+    result = avifRGBImageAllocatePixels(&rgb);
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Pixel allocation failed: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
+    result = avifImageYUVToRGB(image, &rgb);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
+
+    if (result != AVIF_RESULT_OK) {
+        PyErr_Format(
+            exc_type_for_avif_result(result),
+            "Conversion from YUV failed: %s",
+            avifResultToString(result)
+        );
+        avifRGBImageFreePixels(&rgb);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (rgb.height > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / rgb.rowBytes) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Integer overflow in pixel size");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    size = rgb.rowBytes * rgb.height;
+
+    bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)rgb.pixels, size);
+    avifRGBImageFreePixels(&rgb);
+
+    ret = Py_BuildValue(
+        "SKKK",
+        bytes,
+        decoder->timescale,
+        decoder->imageTiming.ptsInTimescales,
+        decoder->imageTiming.durationInTimescales
+    );
+
+    Py_DECREF(bytes);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Type Definitions                                                     */
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+// AvifEncoder methods
+static struct PyMethodDef _encoder_methods[] = {
+    {"add", (PyCFunction)_encoder_add, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"finish", (PyCFunction)_encoder_finish, METH_NOARGS},
+    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+// AvifEncoder type definition
+static PyTypeObject AvifEncoder_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0).tp_name = "AvifEncoder",
+    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(AvifEncoderObject),
+    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)_encoder_dealloc,
+    .tp_methods = _encoder_methods,
+};
+
+// AvifDecoder methods
+static struct PyMethodDef _decoder_methods[] = {
+    {"get_info", (PyCFunction)_decoder_get_info, METH_NOARGS},
+    {"get_frame", (PyCFunction)_decoder_get_frame, METH_VARARGS},
+    {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+// AvifDecoder type definition
+static PyTypeObject AvifDecoder_Type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0).tp_name = "AvifDecoder",
+    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(AvifDecoderObject),
+    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)_decoder_dealloc,
+    .tp_methods = _decoder_methods,
+};
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Module Setup                                                         */
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static PyMethodDef avifMethods[] = {
+    {"AvifDecoder", AvifDecoderNew, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"AvifEncoder", AvifEncoderNew, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"decoder_codec_available", _decoder_codec_available, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"encoder_codec_available", _encoder_codec_available, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"codec_versions", _codec_versions, METH_NOARGS},
+    {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+static int
+setup_module(PyObject *m) {
+    if (PyType_Ready(&AvifDecoder_Type) < 0 || PyType_Ready(&AvifEncoder_Type) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
+    PyObject *v = PyUnicode_FromString(avifVersion());
+    PyDict_SetItemString(d, "libavif_version", v ? v : Py_None);
+    Py_XDECREF(v);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__avif(void) {
+    PyObject *m;
+
+    static PyModuleDef module_def = {
+        PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+        .m_name = "_avif",
+        .m_size = -1,
+        .m_methods = avifMethods,
+    };
+
+    m = PyModule_Create(&module_def);
+    if (setup_module(m) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(m, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED);
+#endif
+
+    return m;
+}

src/_imaging.c

@@ -230,6 +230,93 @@ PyImaging_GetBuffer(PyObject *buffer, Py_buffer *view) {
     return PyObject_GetBuffer(buffer, view, PyBUF_SIMPLE);
 }
 
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Arrow HANDLING                                                       */
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+PyObject *
+ArrowError(int err) {
+    if (err == IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY) {
+        return ImagingError_MemoryError();
+    }
+    if (err == IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE) {
+        return ImagingError_ValueError("Incompatible Pillow mode for Arrow array");
+    }
+    if (err == IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT) {
+        return ImagingError_ValueError(
+            "Image is in multiple array blocks, use imaging_new_block for zero copy"
+        );
+    }
+    return ImagingError_ValueError("Unknown error");
+}
+
+void
+ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule(PyObject *capsule) {
+    struct ArrowSchema *schema =
+        (struct ArrowSchema *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, "arrow_schema");
+    if (schema->release != NULL) {
+        schema->release(schema);
+    }
+    free(schema);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+ExportArrowSchemaPyCapsule(ImagingObject *self) {
+    struct ArrowSchema *schema =
+        (struct ArrowSchema *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema));
+    int err = export_imaging_schema(self->image, schema);
+    if (err == 0) {
+        return PyCapsule_New(schema, "arrow_schema", ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule);
+    }
+    free(schema);
+    return ArrowError(err);
+}
+
+void
+ReleaseArrowArrayPyCapsule(PyObject *capsule) {
+    struct ArrowArray *array =
+        (struct ArrowArray *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, "arrow_array");
+    if (array->release != NULL) {
+        array->release(array);
+    }
+    free(array);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+ExportArrowArrayPyCapsule(ImagingObject *self) {
+    struct ArrowArray *array =
+        (struct ArrowArray *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray));
+    int err = export_imaging_array(self->image, array);
+    if (err == 0) {
+        return PyCapsule_New(array, "arrow_array", ReleaseArrowArrayPyCapsule);
+    }
+    free(array);
+    return ArrowError(err);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+_new_arrow(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    char *mode;
+    int xsize, ysize;
+    PyObject *schema_capsule, *array_capsule;
+    PyObject *ret;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
+            args, "s(ii)OO", &mode, &xsize, &ysize, &schema_capsule, &array_capsule
+        )) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // ImagingBorrowArrow is responsible for retaining the array_capsule
+    ret =
+        PyImagingNew(ImagingNewArrow(mode, xsize, ysize, schema_capsule, array_capsule)
+        );
+    if (!ret) {
+        return ImagingError_ValueError("Invalid Arrow array mode or size mismatch");
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 /* EXCEPTION REROUTING                                                  */
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -3655,6 +3742,10 @@ static struct PyMethodDef methods[] = {
     /* Misc. */
     {"save_ppm", (PyCFunction)_save_ppm, METH_VARARGS},
 
+    /* arrow */
+    {"__arrow_c_schema__", (PyCFunction)ExportArrowSchemaPyCapsule, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"__arrow_c_array__", (PyCFunction)ExportArrowArrayPyCapsule, METH_VARARGS},
+
     {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
 };
 
@@ -3722,6 +3813,11 @@ _getattr_unsafe_ptrs(ImagingObject *self, void *closure) {
     );
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+_getattr_readonly(ImagingObject *self, void *closure) {
+    return PyLong_FromLong(self->image->read_only);
+}
+
 static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
     {"mode", (getter)_getattr_mode},
     {"size", (getter)_getattr_size},
@@ -3729,6 +3825,7 @@ static struct PyGetSetDef getsetters[] = {
     {"id", (getter)_getattr_id},
     {"ptr", (getter)_getattr_ptr},
     {"unsafe_ptrs", (getter)_getattr_unsafe_ptrs},
+    {"readonly", (getter)_getattr_readonly},
     {NULL}
 };
 
@@ -3983,6 +4080,21 @@ _set_blocks_max(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+_set_use_block_allocator(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    int use_block_allocator;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:set_use_block_allocator", &use_block_allocator)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    ImagingMemorySetBlockAllocator(&ImagingDefaultArena, use_block_allocator);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+_get_use_block_allocator(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    return PyLong_FromLong(ImagingDefaultArena.use_block_allocator);
+}
+
 static PyObject *
 _clear_cache(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     int i = 0;
@@ -4104,6 +4216,7 @@ static PyMethodDef functions[] = {
     {"fill", (PyCFunction)_fill, METH_VARARGS},
     {"new", (PyCFunction)_new, METH_VARARGS},
     {"new_block", (PyCFunction)_new_block, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"new_arrow", (PyCFunction)_new_arrow, METH_VARARGS},
     {"merge", (PyCFunction)_merge, METH_VARARGS},
 
     /* Functions */
@@ -4190,9 +4303,11 @@ static PyMethodDef functions[] = {
     {"get_alignment", (PyCFunction)_get_alignment, METH_VARARGS},
     {"get_block_size", (PyCFunction)_get_block_size, METH_VARARGS},
     {"get_blocks_max", (PyCFunction)_get_blocks_max, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"get_use_block_allocator", (PyCFunction)_get_use_block_allocator, METH_VARARGS},
     {"set_alignment", (PyCFunction)_set_alignment, METH_VARARGS},
     {"set_block_size", (PyCFunction)_set_block_size, METH_VARARGS},
     {"set_blocks_max", (PyCFunction)_set_blocks_max, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"set_use_block_allocator", (PyCFunction)_set_use_block_allocator, METH_VARARGS},
     {"clear_cache", (PyCFunction)_clear_cache, METH_VARARGS},
 
     {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */

src/display.c

@@ -286,29 +286,42 @@ PyImaging_DisplayModeWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 /* Windows screen grabber */
 
+typedef HANDLE(__stdcall *Func_GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext)(HANDLE);
 typedef HANDLE(__stdcall *Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext)(HANDLE);
 
 PyObject *
 PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
-    int x = 0, y = 0, width, height;
-    int includeLayeredWindows = 0, all_screens = 0;
+    int x = 0, y = 0, width = -1, height;
+    int includeLayeredWindows = 0, screens = 0;
     HBITMAP bitmap;
     BITMAPCOREHEADER core;
     HDC screen, screen_copy;
+    HWND wnd;
     DWORD rop;
     PyObject *buffer;
-    HANDLE dpiAwareness;
+    HANDLE dpiAwareness = NULL;
     HMODULE user32;
+    Func_GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function;
     Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function;
 
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|ii", &includeLayeredWindows, &all_screens)) {
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(
+            args, "|ii" F_HANDLE, &includeLayeredWindows, &screens, &wnd
+        )) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     /* step 1: create a memory DC large enough to hold the
        entire screen */
 
-    screen = CreateDC("DISPLAY", NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    if (screens == -1) {
+        screen = GetDC(wnd);
+        if (screen == NULL) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "unable to get device context for handle");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    } else {
+        screen = CreateDC("DISPLAY", NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    }
     screen_copy = CreateCompatibleDC(screen);
 
     // added in Windows 10 (1607)
@@ -317,15 +330,28 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext
     )GetProcAddress(user32, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
     if (SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function != NULL) {
+        GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext
+        )GetProcAddress(user32, "GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext");
+        if (screens == -1 && GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function != NULL) {
+            dpiAwareness = GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function(wnd);
+        }
         // DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE = ((DPI_CONTEXT_HANDLE)-3)
-        dpiAwareness = SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function((HANDLE)-3);
+        dpiAwareness = SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function(
+            dpiAwareness == NULL ? (HANDLE)-3 : dpiAwareness
+        );
     }
 
-    if (all_screens) {
+    if (screens == 1) {
         x = GetSystemMetrics(SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN);
         y = GetSystemMetrics(SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN);
         width = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN);
         height = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN);
+    } else if (screens == -1) {
+        RECT rect;
+        if (GetClientRect(wnd, &rect)) {
+            width = rect.right;
+            height = rect.bottom;
+        }
     } else {
         width = GetDeviceCaps(screen, HORZRES);
         height = GetDeviceCaps(screen, VERTRES);
@@ -337,6 +363,10 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     FreeLibrary(user32);
 
+    if (width == -1) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
     bitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(screen, width, height);
     if (!bitmap) {
         goto error;
@@ -382,7 +412,11 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
     DeleteObject(bitmap);
     DeleteDC(screen_copy);
-    DeleteDC(screen);
+    if (screens == -1) {
+        ReleaseDC(wnd, screen);
+    } else {
+        DeleteDC(screen);
+    }
 
     return Py_BuildValue("(ii)(ii)N", x, y, width, height, buffer);
 
@@ -390,7 +424,11 @@ error:
     PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "screen grab failed");
 
     DeleteDC(screen_copy);
-    DeleteDC(screen);
+    if (screens == -1) {
+        ReleaseDC(wnd, screen);
+    } else {
+        DeleteDC(screen);
+    }
 
     return NULL;
 }

src/libImaging/Arrow.c

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+
+#include "Arrow.h"
+#include "Imaging.h"
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* struct ArrowSchema* */
+/* _arrow_schema_channel(char* channel, char* format) { */
+
+/* } */
+
+static void
+ReleaseExportedSchema(struct ArrowSchema *array) {
+    // This should not be called on already released array
+    // assert(array->release != NULL);
+
+    if (!array->release) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (array->format) {
+        free((void *)array->format);
+        array->format = NULL;
+    }
+    if (array->name) {
+        free((void *)array->name);
+        array->name = NULL;
+    }
+    if (array->metadata) {
+        free((void *)array->metadata);
+        array->metadata = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // Release children
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < array->n_children; ++i) {
+        struct ArrowSchema *child = array->children[i];
+        if (child->release != NULL) {
+            child->release(child);
+            child->release = NULL;
+        }
+        // UNDONE -- should I be releasing the children?
+    }
+
+    // Release dictionary
+    struct ArrowSchema *dict = array->dictionary;
+    if (dict != NULL && dict->release != NULL) {
+        dict->release(dict);
+        dict->release = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // TODO here: release and/or deallocate all data directly owned by
+    // the ArrowArray struct, such as the private_data.
+
+    // Mark array released
+    array->release = NULL;
+}
+
+int
+export_named_type(struct ArrowSchema *schema, char *format, char *name) {
+    char *formatp;
+    char *namep;
+    size_t format_len = strlen(format) + 1;
+    size_t name_len = strlen(name) + 1;
+
+    formatp = calloc(format_len, 1);
+
+    if (!formatp) {
+        return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    namep = calloc(name_len, 1);
+    if (!namep) {
+        free(formatp);
+        return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    strncpy(formatp, format, format_len);
+    strncpy(namep, name, name_len);
+
+    *schema = (struct ArrowSchema){// Type description
+                                   .format = formatp,
+                                   .name = namep,
+                                   .metadata = NULL,
+                                   .flags = 0,
+                                   .n_children = 0,
+                                   .children = NULL,
+                                   .dictionary = NULL,
+                                   // Bookkeeping
+                                   .release = &ReleaseExportedSchema
+    };
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema) {
+    int retval = 0;
+
+    if (strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "") == 0) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE;
+    }
+
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
+    }
+
+    if (im->bands == 1) {
+        return export_named_type(schema, im->arrow_band_format, im->band_names[0]);
+    }
+
+    retval = export_named_type(schema, "+w:4", "");
+    if (retval != 0) {
+        return retval;
+    }
+    // if it's not 1 band, it's an int32 at the moment. 4 uint8 bands.
+    schema->n_children = 1;
+    schema->children = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema *));
+    schema->children[0] = (struct ArrowSchema *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema));
+    retval = export_named_type(schema->children[0], im->arrow_band_format, "pixel");
+    if (retval != 0) {
+        free(schema->children[0]);
+        schema->release(schema);
+        return retval;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+release_const_array(struct ArrowArray *array) {
+    Imaging im = (Imaging)array->private_data;
+
+    if (array->n_children == 0) {
+        ImagingDelete(im);
+    }
+
+    //  Free the buffers and the buffers array
+    if (array->buffers) {
+        free(array->buffers);
+        array->buffers = NULL;
+    }
+    if (array->children) {
+        // undone -- does arrow release all the children recursively?
+        for (int i = 0; i < array->n_children; i++) {
+            if (array->children[i]->release) {
+                array->children[i]->release(array->children[i]);
+                array->children[i]->release = NULL;
+                free(array->children[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        free(array->children);
+        array->children = NULL;
+    }
+    // Mark released
+    array->release = NULL;
+}
+
+int
+export_single_channel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
+    int length = im->xsize * im->ysize;
+
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
+    }
+
+    if (im->lines_per_block && im->lines_per_block < im->ysize) {
+        length = im->xsize * im->lines_per_block;
+    }
+
+    MUTEX_LOCK(&im->mutex);
+    im->refcount++;
+    MUTEX_UNLOCK(&im->mutex);
+    // Initialize primitive fields
+    *array = (struct ArrowArray){// Data description
+                                 .length = length,
+                                 .offset = 0,
+                                 .null_count = 0,
+                                 .n_buffers = 2,
+                                 .n_children = 0,
+                                 .children = NULL,
+                                 .dictionary = NULL,
+                                 // Bookkeeping
+                                 .release = &release_const_array,
+                                 .private_data = im
+    };
+
+    // Allocate list of buffers
+    array->buffers = (const void **)malloc(sizeof(void *) * array->n_buffers);
+    // assert(array->buffers != NULL);
+    array->buffers[0] = NULL;  // no nulls, null bitmap can be omitted
+
+    if (im->block) {
+        array->buffers[1] = im->block;
+    } else {
+        array->buffers[1] = im->blocks[0].ptr;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+export_fixed_pixel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
+    int length = im->xsize * im->ysize;
+
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
+    }
+
+    if (im->lines_per_block && im->lines_per_block < im->ysize) {
+        length = im->xsize * im->lines_per_block;
+    }
+
+    MUTEX_LOCK(&im->mutex);
+    im->refcount++;
+    MUTEX_UNLOCK(&im->mutex);
+    // Initialize primitive fields
+    // Fixed length arrays are 1 buffer of validity, and the length in pixels.
+    // Data is in a child array.
+    *array = (struct ArrowArray){// Data description
+                                 .length = length,
+                                 .offset = 0,
+                                 .null_count = 0,
+                                 .n_buffers = 1,
+                                 .n_children = 1,
+                                 .children = NULL,
+                                 .dictionary = NULL,
+                                 // Bookkeeping
+                                 .release = &release_const_array,
+                                 .private_data = im
+    };
+
+    // Allocate list of buffers
+    array->buffers = (const void **)calloc(1, sizeof(void *) * array->n_buffers);
+    if (!array->buffers) {
+        goto err;
+    }
+    // assert(array->buffers != NULL);
+    array->buffers[0] = NULL;  // no nulls, null bitmap can be omitted
+
+    // if it's not 1 band, it's an int32 at the moment. 4 uint8 bands.
+    array->n_children = 1;
+    array->children = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray *));
+    if (!array->children) {
+        goto err;
+    }
+    array->children[0] = (struct ArrowArray *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray));
+    if (!array->children[0]) {
+        goto err;
+    }
+
+    MUTEX_LOCK(&im->mutex);
+    im->refcount++;
+    MUTEX_UNLOCK(&im->mutex);
+    *array->children[0] = (struct ArrowArray){// Data description
+                                              .length = length * 4,
+                                              .offset = 0,
+                                              .null_count = 0,
+                                              .n_buffers = 2,
+                                              .n_children = 0,
+                                              .children = NULL,
+                                              .dictionary = NULL,
+                                              // Bookkeeping
+                                              .release = &release_const_array,
+                                              .private_data = im
+    };
+
+    array->children[0]->buffers =
+        (const void **)calloc(2, sizeof(void *) * array->n_buffers);
+
+    if (im->block) {
+        array->children[0]->buffers[1] = im->block;
+    } else {
+        array->children[0]->buffers[1] = im->blocks[0].ptr;
+    }
+    return 0;
+
+err:
+    if (array->children[0]) {
+        free(array->children[0]);
+    }
+    if (array->children) {
+        free(array->children);
+    }
+    if (array->buffers) {
+        free(array->buffers);
+    }
+    return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
+}
+
+int
+export_imaging_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
+    if (strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "") == 0) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE;
+    }
+
+    if (im->bands == 1) {
+        return export_single_channel_array(im, array);
+    }
+
+    return export_fixed_pixel_array(im, array);
+}

src/libImaging/Arrow.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+// Apache License 2.0.
+// Source apache arrow project
+// https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/CDataInterface.html
+
+#ifndef ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE
+#define ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE
+
+#define ARROW_FLAG_DICTIONARY_ORDERED 1
+#define ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE 2
+#define ARROW_FLAG_MAP_KEYS_SORTED 4
+
+struct ArrowSchema {
+    // Array type description
+    const char *format;
+    const char *name;
+    const char *metadata;
+    int64_t flags;
+    int64_t n_children;
+    struct ArrowSchema **children;
+    struct ArrowSchema *dictionary;
+
+    // Release callback
+    void (*release)(struct ArrowSchema *);
+    // Opaque producer-specific data
+    void *private_data;
+};
+
+struct ArrowArray {
+    // Array data description
+    int64_t length;
+    int64_t null_count;
+    int64_t offset;
+    int64_t n_buffers;
+    int64_t n_children;
+    const void **buffers;
+    struct ArrowArray **children;
+    struct ArrowArray *dictionary;
+
+    // Release callback
+    void (*release)(struct ArrowArray *);
+    // Opaque producer-specific data
+    void *private_data;
+};
+
+#endif  // ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE

src/libImaging/Imaging.h

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ extern "C" {
 #define M_PI 3.1415926535897932384626433832795
 #endif
 
+#include "Arrow.h"
+
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
 /*
@@ -104,6 +106,21 @@ struct ImagingMemoryInstance {
 
     /* Virtual methods */
     void (*destroy)(Imaging im);
+
+    /* arrow */
+    int refcount;              /* Number of arrow arrays that have been allocated */
+    char band_names[4][3];     /* names of bands, max 2 char + null terminator */
+    char arrow_band_format[2]; /* single character + null terminator */
+
+    int read_only; /* flag for read-only. set for arrow borrowed arrays */
+    PyObject *arrow_array_capsule; /* upstream arrow array source */
+
+    int blocks_count;    /* Number of blocks that have been allocated */
+    int lines_per_block; /* Number of lines in a block have been allocated */
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyMutex mutex;
+#endif
 };
 
 #define IMAGING_PIXEL_1(im, x, y) ((im)->image8[(y)][(x)])
@@ -161,6 +178,7 @@ typedef struct ImagingMemoryArena {
     int stats_reallocated_blocks; /* Number of blocks which were actually reallocated
                                      after retrieving */
     int stats_freed_blocks;       /* Number of freed blocks */
+    int use_block_allocator;      /* don't use arena, use block allocator */
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
     PyMutex mutex;
 #endif
@@ -174,6 +192,8 @@ extern int
 ImagingMemorySetBlocksMax(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int blocks_max);
 extern void
 ImagingMemoryClearCache(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int new_size);
+extern void
+ImagingMemorySetBlockAllocator(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int use_block_allocator);
 
 extern Imaging
 ImagingNew(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize);
@@ -187,6 +207,15 @@ ImagingDelete(Imaging im);
 extern Imaging
 ImagingNewBlock(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize);
 
+extern Imaging
+ImagingNewArrow(
+    const char *mode,
+    int xsize,
+    int ysize,
+    PyObject *schema_capsule,
+    PyObject *array_capsule
+);
+
 extern Imaging
 ImagingNewPrologue(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize);
 extern Imaging
@@ -700,6 +729,13 @@ _imaging_seek_pyFd(PyObject *fd, Py_ssize_t offset, int whence);
 extern Py_ssize_t
 _imaging_tell_pyFd(PyObject *fd);
 
+/* Arrow */
+
+extern int
+export_imaging_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array);
+extern int
+export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema);
+
 /* Errcodes */
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_END 1
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_OVERRUN -1
@@ -707,6 +743,8 @@ _imaging_tell_pyFd(PyObject *fd);
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_UNKNOWN -3
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_CONFIG -8
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY -9
+#define IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE -10
+#define IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT -11
 
 #include "ImagingUtils.h"
 extern UINT8 *clip8_lookups;

src/libImaging/Storage.c

@@ -58,19 +58,22 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
     /* Setup image descriptor */
     im->xsize = xsize;
     im->ysize = ysize;
-
+    im->refcount = 1;
     im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_UINT8;
+    strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "C");
 
     if (strcmp(mode, "1") == 0) {
         /* 1-bit images */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 1;
         im->linesize = xsize;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "1");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "P") == 0) {
         /* 8-bit palette mapped images */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 1;
         im->linesize = xsize;
         im->palette = ImagingPaletteNew("RGB");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "P");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "PA") == 0) {
         /* 8-bit palette with alpha */
@@ -78,23 +81,36 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 4; /* store in image32 memory */
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
         im->palette = ImagingPaletteNew("RGB");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "P");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "A");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "L") == 0) {
         /* 8-bit grayscale (luminance) images */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 1;
         im->linesize = xsize;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "L");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "LA") == 0) {
         /* 8-bit grayscale (luminance) with alpha */
         im->bands = 2;
         im->pixelsize = 4; /* store in image32 memory */
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "L");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "A");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "La") == 0) {
         /* 8-bit grayscale (luminance) with premultiplied alpha */
         im->bands = 2;
         im->pixelsize = 4; /* store in image32 memory */
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "L");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "X");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "a");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "F") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit floating point images */
@@ -102,6 +118,8 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_FLOAT32;
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "f");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "F");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "I") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit integer images */
@@ -109,6 +127,8 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_INT32;
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "i");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "I");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "I;16") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "I;16L") == 0 ||
                strcmp(mode, "I;16B") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "I;16N") == 0) {
@@ -118,12 +138,18 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 2;
         im->linesize = xsize * 2;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL;
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "s");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "I");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "RGB") == 0) {
         /* 24-bit true colour images */
         im->bands = 3;
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "R");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "G");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "B");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "X");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "BGR;15") == 0) {
         /* EXPERIMENTAL */
@@ -132,6 +158,8 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 2;
         im->linesize = (xsize * 2 + 3) & -4;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL;
+        /* not allowing arrow due to line length packing */
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "BGR;16") == 0) {
         /* EXPERIMENTAL */
@@ -140,6 +168,8 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 2;
         im->linesize = (xsize * 2 + 3) & -4;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL;
+        /* not allowing arrow due to line length packing */
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "BGR;24") == 0) {
         /* EXPERIMENTAL */
@@ -148,32 +178,54 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->pixelsize = 3;
         im->linesize = (xsize * 3 + 3) & -4;
         im->type = IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL;
+        /* not allowing arrow due to line length packing */
+        strcpy(im->arrow_band_format, "");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "RGBX") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit true colour images with padding */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "R");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "G");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "B");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "X");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "RGBA") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit true colour images with alpha */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "R");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "G");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "B");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "A");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "RGBa") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit true colour images with premultiplied alpha */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "R");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "G");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "B");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "a");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "CMYK") == 0) {
         /* 32-bit colour separation */
         im->bands = im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "C");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "M");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "Y");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "K");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "YCbCr") == 0) {
         /* 24-bit video format */
         im->bands = 3;
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "Y");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "Cb");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "Cr");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "X");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "LAB") == 0) {
         /* 24-bit color, luminance, + 2 color channels */
@@ -181,6 +233,10 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->bands = 3;
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "L");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "a");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "b");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "X");
 
     } else if (strcmp(mode, "HSV") == 0) {
         /* 24-bit color, luminance, + 2 color channels */
@@ -188,6 +244,10 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
         im->bands = 3;
         im->pixelsize = 4;
         im->linesize = xsize * 4;
+        strcpy(im->band_names[0], "H");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[1], "S");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[2], "V");
+        strcpy(im->band_names[3], "X");
 
     } else {
         free(im);
@@ -218,6 +278,7 @@ ImagingNewPrologueSubtype(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int size) {
             break;
     }
 
+    // UNDONE -- not accurate for arrow
     MUTEX_LOCK(&ImagingDefaultArena.mutex);
     ImagingDefaultArena.stats_new_count += 1;
     MUTEX_UNLOCK(&ImagingDefaultArena.mutex);
@@ -238,8 +299,18 @@ ImagingDelete(Imaging im) {
         return;
     }
 
+    MUTEX_LOCK(&im->mutex);
+    im->refcount--;
+
+    if (im->refcount > 0) {
+        MUTEX_UNLOCK(&im->mutex);
+        return;
+    }
+    MUTEX_UNLOCK(&im->mutex);
+
     if (im->palette) {
         ImagingPaletteDelete(im->palette);
+        im->palette = NULL;
     }
 
     if (im->destroy) {
@@ -270,6 +341,7 @@ struct ImagingMemoryArena ImagingDefaultArena = {
     0,
     0,
     0,  // Stats
+    0,  // use_block_allocator
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
     {0},
 #endif
@@ -302,6 +374,11 @@ ImagingMemorySetBlocksMax(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int blocks_max) {
     return 1;
 }
 
+void
+ImagingMemorySetBlockAllocator(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int use_block_allocator) {
+    arena->use_block_allocator = use_block_allocator;
+}
+
 void
 ImagingMemoryClearCache(ImagingMemoryArena arena, int new_size) {
     while (arena->blocks_cached > new_size) {
@@ -396,11 +473,13 @@ ImagingAllocateArray(Imaging im, ImagingMemoryArena arena, int dirty, int block_
     if (lines_per_block == 0) {
         lines_per_block = 1;
     }
+    im->lines_per_block = lines_per_block;
     blocks_count = (im->ysize + lines_per_block - 1) / lines_per_block;
     // printf("NEW size: %dx%d, ls: %d, lpb: %d, blocks: %d\n",
     //        im->xsize, im->ysize, aligned_linesize, lines_per_block, blocks_count);
 
     /* One extra pointer is always NULL */
+    im->blocks_count = blocks_count;
     im->blocks = calloc(sizeof(*im->blocks), blocks_count + 1);
     if (!im->blocks) {
         return (Imaging)ImagingError_MemoryError();
@@ -487,6 +566,58 @@ ImagingAllocateBlock(Imaging im) {
     return im;
 }
 
+/* Borrowed Arrow Storage Type */
+/* --------------------------- */
+/* Don't allocate the image. */
+
+static void
+ImagingDestroyArrow(Imaging im) {
+    // Rely on the internal Python destructor for the array capsule.
+    if (im->arrow_array_capsule) {
+        Py_DECREF(im->arrow_array_capsule);
+        im->arrow_array_capsule = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+Imaging
+ImagingBorrowArrow(
+    Imaging im,
+    struct ArrowArray *external_array,
+    int offset_width,
+    PyObject *arrow_capsule
+) {
+    // offset_width is the number of char* for a single offset from arrow
+    Py_ssize_t y, i;
+
+    char *borrowed_buffer = NULL;
+    struct ArrowArray *arr = external_array;
+
+    if (arr->n_children == 1) {
+        arr = arr->children[0];
+    }
+    if (arr->n_buffers == 2) {
+        // buffer 0 is the null list
+        // buffer 1 is the data
+        borrowed_buffer = (char *)arr->buffers[1] + (offset_width * arr->offset);
+    }
+
+    if (!borrowed_buffer) {
+        return (Imaging
+        )ImagingError_ValueError("Arrow Array, exactly 2 buffers required");
+    }
+
+    for (y = i = 0; y < im->ysize; y++) {
+        im->image[y] = borrowed_buffer + i;
+        i += im->linesize;
+    }
+    im->read_only = 1;
+    Py_INCREF(arrow_capsule);
+    im->arrow_array_capsule = arrow_capsule;
+    im->destroy = ImagingDestroyArrow;
+
+    return im;
+}
+
 /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Create a new, internally allocated, image.
  */
@@ -529,11 +660,17 @@ ImagingNewInternal(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize, int dirty) {
 
 Imaging
 ImagingNew(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize) {
+    if (ImagingDefaultArena.use_block_allocator) {
+        return ImagingNewBlock(mode, xsize, ysize);
+    }
     return ImagingNewInternal(mode, xsize, ysize, 0);
 }
 
 Imaging
 ImagingNewDirty(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize) {
+    if (ImagingDefaultArena.use_block_allocator) {
+        return ImagingNewBlock(mode, xsize, ysize);
+    }
     return ImagingNewInternal(mode, xsize, ysize, 1);
 }
 
@@ -558,6 +695,66 @@ ImagingNewBlock(const char *mode, int xsize, int ysize) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
+Imaging
+ImagingNewArrow(
+    const char *mode,
+    int xsize,
+    int ysize,
+    PyObject *schema_capsule,
+    PyObject *array_capsule
+) {
+    /* A borrowed arrow array */
+    Imaging im;
+    struct ArrowSchema *schema =
+        (struct ArrowSchema *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(schema_capsule, "arrow_schema");
+
+    struct ArrowArray *external_array =
+        (struct ArrowArray *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(array_capsule, "arrow_array");
+
+    if (xsize < 0 || ysize < 0) {
+        return (Imaging)ImagingError_ValueError("bad image size");
+    }
+
+    im = ImagingNewPrologue(mode, xsize, ysize);
+    if (!im) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    int64_t pixels = (int64_t)xsize * (int64_t)ysize;
+
+    // fmt:off   // don't reformat this
+    if (((strcmp(schema->format, "I") == 0  // int32
+          && im->pixelsize == 4             // 4xchar* storage
+          && im->bands >= 2)                // INT32 into any INT32 Storage mode
+         ||                                 // (()||()) &&
+         (strcmp(schema->format, im->arrow_band_format) == 0  // same mode
+          && im->bands == 1))                                 // Single band match
+        && pixels == external_array->length) {
+        // one arrow element per, and it matches a pixelsize*char
+        if (ImagingBorrowArrow(im, external_array, im->pixelsize, array_capsule)) {
+            return im;
+        }
+    }
+    if (strcmp(schema->format, "+w:4") == 0  // 4 up array
+        && im->pixelsize == 4                // storage as 32 bpc
+        && schema->n_children > 0            // make sure schema is well formed.
+        && schema->children                  // make sure schema is well formed
+        && strcmp(schema->children[0]->format, "C") == 0  // Expected format
+        && strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "C") == 0        // Expected Format
+        && pixels == external_array->length               // expected length
+        && external_array->n_children == 1                // array is well formed
+        && external_array->children                       // array is well formed
+        && 4 * pixels == external_array->children[0]->length) {
+        // 4 up element of char into pixelsize == 4
+        if (ImagingBorrowArrow(im, external_array, 1, array_capsule)) {
+            return im;
+        }
+    }
+    // fmt: on
+    ImagingDelete(im);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 Imaging
 ImagingNew2Dirty(const char *mode, Imaging imOut, Imaging imIn) {
     /* allocate or validate output image */

wheels/dependency_licenses/AOM.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright (c) 2016, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+   distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
+ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

wheels/dependency_licenses/DAV1D.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Copyright © 2018-2019, VideoLAN and dav1d authors
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

wheels/dependency_licenses/LIBAVIF.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+Copyright 2019 Joe Drago. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Files: src/obu.c
+
+Copyright © 2018-2019, VideoLAN and dav1d authors
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Files: third_party/iccjpeg/*
+
+In plain English:
+
+1. We don't promise that this software works.  (But if you find any bugs,
+   please let us know!)
+2. You can use this software for whatever you want.  You don't have to pay us.
+3. You may not pretend that you wrote this software.  If you use it in a
+   program, you must acknowledge somewhere in your documentation that
+   you've used the IJG code.
+
+In legalese:
+
+The authors make NO WARRANTY or representation, either express or implied,
+with respect to this software, its quality, accuracy, merchantability, or
+fitness for a particular purpose.  This software is provided "AS IS", and you,
+its user, assume the entire risk as to its quality and accuracy.
+
+This software is copyright (C) 1991-2013, Thomas G. Lane, Guido Vollbeding.
+All Rights Reserved except as specified below.
+
+Permission is hereby granted to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+software (or portions thereof) for any purpose, without fee, subject to these
+conditions:
+(1) If any part of the source code for this software is distributed, then this
+README file must be included, with this copyright and no-warranty notice
+unaltered; and any additions, deletions, or changes to the original files
+must be clearly indicated in accompanying documentation.
+(2) If only executable code is distributed, then the accompanying
+documentation must state that "this software is based in part on the work of
+the Independent JPEG Group".
+(3) Permission for use of this software is granted only if the user accepts
+full responsibility for any undesirable consequences; the authors accept
+NO LIABILITY for damages of any kind.
+
+These conditions apply to any software derived from or based on the IJG code,
+not just to the unmodified library.  If you use our work, you ought to
+acknowledge us.
+
+Permission is NOT granted for the use of any IJG author's name or company name
+in advertising or publicity relating to this software or products derived from
+it.  This software may be referred to only as "the Independent JPEG Group's
+software".
+
+We specifically permit and encourage the use of this software as the basis of
+commercial products, provided that all warranty or liability claims are
+assumed by the product vendor.
+
+
+The Unix configuration script "configure" was produced with GNU Autoconf.
+It is copyright by the Free Software Foundation but is freely distributable.
+The same holds for its supporting scripts (config.guess, config.sub,
+ltmain.sh).  Another support script, install-sh, is copyright by X Consortium
+but is also freely distributable.
+
+The IJG distribution formerly included code to read and write GIF files.
+To avoid entanglement with the Unisys LZW patent, GIF reading support has
+been removed altogether, and the GIF writer has been simplified to produce
+"uncompressed GIFs".  This technique does not use the LZW algorithm; the
+resulting GIF files are larger than usual, but are readable by all standard
+GIF decoders.
+
+We are required to state that
+    "The Graphics Interchange Format(c) is the Copyright property of
+    CompuServe Incorporated.  GIF(sm) is a Service Mark property of
+    CompuServe Incorporated."
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Files: contrib/gdk-pixbuf/*
+
+Copyright 2020 Emmanuel Gil Peyrot. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Files: android_jni/gradlew*
+
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+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Files: third_party/libyuv/*
+
+Copyright 2011 The LibYuv Project Authors. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+    distribution.
+
+  * Neither the name of Google nor the names of its contributors may
+    be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+    without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

wheels/dependency_licenses/LIBYUV.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Copyright 2011 The LibYuv Project Authors. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+    distribution.
+
+  * Neither the name of Google nor the names of its contributors may
+    be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+    without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

wheels/dependency_licenses/RAV1E.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+BSD 2-Clause License
+
+Copyright (c) 2017-2023, the rav1e contributors
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

wheels/dependency_licenses/SVT-AV1.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright (c) 2019, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+   distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
+ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

winbuild/build.rst

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ Run ``build_prepare.py`` to configure the build::
       --no-imagequant       skip GPL-licensed optional dependency libimagequant
       --no-fribidi, --no-raqm
                             skip LGPL-licensed optional dependency FriBiDi
+      --no-avif             skip optional dependency libavif
 
     Arguments can also be supplied using the environment variables PILLOW_BUILD,
     PILLOW_DEPS, ARCHITECTURE. See winbuild\build.rst for more information.

winbuild/build_prepare.py

@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ V = {
     "HARFBUZZ": "11.0.0",
     "JPEGTURBO": "3.1.0",
     "LCMS2": "2.17",
+    "LIBAVIF": "1.2.1",
     "LIBIMAGEQUANT": "4.3.4",
     "LIBPNG": "1.6.47",
     "LIBWEBP": "1.5.0",
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ DEPS: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {
                 "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS:BOOL=OFF",
                 "-DWebP_LIBRARY=libwebp",
                 '-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-nologo -DLZMA_API_STATIC"',
+                "-DCMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5",
             )
         ],
         "headers": [r"libtiff\tiff*.h"],
@@ -378,6 +380,27 @@ DEPS: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {
         ],
         "bins": [r"*.dll"],
     },
+    "libavif": {
+        "url": f"https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/v{V['LIBAVIF']}.zip",
+        "filename": f"libavif-{V['LIBAVIF']}.zip",
+        "license": "LICENSE",
+        "build": [
+            f"{sys.executable} -m pip install meson",
+            *cmds_cmake(
+                "avif_static",
+                "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF",
+                "-DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL",
+                "-DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL",
+                "-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL",
+                "-DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL",
+                "-DAVIF_CODEC_RAV1E=LOCAL",
+                "-DAVIF_CODEC_SVT=LOCAL",
+                "-DCMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5",
+            ),
+            cmd_xcopy("include", "{inc_dir}"),
+        ],
+        "libs": ["avif.lib"],
+    },
 }
 
 
@@ -683,6 +706,11 @@ def main() -> None:
         action="store_true",
         help="skip LGPL-licensed optional dependency FriBiDi",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-avif",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="skip optional dependency libavif",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     arch_prefs = ARCHITECTURES[args.architecture]
@@ -723,6 +751,8 @@ def main() -> None:
         disabled += ["libimagequant"]
     if args.no_fribidi:
         disabled += ["fribidi"]
+    if args.no_avif or args.architecture != "AMD64":
+        disabled += ["libavif"]
 
     prefs = {
         "architecture": args.architecture,