diff --git a/.ci/install.sh b/.ci/install.sh
index d065e7ab5..acb84f046 100755
--- a/.ci/install.sh
+++ b/.ci/install.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
     pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
 
     # libavif
-    pushd depends && CMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5 ./install_libavif.sh && popd
+    pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
 
     # extra test images
     pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
diff --git a/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt b/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt
index 2e3610478..86ac2e0b2 100644
--- a/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt
+++ b/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ IceSpringPySideStubs-PySide6
 ipython
 numpy
 packaging
+pyarrow-stubs
 pytest
 sphinx
 types-atheris
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml b/.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6a5f6e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: Test Valgrind Memory Leaks
+
+# like the Docker tests, but running valgrind only on *.c/*.h changes.
+
+# this is very expensive. Only run on the pull request.
+on:
+  # push:
+  #   branches:
+  #     - "**"
+  #   paths:
+  #     - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+  #     - "**.c"
+  #     - "**.h"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+      - "**.c"
+      - "**.h"
+      - "depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        docker: [
+          ubuntu-22.04-jammy-amd64-valgrind,
+        ]
+        dockerTag: [main]
+
+    name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+
+    - name: Build system information
+      run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
+
+    - name: Docker pull
+      run: |
+        docker pull pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }}
+
+    - name: Build and Run Valgrind
+      run: |
+        # The Pillow user in the docker container is UID 1001
+        sudo chown -R 1001 $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
+        docker run --name pillow_container -e "PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true" -v $GITHUB_WORKSPACE:/Pillow pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }} /Pillow/depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh
+        sudo chown -R runner $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml b/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
index bfa4c7cd3..6b76351b0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
@@ -31,16 +31,15 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   build:
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         python-version: ["pypy3.11", "pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
         architecture: ["x64"]
-        os: ["windows-latest"]
         include:
             # Test the oldest Python on 32-bit
-            - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86", os: "windows-2019" }
+            - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86" }
 
     timeout-minutes: 45
 
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index e15e6f639..a1a054e00 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.11.8
+    rev: v0.11.12
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ repos:
         exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$)
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v20.1.3
+    rev: v20.1.5
     hooks:
       - id: clang-format
         types: [c]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ repos:
       - id: check-renovate
 
   - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.6.0
+    rev: v1.9.0
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ repos:
       - id: sphinx-lint
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: v2.5.1
+    rev: v2.6.0
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5a8152454..ce780acbc 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -97,13 +97,27 @@ test:
 	python3 -c "import pytest" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest
 	python3 -m pytest -qq
 
+.PHONY: test-p
+test-p:
+	python3 -c "import xdist" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-xdist
+	python3 -m pytest -qq -n auto
+
+
 .PHONY: valgrind
 valgrind:
 	python3 -c "import pytest_valgrind" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-valgrind
-	PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp --leak-check=no \
+	PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp --leak-check=no \
             --log-file=/tmp/valgrind-output \
             python3 -m pytest --no-memcheck -vv --valgrind --valgrind-log=/tmp/valgrind-output
 
+.PHONY: valgrind-leak
+valgrind-leak:
+	python3 -c "import pytest_valgrind" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install pytest-valgrind
+	PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST=true PYTHONMALLOC=malloc valgrind --suppressions=Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp \
+	    --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=definite --errors-for-leak-kinds=definite \
+            --log-file=/tmp/valgrind-output \
+            python3 -m pytest -vv --valgrind --valgrind-log=/tmp/valgrind-output
+
 .PHONY: readme
 readme:
 	python3 -c "import markdown2" > /dev/null 2>&1 || python3 -m pip install markdown2
diff --git a/Tests/helper.py b/Tests/helper.py
index 909fff879..ec61cd263 100644
--- a/Tests/helper.py
+++ b/Tests/helper.py
@@ -161,6 +161,12 @@ def assert_tuple_approx_equal(
             pytest.fail(msg + ": " + repr(actuals) + " != " + repr(targets))
 
 
+def timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(timeout: float) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
+    if "PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST" in os.environ:
+        return pytest.mark.pil_noop_mark()
+    return pytest.mark.timeout(timeout)
+
+
 def skip_unless_feature(feature: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
     reason = f"{feature} not available"
     return pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check(feature), reason=reason)
diff --git a/Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp b/Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp
index 36385d672..4803497ad 100644
--- a/Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp
+++ b/Tests/oss-fuzz/python.supp
@@ -14,3 +14,23 @@
    fun:_TIFFReadEncodedTileAndAllocBuffer
    ...
 }
+
+{
+   <python_alloc_possible_leak>
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   match-leak-kinds: all
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyMem_RawMalloc
+   fun:PyObject_Malloc
+   ...
+}
+
+{
+   <python_realloc_possible_leak>
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   match-leak-kinds: all
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyMem_RawRealloc
+   fun:PyMem_Realloc
+   ...
+}
diff --git a/Tests/test_deprecate.py b/Tests/test_deprecate.py
index 82ff14181..88479ff0d 100644
--- a/Tests/test_deprecate.py
+++ b/Tests/test_deprecate.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ def test_unknown_version() -> None:
     ],
 )
 def test_old_version(deprecated: str, plural: bool, expected: str) -> None:
-    expected = r""
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=expected):
         _deprecate.deprecate(deprecated, 1, plural=plural)
 
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_eps.py b/Tests/test_file_eps.py
index b484a8cfa..d94de7287 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_eps.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_eps.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from .helper import (
     is_win32,
     mark_if_feature_version,
     skip_unless_feature,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
 )
 
 HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT = EpsImagePlugin.has_ghostscript()
@@ -398,7 +399,7 @@ def test_emptyline() -> None:
     assert image.format == "EPS"
 
 
-@pytest.mark.timeout(timeout=5)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(5)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "test_file",
     ["Tests/images/eps/timeout-d675703545fee17acab56e5fec644c19979175de.eps"],
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_fli.py b/Tests/test_file_fli.py
index 81df1ab0b..0fadd01d0 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_fli.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_fli.py
@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import FliImagePlugin, Image, ImageFile
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, is_pypy
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_equal,
+    assert_image_equal_tofile,
+    is_pypy,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
+)
 
 # created as an export of a palette image from Gimp2.6
 # save as...-> hopper.fli, default options.
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@ def test_seek() -> None:
         "Tests/images/timeout-bff0a9dc7243a8e6ede2408d2ffa6a9964698b87.fli",
     ],
 )
-@pytest.mark.timeout(timeout=3)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(3)
 def test_timeouts(test_file: str) -> None:
     with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
         with Image.open(f) as im:
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
index c45d4c596..4628d8576 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ from .helper import (
     is_win32,
     mark_if_feature_version,
     skip_unless_feature,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
 )
 
 ElementTree: ModuleType | None
@@ -1045,7 +1046,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             im.save(f, xmp=b"1" * 65505)
 
-    @pytest.mark.timeout(timeout=1)
+    @timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(1)
     def test_eof(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # Even though this decoder never says that it is finished
         # the image should still end when there is no new data
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_pdf.py b/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
index bde1e3ab8..a2218673b 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_pdf.py
@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, PdfParser, features
 
-from .helper import hopper, mark_if_feature_version, skip_unless_feature
+from .helper import (
+    hopper,
+    mark_if_feature_version,
+    skip_unless_feature,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
+)
 
 
 def helper_save_as_pdf(tmp_path: Path, mode: str, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
@@ -339,8 +344,7 @@ def test_pdf_append_to_bytesio() -> None:
     assert len(f.getvalue()) > initial_size
 
 
-@pytest.mark.timeout(1)
-@pytest.mark.skipif("PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST" in os.environ, reason="Valgrind is slower")
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(1)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("newline", (b"\r", b"\n"))
 def test_redos(newline: bytes) -> None:
     malicious = b" trailer<<>>" + newline * 3456
diff --git a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
index 502d9df9a..d0d394aa9 100644
--- a/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_tiff.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from .helper import (
     hopper,
     is_pypy,
     is_win32,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
 )
 
 ElementTree: ModuleType | None
@@ -988,7 +989,7 @@ class TestFileTiff:
             with pytest.raises(OSError):
                 im.load()
 
-    @pytest.mark.timeout(6)
+    @timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(6)
     @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Truncated File Read")
     def test_timeout(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/timeout-6646305047838720") as im:
@@ -1001,7 +1002,7 @@ class TestFileTiff:
             "Tests/images/oom-225817ca0f8c663be7ab4b9e717b02c661e66834.tif",
         ],
     )
-    @pytest.mark.timeout(2)
+    @timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(2)
     def test_oom(self, test_file: str) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(UnidentifiedImageError):
             with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
diff --git a/Tests/test_image.py b/Tests/test_image.py
index 7e6118d52..14a067127 100644
--- a/Tests/test_image.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from .helper import (
     is_win32,
     mark_if_feature_version,
     skip_unless_feature,
+    timeout_unless_slower_valgrind,
 )
 
 ElementTree: ModuleType | None
@@ -572,10 +573,7 @@ class TestImage:
         i = Image.new("RGB", [1, 1])
         assert isinstance(i.size, tuple)
 
-    @pytest.mark.timeout(0.75)
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        "PILLOW_VALGRIND_TEST" in os.environ, reason="Valgrind is slower"
-    )
+    @timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(0.75)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((0, 100000000), (100000000, 0)))
     def test_empty_image(self, size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
         Image.new("RGB", size)
diff --git a/Tests/test_imagefontpil.py b/Tests/test_imagefontpil.py
index 695aecbde..3eb98d379 100644
--- a/Tests/test_imagefontpil.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefontpil.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, _util, features
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
+from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, timeout_unless_slower_valgrind
 
 fonts = [ImageFont.load_default_imagefont()]
 if not features.check_module("freetype2"):
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def test_decompression_bomb() -> None:
         font.getmask("A" * 1_000_000)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.timeout(4)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(4)
 def test_oom() -> None:
     glyph = struct.pack(
         ">hhhhhhhhhh", 1, 0, -32767, -32767, 32767, 32767, -32767, -32767, 32767, 32767
diff --git a/Tests/test_pyarrow.py b/Tests/test_pyarrow.py
index ece9f8f26..8dad94fe0 100644
--- a/Tests/test_pyarrow.py
+++ b/Tests/test_pyarrow.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any  # undone
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -10,30 +10,73 @@ from .helper import (
     assert_deep_equal,
     assert_image_equal,
     hopper,
+    is_big_endian,
 )
 
-pyarrow = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow", reason="PyArrow not installed")
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pyarrow
+else:
+    pyarrow = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow", reason="PyArrow not installed")
 
 TEST_IMAGE_SIZE = (10, 10)
 
 
 def _test_img_equals_pyarray(
-    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None
+    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None, elts_per_pixel: int = 1
 ) -> None:
-    assert img.height * img.width == len(arr)
+    assert img.height * img.width * elts_per_pixel == len(arr)
     px = img.load()
     assert px is not None
+    if elts_per_pixel > 1 and mask is None:
+        # have to do element-wise comparison when we're comparing
+        # flattened r,g,b,a to a pixel.
+        mask = list(range(elts_per_pixel))
     for x in range(0, img.size[0], int(img.size[0] / 10)):
         for y in range(0, img.size[1], int(img.size[1] / 10)):
             if mask:
+                pixel = px[x, y]
+                assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
                 for ix, elt in enumerate(mask):
-                    pixel = px[x, y]
-                    assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
-                    assert pixel[ix] == arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()[elt]
+                    if elts_per_pixel == 1:
+                        assert pixel[ix] == arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()[elt]
+                    else:
+                        assert (
+                            pixel[ix]
+                            == arr[(y * img.width + x) * elts_per_pixel + elt].as_py()
+                        )
             else:
                 assert_deep_equal(px[x, y], arr[y * img.width + x].as_py())
 
 
+def _test_img_equals_int32_pyarray(
+    img: Image.Image, arr: Any, mask: list[int] | None, elts_per_pixel: int = 1
+) -> None:
+    assert img.height * img.width * elts_per_pixel == len(arr)
+    px = img.load()
+    assert px is not None
+    if mask is None:
+        # have to do element-wise comparison when we're comparing
+        # flattened rgba in an uint32 to a pixel.
+        mask = list(range(elts_per_pixel))
+    for x in range(0, img.size[0], int(img.size[0] / 10)):
+        for y in range(0, img.size[1], int(img.size[1] / 10)):
+            pixel = px[x, y]
+            assert isinstance(pixel, tuple)
+            arr_pixel_int = arr[y * img.width + x].as_py()
+            arr_pixel_tuple = (
+                arr_pixel_int % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256) % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256**2) % 256,
+                (arr_pixel_int // 256**3),
+            )
+            if is_big_endian():
+                arr_pixel_tuple = arr_pixel_tuple[::-1]
+
+            for ix, elt in enumerate(mask):
+                assert pixel[ix] == arr_pixel_tuple[elt]
+
+
 # really hard to get a non-nullable list type
 fl_uint8_4_type = pyarrow.field(
     "_", pyarrow.list_(pyarrow.field("_", pyarrow.uint8()).with_nullable(False), 4)
@@ -55,14 +98,14 @@ fl_uint8_4_type = pyarrow.field(
         ("HSV", fl_uint8_4_type, [0, 1, 2]),
     ),
 )
-def test_to_array(mode: str, dtype: Any, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+def test_to_array(mode: str, dtype: pyarrow.DataType, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
     img = hopper(mode)
 
     # Resize to non-square
     img = img.crop((3, 0, 124, 127))
     assert img.size == (121, 127)
 
-    arr = pyarrow.array(img)
+    arr = pyarrow.array(img)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
     _test_img_equals_pyarray(img, arr, mask)
     assert arr.type == dtype
 
@@ -79,8 +122,8 @@ def test_lifetime() -> None:
 
     img = hopper("L")
 
-    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)
-    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)
+    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
     del img
 
@@ -97,8 +140,8 @@ def test_lifetime2() -> None:
 
     img = hopper("L")
 
-    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)
-    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)
+    arr_1 = pyarrow.array(img)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+    arr_2 = pyarrow.array(img)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
     assert arr_1.sum().as_py() > 0
     del arr_1
@@ -110,3 +153,94 @@ def test_lifetime2() -> None:
     px = img2.load()
     assert px  # make mypy happy
     assert isinstance(px[0, 0], int)
+
+
+class DataShape(NamedTuple):
+    dtype: pyarrow.DataType
+    # Strictly speaking, elt should be a pixel or pixel component, so
+    # list[uint8][4], float, int, uint32, uint8, etc.  But more
+    # correctly, it should be exactly the dtype from the line above.
+    elt: Any
+    elts_per_pixel: int
+
+
+UINT_ARR = DataShape(
+    dtype=fl_uint8_4_type,
+    elt=[1, 2, 3, 4],  # array of 4 uint8 per pixel
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # only one array per pixel
+)
+
+UINT = DataShape(
+    dtype=pyarrow.uint8(),
+    elt=3,  # one uint8,
+    elts_per_pixel=4,  # but repeated 4x per pixel
+)
+
+UINT32 = DataShape(
+    dtype=pyarrow.uint32(),
+    elt=0xABCDEF45,  # one packed int, doesn't fit in a int32 > 0x80000000
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # one per pixel
+)
+
+INT32 = DataShape(
+    dtype=pyarrow.uint32(),
+    elt=0x12CDEF45,  # one packed int
+    elts_per_pixel=1,  # one per pixel
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, data_tp, mask",
+    (
+        ("L", DataShape(pyarrow.uint8(), 3, 1), None),
+        ("I", DataShape(pyarrow.int32(), 1 << 24, 1), None),
+        ("F", DataShape(pyarrow.float32(), 3.14159, 1), None),
+        ("LA", UINT_ARR, [0, 3]),
+        ("LA", UINT, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", UINT_ARR, None),
+        ("CMYK", UINT_ARR, None),
+        ("YCbCr", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", UINT_ARR, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGB", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", UINT, None),
+        ("CMYK", UINT, None),
+        ("YCbCr", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", UINT, [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+
+    ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
+    arr = pyarrow.array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)
+    img = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
+
+    _test_img_equals_pyarray(img, arr, mask, elts_per_pixel)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, data_tp, mask",
+    (
+        ("LA", UINT32, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", UINT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", UINT32, None),
+        ("CMYK", UINT32, None),
+        ("YCbCr", UINT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", UINT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("LA", INT32, [0, 3]),
+        ("RGB", INT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("RGBA", INT32, None),
+        ("CMYK", INT32, None),
+        ("YCbCr", INT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ("HSV", INT32, [0, 1, 2]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_from_int32array(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
+    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+
+    ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
+    arr = pyarrow.array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)
+    img = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, TEST_IMAGE_SIZE)
+
+    _test_img_equals_int32_pyarray(img, arr, mask, elts_per_pixel)
diff --git a/depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh b/depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f0d1d851d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+## Run this as the test script in the Docker valgrind image.
+## Note -- can be included directly into the Docker image,
+## but requires the current python.supp.
+
+source /vpy3/bin/activate
+cd /Pillow
+make clean
+make install
+make valgrind-leak
diff --git a/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst b/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst
index c72568b20..8988a92ce 100644
--- a/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst
+++ b/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
 
         pacman -S \
             mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
-            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3 \
-            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-pip \
-            mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-setuptools
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python-pip \
+            mingw-w64-x86_64-python-setuptools
 
     Prerequisites are installed on **MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit** with::
 
diff --git a/docs/installation/platform-support.rst b/docs/installation/platform-support.rst
index 93486d034..57a2298f8 100644
--- a/docs/installation/platform-support.rst
+++ b/docs/installation/platform-support.rst
@@ -42,15 +42,17 @@ These platforms are built and tested for every change.
 | macOS 14 Sonoma                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | arm64               |
 |                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS (Jammy)   | 3.9, 3.10, 3.11,           | x86-64              |
+| Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS (Jammy)   | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
++----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
+| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.9, 3.10, 3.11,           | x86-64              |
 |                                  | 3.12, 3.13, PyPy3          |                     |
+|                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
+|                                  | 3.12                       | arm64v8, ppc64le,   |
+|                                  |                            | s390x               |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.12                       | x86-64, arm64v8,    |
-|                                  |                            | ppc64le, s390x      |
-+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Windows Server 2019              | 3.9                        | x86                 |
-+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Windows Server 2022              | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
+| Windows Server 2022              | 3.9                        | x86                 |
+|                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
+|                                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
 |                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.12 (MinGW)               | x86-64              |
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index a3ff9723b..683ab24ef 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
   "pytest",
   "pytest-cov",
   "pytest-timeout",
+  "pytest-xdist",
   "trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12",
 ]
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
index 26307817c..f9ade18f9 100644
--- a/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 """
-A Pillow loader for .dds files (S3TC-compressed aka DXTC)
+A Pillow plugin for .dds files (S3TC-compressed aka DXTC)
 Jerome Leclanche <jerome@leclan.ch>
 
 Documentation:
diff --git a/src/PIL/Image.py b/src/PIL/Image.py
index ded40bc5d..ed2f728aa 100644
--- a/src/PIL/Image.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Image.py
@@ -767,18 +767,20 @@ class Image:
 
         .. warning::
 
-            This method returns the raw image data from the internal
-            storage.  For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
-            :meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
-            data.
+            This method returns raw image data derived from Pillow's internal
+            storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
+            :meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory data.
 
-        :param encoder_name: What encoder to use.  The default is to
-                             use the standard "raw" encoder.
+        :param encoder_name: What encoder to use.
 
-                             A list of C encoders can be seen under
-                             codecs section of the function array in
-                             :file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
-                             registered within the relevant plugins.
+                             The default is to use the standard "raw" encoder.
+                             To see how this packs pixel data into the returned
+                             bytes, see :file:`libImaging/Pack.c`.
+
+                             A list of C encoders can be seen under codecs
+                             section of the function array in
+                             :file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are registered
+                             within the relevant plugins.
         :param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
         :returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
         """
@@ -800,7 +802,9 @@ class Image:
         e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, encoder_args)
         e.setimage(self.im)
 
-        bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4)  # see RawEncode.c
+        from . import ImageFile
+
+        bufsize = max(ImageFile.MAXBLOCK, self.size[0] * 4)  # see RawEncode.c
 
         output = []
         while True:
diff --git a/src/PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py
index 5aa00d05b..47ebe9d62 100644
--- a/src/PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py
@@ -33,11 +33,7 @@ class BitStream:
 
     def peek(self, bits: int) -> int:
         while self.bits < bits:
-            c = self.next()
-            if c < 0:
-                self.bits = 0
-                continue
-            self.bitbuffer = (self.bitbuffer << 8) + c
+            self.bitbuffer = (self.bitbuffer << 8) + self.next()
             self.bits += 8
         return self.bitbuffer >> (self.bits - bits) & (1 << bits) - 1
 
diff --git a/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py b/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
index f709d026b..d569cb4b8 100644
--- a/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class WmfStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):
 
     def _open(self) -> None:
         # check placable header
-        s = self.fp.read(80)
+        s = self.fp.read(44)
 
         if s.startswith(b"\xd7\xcd\xc6\x9a\x00\x00"):
             # placeable windows metafile
diff --git a/src/_imaging.c b/src/_imaging.c
index 72f122143..9213ba13d 100644
--- a/src/_imaging.c
+++ b/src/_imaging.c
@@ -308,9 +308,9 @@ _new_arrow(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     // ImagingBorrowArrow is responsible for retaining the array_capsule
-    ret =
-        PyImagingNew(ImagingNewArrow(mode, xsize, ysize, schema_capsule, array_capsule)
-        );
+    ret = PyImagingNew(
+        ImagingNewArrow(mode, xsize, ysize, schema_capsule, array_capsule)
+    );
     if (!ret) {
         return ImagingError_ValueError("Invalid Arrow array mode or size mismatch");
     }
@@ -1665,7 +1665,8 @@ _putdata(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 int bigendian = 0;
                 if (image->type == IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL) {
                     // I;16*
-                    if (strcmp(image->mode, "I;16B") == 0
+                    if (
+                        strcmp(image->mode, "I;16B") == 0
 #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
                         || strcmp(image->mode, "I;16N") == 0
 #endif
@@ -2226,6 +2227,7 @@ _unsharp_mask(ImagingObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     }
 
     if (!ImagingUnsharpMask(imOut, imIn, radius, percent, threshold)) {
+        ImagingDelete(imOut);
         return NULL;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/_imagingft.c b/src/_imagingft.c
index 62dab73e5..0d70544a5 100644
--- a/src/_imagingft.c
+++ b/src/_imagingft.c
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ text_layout_raqm(
         if (!text || !size) {
             /* return 0 and clean up, no glyphs==no size,
                and raqm fails with empty strings */
+            PyMem_Free(text);
             goto failed;
         }
         set_text = raqm_set_text(rq, text, size);
@@ -425,6 +426,7 @@ text_layout_fallback(
             "setting text direction, language or font features is not supported "
             "without libraqm"
         );
+        return 0;
     }
 
     if (PyUnicode_Check(string)) {
diff --git a/src/_webp.c b/src/_webp.c
index 3aa4c408b..a7809c40e 100644
--- a/src/_webp.c
+++ b/src/_webp.c
@@ -641,6 +641,10 @@ WebPEncode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     ImagingSectionLeave(&cookie);
 
     WebPPictureFree(&pic);
+
+    output = writer.mem;
+    ret_size = writer.size;
+
     if (!ok) {
         int error_code = (&pic)->error_code;
         char message[50] = "";
@@ -652,10 +656,9 @@ WebPEncode_wrapper(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
             );
         }
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "encoding error %d%s", error_code, message);
+        free(output);
         return NULL;
     }
-    output = writer.mem;
-    ret_size = writer.size;
 
     {
         /* I want to truncate the *_size items that get passed into WebP
diff --git a/src/display.c b/src/display.c
index 11742a895..3215f6691 100644
--- a/src/display.c
+++ b/src/display.c
@@ -327,11 +327,11 @@ PyImaging_GrabScreenWin32(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     // added in Windows 10 (1607)
     // loaded dynamically to avoid link errors
     user32 = LoadLibraryA("User32.dll");
-    SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext
-    )GetProcAddress(user32, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
+    SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext)
+        GetProcAddress(user32, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
     if (SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext_function != NULL) {
-        GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext
-        )GetProcAddress(user32, "GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext");
+        GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function = (Func_GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext)
+            GetProcAddress(user32, "GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext");
         if (screens == -1 && GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function != NULL) {
             dpiAwareness = GetWindowDpiAwarenessContext_function(wnd);
         }
diff --git a/src/encode.c b/src/encode.c
index 7c365a74f..e56494036 100644
--- a/src/encode.c
+++ b/src/encode.c
@@ -703,6 +703,8 @@ PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    encoder->cleanup = ImagingLibTiffEncodeCleanup;
+
     num_core_tags = sizeof(core_tags) / sizeof(int);
     for (pos = 0; pos < tags_size; pos++) {
         item = PyList_GetItemRef(tags, pos);
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Arrow.c b/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
index 33ff2ce77..0b8c89a07 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
@@ -36,7 +36,10 @@ ReleaseExportedSchema(struct ArrowSchema *array) {
             child->release(child);
             child->release = NULL;
         }
-        // UNDONE -- should I be releasing the children?
+        free(array->children[i]);
+    }
+    if (array->children) {
+        free(array->children);
     }
 
     // Release dictionary
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema) {
     retval = export_named_type(schema->children[0], im->arrow_band_format, "pixel");
     if (retval != 0) {
         free(schema->children[0]);
+        free(schema->children);
         schema->release(schema);
         return retval;
     }
@@ -127,9 +131,7 @@ static void
 release_const_array(struct ArrowArray *array) {
     Imaging im = (Imaging)array->private_data;
 
-    if (array->n_children == 0) {
-        ImagingDelete(im);
-    }
+    ImagingDelete(im);
 
     //  Free the buffers and the buffers array
     if (array->buffers) {
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Fill.c b/src/libImaging/Fill.c
index 8fb481e7e..28f427370 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Fill.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Fill.c
@@ -118,8 +118,9 @@ ImagingFillRadialGradient(const char *mode) {
 
     for (y = 0; y < 256; y++) {
         for (x = 0; x < 256; x++) {
-            d = (int
-            )sqrt((double)((x - 128) * (x - 128) + (y - 128) * (y - 128)) * 2.0);
+            d = (int)sqrt(
+                (double)((x - 128) * (x - 128) + (y - 128) * (y - 128)) * 2.0
+            );
             if (d >= 255) {
                 d = 255;
             }
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Filter.c b/src/libImaging/Filter.c
index 7b7b2e429..c46dd3cd1 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Filter.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Filter.c
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ ImagingFilter3x3(Imaging imOut, Imaging im, const float *kernel, float offset) {
         } else {
             int bigendian = 0;
             if (im->type == IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL) {
-                if (strcmp(im->mode, "I;16B") == 0
+                if (
+                    strcmp(im->mode, "I;16B") == 0
 #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
                     || strcmp(im->mode, "I;16N") == 0
 #endif
@@ -308,7 +309,8 @@ ImagingFilter5x5(Imaging imOut, Imaging im, const float *kernel, float offset) {
         } else {
             int bigendian = 0;
             if (im->type == IMAGING_TYPE_SPECIAL) {
-                if (strcmp(im->mode, "I;16B") == 0
+                if (
+                    strcmp(im->mode, "I;16B") == 0
 #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
                     || strcmp(im->mode, "I;16N") == 0
 #endif
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Jpeg2KEncode.c b/src/libImaging/Jpeg2KEncode.c
index 34d1a2294..61e095ad6 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Jpeg2KEncode.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Jpeg2KEncode.c
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ j2k_set_cinema_params(Imaging im, int components, opj_cparameters_t *params) {
 
     if (params->cp_cinema == OPJ_CINEMA4K_24) {
         float max_rate =
-            ((float)(components * im->xsize * im->ysize * 8) / (CINEMA_24_CS_LENGTH * 8)
-            );
+            ((float)(components * im->xsize * im->ysize * 8) /
+             (CINEMA_24_CS_LENGTH * 8));
 
         params->POC[0].tile = 1;
         params->POC[0].resno0 = 0;
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ j2k_set_cinema_params(Imaging im, int components, opj_cparameters_t *params) {
         params->max_comp_size = COMP_24_CS_MAX_LENGTH;
     } else {
         float max_rate =
-            ((float)(components * im->xsize * im->ysize * 8) / (CINEMA_48_CS_LENGTH * 8)
-            );
+            ((float)(components * im->xsize * im->ysize * 8) /
+             (CINEMA_48_CS_LENGTH * 8));
 
         for (n = 0; n < params->tcp_numlayers; ++n) {
             rate = 0;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/JpegEncode.c b/src/libImaging/JpegEncode.c
index 6e8887f1e..972435ee1 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/JpegEncode.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/JpegEncode.c
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ ImagingJpegEncode(Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buf, int bytes) {
                     break;
                 default:
                     state->errcode = IMAGING_CODEC_CONFIG;
+                    jpeg_destroy_compress(&context->cinfo);
                     return -1;
             }
 
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ ImagingJpegEncode(Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buf, int bytes) {
                                 /* Would subsample the green and blue
                                    channels, which doesn't make sense */
                                 state->errcode = IMAGING_CODEC_CONFIG;
+                                jpeg_destroy_compress(&context->cinfo);
                                 return -1;
                         }
                         jpeg_set_colorspace(&context->cinfo, JCS_RGB);
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Point.c b/src/libImaging/Point.c
index 6a4060b4b..b11ea62ed 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Point.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Point.c
@@ -197,8 +197,9 @@ ImagingPoint(Imaging imIn, const char *mode, const void *table) {
     return imOut;
 
 mode_mismatch:
-    return (Imaging
-    )ImagingError_ValueError("point operation not supported for this mode");
+    return (Imaging)ImagingError_ValueError(
+        "point operation not supported for this mode"
+    );
 }
 
 Imaging
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Resample.c b/src/libImaging/Resample.c
index f5e386dc2..b114e0023 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Resample.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Resample.c
@@ -470,7 +470,8 @@ ImagingResampleHorizontal_16bpc(
     double *k;
 
     int bigendian = 0;
-    if (strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16N") == 0
+    if (
+        strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16N") == 0
 #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
         || strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16B") == 0
 #endif
@@ -509,7 +510,8 @@ ImagingResampleVertical_16bpc(
     double *k;
 
     int bigendian = 0;
-    if (strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16N") == 0
+    if (
+        strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16N") == 0
 #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
         || strcmp(imIn->mode, "I;16B") == 0
 #endif
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Storage.c b/src/libImaging/Storage.c
index 4fa4ecd1c..11d6c06cc 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Storage.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Storage.c
@@ -602,8 +602,9 @@ ImagingBorrowArrow(
     }
 
     if (!borrowed_buffer) {
-        return (Imaging
-        )ImagingError_ValueError("Arrow Array, exactly 2 buffers required");
+        return (Imaging)ImagingError_ValueError(
+            "Arrow Array, exactly 2 buffers required"
+        );
     }
 
     for (y = i = 0; y < im->ysize; y++) {
@@ -723,6 +724,8 @@ ImagingNewArrow(
     int64_t pixels = (int64_t)xsize * (int64_t)ysize;
 
     // fmt:off   // don't reformat this
+    // stored as a single array, one element per pixel, either single band
+    // or multiband, where each pixel is an I32.
     if (((strcmp(schema->format, "I") == 0  // int32
           && im->pixelsize == 4             // 4xchar* storage
           && im->bands >= 2)                // INT32 into any INT32 Storage mode
@@ -735,6 +738,7 @@ ImagingNewArrow(
             return im;
         }
     }
+    // Stored as [[r,g,b,a],...]
     if (strcmp(schema->format, "+w:4") == 0  // 4 up array
         && im->pixelsize == 4                // storage as 32 bpc
         && schema->n_children > 0            // make sure schema is well formed.
@@ -750,6 +754,17 @@ ImagingNewArrow(
             return im;
         }
     }
+    // Stored as [r,g,b,a,r,g,b,a,...]
+    if (strcmp(schema->format, "C") == 0            // uint8
+        && im->pixelsize == 4                       // storage as 32 bpc
+        && schema->n_children == 0                  // make sure schema is well formed.
+        && strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "C") == 0  // expected format
+        && 4 * pixels == external_array->length) {  // expected length
+        // single flat array, interleaved storage.
+        if (ImagingBorrowArrow(im, external_array, 1, array_capsule)) {
+            return im;
+        }
+    }
     // fmt: on
     ImagingDelete(im);
     return NULL;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c b/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c
index 9a2db95b4..2e83fb847 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.c
@@ -557,7 +557,8 @@ _decodeStrip(
                     (tdata_t)state->buffer,
                     strip_size
                 ) == -1) {
-                TRACE(("Decode Error, strip %d\n", TIFFComputeStrip(tiff, state->y, 0))
+                TRACE(
+                    ("Decode Error, strip %d\n", TIFFComputeStrip(tiff, state->y, 0))
                 );
                 state->errcode = IMAGING_CODEC_BROKEN;
                 return -1;
@@ -929,6 +930,27 @@ ImagingLibTiffSetField(ImagingCodecState state, ttag_t tag, ...) {
     return status;
 }
 
+int
+ImagingLibTiffEncodeCleanup(ImagingCodecState state) {
+    TIFFSTATE *clientstate = (TIFFSTATE *)state->context;
+    TIFF *tiff = clientstate->tiff;
+
+    if (!tiff) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // TIFFClose in libtiff calls tif_closeproc and TIFFCleanup
+    if (clientstate->fp) {
+        // Python will manage the closing of the file rather than libtiff
+        // So only call TIFFCleanup
+        TIFFCleanup(tiff);
+    } else {
+        // When tif_closeproc refers to our custom _tiffCloseProc though,
+        // that is fine, as it does not close the file
+        TIFFClose(tiff);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 int
 ImagingLibTiffEncode(Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, int bytes) {
     /* One shot encoder. Encode everything to the tiff in the clientstate.
@@ -1010,16 +1032,6 @@ ImagingLibTiffEncode(Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, int byt
                 TRACE(("Encode Error, row %d\n", state->y));
                 state->errcode = IMAGING_CODEC_BROKEN;
 
-                // TIFFClose in libtiff calls tif_closeproc and TIFFCleanup
-                if (clientstate->fp) {
-                    // Python will manage the closing of the file rather than libtiff
-                    // So only call TIFFCleanup
-                    TIFFCleanup(tiff);
-                } else {
-                    // When tif_closeproc refers to our custom _tiffCloseProc though,
-                    // that is fine, as it does not close the file
-                    TIFFClose(tiff);
-                }
                 if (!clientstate->fp) {
                     free(clientstate->data);
                 }
@@ -1036,22 +1048,11 @@ ImagingLibTiffEncode(Imaging im, ImagingCodecState state, UINT8 *buffer, int byt
                 TRACE(("Error flushing the tiff"));
                 // likely reason is memory.
                 state->errcode = IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
-                if (clientstate->fp) {
-                    TIFFCleanup(tiff);
-                } else {
-                    TIFFClose(tiff);
-                }
                 if (!clientstate->fp) {
                     free(clientstate->data);
                 }
                 return -1;
             }
-            TRACE(("Closing \n"));
-            if (clientstate->fp) {
-                TIFFCleanup(tiff);
-            } else {
-                TIFFClose(tiff);
-            }
             // reset the clientstate metadata to use it to read out the buffer.
             clientstate->loc = 0;
             clientstate->size = clientstate->eof;  // redundant?
diff --git a/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.h b/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.h
index 22361210d..77808b543 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.h
+++ b/src/libImaging/TiffDecode.h
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ ImagingLibTiffInit(ImagingCodecState state, int fp, uint32_t offset);
 extern int
 ImagingLibTiffEncodeInit(ImagingCodecState state, char *filename, int fp);
 extern int
+ImagingLibTiffEncodeCleanup(ImagingCodecState state);
+extern int
 ImagingLibTiffMergeFieldInfo(
     ImagingCodecState state, TIFFDataType field_type, int key, int is_var_length
 );
diff --git a/winbuild/README.md b/winbuild/README.md
index c474f12ce..0d3ec8d8a 100644
--- a/winbuild/README.md
+++ b/winbuild/README.md
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ For more extensive info, see the [Windows build instructions](build.rst).
 * Requires Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 or newer with C++ component.
 * Requires NASM for libjpeg-turbo, a required dependency when using this script.
 * Requires CMake 3.15 or newer (available as Visual Studio component).
-* Tested on Windows Server 2022 with Visual Studio 2022 Enterprise and Windows Server
-  2019 with Visual Studio 2019 Enterprise (GitHub Actions).
+* Tested on Windows Server 2022 with Visual Studio 2022 Enterprise (GitHub Actions).
 
 Here's an example script to build on Windows: