diff --git a/Tests/test_arrow.py b/Tests/test_arrow.py
index 69193394d..51b680aa1 100644
--- a/Tests/test_arrow.py
+++ b/Tests/test_arrow.py
@@ -158,3 +158,44 @@ def test_readonly():
     assert reloaded.readonly == 1
     reloaded._readonly = 0
     assert reloaded.readonly == 1
+
+def test_multiblock_l_image():
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2*block_size//4096)
+    img = Image.new('L', size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+def test_multiblock__rgba_image():
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size//4096) //2)
+    img = Image.new('RGBA', size, (128,127,126,125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+
+
+def test_multiblock_l_schema():
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in single channel mode
+    size = (4096, 2*block_size//4096)
+    img = Image.new('L', size, 128)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        schema = img.__arrow_c_schema__()
+
+def test_multiblock__rgba_schema():
+    block_size = Image.core.get_block_size()
+
+    # check a 2 block image in 4 channel mode
+    size = (4096, (block_size//4096) //2)
+    img = Image.new('RGBA', size, (128,127,126,125))
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        schema= img.__arrow_c_schema__()
diff --git a/src/_imaging.c b/src/_imaging.c
index c7ea0b932..3d2b034b7 100644
--- a/src/_imaging.c
+++ b/src/_imaging.c
@@ -227,6 +227,20 @@ PyImaging_GetBuffer(PyObject *buffer, Py_buffer *view) {
 /* Arrow HANDLING                                                       */
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
+PyObject *
+ArrowError(int err) {
+    if (err == IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY) {
+      return ImagingError_MemoryError();
+    }
+    if (err == IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE) {
+      return ImagingError_ValueError("Incompatible Pillow mode for Arrow Array");
+    }
+    if (err == IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT) {
+      return ImagingError_ValueError("Image is in multiple array blocks, use imaging_new_block for zero copy");
+    }
+    return ImagingError_ValueError("Unknown Error");
+}
+
 void
 ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule(PyObject *capsule) {
     struct ArrowSchema *schema =
@@ -241,8 +255,12 @@ PyObject *
 ExportArrowSchemaPyCapsule(ImagingObject *self) {
     struct ArrowSchema *schema =
         (struct ArrowSchema *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema));
-    export_imaging_schema(self->image, schema);
-    return PyCapsule_New(schema, "arrow_schema", ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule);
+    int err = export_imaging_schema(self->image, schema);
+    if (err == 0) {
+      return PyCapsule_New(schema, "arrow_schema", ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule);
+    }
+    free(schema);
+    return ArrowError(err);
 }
 
 void
@@ -259,10 +277,16 @@ PyObject *
 ExportArrowArrayPyCapsule(ImagingObject *self) {
     struct ArrowArray *array =
         (struct ArrowArray *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray));
-    export_imaging_array(self->image, array);
-    return PyCapsule_New(array, "arrow_array", ReleaseArrowArrayPyCapsule);
+    int err = export_imaging_array(self->image, array);
+    if (err == 0) {
+      return PyCapsule_New(array, "arrow_array", ReleaseArrowArrayPyCapsule);
+    }
+    free(array);
+    // raise error here
+    return ArrowError(err);
 }
 
+
 static PyObject *
 _new_arrow(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
     char *mode;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Arrow.c b/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
index 7dcd04d5c..dd6c8fc38 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Arrow.c
@@ -24,21 +24,26 @@ ReleaseExportedSchema(struct ArrowSchema *array) {
         free((void *)array->name);
         array->name = NULL;
     }
+    if (array->metadata) {
+        free((void *)array->metadata);
+        array->metadata = NULL;
+    }
 
     // Release children
     for (int64_t i = 0; i < array->n_children; ++i) {
         struct ArrowSchema *child = array->children[i];
         if (child->release != NULL) {
             child->release(child);
-            // assert(child->release == NULL);
+            child->release = NULL;
         }
+        // UNDONE -- should I be releasing the children?
     }
 
     // Release dictionary
     struct ArrowSchema *dict = array->dictionary;
     if (dict != NULL && dict->release != NULL) {
         dict->release(dict);
-        // assert(dict->release == NULL);
+        dict->release = NULL;
     }
 
     // TODO here: release and/or deallocate all data directly owned by
@@ -58,28 +63,28 @@ export_named_type(struct ArrowSchema *schema, char *format, char *name) {
     formatp = calloc(format_len, 1);
 
     if (!formatp) {
-        return 1;
+        return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
     }
 
     namep = calloc(name_len, 1);
     if (!namep) {
         free(formatp);
-        return 1;
+        return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
     }
 
     strncpy(formatp, format, format_len);
     strncpy(namep, name, name_len);
 
     *schema = (struct ArrowSchema){// Type description
-                                   .format = formatp,
-                                   .name = namep,
-                                   .metadata = NULL,
-                                   .flags = 0,
-                                   .n_children = 0,
-                                   .children = NULL,
-                                   .dictionary = NULL,
-                                   // Bookkeeping
-                                   .release = &ReleaseExportedSchema
+        .format = formatp,
+        .name = namep,
+        .metadata = NULL,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .n_children = 0,
+        .children = NULL,
+        .dictionary = NULL,
+        // Bookkeeping
+        .release = &ReleaseExportedSchema
     };
     return 0;
 }
@@ -89,7 +94,12 @@ export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema) {
     int retval = 0;
 
     if (strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "") == 0) {
-        return 1;
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE;
+    }
+
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)){
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
     }
 
     if (im->bands == 1) {
@@ -97,17 +107,18 @@ export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema) {
     }
 
     retval = export_named_type(schema, "+w:4", "");
-    if (retval) {
+    if (retval != 0) {
         return retval;
     }
     // if it's not 1 band, it's an int32 at the moment. 4 unint8 bands.
     schema->n_children = 1;
     schema->children = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema *));
     schema->children[0] = (struct ArrowSchema *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowSchema));
-    if (export_named_type(schema->children[0], im->arrow_band_format, "pixel")) {
+    retval = export_named_type(schema->children[0], im->arrow_band_format, "pixel");
+    if (retval != 0) {
         free(schema->children[0]);
         schema->release(schema);
-        return 2;
+        return retval;
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -118,11 +129,27 @@ static void
 release_const_array(struct ArrowArray *array) {
     Imaging im = (Imaging)array->private_data;
 
-    ImagingDelete(im);
+    if (array->n_children == 0) {
+        ImagingDelete(im);
+    }
 
-    // assert(array->n_buffers == 2);
     //  Free the buffers and the buffers array
-    free(array->buffers);
+    if (array->buffers) {
+        free(array->buffers);
+        array->buffers = NULL;
+    }
+    if (array->children) {
+        // undone -- does arrow release all the children recursively.
+        for (int i=0; i < array->n_children; i++) {
+            if (array->children[i]->release){
+                array->children[i]->release(array->children[i]);
+                array->children[i]->release = NULL;
+                free(array->children[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        free(array->children);
+        array->children = NULL;
+    }
     // Mark released
     array->release = NULL;
 }
@@ -131,8 +158,10 @@ int
 export_single_channel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
     int length = im->xsize * im->ysize;
 
-    /* undone -- for now, single block images */
-    // assert (im->block_count = 0 || im->block_count = 1);
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)){
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
+    }
 
     if (im->lines_per_block && im->lines_per_block < im->ysize) {
         length = im->xsize * im->lines_per_block;
@@ -172,8 +201,10 @@ int
 export_fixed_pixel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
     int length = im->xsize * im->ysize;
 
-    /* undone -- for now, single block images */
-    // assert (im->block_count = 0 || im->block_count = 1);
+    /* for now, single block images */
+    if (!(im->blocks_count == 0 || im->blocks_count == 1)) {
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT;
+    }
 
     if (im->lines_per_block && im->lines_per_block < im->ysize) {
         length = im->xsize * im->lines_per_block;
@@ -200,13 +231,22 @@ export_fixed_pixel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
 
     // Allocate list of buffers
     array->buffers = (const void **)calloc(1, sizeof(void *) * array->n_buffers);
+    if (!array->buffers) {
+        goto err;
+    }
     // assert(array->buffers != NULL);
     array->buffers[0] = NULL;  // no nulls, null bitmap can be omitted
 
     // if it's not 1 band, it's an int32 at the moment. 4 unint8 bands.
     array->n_children = 1;
     array->children = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray *));
+    if (!array->children) {
+        goto err;
+    }
     array->children[0] = (struct ArrowArray *)calloc(1, sizeof(struct ArrowArray));
+    if (!array->children[0]) {
+        goto err;
+    }
 
     MUTEX_LOCK(im->mutex);
     im->refcount++;
@@ -233,12 +273,24 @@ export_fixed_pixel_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
         array->children[0]->buffers[1] = im->blocks[0].ptr;
     }
     return 0;
+
+ err:
+    if (array->children[0]) {
+        free(array->children[0]);
+    }
+    if (array->children) {
+        free(array->children);
+    }
+    if (array->buffers) {
+        free(array->buffers);
+    }
+    return IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY;
 }
 
 int
 export_imaging_array(Imaging im, struct ArrowArray *array) {
     if (strcmp(im->arrow_band_format, "") == 0) {
-        return 1;
+        return IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE;
     }
 
     if (im->bands == 1) {
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Imaging.h b/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
index 750e8a71e..7136e7ff9 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
+++ b/src/libImaging/Imaging.h
@@ -744,6 +744,9 @@ export_imaging_schema(Imaging im, struct ArrowSchema *schema);
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_UNKNOWN -3
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_CONFIG -8
 #define IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY -9
+#define IMAGING_ARROW_INCOMPATIBLE_MODE -10
+#define IMAGING_ARROW_MEMORY_LAYOUT -11
+
 
 #include "ImagingUtils.h"
 extern UINT8 *clip8_lookups;
diff --git a/src/libImaging/Storage.c b/src/libImaging/Storage.c
index 9e6439b88..fd75a5584 100644
--- a/src/libImaging/Storage.c
+++ b/src/libImaging/Storage.c
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ ImagingNewArrow(
     if (((strcmp(schema->format, "I") == 0  // int32
           && im->pixelsize == 4             // 4xchar* storage
           && im->bands >= 2) // INT32 into any INT32 Storage mode
-         ||
+         ||  // (()||()) &&
          (strcmp(schema->format, im->arrow_band_format) == 0 // same mode
           && im->bands == 1)) // Single band match
         && pixels == external_array->length) {