Merge branch 'main' into reduce-contention

.ci/install.sh

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 
 aptget_update()
 {
-    if [ ! -z $1 ]; then
+    if [ -n "$1" ]; then
         echo ""
         echo "Retrying apt-get update..."
         echo ""
     fi
-    output=`sudo apt-get update 2>&1`
+    output=$(sudo apt-get update 2>&1)
     echo "$output"
     if [[ $output == *[WE]:\ * ]]; then
         return 1
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fi
 set -e
 
 if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev python3-tk\
+    sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
                              ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
                              cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
                              sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev

.ci/requirements-cibw.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==2.22.0
+cibuildwheel==2.23.1

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mypy==1.14.1
+mypy==1.15.0
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PyQt6
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PySide6
 ipython

.github/renovate.json

@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
         }
     ],
     "schedule": [
-        "on the 3rd day of the month"
+        "* * 3 * *"
     ]
 }

.github/workflows/test-docker.yml

@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         os: ["ubuntu-latest"]
         docker: [
+          # Run slower jobs first to give them a headstart and reduce waiting time
+          ubuntu-24.04-noble-ppc64le,
+          ubuntu-24.04-noble-s390x,
+          # Then run the remainder
           alpine,
           amazon-2-amd64,
           amazon-2023-amd64,
@@ -52,13 +56,9 @@ jobs:
         dockerTag: [main]
         include:
           - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-ppc64le"
-            os: "ubuntu-22.04"
             qemu-arch: "ppc64le"
-            dockerTag: main
           - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-s390x"
-            os: "ubuntu-22.04"
             qemu-arch: "s390x"
-            dockerTag: main
           - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-arm64v8"
             os: "ubuntu-24.04-arm"
             dockerTag: main
@@ -75,8 +75,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: "matrix.qemu-arch"
-      run: |
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-        docker run --rm --privileged aptman/qus -s -- -p ${{ matrix.qemu-arch }}
+      with:
+        platforms: ${{ matrix.qemu-arch }}
 
     - name: Docker pull
       run: |

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ jobs:
               mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-ghostscript \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-lcms2 \
+              mingw-w64-x86_64-libimagequant \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libjpeg-turbo \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libraqm \
               mingw-w64-x86_64-libtiff \

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
         architecture: ["x64"]
         os: ["windows-latest"]
         include:
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ jobs:
         choco install nasm --no-progress
         echo "C:\Program Files\NASM" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
-        choco install ghostscript --version=10.4.0 --no-progress
+        choco install ghostscript --version=10.5.0 --no-progress
-        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.04.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.05.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
         # Install extra test images
         xcopy /S /Y Tests\test-images\* Tests\images

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ jobs:
           "ubuntu-latest",
         ]
         python-version: [
+          "pypy3.11",
           "pypy3.10",
           "3.14",
           "3.13t",

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 
 # Package versions for fresh source builds
 FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.3
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=10.2.0
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=10.4.0
-LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.46
+LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.47
 JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.0
 OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.3
 XZ_VERSION=5.6.4
-TIFF_VERSION=4.6.0
+TIFF_VERSION=4.7.0
-LCMS2_VERSION=2.16
+LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
-ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.3
+ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.4
 LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.5.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
 LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
@@ -54,13 +54,10 @@ BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0
 function build_pkg_config {
     if [ -e pkg-config-stamp ]; then return; fi
     # This essentially duplicates the Homebrew recipe
-    ORIGINAL_CFLAGS=$CFLAGS
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-int-conversion" build_simple pkg-config 0.29.2 https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases tar.gz \
-    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wno-int-conversion"
-    build_simple pkg-config 0.29.2 https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases tar.gz \
         --disable-debug --disable-host-tool --with-internal-glib \
         --with-pc-path=$BUILD_PREFIX/share/pkgconfig:$BUILD_PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig \
         --with-system-include-path=$(xcrun --show-sdk-path --sdk macosx)/usr/include
-    CFLAGS=$ORIGINAL_CFLAGS
     export PKG_CONFIG=$BUILD_PREFIX/bin/pkg-config
     touch pkg-config-stamp
 }
@@ -72,6 +69,14 @@ function build_zlib_ng {
         && ./configure --prefix=$BUILD_PREFIX --zlib-compat \
         && make -j4 \
         && make install)
+
+    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+        # Ensure that on macOS, the library name is an absolute path, not an
+        # @rpath, so that delocate picks up the right library (and doesn't need
+        # DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to be set). The default Makefile doesn't have an
+        # option to control the install_name.
+        install_name_tool -id $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/libz.1.dylib $BUILD_PREFIX/lib/libz.1.dylib
+    fi
     touch zlib-stamp
 }
 
@@ -130,15 +135,13 @@ function build {
     build_lcms2
     build_openjpeg
 
-    ORIGINAL_CFLAGS=$CFLAGS
+    webp_cflags="-O3 -DNDEBUG"
-    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -O3 -DNDEBUG"
     if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
-        CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names"
+        webp_cflags="$webp_cflags -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names"
     fi
-    build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $webp_cflags" build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
         https://storage.googleapis.com/downloads.webmproject.org/releases/webp tar.gz \
         --enable-libwebpmux --enable-libwebpdemux
-    CFLAGS=$ORIGINAL_CFLAGS
 
     build_brotli
 

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
           - name: "macOS 10.15 x86_64"
             os: macos-13
             cibw_arch: x86_64
-            build: "pp310*"
+            build: "pp3*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.15"
           - name: "macOS arm64"
             os: macos-latest

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.9.4
+    rev: v0.9.9
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ repos:
       - id: black
 
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
-    rev: 1.8.2
+    rev: 1.8.3
     hooks:
     - id: bandit
       args: [--severity-level=high]
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ repos:
         exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.31.1
+    rev: 0.31.2
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
       - id: check-readthedocs
       - id: check-renovate
 
   - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.3.0
+    rev: v1.4.1
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ repos:
       - id: sphinx-lint
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: v2.5.0
+    rev: v2.5.1
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 

Tests/helper.py

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import os
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import sysconfig
 import tempfile
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
@@ -342,10 +341,6 @@ def is_pypy() -> bool:
     return hasattr(sys, "pypy_translation_info")
 
 
-def is_mingw() -> bool:
-    return sysconfig.get_platform() == "mingw"
-
-
 class CachedProperty:
     def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> None:
         self.func = func

Tests/test_file_apng.py

@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@ def test_apng_basic() -> None:
         with pytest.raises(EOFError):
             im.seek(2)
 
-        # test rewind support
         im.seek(0)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot seek to frame 2"):
+            im._seek(2)
+
+        # test rewind support
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0, 255)
         assert im.getpixel((64, 32)) == (255, 0, 0, 255)
         im.seek(1)

Tests/test_file_dcx.py

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(TEST_FILE)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:

Tests/test_file_dds.py

@@ -331,11 +331,13 @@ def test_dxt5_colorblock_alpha_issue_4142() -> None:
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dxt5-colorblock-alpha-issue-4142.dds") as im:
         px = im.getpixel((0, 0))
+        assert isinstance(px, tuple)
         assert px[0] != 0
         assert px[1] != 0
         assert px[2] != 0
 
         px = im.getpixel((1, 0))
+        assert isinstance(px, tuple)
         assert px[0] != 0
         assert px[1] != 0
         assert px[2] != 0

Tests/test_file_eps.py

@@ -95,10 +95,14 @@ def test_sanity(filename: str, size: tuple[int, int], scale: int) -> None:
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_GHOSTSCRIPT, reason="Ghostscript not available")
 def test_load() -> None:
     with Image.open(FILE1) as im:
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
 
         # Test again now that it has already been loaded once
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
 
 
 def test_binary() -> None:

Tests/test_file_fli.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
 import warnings
 
 import pytest
@@ -52,12 +53,12 @@ def test_prefix_chunk(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(static_test_file)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:
@@ -132,6 +133,15 @@ def test_eoferror() -> None:
         im.seek(n_frames - 1)
 
 
+def test_missing_frame_size() -> None:
+    with open(animated_test_file, "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+    data = data[:6188]
+    with Image.open(io.BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        with pytest.raises(EOFError, match="missing frame size"):
+            im.seek(1)
+
+
 def test_seek_tell() -> None:
     with Image.open(animated_test_file) as im:
         layer_number = im.tell()
@@ -160,6 +170,9 @@ def test_seek() -> None:
 
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/a_fli.png")
 
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot seek to frame 52"):
+            im._seek(52)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "test_file",

Tests/test_file_ftex.py

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
+import struct
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import FtexImagePlugin, Image
@@ -23,3 +26,15 @@ def test_invalid_file() -> None:
 
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         FtexImagePlugin.FtexImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+
+def test_invalid_texture() -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/ftex_dxt1.ftc", "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+
+    # Change texture compression format
+    data = data[:24] + struct.pack("<i", 2) + data[28:]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid texture compression format: 2"):
+        with Image.open(io.BytesIO(data)):
+            pass

Tests/test_file_gbr.py

@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@ def test_gbr_file() -> None:
 
 def test_load() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/gbr.gbr") as im:
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
         # Test again now that it has already been loaded once
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
 
 def test_multiple_load_operations() -> None:

Tests/test_file_gd.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import GdImageFile, UnidentifiedImageError
 
+from .helper import assert_image_similar_tofile
+
 TEST_GD_FILE = "Tests/images/hopper.gd"
 
 
@@ -11,6 +13,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     with GdImageFile.open(TEST_GD_FILE) as im:
         assert im.size == (128, 128)
         assert im.format == "GD"
+        assert_image_similar_tofile(im.convert("RGB"), "Tests/images/hopper.jpg", 14)
 
 
 def test_bad_mode() -> None:

Tests/test_file_gif.py

@@ -22,9 +22,6 @@ from .helper import (
 # sample gif stream
 TEST_GIF = "Tests/images/hopper.gif"
 
-with open(TEST_GIF, "rb") as f:
-    data = f.read()
-
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
@@ -37,12 +34,12 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(TEST_GIF)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:
@@ -310,6 +307,7 @@ def test_roundtrip_save_all_1(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_loading_multiple_palettes(path: str, mode: str) -> None:
     with Image.open(path) as im:
         assert im.mode == "P"
+        assert im.palette is not None
         first_frame_colors = im.palette.colors.keys()
         original_color = im.convert("RGB").getpixel((0, 0))
 
@@ -412,6 +410,10 @@ def test_seek() -> None:
         except EOFError:
             assert frame_count == 5
 
+        img.seek(0)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot seek to frame 2"):
+            img._seek(2)
+
 
 def test_seek_info() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/iss634.gif") as im:
@@ -528,6 +530,7 @@ def test_dispose_background_transparency() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/dispose_bgnd_transparency.gif") as img:
         img.seek(2)
         px = img.load()
+        assert px is not None
         assert px[35, 30][3] == 0
 
 
@@ -602,7 +605,7 @@ def test_save_dispose(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#111"),
         Image.new("L", (100, 100), "#222"),
     ]
-    for method in range(0, 4):
+    for method in range(4):
         im_list[0].save(out, save_all=True, append_images=im_list[1:], disposal=method)
         with Image.open(out) as img:
             for _ in range(2):
@@ -762,6 +765,21 @@ def test_dispose2_previous_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 255)
 
 
+def test_dispose2_without_transparency(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
+
+    im = Image.new("P", (100, 100))
+
+    im2 = Image.new("P", (100, 100), (0, 0, 0))
+    im2.putpixel((50, 50), (255, 0, 0))
+
+    im.save(out, save_all=True, append_images=[im2], disposal=2)
+
+    with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+        reloaded.seek(1)
+        assert reloaded.tile[0].extents == (0, 0, 100, 100)
+
+
 def test_transparency_in_second_frame(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     out = str(tmp_path / "temp.gif")
     with Image.open("Tests/images/different_transparency.gif") as im:
@@ -1311,6 +1329,7 @@ def test_palette_save_all_P(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open(out) as im:
         # Assert that the frames are correct, and each frame has the same palette
         assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), frames[0].convert("RGB"))
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert im.palette.palette == im.global_palette.palette
 
         im.seek(1)
@@ -1345,17 +1364,17 @@ def test_save_I(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert_image_equal(reloaded.convert("L"), im.convert("L"))
 
 
-def test_getdata() -> None:
+def test_getdata(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     # Test getheader/getdata against legacy values.
     # Create a 'P' image with holes in the palette.
-    im = Image._wedge().resize((16, 16), Image.Resampling.NEAREST)
+    im = Image.linear_gradient(mode="L").resize((16, 16), Image.Resampling.NEAREST)
     im.putpalette(ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB"))
     im.info = {"background": 0}
 
     passed_palette = bytes(255 - i // 3 for i in range(768))
 
-    GifImagePlugin._FORCE_OPTIMIZE = True
+    monkeypatch.setattr(GifImagePlugin, "_FORCE_OPTIMIZE", True)
-    try:
+
     h = GifImagePlugin.getheader(im, passed_palette)
     d = GifImagePlugin.getdata(im)
 
@@ -1369,8 +1388,6 @@ def test_getdata() -> None:
 
     assert h == h_target
     assert d == d_target
-    finally:
-        GifImagePlugin._FORCE_OPTIMIZE = False
 
 
 def test_lzw_bits() -> None:

Tests/test_file_icns.py

@@ -32,10 +32,14 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 def test_load() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
         # Test again now that it has already been loaded once
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0, 0)
 
 
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_ico.py

@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 def test_load() -> None:
     with Image.open(TEST_ICO_FILE) as im:
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == (1, 1, 9, 255)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == (1, 1, 9, 255)
 
 
 def test_mask() -> None:

Tests/test_file_im.py

@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ def test_name_limit(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(TEST_IM)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:

Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/test-card-lossless.jp2") as im:
         px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
         assert px[0, 0] == (0, 0, 0)
         assert im.mode == "RGB"
         assert im.size == (640, 480)
@@ -312,6 +313,18 @@ def test_rgba(ext: str) -> None:
         assert im.mode == "RGBA"
 
 
+def test_grayscale_four_channels() -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/rgb_trns_ycbc.jp2", "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+
+    # Change color space to OPJ_CLRSPC_GRAY
+    data = data[:76] + b"\x11" + data[77:]
+
+    with Image.open(BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        im.load()
+        assert im.mode == "RGBA"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     not os.path.exists(EXTRA_DIR), reason="Extra image files not installed"
 )
@@ -421,6 +434,7 @@ def test_subsampling_decode(name: str) -> None:
 def test_pclr() -> None:
     with Image.open(f"{EXTRA_DIR}/issue104_jpxstream.jp2") as im:
         assert im.mode == "P"
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert len(im.palette.colors) == 256
         assert im.palette.colors[(255, 255, 255)] == 0
 
@@ -428,6 +442,7 @@ def test_pclr() -> None:
         f"{EXTRA_DIR}/147af3f1083de4393666b7d99b01b58b_signal_sigsegv_130c531_6155_5136.jp2"
     ) as im:
         assert im.mode == "P"
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert len(im.palette.colors) == 139
         assert im.palette.colors[(0, 0, 0, 0)] == 0
 

Tests/test_file_libtiff.py

@@ -1140,11 +1140,9 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
     def test_realloc_overflow(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         monkeypatch.setattr(TiffImagePlugin, "READ_LIBTIFF", True)
         with Image.open("Tests/images/tiff_overflow_rows_per_strip.tif") as im:
-            with pytest.raises(OSError) as e:
-                im.load()
-
             # Assert that the error code is IMAGING_CODEC_MEMORY
-            assert str(e.value) == "decoder error -9"
+            with pytest.raises(OSError, match="decoder error -9"):
+                im.load()
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression", ("tiff_adobe_deflate", "jpeg"))
     def test_save_multistrip(self, compression: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_mpo.py

@@ -29,21 +29,26 @@ def roundtrip(im: Image.Image, **options: Any) -> ImageFile.ImageFile:
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("test_file", test_files)
 def test_sanity(test_file: str) -> None:
-    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+    def check(im: ImageFile.ImageFile) -> None:
         im.load()
         assert im.mode == "RGB"
         assert im.size == (640, 480)
         assert im.format == "MPO"
 
+    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        check(im)
+    with MpoImagePlugin.MpoImageFile(test_file) as im:
+        check(im)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(test_files[0])
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:
@@ -77,8 +82,8 @@ def test_app(test_file: str) -> None:
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
         assert im.applist[0][0] == "APP1"
         assert im.applist[1][0] == "APP2"
-        assert (
+        assert im.applist[1][1].startswith(
-            im.applist[1][1][:16] == b"MPF\x00MM\x00*\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x03\xb0\x00"
+            b"MPF\x00MM\x00*\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x03\xb0\x00"
         )
         assert len(im.applist) == 2
 

Tests/test_file_pcx.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -36,6 +37,28 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im.save(f)
 
 
+def test_bad_image_size() -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/pil184.pcx", "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+    data = data[:4] + b"\xff\xff" + data[6:]
+
+    b = io.BytesIO(data)
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="bad PCX image size"):
+        with PcxImagePlugin.PcxImageFile(b):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_unknown_mode() -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/pil184.pcx", "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+    data = data[:3] + b"\xff" + data[4:]
+
+    b = io.BytesIO(data)
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="unknown PCX mode"):
+        with Image.open(b):
+            pass
+
+
 def test_invalid_file() -> None:
     invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
 

Tests/test_file_ppm.py

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ def test_arbitrary_maxval(
         assert im.mode == mode
 
         px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
         assert tuple(px[x, 0] for x in range(3)) == pixels
 
 
@@ -292,12 +293,10 @@ def test_header_token_too_long(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with open(path, "wb") as f:
         f.write(b"P6\n 01234567890")
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Token too long in file header: 01234567890"):
         with Image.open(path):
             pass
 
-    assert str(e.value) == "Token too long in file header: 01234567890"
-
 
 def test_truncated_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     # Test EOF in header
@@ -305,12 +304,10 @@ def test_truncated_file(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with open(path, "wb") as f:
         f.write(b"P6")
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Reached EOF while reading header"):
         with Image.open(path):
             pass
 
-    assert str(e.value) == "Reached EOF while reading header"
-
     # Test EOF for PyDecoder
     fp = BytesIO(b"P5 3 1 4")
     with Image.open(fp) as im:
@@ -334,12 +331,12 @@ def test_invalid_maxval(maxval: bytes, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with open(path, "wb") as f:
         f.write(b"P6\n3 1 " + maxval)
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match="maxval must be greater than 0 and less than 65536"
+    ):
         with Image.open(path):
             pass
 
-    assert str(e.value) == "maxval must be greater than 0 and less than 65536"
-
 
 def test_neg_ppm() -> None:
     # Storage.c accepted negative values for xsize, ysize.  the

Tests/test_file_psd.py

@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(test_file)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:

Tests/test_file_spider.py

@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
-    def open() -> None:
+    def open_test_image() -> None:
         im = Image.open(TEST_FILE)
         im.load()
 
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-        open()
+        open_test_image()
 
 
 def test_closed_file() -> None:

Tests/test_file_sun.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
 import os
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, SunImagePlugin
+from PIL import Image, SunImagePlugin, _binary
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, assert_image_similar, hopper
 
@@ -33,6 +34,60 @@ def test_im1() -> None:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/sunraster.im1.png")
 
 
+def _sun_header(
+    depth: int = 0, file_type: int = 0, palette_length: int = 0
+) -> io.BytesIO:
+    return io.BytesIO(
+        _binary.o32be(0x59A66A95)
+        + b"\x00" * 8
+        + _binary.o32be(depth)
+        + b"\x00" * 4
+        + _binary.o32be(file_type)
+        + b"\x00" * 4
+        + _binary.o32be(palette_length)
+    )
+
+
+def test_unsupported_mode_bit_depth() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported Mode/Bit Depth"):
+        with SunImagePlugin.SunImageFile(_sun_header()):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_unsupported_color_palette_length() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported Color Palette Length"):
+        with SunImagePlugin.SunImageFile(_sun_header(depth=1, palette_length=1025)):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_unsupported_palette_type() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported Palette Type"):
+        with SunImagePlugin.SunImageFile(_sun_header(depth=1, palette_length=1)):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_unsupported_file_type() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported Sun Raster file type"):
+        with SunImagePlugin.SunImageFile(_sun_header(depth=1, file_type=6)):
+            pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not os.path.exists(EXTRA_DIR), reason="Extra image files not installed"
+)
+def test_rgbx() -> None:
+    with open(os.path.join(EXTRA_DIR, "32bpp.ras"), "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+
+    # Set file type to 3
+    data = data[:20] + _binary.o32be(3) + data[24:]
+
+    with Image.open(io.BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        r, g, b = im.split()
+        im = Image.merge("RGB", (b, g, r))
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, os.path.join(EXTRA_DIR, "32bpp.png"))
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     not os.path.exists(EXTRA_DIR), reason="Extra image files not installed"
 )

Tests/test_file_tar.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -29,6 +30,22 @@ def test_sanity(codec: str, test_path: str, format: str) -> None:
                 assert im.format == format
 
 
+def test_unexpected_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    tmpfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.tar")
+    with open(tmpfile, "w"):
+        pass
+
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="unexpected end of tar file"):
+        with TarIO.TarIO(tmpfile, "test"):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_cannot_find_subfile() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="cannot find subfile"):
+        with TarIO.TarIO(TEST_TAR_FILE, "test"):
+            pass
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
 def test_unclosed_file() -> None:
     with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):

Tests/test_file_tga.py

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ def test_palette_depth_8(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 
 def test_palette_depth_16(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/p_16.tga") as im:
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert im.palette.mode == "RGBA"
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im.convert("RGBA"), "Tests/images/p_16.png")
 
@@ -213,10 +214,14 @@ def test_save_orientation(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_horizontal_orientations() -> None:
     # These images have been manually hexedited to have the relevant orientations
     with Image.open("Tests/images/rgb32rle_top_right.tga") as im:
-        assert im.load()[90, 90][:3] == (0, 0, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[90, 90][:3] == (0, 0, 0)
 
     with Image.open("Tests/images/rgb32rle_bottom_right.tga") as im:
-        assert im.load()[90, 90][:3] == (0, 255, 0)
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[90, 90][:3] == (0, 255, 0)
 
 
 def test_save_rle(tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_tiff.py

@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ class TestFileTiff:
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(is_pypy(), reason="Requires CPython")
     def test_unclosed_file(self) -> None:
-        def open() -> None:
+        def open_test_image() -> None:
             im = Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff")
             im.load()
 
         with pytest.warns(ResourceWarning):
-            open()
+            open_test_image()
 
     def test_closed_file(self) -> None:
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
@@ -134,9 +134,8 @@ class TestFileTiff:
 
     def test_set_legacy_api(self) -> None:
         ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
-        with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
+        with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Not allowing setting of legacy api"):
             ifd.legacy_api = False
-        assert str(e.value) == "Not allowing setting of legacy api"
 
     def test_xyres_tiff(self) -> None:
         filename = "Tests/images/pil168.tif"
@@ -661,6 +660,18 @@ class TestFileTiff:
             assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
             assert im.tag_v2[278] == 256
 
+        im = hopper()
+        im2 = Image.new("L", (128, 128))
+        im2.encoderinfo = {"tiffinfo": {278: 256}}
+        im.save(outfile, save_all=True, append_images=[im2])
+
+        with Image.open(outfile) as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
+            assert im.tag_v2[278] == 128
+
+            im.seek(1)
+            assert im.tag_v2[278] == 256
+
     def test_strip_raw(self) -> None:
         infile = "Tests/images/tiff_strip_raw.tif"
         with Image.open(infile) as im:

Tests/test_file_wal.py

@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ def test_open() -> None:
 
 def test_load() -> None:
     with WalImageFile.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == 122
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == 122
 
         # Test again now that it has already been loaded once
-        assert im.load()[0, 0] == 122
+        px = im.load()
+        assert px is not None
+        assert px[0, 0] == 122

Tests/test_file_webp.py

@@ -154,9 +154,8 @@ class TestFileWebp:
     @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.maxsize <= 2**32, reason="Requires 64-bit system")
     def test_write_encoding_error_message(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", (15000, 15000))
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="encoding error 6"):
             im.save(tmp_path / "temp.webp", method=0)
-        assert str(e.value) == "encoding error 6"
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.maxsize <= 2**32, reason="Requires 64-bit system")
     def test_write_encoding_error_bad_dimension(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ class TestFileWebp:
 
         with Image.open(out_gif) as reread:
             reread_value = reread.convert("RGB").getpixel((1, 1))
-        difference = sum(abs(original_value[i] - reread_value[i]) for i in range(0, 3))
+        difference = sum(abs(original_value[i] - reread_value[i]) for i in range(3))
         assert difference < 5
 
     def test_duration(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_webp_metadata.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def test_read_exif_metadata() -> None:
 def test_read_exif_metadata_without_prefix() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/flower2.webp") as im:
         # Assert prefix is not present
-        assert im.info["exif"][:6] != b"Exif\x00\x00"
+        assert not im.info["exif"].startswith(b"Exif\x00\x00")
 
         exif = im.getexif()
         assert exif[305] == "Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Macintosh)"

Tests/test_file_wmf.py

@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ def test_load_raw() -> None:
 def test_load() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/drawing.emf") as im:
         if hasattr(Image.core, "drawwmf"):
-            assert im.load()[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
+            px = im.load()
+            assert px is not None
+            assert px[0, 0] == (255, 255, 255)
 
 
 def test_load_zero_inch() -> None:

Tests/test_font_bdf.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
+
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import BdfFontFile, FontFile
@@ -8,13 +10,20 @@ filename = "Tests/images/courB08.bdf"
 
 
 def test_sanity() -> None:
-    with open(filename, "rb") as test_file:
+    with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
-        font = BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(test_file)
+        font = BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(fp)
 
     assert isinstance(font, FontFile.FontFile)
     assert len([_f for _f in font.glyph if _f]) == 190
 
 
+def test_zero_width_chars() -> None:
+    with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+    data = data[:2650] + b"\x00\x00" + data[2652:]
+    BdfFontFile.BdfFontFile(io.BytesIO(data))
+
+
 def test_invalid_file() -> None:
     with open("Tests/images/flower.jpg", "rb") as fp:
         with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):

Tests/test_fontfile.py

@@ -4,7 +4,20 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import FontFile
+from PIL import FontFile, Image
+
+
+def test_compile() -> None:
+    font = FontFile.FontFile()
+    font.glyph[0] = ((0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1), Image.new("L", (0, 0)))
+    font.compile()
+    assert font.ysize == 1
+
+    font.ysize = 2
+    font.compile()
+
+    # Assert that compiling again did not change anything
+    assert font.ysize == 2
 
 
 def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_format_hsv.py

@@ -22,28 +22,26 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     Image.new("HSV", (100, 100))
 
 
-def wedge() -> Image.Image:
+def linear_gradient() -> Image.Image:
-    w = Image._wedge()
+    im = Image.linear_gradient(mode="L")
-    w90 = w.rotate(90)
+    im90 = im.rotate(90)
 
-    (px, h) = w.size
+    (px, h) = im.size
 
     r = Image.new("L", (px * 3, h))
     g = r.copy()
     b = r.copy()
 
-    r.paste(w, (0, 0))
+    r.paste(im, (0, 0))
-    r.paste(w90, (px, 0))
+    r.paste(im90, (px, 0))
 
-    g.paste(w90, (0, 0))
+    g.paste(im90, (0, 0))
-    g.paste(w, (2 * px, 0))
+    g.paste(im, (2 * px, 0))
 
-    b.paste(w, (px, 0))
+    b.paste(im, (px, 0))
-    b.paste(w90, (2 * px, 0))
+    b.paste(im90, (2 * px, 0))
 
-    img = Image.merge("RGB", (r, g, b))
+    return Image.merge("RGB", (r, g, b))
-
-    return img
 
 
 def to_xxx_colorsys(
@@ -79,8 +77,8 @@ def to_rgb_colorsys(im: Image.Image) -> Image.Image:
     return to_xxx_colorsys(im, colorsys.hsv_to_rgb, "RGB")
 
 
-def test_wedge() -> None:
+def test_linear_gradient() -> None:
-    src = wedge().resize((3 * 32, 32), Image.Resampling.BILINEAR)
+    src = linear_gradient().resize((3 * 32, 32), Image.Resampling.BILINEAR)
     im = src.convert("HSV")
     comparable = to_hsv_colorsys(src)
 

Tests/test_image.py

@@ -65,21 +65,20 @@ class TestImage:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("", "bad", "very very long"))
     def test_image_modes_fail(self, mode: str) -> None:
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="unrecognized image mode"):
             Image.new(mode, (1, 1))
-        assert str(e.value) == "unrecognized image mode"
 
     def test_exception_inheritance(self) -> None:
         assert issubclass(UnidentifiedImageError, OSError)
 
     def test_sanity(self) -> None:
         im = Image.new("L", (100, 100))
-        assert repr(im)[:45] == "<PIL.Image.Image image mode=L size=100x100 at"
+        assert repr(im).startswith("<PIL.Image.Image image mode=L size=100x100 at")
         assert im.mode == "L"
         assert im.size == (100, 100)
 
         im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
-        assert repr(im)[:45] == "<PIL.Image.Image image mode=RGB size=100x100 "
+        assert repr(im).startswith("<PIL.Image.Image image mode=RGB size=100x100 ")
         assert im.mode == "RGB"
         assert im.size == (100, 100)
 
@@ -658,6 +657,7 @@ class TestImage:
         im.putpalette(list(range(256)) * 4, "RGBA")
         im_remapped = im.remap_palette(list(range(256)))
         assert_image_equal(im, im_remapped)
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert im.palette.palette == im_remapped.palette.palette
 
         # Test illegal image mode

Tests/test_image_convert.py

@@ -234,6 +234,7 @@ def test_gif_with_rgba_palette_to_p() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.gif") as im:
         im.info["transparency"] = 255
         im.load()
+        assert im.palette is not None
         assert im.palette.mode == "RGB"
         im_p = im.convert("P")
 

Tests/test_image_transform.py

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
             transformed = im.transform(
                 im.size, Image.Transform.AFFINE, [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
             )
+            assert im.palette is not None
             assert im.palette.palette == transformed.palette.palette
 
     def test_extent(self) -> None:

Tests/test_imagedraw.py

@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ BBOX = (((X0, Y0), (X1, Y1)), [(X0, Y0), (X1, Y1)], (X0, Y0, X1, Y1), [X0, Y0, X
 POINTS = (
     ((10, 10), (20, 40), (30, 30)),
     [(10, 10), (20, 40), (30, 30)],
+    ([10, 10], [20, 40], [30, 30]),
+    [[10, 10], [20, 40], [30, 30]],
     (10, 10, 20, 40, 30, 30),
     [10, 10, 20, 40, 30, 30],
 )
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ POINTS = (
 KITE_POINTS = (
     ((10, 50), (70, 10), (90, 50), (70, 90), (10, 50)),
     [(10, 50), (70, 10), (90, 50), (70, 90), (10, 50)],
+    ([10, 50], [70, 10], [90, 50], [70, 90], [10, 50]),
+    [[10, 50], [70, 10], [90, 50], [70, 90], [10, 50]],
 )
 
 
@@ -448,7 +452,6 @@ def test_shape1() -> None:
     x3, y3 = 95, 5
 
     # Act
-    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -470,7 +473,6 @@ def test_shape2() -> None:
     x3, y3 = 5, 95
 
     # Act
-    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -489,7 +491,6 @@ def test_transform() -> None:
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 
     # Act
-    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.line(0, 0)
     s.transform((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
@@ -1047,8 +1048,8 @@ def create_base_image_draw(
     background2: tuple[int, int, int] = GRAY,
 ) -> tuple[Image.Image, ImageDraw.ImageDraw]:
     img = Image.new(mode, size, background1)
-    for x in range(0, size[0]):
+    for x in range(size[0]):
-        for y in range(0, size[1]):
+        for y in range(size[1]):
             if (x + y) % 2 == 0:
                 img.putpixel((x, y), background2)
     return img, ImageDraw.Draw(img)
@@ -1526,7 +1527,6 @@ def test_same_color_outline(bbox: Coords) -> None:
     x2, y2 = 95, 50
     x3, y3 = 95, 5
 
-    assert ImageDraw.Outline is not None
     s = ImageDraw.Outline()
     s.move(x0, y0)
     s.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
@@ -1630,7 +1630,7 @@ def test_compute_regular_polygon_vertices(
             0,
             ValueError,
             "bounding_circle should contain 2D coordinates "
-            "and a radius (e.g. (x, y, r) or ((x, y), r) )",
+            r"and a radius \(e.g. \(x, y, r\) or \(\(x, y\), r\) \)",
         ),
         (
             3,
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ def test_compute_regular_polygon_vertices(
             ((50, 50, 50), 25),
             0,
             ValueError,
-            "bounding_circle centre should contain 2D coordinates (e.g. (x, y))",
+            r"bounding_circle centre should contain 2D coordinates \(e.g. \(x, y\)\)",
         ),
         (
             3,
@@ -1669,9 +1669,8 @@ def test_compute_regular_polygon_vertices_input_error_handling(
     expected_error: type[Exception],
     error_message: str,
 ) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(expected_error) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(expected_error, match=error_message):
         ImageDraw._compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-    assert str(e.value) == error_message
 
 
 def test_continuous_horizontal_edges_polygon() -> None:

Tests/test_imagefile.py

@@ -176,9 +176,8 @@ class TestImageFile:
                 b"0" * ImageFile.SAFEBLOCK
             )  # only SAFEBLOCK bytes, so that the header is truncated
         )
-        with pytest.raises(OSError) as e:
+        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Truncated File Read"):
             BmpImagePlugin.BmpImageFile(b)
-        assert str(e.value) == "Truncated File Read"
 
     @skip_unless_feature("zlib")
     def test_truncated_with_errors(self) -> None:

Tests/test_imagemorph.py

@@ -80,15 +80,12 @@ def test_lut(op: str) -> None:
 def test_no_operator_loaded() -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
     mop = ImageMorph.MorphOp()
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="No operator loaded"):
         mop.apply(im)
-    assert str(e.value) == "No operator loaded"
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="No operator loaded"):
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
         mop.match(im)
-    assert str(e.value) == "No operator loaded"
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="No operator loaded"):
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
         mop.save_lut("")
-    assert str(e.value) == "No operator loaded"
 
 
 # Test the named patterns
@@ -238,15 +235,12 @@ def test_incorrect_mode() -> None:
     im = hopper("RGB")
     mop = ImageMorph.MorphOp(op_name="erosion8")
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be L"):
         mop.apply(im)
-    assert str(e.value) == "Image mode must be L"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be L"):
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
         mop.match(im)
-    assert str(e.value) == "Image mode must be L"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be L"):
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
         mop.get_on_pixels(im)
-    assert str(e.value) == "Image mode must be L"
 
 
 def test_add_patterns() -> None:
@@ -279,9 +273,10 @@ def test_pattern_syntax_error() -> None:
     lb.add_patterns(new_patterns)
 
     # Act / Assert
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(
+        Exception, match='Syntax error in pattern "a pattern with a syntax error"'
+    ):
         lb.build_lut()
-    assert str(e.value) == 'Syntax error in pattern "a pattern with a syntax error"'
 
 
 def test_load_invalid_mrl() -> None:
@@ -290,9 +285,8 @@ def test_load_invalid_mrl() -> None:
     mop = ImageMorph.MorphOp()
 
     # Act / Assert
-    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Wrong size operator file!"):
         mop.load_lut(invalid_mrl)
-    assert str(e.value) == "Wrong size operator file!"
 
 
 def test_roundtrip_mrl(tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_imageops.py

@@ -448,6 +448,15 @@ def test_exif_transpose() -> None:
     assert 0x0112 not in transposed_im.getexif()
 
 
+def test_exif_transpose_with_xmp_tuple() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/xmp_tags_orientation.png") as im:
+        assert im.getexif()[0x0112] == 3
+
+        im.info["xmp"] = (b"test",)
+        transposed_im = ImageOps.exif_transpose(im)
+        assert 0x0112 not in transposed_im.getexif()
+
+
 def test_exif_transpose_xml_without_xmp() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/xmp_tags_orientation.png") as im:
         assert im.getexif()[0x0112] == 3

Tests/test_imagepalette.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
 def test_reload() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.gif") as im:
         original = im.copy()
+        assert im.palette is not None
         im.palette.dirty = 1
         assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), original.convert("RGB"))
 
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ def test_make_linear_lut() -> None:
     assert isinstance(lut, list)
     assert len(lut) == 256
     # Check values
-    for i in range(0, len(lut)):
+    for i in range(len(lut)):
         assert lut[i] == i
 
 

Tests/test_imagepath.py

@@ -68,25 +68,10 @@ def test_path_constructors(
     assert list(p) == [(0.0, 1.0)]
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+def test_invalid_path_constructors() -> None:
-    "coords",
+    # Arrange / Act
-    (
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="incorrect coordinate type"):
-        ("a", "b"),
+        ImagePath.Path(("a", "b"))
-        ([0, 1],),
-        [[0, 1]],
-        ([0.0, 1.0],),
-        [[0.0, 1.0]],
-    ),
-)
-def test_invalid_path_constructors(
-    coords: tuple[str, str] | Sequence[Sequence[int]],
-) -> None:
-    # Act
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
-        ImagePath.Path(coords)
-
-    # Assert
-    assert str(e.value) == "incorrect coordinate type"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -99,13 +84,9 @@ def test_invalid_path_constructors(
     ),
 )
 def test_path_odd_number_of_coordinates(coords: Sequence[int]) -> None:
-    # Act
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="wrong number of coordinates"):
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
         ImagePath.Path(coords)
 
-    # Assert
-    assert str(e.value) == "wrong number of coordinates"
-
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "coords, expected",

Tests/test_imagesequence.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 def test_iterator() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/multipage.tiff") as im:
         i = ImageSequence.Iterator(im)
-        for index in range(0, im.n_frames):
+        for index in range(im.n_frames):
             assert i[index] == next(i)
         with pytest.raises(IndexError):
             i[index + 1]

Tests/test_pickle.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def helper_pickle_string(protocol: int, test_file: str, mode: str | None) -> Non
         ("Tests/images/itxt_chunks.png", None),
     ],
 )
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1))
 def test_pickle_image(
     tmp_path: Path, test_file: str, test_mode: str | None, protocol: int
 ) -> None:
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def test_pickle_la_mode_with_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = im.convert("PA")
 
     # Act / Assert
-    for protocol in range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+    for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
         im._mode = "LA"
         with open(filename, "wb") as f:
             pickle.dump(im, f, protocol)
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def helper_assert_pickled_font_images(
 
 
 @skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", list(range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", list(range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)))
 def test_pickle_font_string(protocol: int) -> None:
     # Arrange
     font = ImageFont.truetype(FONT_PATH, FONT_SIZE)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def test_pickle_font_string(protocol: int) -> None:
 
 
 @skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", list(range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", list(range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)))
 def test_pickle_font_file(tmp_path: Path, protocol: int) -> None:
     # Arrange
     font = ImageFont.truetype(FONT_PATH, FONT_SIZE)

docs/conf.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import PIL
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-needs_sphinx = "8.1"
+needs_sphinx = "8.2"
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ nitpicky = True
 # generating warnings in “nitpicky mode”. Note that type should include the domain name
 # if present. Example entries would be ('py:func', 'int') or
 # ('envvar', 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH').
-nitpick_ignore = [("py:class", "_io.BytesIO"), ("py:class", "_CmsProfileCompatible")]
+nitpick_ignore = [("py:class", "_CmsProfileCompatible")]
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------

docs/example/DdsImagePlugin.py

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ Image.register_decoder("DXT5", DXT5Decoder)
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"DDS "
+    return prefix.startswith(b"DDS ")
 
 
 Image.register_open(DdsImageFile.format, DdsImageFile, _accept)

docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst

@@ -454,7 +454,8 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` method may set the following
     Raw EXIF data from the image.
 
 **comment**
-    A comment about the image.
+    A comment about the image, from the COM marker. This is separate from the
+    UserComment tag that may be stored in the EXIF data.
 
     .. versionadded:: 7.1.0
 
@@ -1162,9 +1163,7 @@ The :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.save` method can take the following keyword argum
 
 **append_images**
     A list of images to append as additional frames. Each of the
-    images in the list can be single or multiframe images. Note however, that for
+    images in the list can be single or multiframe images.
-    correct results, all the appended images should have the same
-    ``encoderinfo`` and ``encoderconfig`` properties.
 
     .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
 

docs/handbook/writing-your-own-image-plugin.rst

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ true color.
 
 
     def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-        return prefix[:4] == b"SPAM"
+        return prefix.startswith(b"SPAM")
 
 
     class SpamImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

docs/installation/building-from-source.rst

@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:
 
 * **libtiff** provides compressed TIFF functionality
 
-  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **3.x** and **4.0-4.6.0**
+  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **3.x** and **4.0-4.7.0**
 
 * **libfreetype** provides type related services
 
 * **littlecms** provides color management
 
   * Pillow version 2.2.1 and below uses liblcms1, Pillow 2.3.0 and
-    above uses liblcms2. Tested with **1.19** and **2.7-2.16**.
+    above uses liblcms2. Tested with **1.19** and **2.7-2.17**.
 
 * **libwebp** provides the WebP format.
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ dynamic = [
 optional-dependencies.docs = [
   "furo",
   "olefile",
-  "sphinx>=8.1",
+  "sphinx>=8.2",
   "sphinx-copybutton",
   "sphinx-inline-tabs",
   "sphinxext-opengraph",
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ test-extras = "tests"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.macos.environment]
 PATH = "$(pwd)/build/deps/darwin/bin:$(dirname $(which python3)):/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin"
-DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH = "$(pwd)/build/deps/darwin/lib"
 
 [tool.black]
 exclude = "wheels/multibuild"
@@ -122,6 +121,7 @@ lint.select = [
   "ISC",    # flake8-implicit-str-concat
   "LOG",    # flake8-logging
   "PGH",    # pygrep-hooks
+  "PIE",    # flake8-pie
   "PT",     # flake8-pytest-style
   "PYI",    # flake8-pyi
   "RUF100", # unused noqa (yesqa)
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ lint.ignore = [
   "E221",   # Multiple spaces before operator
   "E226",   # Missing whitespace around arithmetic operator
   "E241",   # Multiple spaces after ','
+  "PIE790", # flake8-pie: unnecessary-placeholder
   "PT001",  # pytest-fixture-incorrect-parentheses-style
   "PT007",  # pytest-parametrize-values-wrong-type
   "PT011",  # pytest-raises-too-broad

src/PIL/BdfFontFile.py

@@ -26,17 +26,6 @@ from typing import BinaryIO
 
 from . import FontFile, Image
 
-bdf_slant = {
-    "R": "Roman",
-    "I": "Italic",
-    "O": "Oblique",
-    "RI": "Reverse Italic",
-    "RO": "Reverse Oblique",
-    "OT": "Other",
-}
-
-bdf_spacing = {"P": "Proportional", "M": "Monospaced", "C": "Cell"}
-
 
 def bdf_char(
     f: BinaryIO,
@@ -54,7 +43,7 @@ def bdf_char(
         s = f.readline()
         if not s:
             return None
-        if s[:9] == b"STARTCHAR":
+        if s.startswith(b"STARTCHAR"):
             break
     id = s[9:].strip().decode("ascii")
 
@@ -62,7 +51,7 @@ def bdf_char(
     props = {}
     while True:
         s = f.readline()
-        if not s or s[:6] == b"BITMAP":
+        if not s or s.startswith(b"BITMAP"):
             break
         i = s.find(b" ")
         props[s[:i].decode("ascii")] = s[i + 1 : -1].decode("ascii")
@@ -71,7 +60,7 @@ def bdf_char(
     bitmap = bytearray()
     while True:
         s = f.readline()
-        if not s or s[:7] == b"ENDCHAR":
+        if not s or s.startswith(b"ENDCHAR"):
             break
         bitmap += s[:-1]
 
@@ -107,7 +96,7 @@ class BdfFontFile(FontFile.FontFile):
         super().__init__()
 
         s = fp.readline()
-        if s[:13] != b"STARTFONT 2.1":
+        if not s.startswith(b"STARTFONT 2.1"):
             msg = "not a valid BDF file"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
 
@@ -116,7 +105,7 @@ class BdfFontFile(FontFile.FontFile):
 
         while True:
             s = fp.readline()
-            if not s or s[:13] == b"ENDPROPERTIES":
+            if not s or s.startswith(b"ENDPROPERTIES"):
                 break
             i = s.find(b" ")
             props[s[:i].decode("ascii")] = s[i + 1 : -1].decode("ascii")

src/PIL/BlpImagePlugin.py

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class BLPFormatError(NotImplementedError):
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] in (b"BLP1", b"BLP2")
+    return prefix.startswith((b"BLP1", b"BLP2"))
 
 
 class BlpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ class BlpImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile(decoder, (0, 0) + self.size, offset, args)]
 
 
-class _BLPBaseDecoder(ImageFile.PyDecoder):
+class _BLPBaseDecoder(abc.ABC, ImageFile.PyDecoder):
     _pulls_fd = True
 
     def decode(self, buffer: bytes | Image.SupportsArrayInterface) -> tuple[int, int]:

src/PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ BIT2MODE = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:2] == b"BM"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"BM")
 
 
 def _dib_accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:

src/PIL/BufrStubImagePlugin.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def register_handler(handler: ImageFile.StubHandler | None) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"BUFR" or prefix[:4] == b"ZCZC"
+    return prefix.startswith((b"BUFR", b"ZCZC"))
 
 
 class BufrStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):

src/PIL/CurImagePlugin.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from ._binary import i32le as i32
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"\0\0\2\0"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\0\0\2\0")
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py

@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"DDS "
+    return prefix.startswith(b"DDS ")
 
 
 Image.register_open(DdsImageFile.format, DdsImageFile, _accept)

src/PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py

@@ -170,7 +170,9 @@ def Ghostscript(
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"%!PS" or (len(prefix) >= 4 and i32(prefix) == 0xC6D3D0C5)
+    return prefix.startswith(b"%!PS") or (
+        len(prefix) >= 4 and i32(prefix) == 0xC6D3D0C5
+    )
 
 
 ##
@@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ class EpsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     m = field.match(s)
                     if m:
                         k = m.group(1)
-                        if k[:8] == "PS-Adobe":
+                        if k.startswith("PS-Adobe"):
                             self.info["PS-Adobe"] = k[9:]
                         else:
                             self.info[k] = ""

src/PIL/FitsImagePlugin.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from . import Image, ImageFile
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:6] == b"SIMPLE"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"SIMPLE")
 
 
 class FitsImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

src/PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ MODES = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:8] == olefile.MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(olefile.MAGIC)
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/FtexImagePlugin.py

@@ -79,8 +79,6 @@ class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._size = struct.unpack("<2i", self.fp.read(8))
         mipmap_count, format_count = struct.unpack("<2i", self.fp.read(8))
 
-        self._mode = "RGB"
-
         # Only support single-format files.
         # I don't know of any multi-format file.
         assert format_count == 1
@@ -95,6 +93,7 @@ class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             self._mode = "RGBA"
             self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("bcn", (0, 0) + self.size, 0, (1,))]
         elif format == Format.UNCOMPRESSED:
+            self._mode = "RGB"
             self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 0, "RGB")]
         else:
             msg = f"Invalid texture compression format: {repr(format)}"
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ class FtexImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(MAGIC)
 
 
 Image.register_open(FtexImageFile.format, FtexImageFile, _accept)

src/PIL/GdImageFile.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class GdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             msg = "Not a valid GD 2.x .gd file"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
 
-        self._mode = "L"  # FIXME: "P"
+        self._mode = "P"
         self._size = i16(s, 2), i16(s, 4)
 
         true_color = s[6]
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ class GdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             self.info["transparency"] = tindex
 
         self.palette = ImagePalette.raw(
-            "XBGR", s[7 + true_color_offset + 4 : 7 + true_color_offset + 4 + 256 * 4]
+            "RGBX", s[7 + true_color_offset + 6 : 7 + true_color_offset + 6 + 256 * 4]
         )
 
         self.tile = [
             ImageFile._Tile(
                 "raw",
                 (0, 0) + self.size,
-                7 + true_color_offset + 4 + 256 * 4,
+                7 + true_color_offset + 6 + 256 * 4,
                 "L",
             )
         ]

src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ LOADING_STRATEGY = LoadingStrategy.RGB_AFTER_FIRST
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:6] in [b"GIF87a", b"GIF89a"]
+    return prefix.startswith((b"GIF87a", b"GIF89a"))
 
 
 ##
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class GifImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                     # application extension
                     #
                     info["extension"] = block, self.fp.tell()
-                    if block[:11] == b"NETSCAPE2.0":
+                    if block.startswith(b"NETSCAPE2.0"):
                         block = self.data()
                         if block and len(block) >= 3 and block[0] == 1:
                             self.info["loop"] = i16(block, 1)
@@ -689,16 +689,21 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(
                         im_frames[-1].encoderinfo["duration"] += encoderinfo["duration"]
                     continue
                 if im_frames[-1].encoderinfo.get("disposal") == 2:
-                    if background_im is None:
+                    # To appear correctly in viewers using a convention,
+                    # only consider transparency, and not background color
                     color = im.encoderinfo.get(
-                            "transparency", im.info.get("transparency", (0, 0, 0))
+                        "transparency", im.info.get("transparency")
                     )
+                    if color is not None:
+                        if background_im is None:
                             background = _get_background(im_frame, color)
                             background_im = Image.new("P", im_frame.size, background)
                             first_palette = im_frames[0].im.palette
                             assert first_palette is not None
                             background_im.putpalette(first_palette, first_palette.mode)
                         bbox = _getbbox(background_im, im_frame)[1]
+                    else:
+                        bbox = (0, 0) + im_frame.size
                 elif encoderinfo.get("optimize") and im_frame.mode != "1":
                     if "transparency" not in encoderinfo:
                         assert im_frame.palette is not None
@@ -764,6 +769,7 @@ def _write_multiple_frames(
             if not palette:
                 frame_data.encoderinfo["include_color_table"] = True
 
+            if frame_data.bbox != (0, 0) + im_frame.size:
                 im_frame = im_frame.crop(frame_data.bbox)
             offset = frame_data.bbox[:2]
         _write_frame_data(fp, im_frame, offset, frame_data.encoderinfo)

src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class GimpGradientFile(GradientFile):
     """File handler for GIMP's gradient format."""
 
     def __init__(self, fp: IO[bytes]) -> None:
-        if fp.readline()[:13] != b"GIMP Gradient":
+        if not fp.readline().startswith(b"GIMP Gradient"):
             msg = "not a GIMP gradient file"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
 

src/PIL/GimpPaletteFile.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class GimpPaletteFile:
     def __init__(self, fp: IO[bytes]) -> None:
         palette = [o8(i) * 3 for i in range(256)]
 
-        if fp.readline()[:12] != b"GIMP Palette":
+        if not fp.readline().startswith(b"GIMP Palette"):
             msg = "not a GIMP palette file"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
 

src/PIL/GribStubImagePlugin.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def register_handler(handler: ImageFile.StubHandler | None) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"GRIB" and prefix[7] == 1
+    return prefix.startswith(b"GRIB") and prefix[7] == 1
 
 
 class GribStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):

src/PIL/Hdf5StubImagePlugin.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def register_handler(handler: ImageFile.StubHandler | None) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:8] == b"\x89HDF\r\n\x1a\n"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\x89HDF\r\n\x1a\n")
 
 
 class HDF5StubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):

src/PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py

@@ -117,14 +117,13 @@ def read_png_or_jpeg2000(
     sig = fobj.read(12)
 
     im: Image.Image
-    if sig[:8] == b"\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a":
+    if sig.startswith(b"\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a"):
         fobj.seek(start)
         im = PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile(fobj)
         Image._decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
         return {"RGBA": im}
     elif (
-        sig[:4] == b"\xff\x4f\xff\x51"
+        sig.startswith((b"\xff\x4f\xff\x51", b"\x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"))
-        or sig[:4] == b"\x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"
         or sig == b"\x00\x00\x00\x0cjP  \x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"
     ):
         if not enable_jpeg2k:
@@ -387,7 +386,7 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(MAGIC)
 
 
 Image.register_open(IcnsImageFile.format, IcnsImageFile, _accept)

src/PIL/IcoImagePlugin.py

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == _MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(_MAGIC)
 
 
 class IconHeader(NamedTuple):

src/PIL/ImImagePlugin.py

@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ class ImImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                 msg = "not an IM file"
                 raise SyntaxError(msg)
 
-            if s[-2:] == b"\r\n":
+            if s.endswith(b"\r\n"):
                 s = s[:-2]
-            elif s[-1:] == b"\n":
+            elif s.endswith(b"\n"):
                 s = s[:-1]
 
             try:
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class ImImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._mode = self.info[MODE]
 
         # Skip forward to start of image data
-        while s and s[:1] != b"\x1a":
+        while s and not s.startswith(b"\x1a"):
             s = self.fp.read(1)
         if not s:
             msg = "File truncated"
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class ImImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
         self._fp = self.fp  # FIXME: hack
 
-        if self.rawmode[:2] == "F;":
+        if self.rawmode.startswith("F;"):
             # ifunc95 formats
             try:
                 # use bit decoder (if necessary)

src/PIL/Image.py

@@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@ class Image:
                 elif len(mode) == 3:
                     transparency = tuple(
                         convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
-                        for i in range(0, len(transparency))
+                        for i in range(len(transparency))
                     )
                 new_im.info["transparency"] = transparency
             return new_im
@@ -2475,7 +2475,21 @@ class Image:
            format to use is determined from the filename extension.
            If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
            parameter should always be used.
-        :param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
+        :param params: Extra parameters to the image writer. These can also be
+           set on the image itself through ``encoderinfo``. This is useful when
+           saving multiple images::
+
+             # Saving XMP data to a single image
+             from PIL import Image
+             red = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1), "#f00")
+             red.save("out.mpo", xmp=b"test")
+
+             # Saving XMP data to the second frame of an image
+             from PIL import Image
+             black = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+             red = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1), "#f00")
+             red.encoderinfo = {"xmp": b"test"}
+             black.save("out.mpo", save_all=True, append_images=[red])
         :returns: None
         :exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
            from the file name.  Use the format option to solve this.
@@ -2966,7 +2980,7 @@ class Image:
 # Abstract handlers.
 
 
-class ImagePointHandler:
+class ImagePointHandler(abc.ABC):
     """
     Used as a mixin by point transforms
     (for use with :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`)
@@ -2977,7 +2991,7 @@ class ImagePointHandler:
         pass
 
 
-class ImageTransformHandler:
+class ImageTransformHandler(abc.ABC):
     """
     Used as a mixin by geometry transforms
     (for use with :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.transform`)
@@ -2996,15 +3010,6 @@ class ImageTransformHandler:
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Factories
 
-#
-# Debugging
-
-
-def _wedge() -> Image:
-    """Create grayscale wedge (for debugging only)"""
-
-    return Image()._new(core.wedge("L"))
-
 
 def _check_size(size: Any) -> None:
     """
@@ -4007,12 +4012,12 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
                 if tag == ExifTags.IFD.MakerNote:
                     from .TiffImagePlugin import ImageFileDirectory_v2
 
-                    if tag_data[:8] == b"FUJIFILM":
+                    if tag_data.startswith(b"FUJIFILM"):
                         ifd_offset = i32le(tag_data, 8)
                         ifd_data = tag_data[ifd_offset:]
 
                         makernote = {}
-                        for i in range(0, struct.unpack("<H", ifd_data[:2])[0]):
+                        for i in range(struct.unpack("<H", ifd_data[:2])[0]):
                             ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
                                 "<HHL4s", ifd_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
                             )
@@ -4047,7 +4052,7 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
                         self._ifds[tag] = dict(self._fixup_dict(makernote))
                     elif self.get(0x010F) == "Nintendo":
                         makernote = {}
-                        for i in range(0, struct.unpack(">H", tag_data[:2])[0]):
+                        for i in range(struct.unpack(">H", tag_data[:2])[0]):
                             ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
                                 ">HHL4s", tag_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
                             )

src/PIL/ImageDraw.py

@@ -42,11 +42,7 @@ from ._deprecate import deprecate
 from ._typing import Coords
 
 # experimental access to the outline API
-Outline: Callable[[], Image.core._Outline] | None
+Outline: Callable[[], Image.core._Outline] = Image.core.outline
-try:
-    Outline = Image.core.outline
-except AttributeError:
-    Outline = None
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont
@@ -1208,7 +1204,7 @@ def _compute_regular_polygon_vertices(
         degrees = 360 / n_sides
         # Start with the bottom left polygon vertex
         current_angle = (270 - 0.5 * degrees) + rotation
-        for _ in range(0, n_sides):
+        for _ in range(n_sides):
             angles.append(current_angle)
             current_angle += degrees
             if current_angle > 360:
@@ -1231,4 +1227,4 @@ def _color_diff(
     first = color1 if isinstance(color1, tuple) else (color1,)
     second = color2 if isinstance(color2, tuple) else (color2,)
 
-    return sum(abs(first[i] - second[i]) for i in range(0, len(second)))
+    return sum(abs(first[i] - second[i]) for i in range(len(second)))

src/PIL/ImageFile.py

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ class ImageFile(Image.Image):
         return self.tell() != frame
 
 
-class StubHandler:
+class StubHandler(abc.ABC):
     def open(self, im: StubImageFile) -> None:
         pass
 
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ class StubHandler:
         pass
 
 
-class StubImageFile(ImageFile):
+class StubImageFile(ImageFile, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """
     Base class for stub image loaders.
 
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ class StubImageFile(ImageFile):
     certain format, but relies on external code to load the file.
     """
 
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def _open(self) -> None:
-        msg = "StubImageFile subclass must implement _open"
+        pass
-        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
     def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
         loader = self._load()
@@ -471,10 +471,10 @@ class StubImageFile(ImageFile):
         self.__dict__ = image.__dict__
         return image.load()
 
+    @abc.abstractmethod
     def _load(self) -> StubHandler | None:
         """(Hook) Find actual image loader."""
-        msg = "StubImageFile subclass must implement _load"
+        pass
-        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
 
 class Parser:

src/PIL/ImageFilter.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ._typing import NumpyArray
 
 
-class Filter:
+class Filter(abc.ABC):
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def filter(self, image: _imaging.ImagingCore) -> _imaging.ImagingCore:
         pass

src/PIL/ImageOps.py

@@ -213,14 +213,14 @@ def colorize(
     blue = []
 
     # Create the low-end values
-    for i in range(0, blackpoint):
+    for i in range(blackpoint):
         red.append(rgb_black[0])
         green.append(rgb_black[1])
         blue.append(rgb_black[2])
 
     # Create the mapping (2-color)
     if rgb_mid is None:
-        range_map = range(0, whitepoint - blackpoint)
+        range_map = range(whitepoint - blackpoint)
 
         for i in range_map:
             red.append(
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ def colorize(
 
     # Create the mapping (3-color)
     else:
-        range_map1 = range(0, midpoint - blackpoint)
+        range_map1 = range(midpoint - blackpoint)
-        range_map2 = range(0, whitepoint - midpoint)
+        range_map2 = range(whitepoint - midpoint)
 
         for i in range_map1:
             red.append(
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ def colorize(
             blue.append(rgb_mid[2] + i * (rgb_white[2] - rgb_mid[2]) // len(range_map2))
 
     # Create the high-end values
-    for i in range(0, 256 - whitepoint):
+    for i in range(256 - whitepoint):
         red.append(rgb_white[0])
         green.append(rgb_white[1])
         blue.append(rgb_white[2])
@@ -729,11 +729,15 @@ def exif_transpose(image: Image.Image, *, in_place: bool = False) -> Image.Image
                         r"<tiff:Orientation>([0-9])</tiff:Orientation>",
                     ):
                         value = exif_image.info[key]
-                        exif_image.info[key] = (
+                        if isinstance(value, str):
-                            re.sub(pattern, "", value)
+                            value = re.sub(pattern, "", value)
-                            if isinstance(value, str)
+                        elif isinstance(value, tuple):
-                            else re.sub(pattern.encode(), b"", value)
+                            value = tuple(
+                                re.sub(pattern.encode(), b"", v) for v in value
                             )
+                        else:
+                            value = re.sub(pattern.encode(), b"", value)
+                        exif_image.info[key] = value
         if not in_place:
             return transposed_image
     elif not in_place:

src/PIL/ImageShow.py

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ if sys.platform == "darwin":
     register(MacViewer)
 
 
-class UnixViewer(Viewer):
+class UnixViewer(abc.ABC, Viewer):
     format = "PNG"
     options = {"compress_level": 1, "save_all": True}
 

src/PIL/ImageTk.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import tkinter
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from . import Image, ImageFile
 
@@ -263,28 +263,3 @@ def getimage(photo: PhotoImage) -> Image.Image:
     _pyimagingtkcall("PyImagingPhotoGet", photo, im.getim())
 
     return im
-
-
-def _show(image: Image.Image, title: str | None) -> None:
-    """Helper for the Image.show method."""
-
-    class UI(tkinter.Label):
-        def __init__(self, master: tkinter.Toplevel, im: Image.Image) -> None:
-            self.image: BitmapImage | PhotoImage
-            if im.mode == "1":
-                self.image = BitmapImage(im, foreground="white", master=master)
-            else:
-                self.image = PhotoImage(im, master=master)
-            if TYPE_CHECKING:
-                image = cast(tkinter._Image, self.image)
-            else:
-                image = self.image
-            super().__init__(master, image=image, bg="black", bd=0)
-
-    if not getattr(tkinter, "_default_root"):
-        msg = "tkinter not initialized"
-        raise OSError(msg)
-    top = tkinter.Toplevel()
-    if title:
-        top.title(title)
-    UI(top, image).pack()

src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py

@@ -352,9 +352,8 @@ class Jpeg2KImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return (
+    return prefix.startswith(
-        prefix[:4] == b"\xff\x4f\xff\x51"
+        (b"\xff\x4f\xff\x51", b"\x00\x00\x00\x0cjP  \x0d\x0a\x87\x0a")
-        or prefix[:12] == b"\x00\x00\x00\x0cjP  \x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"
     )
 
 

src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
     self.app[app] = s  # compatibility
     self.applist.append((app, s))
 
-    if marker == 0xFFE0 and s[:4] == b"JFIF":
+    if marker == 0xFFE0 and s.startswith(b"JFIF"):
         # extract JFIF information
         self.info["jfif"] = version = i16(s, 5)  # version
         self.info["jfif_version"] = divmod(version, 256)
@@ -95,19 +95,19 @@ def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
                 self.info["dpi"] = tuple(d * 2.54 for d in jfif_density)
             self.info["jfif_unit"] = jfif_unit
             self.info["jfif_density"] = jfif_density
-    elif marker == 0xFFE1 and s[:6] == b"Exif\0\0":
+    elif marker == 0xFFE1 and s.startswith(b"Exif\0\0"):
         # extract EXIF information
         if "exif" in self.info:
             self.info["exif"] += s[6:]
         else:
             self.info["exif"] = s
             self._exif_offset = self.fp.tell() - n + 6
-    elif marker == 0xFFE1 and s[:29] == b"http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\x00":
+    elif marker == 0xFFE1 and s.startswith(b"http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\x00"):
         self.info["xmp"] = s.split(b"\x00", 1)[1]
-    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s[:5] == b"FPXR\0":
+    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s.startswith(b"FPXR\0"):
         # extract FlashPix information (incomplete)
         self.info["flashpix"] = s  # FIXME: value will change
-    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s[:12] == b"ICC_PROFILE\0":
+    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s.startswith(b"ICC_PROFILE\0"):
         # Since an ICC profile can be larger than the maximum size of
         # a JPEG marker (64K), we need provisions to split it into
         # multiple markers. The format defined by the ICC specifies
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
         # reassemble the profile, rather than assuming that the APP2
         # markers appear in the correct sequence.
         self.icclist.append(s)
-    elif marker == 0xFFED and s[:14] == b"Photoshop 3.0\x00":
+    elif marker == 0xFFED and s.startswith(b"Photoshop 3.0\x00"):
         # parse the image resource block
         offset = 14
         photoshop = self.info.setdefault("photoshop", {})
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
             except struct.error:
                 break  # insufficient data
 
-    elif marker == 0xFFEE and s[:5] == b"Adobe":
+    elif marker == 0xFFEE and s.startswith(b"Adobe"):
         self.info["adobe"] = i16(s, 5)
         # extract Adobe custom properties
         try:
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def APP(self: JpegImageFile, marker: int) -> None:
             pass
         else:
             self.info["adobe_transform"] = adobe_transform
-    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s[:4] == b"MPF\0":
+    elif marker == 0xFFE2 and s.startswith(b"MPF\0"):
         # extract MPO information
         self.info["mp"] = s[4:]
         # offset is current location minus buffer size
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ MARKER = {
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
     # Magic number was taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
-    return prefix[:3] == b"\xff\xd8\xff"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff")
 
 
 ##
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ def _getmp(self: JpegImageFile) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         return None
     file_contents = io.BytesIO(data)
     head = file_contents.read(8)
-    endianness = ">" if head[:4] == b"\x4d\x4d\x00\x2a" else "<"
+    endianness = ">" if head.startswith(b"\x4d\x4d\x00\x2a") else "<"
     # process dictionary
     from . import TiffImagePlugin
 
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ def _getmp(self: JpegImageFile) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
     mpentries = []
     try:
         rawmpentries = mp[0xB002]
-        for entrynum in range(0, quant):
+        for entrynum in range(quant):
             unpackedentry = struct.unpack_from(
                 f"{endianness}LLLHH", rawmpentries, entrynum * 16
             )

src/PIL/McIdasImagePlugin.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from . import Image, ImageFile
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:8] == b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04")
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/MicImagePlugin.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from . import Image, TiffImagePlugin
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:8] == olefile.MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(olefile.MAGIC)
 
 
 ##
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MicImageFile(TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile):
         self.images = [
             path
             for path in self.ole.listdir()
-            if path[1:] and path[0][-4:] == ".ACI" and path[1] == "Image"
+            if path[1:] and path[0].endswith(".ACI") and path[1] == "Image"
         ]
 
         # if we didn't find any images, this is probably not
@@ -73,12 +73,7 @@ class MicImageFile(TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile):
     def seek(self, frame: int) -> None:
         if not self._seek_check(frame):
             return
-        try:
         filename = self.images[frame]
-        except IndexError as e:
-            msg = "no such frame"
-            raise EOFError(msg) from e
-
         self.fp = self.ole.openstream(filename)
 
         TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile._open(self)

src/PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class BitStream:
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"\x00\x00\x01\xb3"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\x00\x00\x01\xb3")
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/MspImagePlugin.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from ._binary import o16le as o16
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] in [b"DanM", b"LinS"]
+    return prefix.startswith((b"DanM", b"LinS"))
 
 
 ##
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class MspImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._mode = "1"
         self._size = i16(s, 4), i16(s, 6)
 
-        if s[:4] == b"DanM":
+        if s.startswith(b"DanM"):
             self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, 32, "1")]
         else:
             self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("MSP", (0, 0) + self.size, 32)]

src/PIL/PaletteFile.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PaletteFile:
 
             if not s:
                 break
-            if s[:1] == b"#":
+            if s.startswith(b"#"):
                 continue
             if len(s) > 100:
                 msg = "bad palette file"

src/PIL/PcdImagePlugin.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class PcdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self.fp.seek(2048)
         s = self.fp.read(2048)
 
-        if s[:4] != b"PCD_":
+        if not s.startswith(b"PCD_"):
             msg = "not a PCD file"
             raise SyntaxError(msg)
 

src/PIL/PixarImagePlugin.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from ._binary import i16le as i16
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"\200\350\000\000"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"\200\350\000\000")
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py

@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ class PngStream(ChunkStream):
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:8] == _MAGIC
+    return prefix.startswith(_MAGIC)
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ MODES = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[0:1] == b"P" and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"P") and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"
 
 
 ##

src/PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ MODES = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"8BPS"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"8BPS")
 
 
 ##
@@ -169,15 +169,11 @@ class PsdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             return
 
         # seek to given layer (1..max)
-        try:
         _, mode, _, tile = self.layers[layer - 1]
         self._mode = mode
         self.tile = tile
         self.frame = layer
         self.fp = self._fp
-        except IndexError as e:
-            msg = "no such layer"
-            raise EOFError(msg) from e
 
     def tell(self) -> int:
         # return layer number (0=image, 1..max=layers)

src/PIL/QoiImagePlugin.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from ._binary import i32be as i32
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] == b"qoif"
+    return prefix.startswith(b"qoif")
 
 
 class QoiImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py

@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ if not getattr(Image.core, "libtiff_support_custom_tags", True):
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[:4] in PREFIXES
+    return prefix.startswith(tuple(PREFIXES))
 
 
 def _limit_rational(
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class IFDRational(Rational):
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return str(float(self._val))
 
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:  # type: ignore[override]
         return self._val.__hash__()
 
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
@@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         blocks = {}
         val = self.tag_v2.get(ExifTags.Base.ImageResources)
         if val:
-            while val[:4] == b"8BIM":
+            while val.startswith(b"8BIM"):
                 id = i16(val[4:6])
                 n = math.ceil((val[6] + 1) / 2) * 2
                 size = i32(val[6 + n : 10 + n])
@@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
             # byte order.
             elif rawmode == "I;16":
                 rawmode = "I;16N"
-            elif rawmode.endswith(";16B") or rawmode.endswith(";16L"):
+            elif rawmode.endswith((";16B", ";16L")):
                 rawmode = rawmode[:-1] + "N"
 
             # Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
@@ -2295,9 +2295,7 @@ class AppendingTiffWriter(io.BytesIO):
 
 
 def _save_all(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
-    encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()
+    append_images = list(im.encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
-    encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig
-    append_images = list(encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
     if not hasattr(im, "n_frames") and not append_images:
         return _save(im, fp, filename)
 
@@ -2305,12 +2303,11 @@ def _save_all(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
     try:
         with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:
             for ims in [im] + append_images:
-                ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo
+                if not hasattr(ims, "encoderinfo"):
-                ims.encoderconfig = encoderconfig
+                    ims.encoderinfo = {}
-                if not hasattr(ims, "n_frames"):
+                if not hasattr(ims, "encoderconfig"):
-                    nfr = 1
+                    ims.encoderconfig = ()
-                else:
+                nfr = getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)
-                    nfr = ims.n_frames
 
                 for idx in range(nfr):
                     ims.seek(idx)

src/PIL/WebPImagePlugin.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ _VP8_MODES_BY_IDENTIFIER = {
 
 
 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool | str:
-    is_riff_file_format = prefix[:4] == b"RIFF"
+    is_riff_file_format = prefix.startswith(b"RIFF")
     is_webp_file = prefix[8:12] == b"WEBP"
     is_valid_vp8_mode = prefix[12:16] in _VP8_MODES_BY_IDENTIFIER
 
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ class WebPImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
         self._decoder = _webp.WebPAnimDecoder(self.fp.read())
 
         # Get info from decoder
-        width, height, loop_count, bgcolor, frame_count, mode = self._decoder.get_info()
+        self._size, loop_count, bgcolor, frame_count, mode = self._decoder.get_info()
-        self._size = width, height
         self.info["loop"] = loop_count
         bg_a, bg_r, bg_g, bg_b = (
             (bgcolor >> 24) & 0xFF,