Merge branch 'main' into convert_mode

2025-09-24 04:56:57 +03:00 · 2025-09-04 21:19:41 +10:00 · 2025-09-04 21:19:41 +10:00 · fc1680103d
commit fc1680103d
parent 5a3d3c6f28 bd63c4fdba
120 changed files with 1087 additions and 858 deletions
--- a/.ci/install.sh
+++ b/.ci/install.sh
@ -13,24 +13,21 @@ aptget_update()
        return 1
    fi
 }
-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    aptget_update || aptget_update retry || aptget_update retry
-fi
+aptget_update || aptget_update retry || aptget_update retry

 set -e

-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
-                             ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
-                             cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
-                             sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev nasm
-fi
+sudo apt-get -qq install libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libtiff-dev python3-tk\
+                         ghostscript libjpeg-turbo8-dev libopenjp2-7-dev\
+                         cmake meson imagemagick libharfbuzz-dev libfribidi-dev\
+                         sway wl-clipboard libopenblas-dev nasm

 python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
 python3 -m pip install --upgrade wheel
 python3 -m pip install coverage
 python3 -m pip install defusedxml
 python3 -m pip install ipython
+python3 -m pip install numpy
 python3 -m pip install olefile
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest
 python3 -m pip install -U pytest-cov
@ -40,36 +37,24 @@ python3 -m pip install pyroma
 # fails on beta 3.14 and PyPy
 python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true

-if [[ $(uname) != CYGWIN* ]]; then
-    python3 -m pip install numpy
-
-    # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
-    if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
-        sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
-        # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
-        if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
-    fi
-
-    # Pyroma uses non-isolated build and fails with old setuptools
-    if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.9 ]]; then
-        # To match pyproject.toml
-        python3 -m pip install "setuptools>=77"
-    fi
-
-    # webp
-    pushd depends && ./install_webp.sh && popd
-
-    # libimagequant
-    pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
-
-    # raqm
-    pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
-
-    # libavif
-    pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
-
-    # extra test images
-    pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
-else
-    cd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && cd ..
+# PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
+if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
+    sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
+    # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
+    if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
 fi
+
+# webp
+pushd depends && ./install_webp.sh && popd
+
+# libimagequant
+pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
+
+# raqm
+pushd depends && ./install_raqm.sh && popd
+
+# libavif
+pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
+
+# extra test images
+pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd
--- a/.ci/requirements-cibw.txt
+++ b/.ci/requirements-cibw.txt
@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==3.0.0
+cibuildwheel==3.1.4
--- a/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt
+++ b/.ci/requirements-mypy.txt
@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-mypy==1.16.1
+mypy==1.17.1
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PyQt6
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PySide6
 ipython
 numpy
 packaging
 pyarrow-stubs
+pybind11
 pytest
 sphinx
 types-atheris
--- a/.github/mergify.yml
+++ b/.github/mergify.yml
@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pull_request_rules:
      - status-success=Docker Test Successful
      - status-success=Windows Test Successful
      - status-success=MinGW
-      - status-success=Cygwin Test Successful
    actions:
      merge:
        method: merge
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Docs

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Lint

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-name: Test Cygwin
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-permissions:
-  contents: read
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-env:
-  COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        python-minor-version: [9]
-
-    timeout-minutes: 40
-
-    name: Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Fix line endings
-        run: |
-          git config --global core.autocrlf input
-
-      - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Install Cygwin
-        uses: cygwin/cygwin-install-action@v5
-        with:
-          packages: >
-            gcc-g++
-            ghostscript
-            git
-            ImageMagick
-            jpeg
-            libfreetype-devel
-            libimagequant-devel
-            libjpeg-devel
-            liblapack-devel
-            liblcms2-devel
-            libopenjp2-devel
-            libraqm-devel
-            libtiff-devel
-            libwebp-devel
-            libxcb-devel
-            libxcb-xinerama0
-            make
-            netpbm
-            perl
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-cython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-devel
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-ipython
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-numpy
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-sip
-            python3${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-tkinter
-            wget
-            xorg-server-extra
-            zlib-devel
-
-      - name: Add Lapack to PATH
-        uses: egor-tensin/cleanup-path@v4
-        with:
-          dirs: 'C:\cygwin\bin;C:\cygwin\lib\lapack'
-
-      - name: Select Python version
-        run: |
-          ln -sf c:/cygwin/bin/python3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }} c:/cygwin/bin/python3
-
-      - name: pip cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: 'C:\cygwin\home\runneradmin\.cache\pip'
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-${{ hashFiles('.ci/install.sh') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-pip3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}-
-
-      - name: Build system information
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py"
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/install.sh
-
-      - name: Build
-        shell: bash.exe -eo pipefail -o igncr "{0}"
-        run: |
-          .ci/build.sh
-
-      - name: Test
-        run: |
-          bash.exe xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' .ci/test.sh
-
-      - name: Prepare to upload errors
-        if: failure()
-        run: |
-          dash.exe -c "mkdir -p Tests/errors"
-
-      - name: Upload errors
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        if: failure()
-        with:
-          name: errors
-          path: Tests/errors
-
-      - name: After success
-        run: |
-          bash.exe .ci/after_success.sh
-          rm C:\cygwin\bin\bash.EXE
-
-      - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
-        with:
-          files: ./coverage.xml
-          flags: GHA_Cygwin
-          name: Cygwin Python 3.${{ matrix.python-minor-version }}
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
-
-  success:
-    permissions:
-      contents: none
-    needs: build
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: Cygwin Test Successful
-    steps:
-      - name: Success
-        run: echo Cygwin Test Successful
--- a/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-docker.yml
@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ jobs:
          centos-stream-10-amd64,
          debian-12-bookworm-x86,
          debian-12-bookworm-amd64,
+          debian-13-trixie-x86,
+          debian-13-trixie-amd64,
          fedora-41-amd64,
          fedora-42-amd64,
          gentoo,
@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.docker }}

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:

    steps:
      - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.docker }}

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.docker }}

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

--- a/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "pypy3.10", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", ">=3.13.5", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["pypy3.11", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
        architecture: ["x64"]
        include:
            # Test the oldest Python on 32-bit
-            - { python-version: "3.9", architecture: "x86" }
+            - { python-version: "3.10", architecture: "x86" }

    timeout-minutes: 45

@ -47,19 +47,19 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout Pillow
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

    - name: Checkout cached dependencies
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false
        repository: python-pillow/pillow-depends
        path: winbuild\depends

    - name: Checkout extra test images
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false
        repository: python-pillow/test-images
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ jobs:
        ]
        python-version: [
          "pypy3.11",
-          "pypy3.10",
          "3.14t",
          "3.14",
          "3.13t",
@ -50,24 +49,23 @@ jobs:
          "3.12",
          "3.11",
          "3.10",
-          "3.9",
        ]
        include:
-        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
-        - { python-version: "3.10", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
+        - { python-version: "3.12", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
+        - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
        # Free-threaded
        - { python-version: "3.14t", disable-gil: true }
        - { python-version: "3.13t", disable-gil: true }
-        # M1 only available for 3.10+
-        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.9" }
+        # Intel
+        - { os: "macos-13", python-version: "3.10" }
        exclude:
-        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.9" }
+        - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.10" }

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}

    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ jobs:
        GHA_PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python-version }}

    - name: Register gcc problem matcher
-      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.13'"
+      if: "matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.python-version == '3.14'"
      run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/problem-matchers/gcc.json"

    - name: Build
--- a/.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ if [[ "$CIBW_PLATFORM" == "ios" ]]; then
    # on using the Xcode builder, which isn't very helpful for most of Pillow's
    # dependencies. Therefore, we lean on the OSX configurations, plus CC, CFLAGS
    # etc. to ensure the right sysroot is selected.
-    HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS="-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=$CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=$GNU_ARCH -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET -DCMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT=$IOS_SDK_PATH -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=NO"
+    HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS="-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=$CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=$GNU_ARCH -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=$IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET -DCMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT=$IOS_SDK_PATH -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=NO -DENABLE_SHARED=NO"

    # Meson needs to be pointed at a cross-platform configuration file
    # This will be generated once CC etc. have been evaluated.
@ -94,16 +94,16 @@ ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 # annotations have a source code patch that is required for some platforms. If
 # you change those versions, ensure the patch is also updated.
 FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.3
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=11.2.1
-LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.49
-JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.1
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=11.3.3
+LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.50
+JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.2
 OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.3
 XZ_VERSION=5.8.1
+ZSTD_VERSION=1.5.7
 TIFF_VERSION=4.7.0
 LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
-ZLIB_VERSION=1.3.1
-ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.4
-LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.5.0  # Patched; next release won't need patching. See patch file.
+ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.2.5
+LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.6.0
 BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
 LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
 BROTLI_VERSION=1.1.0  # Patched; next release won't need patching. See patch file.
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ function build_brotli {
    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/google/brotli/archive/v$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz brotli-$BROTLI_VERSION.tar.gz)
    (cd $out_dir \
        && cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . \
-        && make install)
+        && make -j4 install)
    touch brotli-stamp
 }

@ -186,30 +186,43 @@ function build_libavif {

    python3 -m pip install meson ninja

-    if [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
+    if ([[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]] && [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]) || [ -n "$SANITIZER" ]; then
        build_simple nasm 2.16.03 https://www.nasm.us/pub/nasm/releasebuilds/2.16.03
    fi

    local build_type=MinSizeRel
+    local build_shared=ON
    local lto=ON

    local libavif_cmake_flags

-    if [ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
+    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
        lto=OFF
        libavif_cmake_flags=(
            -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
            -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL="-Oz -DNDEBUG -flto" \
            -DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,-S,-x,-dead_strip_dylibs" \
        )
+        if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+            build_shared=OFF
+        fi
    else
        if [[ "$MB_ML_VER" == 2014 ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
            build_type=Release
        fi
        libavif_cmake_flags=(-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,--strip-all,-z,relro,-z,now")
    fi
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(-DAOM_TARGET_CPU=generic)
+    else
+        libavif_cmake_flags+=(
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM_DECODE=OFF \
+            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL
+        )
+    fi

    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz libavif-$LIBAVIF_VERSION.tar.gz)
+
    # CONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 is a flag for libaom (included as a subproject
    # of libavif) that disables support for encoding high bit depth images.
    (cd $out_dir \
@ -217,33 +230,44 @@ function build_libavif {
            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$BUILD_PREFIX \
            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
-            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=$build_shared \
            -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
            -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL \
            -DCONFIG_AV1_HIGHBITDEPTH=0 \
-            -DAVIF_CODEC_AOM_DECODE=OFF \
-            -DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=LOCAL \
            -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=$lto \
            -DCMAKE_C_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
            -DCMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=$build_type \
            "${libavif_cmake_flags[@]}" \
-            . \
-        && make install)
+            $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . )
+
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        # libavif's CMake configuration generates a meson cross file... but it
+        # doesn't work for iOS cross-compilation. Copy in Pillow-generated
+        # meson-cross config to replace the cmake-generated version.
+        cp $WORKDIR/meson-cross.txt $out_dir/crossfile-apple.meson
+    fi
+
+    (cd $out_dir && make -j4 install)
+
    touch libavif-stamp
 }

+function build_zstd {
+    if [ -e zstd-stamp ]; then return; fi
+    local out_dir=$(fetch_unpack https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v$ZSTD_VERSION/zstd-$ZSTD_VERSION.tar.gz)
+    (cd $out_dir \
+        && make -j4 install)
+    touch zstd-stamp
+}
+
 function build {
    build_xz
    if [ -z "$IS_ALPINE" ] && [ -z "$SANITIZER" ] && [ -z "$IS_MACOS" ]; then
        yum remove -y zlib-devel
    fi
-    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]] && [[ "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.10" || "$MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET" == "10.13" ]]; then
-        build_new_zlib
-    else
-        build_zlib_ng
-    fi
+    build_zlib_ng

    build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
@ -265,13 +289,11 @@ function build {
            --with-jpeg-include-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/include --with-jpeg-lib-dir=$BUILD_PREFIX/lib \
            --disable-webp --disable-libdeflate --disable-zstd
    else
+        build_zstd
        build_tiff
    fi

-    if [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
-        # Short term workaround; don't build libavif on iOS
-        build_libavif
-    fi
+    build_libavif
    build_libpng
    build_lcms2
    build_openjpeg
@ -280,7 +302,11 @@ function build {
    if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
        webp_cflags="$webp_cflags -Wl,-headerpad_max_install_names"
    fi
-    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $webp_cflags" build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
+    webp_ldflags=""
+    if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+        webp_ldflags="$webp_ldflags -llzma -lz"
+    fi
+    CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $webp_cflags" LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $webp_ldflags" build_simple libwebp $LIBWEBP_VERSION \
        https://storage.googleapis.com/downloads.webmproject.org/releases/webp tar.gz \
        --enable-libwebpmux --enable-libwebpdemux

@ -380,6 +406,15 @@ fi

 wrap_wheel_builder build

+# A safety catch for iOS. iOS can't use dynamic libraries, but clang will prefer
+# to link dynamic libraries to static libraries. The only way to reliably
+# prevent this is to not have dynamic libraries available in the first place.
+# The build process *shouldn't* generate any dylibs... but just in case, purge
+# any dylibs that *have* been installed into the build prefix directory.
+if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
+    find "$BUILD_PREFIX" -name "*.dylib" -exec rm -rf {} \;
+fi
+
 # Return to the project root to finish the build
 popd > /dev/null

--- a/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
@ -77,36 +77,36 @@ jobs:
            platform: linux
            os: ubuntu-latest
            cibw_arch: x86_64
+            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
          - name: "manylinux_2_28 x86_64"
            platform: linux
            os: ubuntu-latest
            cibw_arch: x86_64
            build: "*manylinux*"
-            manylinux: "manylinux_2_28"
          - name: "manylinux2014 and musllinux aarch64"
            platform: linux
            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
            cibw_arch: aarch64
+            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
          - name: "manylinux_2_28 aarch64"
            platform: linux
            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
            cibw_arch: aarch64
            build: "*manylinux*"
-            manylinux: "manylinux_2_28"
          - name: "iOS arm64 device"
            platform: ios
            os: macos-latest
            cibw_arch: arm64_iphoneos
          - name: "iOS arm64 simulator"
            platform: ios
-            os: macos-latest
+            os: macos-14
            cibw_arch: arm64_iphonesimulator
          - name: "iOS x86_64 simulator"
            platform: ios
            os: macos-13
            cibw_arch: x86_64_iphonesimulator
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
          submodules: true
@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ jobs:
          - cibw_arch: ARM64
            os: windows-11-arm
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Checkout extra test images
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          persist-credentials: false
          repository: python-pillow/test-images
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ jobs:
    if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      with:
        persist-credentials: false

@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          pattern: dist-*
          path: dist
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ jobs:
    permissions:
      id-token: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          pattern: dist-*
          path: dist
--- a/.github/zizmor.yml
+++ b/.github/zizmor.yml
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Configuration for the zizmor static analysis tool, run via pre-commit in CI
-# https://woodruffw.github.io/zizmor/configuration/
+# https://docs.zizmor.sh/configuration/
 rules:
  unpinned-uses:
    config:
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.12.2
+    rev: v0.12.11
    hooks:
      - id: ruff-check
        args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ repos:
        exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$|\.patch$)

  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v20.1.7
+    rev: v21.1.0
    hooks:
      - id: clang-format
        types: [c]
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ repos:
      - id: rst-backticks

  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v5.0.0
+    rev: v6.0.0
    hooks:
      - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
      - id: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ repos:
        exclude: ^.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/|\.patch$

  - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.33.2
+    rev: 0.33.3
    hooks:
      - id: check-github-workflows
      - id: check-readthedocs
      - id: check-renovate

-  - repo: https://github.com/woodruffw/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.11.0
+  - repo: https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-pre-commit
+    rev: v1.12.1
    hooks:
      - id: zizmor

@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ repos:
        additional_dependencies: [trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12]

  - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/tox-ini-fmt
-    rev: 1.5.0
+    rev: 1.6.0
    hooks:
      - id: tox-ini-fmt

--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ include LICENSE
 include Makefile
 include tox.ini
 graft Tests
+graft Tests/images
 graft checks
 graft patches
 graft src
@ -28,8 +29,19 @@ exclude .editorconfig
 exclude .readthedocs.yml
 exclude codecov.yml
 exclude renovate.json
+exclude Tests/images/README.md
+exclude Tests/images/crash*.tif
+exclude Tests/images/string_dimension.tiff
 global-exclude .git*
 global-exclude *.pyc
 global-exclude *.so
 prune .ci
 prune wheels
+prune winbuild/build
+prune winbuild/depends
+prune Tests/errors
+prune Tests/images/jpeg2000
+prune Tests/images/msp
+prune Tests/images/picins
+prune Tests/images/sunraster
+prune Tests/test-images
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ As of 2019, Pillow development is
            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-mingw.yml"><img
                alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test MinGW)"
                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20MinGW/badge.svg"></a>
-            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-cygwin.yml"><img
-                alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Cygwin)"
-                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Cygwin/badge.svg"></a>
            <a href="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-docker.yml"><img
                alt="GitHub Actions build status (Test Docker)"
                src="https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Docker/badge.svg"></a>
--- a/Tests/helper.py
+++ b/Tests/helper.py
@ -10,17 +10,20 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from io import BytesIO
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable

 import pytest
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version

 from PIL import Image, ImageFile, ImageMath, features

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+    from pathlib import Path
+    from typing import Any
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 uploader = None
@ -172,6 +175,14 @@ def skip_unless_feature(feature: str) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check(feature), reason=reason)


+def has_feature_version(feature: str, required: str) -> bool:
+    version = features.version(feature)
+    assert version is not None
+    version_required = parse_version(required)
+    version_available = parse_version(version)
+    return version_available >= version_required
+
+
 def skip_unless_feature_version(
    feature: str, required: str, reason: str | None = None
 ) -> pytest.MarkDecorator:
@ -291,16 +302,6 @@ def djpeg_available() -> bool:
    return False


-def cjpeg_available() -> bool:
-    if shutil.which("cjpeg"):
-        try:
-            subprocess.check_call(["cjpeg", "-version"])
-            return True
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:  # pragma: no cover
-            return False
-    return False
-
-
 def netpbm_available() -> bool:
    return bool(shutil.which("ppmquant") and shutil.which("ppmtogif"))

--- a/Tests/images/unimplemented_pixel_format.dds
+++ b/Tests/images/unimplemented_pixel_format.dds
--- a/Tests/test_features.py
+++ b/Tests/test_features.py
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import io
 import re
-from typing import Callable

 import pytest

@ -10,6 +9,10 @@ from PIL import features

 from .helper import skip_unless_feature

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+

 def test_check() -> None:
    # Check the correctness of the convenience function
@ -18,11 +21,7 @@ def test_check() -> None:
    for codec in features.codecs:
        assert features.check_codec(codec) == features.check(codec)
    for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="webp"):
-                assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
-        else:
-            assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)
+        assert features.check_feature(feature) == features.check(feature)


 def test_version() -> None:
@ -48,11 +47,7 @@ def test_version() -> None:
    for codec in features.codecs:
        test(codec, features.version_codec)
    for feature in features.features:
-        if "webp" in feature:
-            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="webp"):
-                test(feature, features.version_feature)
-        else:
-            test(feature, features.version_feature)
+        test(feature, features.version_feature)


@skip_unless_feature("libjpeg_turbo")
@ -112,6 +107,25 @@ def test_unsupported_module() -> None:
        features.version_module(module)


+def test_unsupported_feature() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    feature = "unsupported_feature"
+    # Act / Assert
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.check_feature(feature)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        features.version_feature(feature)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_version() -> None:
+    assert features.version("unsupported_version") is None
+
+
+def test_modulenotfound(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(features, "features", {"test": ("PIL._test", "", "")})
+    assert features.check_feature("test") is None
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize("supported_formats", (True, False))
 def test_pilinfo(supported_formats: bool) -> None:
    buf = io.StringIO()
--- a/Tests/test_file_dds.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_dds.py
@ -380,21 +380,28 @@ def test_palette() -> None:
        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/transparent.gif")


+def test_unsupported_header_size() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported header size 0"):
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(b"DDS " + b"\x00" * 4)):
+            pass
+
+
 def test_unsupported_bitcount() -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unsupported bitcount 24 for 131072"):
        with Image.open("Tests/images/unsupported_bitcount.dds"):
            pass


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "test_file",
+    "test_file, message",
    (
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds",
-        "Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds",
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_dxgi_format.dds", "Unimplemented DXGI format 93"),
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pixel_format.dds", "Unimplemented pixel format 0"),
+        ("Tests/images/unimplemented_pfflags.dds", "Unknown pixel format flags 8"),
    ),
 )
-def test_not_implemented(test_file: str) -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+def test_not_implemented(test_file: str, message: str) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=message):
        with Image.open(test_file):
            pass

--- a/Tests/test_file_gbr.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_gbr.py
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+from io import BytesIO
+
 import pytest

-from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image
+from PIL import GbrImagePlugin, Image, _binary

 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile

@ -31,8 +33,49 @@ def test_multiple_load_operations() -> None:
        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/gbr.png")


-def test_invalid_file() -> None:
-    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+def create_gbr_image(info: dict[str, int] = {}, magic_number=b"") -> BytesIO:
+    return BytesIO(
+        b"".join(
+            _binary.o32be(i)
+            for i in [
+                info.get("header_size", 20),
+                info.get("version", 1),
+                info.get("width", 1),
+                info.get("height", 1),
+                info.get("color_depth", 1),
+            ]
+        )
+        + magic_number
+    )

-    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+
+def test_invalid_file() -> None:
+    for f in [
+        create_gbr_image({"header_size": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"width": 0}),
+        create_gbr_image({"height": 0}),
+    ]:
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush"):
+            GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+    invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush version"):
        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(invalid_file)
+
+
+def test_unsupported_gimp_brush() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"color_depth": 2})
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported GIMP brush color depth: 2"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_bad_magic_number() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image({"version": 2}, magic_number=b"badm")
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="not a GIMP brush, bad magic number"):
+        GbrImagePlugin.GbrImageFile(f)
+
+
+def test_L() -> None:
+    f = create_gbr_image()
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.mode == "L"
--- a/Tests/test_file_iptc.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_iptc.py
@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 from io import BytesIO

+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, IptcImagePlugin, TiffImagePlugin, TiffTags

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
@ -9,21 +11,78 @@ from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
 TEST_FILE = "Tests/images/iptc.jpg"


+def create_iptc_image(info: dict[str, int] = {}) -> BytesIO:
+    def field(tag, value):
+        return bytes((0x1C,) + tag + (0, len(value))) + value
+
+    data = field((3, 60), bytes((info.get("layers", 1), info.get("component", 0))))
+    data += field((3, 120), bytes((info.get("compression", 1),)))
+    if "band" in info:
+        data += field((3, 65), bytes((info["band"] + 1,)))
+    data += field((3, 20), b"\x01")  # width
+    data += field((3, 30), b"\x01")  # height
+    data += field(
+        (8, 10),
+        bytes((info.get("data", 0),)),
+    )
+
+    return BytesIO(data)
+
+
 def test_open() -> None:
    expected = Image.new("L", (1, 1))

-    f = BytesIO(
-        b"\x1c\x03<\x00\x02\x01\x00\x1c\x03x\x00\x01\x01\x1c\x03\x14\x00\x01\x01"
-        b"\x1c\x03\x1e\x00\x01\x01\x1c\x08\n\x00\x01\x00"
-    )
+    f = create_iptc_image()
    with Image.open(f) as im:
-        assert im.tile == [("iptc", (0, 0, 1, 1), 25, "raw")]
+        assert im.tile == [("iptc", (0, 0, 1, 1), 25, ("raw", None))]
        assert_image_equal(im, expected)

    with Image.open(f) as im:
        assert im.load() is not None


+def test_field_length() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image()
+    f.seek(28)
+    f.write(b"\xff")
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="illegal field length in IPTC/NAA file"):
+        with Image.open(f):
+            pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("layers, mode", ((3, "RGB"), (4, "CMYK")))
+def test_layers(layers: int, mode: str) -> None:
+    for band in range(-1, layers):
+        info = {"layers": layers, "component": 1, "data": 5}
+        if band != -1:
+            info["band"] = band
+        f = create_iptc_image(info)
+        with Image.open(f) as im:
+            assert im.mode == mode
+
+            data = [0] * layers
+            data[max(band, 0)] = 5
+            assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == tuple(data)
+
+
+def test_unknown_compression() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image({"compression": 2})
+    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Unknown IPTC image compression"):
+        with Image.open(f):
+            pass
+
+
+def test_getiptcinfo() -> None:
+    f = create_iptc_image()
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert IptcImagePlugin.getiptcinfo(im) == {
+            (3, 60): b"\x01\x00",
+            (3, 120): b"\x01",
+            (3, 20): b"\x01",
+            (3, 30): b"\x01",
+        }
+
+
 def test_getiptcinfo_jpg_none() -> None:
    # Arrange
    with hopper() as im:
--- a/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_jpeg.py
@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ from .helper import (
    assert_image_equal_tofile,
    assert_image_similar,
    assert_image_similar_tofile,
-    cjpeg_available,
    djpeg_available,
    hopper,
    is_win32,
@ -731,14 +730,6 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
            img.load_djpeg()
            assert_image_similar_tofile(img, TEST_FILE, 5)

-    @pytest.mark.skipif(not cjpeg_available(), reason="cjpeg not available")
-    def test_save_cjpeg(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as img:
-            tempfile = str(tmp_path / "temp.jpg")
-            JpegImagePlugin._save_cjpeg(img, BytesIO(), tempfile)
-            # Default save quality is 75%, so a tiny bit of difference is alright
-            assert_image_similar_tofile(img, tempfile, 17)
-
    def test_no_duplicate_0x1001_tag(self) -> None:
        # Arrange
        tag_ids = {v: k for k, v in ExifTags.TAGS.items()}
--- a/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_libtiff.py
@ -365,8 +365,7 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):

        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
            assert isinstance(reloaded, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
-            if 700 in reloaded.tag_v2:
-                assert reloaded.tag_v2[700] == b"xmlpacket tag"
+            assert reloaded.tag_v2[700] == b"xmlpacket tag"

    def test_int_dpi(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        # issue #1765
@ -873,8 +872,8 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
                assert im.mode == "RGB"
                assert im.size == (128, 128)
                assert im.format == "TIFF"
-                im2 = hopper()
-                assert_image_similar(im, im2, 5)
+                with hopper() as im2:
+                    assert_image_similar(im, im2, 5)
        except OSError:
            captured = capfd.readouterr()
            if "LZMA compression support is not configured" in captured.err:
--- a/Tests/test_file_pcd.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_pcd.py
@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+from io import BytesIO
+
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image


 def test_load_raw() -> None:
    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.pcd") as im:
+        assert im.size == (768, 512)
        im.load()  # should not segfault.

    # Note that this image was created with a resized hopper
@ -15,3 +20,13 @@ def test_load_raw() -> None:

    # target = hopper().resize((768,512))
    # assert_image_similar(im, target, 10)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("orientation", (1, 3))
+def test_rotated(orientation: int) -> None:
+    with open("Tests/images/hopper.pcd", "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[2048 + 1538] = orientation
+    f = BytesIO(data)
+    with Image.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.size == (512, 768)
--- a/Tests/test_file_wal.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_wal.py
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+from io import BytesIO
+
 from PIL import WalImageFile

 from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile
@ -13,12 +15,22 @@ def test_open() -> None:
        assert im.format_description == "Quake2 Texture"
        assert im.mode == "P"
        assert im.size == (128, 128)
+        assert "next_name" not in im.info

        assert isinstance(im, WalImageFile.WalImageFile)

        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/hopper_wal.png")


+def test_next_name() -> None:
+    with open(TEST_FILE, "rb") as fp:
+        data = bytearray(fp.read())
+    data[56:60] = b"Test"
+    f = BytesIO(data)
+    with WalImageFile.open(f) as im:
+        assert im.info["next_name"] == b"Test"
+
+
 def test_load() -> None:
    with WalImageFile.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
        px = im.load()
--- a/Tests/test_file_webp_animated.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_webp_animated.py
@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from collections.abc import Generator
 from pathlib import Path

 import pytest
-from packaging.version import parse as parse_version

-from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, WebPImagePlugin, features
+from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, WebPImagePlugin

 from .helper import (
    assert_image_equal,
    assert_image_similar,
+    has_feature_version,
    is_big_endian,
    skip_unless_feature,
 )
@ -53,11 +53,8 @@ def test_write_animation_L(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            im.load()
            assert_image_similar(im, orig.convert("RGBA"), 32.9)

-            if is_big_endian():
-                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                assert version is not None
-                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
-                    pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
+            if is_big_endian() and not has_feature_version("webp", "1.2.2"):
+                pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
            orig.seek(orig.n_frames - 1)
            im.seek(im.n_frames - 1)
            orig.load()
@ -81,11 +78,8 @@ def test_write_animation_RGB(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
            assert_image_equal(im, frame1.convert("RGBA"))

            # Compare second frame to original
-            if is_big_endian():
-                version = features.version_module("webp")
-                assert version is not None
-                if parse_version(version) < parse_version("1.2.2"):
-                    pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
+            if is_big_endian() and not has_feature_version("webp", "1.2.2"):
+                pytest.skip("Fails with libwebp earlier than 1.2.2")
            im.seek(1)
            im.load()
            assert_image_equal(im, frame2.convert("RGBA"))
--- a/Tests/test_file_wmf.py
+++ b/Tests/test_file_wmf.py
@ -44,6 +44,18 @@ def test_load_zero_inch() -> None:
            pass


+def test_load_unsupported_wmf() -> None:
+    b = BytesIO(b"\xd7\xcd\xc6\x9a\x00\x00" + b"\x01" * 10)
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported WMF file format"):
+        WmfImagePlugin.WmfStubImageFile(b)
+
+
+def test_load_unsupported() -> None:
+    b = BytesIO(b"\x01\x00\x00\x00")
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unsupported file format"):
+        WmfImagePlugin.WmfStubImageFile(b)
+
+
 def test_render() -> None:
    with open("Tests/images/drawing.emf", "rb") as fp:
        data = fp.read()
--- a/Tests/test_font_crash.py
+++ b/Tests/test_font_crash.py
@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ from .helper import skip_unless_feature

 class TestFontCrash:
    def _fuzz_font(self, font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
-        # from fuzzers.fuzz_font
+        # Copy of the code from fuzz_font() in Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzzers.py
+        # that triggered a problem when fuzzing
        font.getbbox("ABC")
        font.getmask("test text")
        with Image.new(mode="RGBA", size=(200, 200)) as im:
--- a/Tests/test_format_hsv.py
+++ b/Tests/test_format_hsv.py
@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import colorsys
 import itertools
-from typing import Callable

 from PIL import Image

 from .helper import assert_image_similar, hopper

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+

 def int_to_float(i: int) -> float:
    return i / 255
--- a/Tests/test_image.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image.py
@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from PIL import (
    ImageDraw,
    ImageFile,
    ImagePalette,
+    ImageShow,
    TiffImagePlugin,
    UnidentifiedImageError,
    features,
@ -389,6 +390,37 @@ class TestImage:
        assert img_colors is not None
        assert sorted(img_colors) == expected_colors

+    def test_alpha_composite_la(self) -> None:
+        # Arrange
+        expected_colors = sorted(
+            [
+                (3300, (255, 255)),
+                (1156, (170, 192)),
+                (1122, (128, 255)),
+                (1089, (0, 0)),
+                (1122, (255, 128)),
+                (1122, (0, 128)),
+                (1089, (0, 255)),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dst = Image.new("LA", size=(100, 100), color=(0, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(dst)
+        draw.rectangle((0, 33, 100, 66), fill=(0, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((0, 67, 100, 100), fill=(0, 0))
+        src = Image.new("LA", size=(100, 100), color=(255, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(src)
+        draw.rectangle((33, 0, 66, 100), fill=(255, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((67, 0, 100, 100), fill=(255, 0))
+
+        # Act
+        img = Image.alpha_composite(dst, src)
+
+        # Assert
+        img_colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert img_colors is not None
+        assert sorted(img_colors) == expected_colors
+
    def test_alpha_inplace(self) -> None:
        src = Image.new("RGBA", (128, 128), "blue")

@ -994,6 +1026,17 @@ class TestImage:
        reloaded_exif.load(exif.tobytes())
        assert reloaded_exif.get_ifd(0x8769) == exif.get_ifd(0x8769)

+    def test_delete_ifd_tag(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
+            exif = im.getexif()
+        exif.get_ifd(0x8769)
+        assert 0x8769 in exif
+        del exif[0x8769]
+
+        reloaded_exif = Image.Exif()
+        reloaded_exif.load(exif.tobytes())
+        assert 0x8769 not in reloaded_exif
+
    def test_exif_load_from_fp(self) -> None:
        with Image.open("Tests/images/flower.jpg") as im:
            data = im.info["exif"]
@ -1077,6 +1120,13 @@ class TestImage:
        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="Image.Image.get_child_images"):
            assert im.get_child_images() == []

+    def test_show(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setattr(ImageShow, "_viewers", [])
+
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="Image._show"):
+            Image._show(im)
+
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)))
    def test_zero_tobytes(self, size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
        im = Image.new("RGB", size)
--- a/Tests/test_image_access.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_access.py
@ -315,3 +315,10 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
        process = subprocess.Popen(["embed_pil.exe"], env=env)
        process.communicate()
        assert process.returncode == 0
+
+    def teardown_method(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            os.remove("embed_pil.c")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            # If the test was skipped or failed, the file won't exist
+            pass
--- a/Tests/test_image_histogram.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_histogram.py
@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ def test_histogram() -> None:

    assert histogram("1") == (256, 0, 10994)
    assert histogram("L") == (256, 0, 662)
+    assert histogram("LA") == (512, 0, 16384)
+    assert histogram("La") == (512, 0, 16384)
    assert histogram("I") == (256, 0, 662)
    assert histogram("F") == (256, 0, 662)
    assert histogram("P") == (256, 0, 1551)
+    assert histogram("PA") == (512, 0, 16384)
    assert histogram("RGB") == (768, 4, 675)
    assert histogram("RGBA") == (1024, 0, 16384)
    assert histogram("CMYK") == (1024, 0, 16384)
--- a/Tests/test_image_quantize.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_quantize.py
@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import pytest
-from packaging.version import parse as parse_version

-from PIL import Image, features
+from PIL import Image

-from .helper import assert_image_similar, hopper, is_ppc64le, skip_unless_feature
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_similar,
+    has_feature_version,
+    hopper,
+    is_ppc64le,
+    skip_unless_feature,
+)


 def test_sanity() -> None:
@ -23,11 +28,8 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
@skip_unless_feature("libimagequant")
 def test_libimagequant_quantize() -> None:
    image = hopper()
-    if is_ppc64le():
-        version = features.version_feature("libimagequant")
-        assert version is not None
-        if parse_version(version) < parse_version("4"):
-            pytest.skip("Fails with libimagequant earlier than 4.0.0 on ppc64le")
+    if is_ppc64le() and not has_feature_version("libimagequant", "4"):
+        pytest.skip("Fails with libimagequant earlier than 4.0.0 on ppc64le")
    converted = image.quantize(100, Image.Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT)
    assert converted.mode == "P"
    assert_image_similar(converted.convert("RGB"), image, 15)
--- a/Tests/test_image_transform.py
+++ b/Tests/test_image_transform.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import math
-from typing import Callable

 import pytest

@ -9,6 +8,10 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageTransform

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_similar, hopper

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+

 class TestImageTransform:
    def test_sanity(self) -> None:
--- a/Tests/test_imagechops.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagechops.py
@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-from typing import Callable
-
 from PIL import Image, ImageChops

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
 BROWN = (127, 64, 0)
 CYAN = (0, 255, 255)
--- a/Tests/test_imagecms.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagecms.py
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import shutil
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Literal, cast
+from typing import Literal, cast

 import pytest

@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ except ImportError:
    # Skipped via setup_module()
    pass

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any

 SRGB = "Tests/icc/sRGB_IEC61966-2-1_black_scaled.icc"
 HAVE_PROFILE = os.path.exists(SRGB)
@ -208,9 +211,10 @@ def test_exceptions() -> None:
        ImageCms.getProfileName(None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    skip_missing()

-    # Python <= 3.9: "an integer is required (got type NoneType)"
-    # Python > 3.9: "'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer"
-    with pytest.raises(ImageCms.PyCMSError, match="integer"):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ImageCms.PyCMSError,
+        match="'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer",
+    ):
        ImageCms.isIntentSupported(SRGB, None, None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]


@ -690,3 +694,17 @@ def test_cmyk_lab() -> None:
    im = Image.new("CMYK", (1, 1))
    converted_im = im.convert("LAB")
    assert converted_im.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 128, 128)
+
+
+def test_deprecation() -> None:
+    profile = ImageCmsProfile(ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB"))
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning, match="ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name"
+    ):
+        profile.product_name
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning, match="ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_info"
+    ):
+        profile.product_info
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        profile.this_attribute_does_not_exist
--- a/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagedraw.py
@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import os.path
-from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Callable

 import pytest

 from PIL import Image, ImageColor, ImageDraw, ImageFont, features
-from PIL._typing import Coords

 from .helper import (
    assert_image_equal,
@ -17,6 +14,12 @@ from .helper import (
    skip_unless_feature,
 )

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+
+    from PIL._typing import Coords
+
 BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
 WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
 GRAY = (190, 190, 190)
--- a/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagefontctl.py
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 from .helper import (
    assert_image_equal_tofile,
    assert_image_similar_tofile,
+    has_feature_version,
    skip_unless_feature,
 )

@ -104,11 +105,9 @@ def test_text_direction_ttb() -> None:

    im = Image.new(mode="RGB", size=(100, 300))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    try:
-        draw.text((0, 0), "English あい", font=ttf, fill=500, direction="ttb")
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    draw.text((0, 0), "English あい", font=ttf, fill=500, direction="ttb")

    target = "Tests/images/test_direction_ttb.png"
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, target, 2.8)
@ -119,19 +118,17 @@ def test_text_direction_ttb_stroke() -> None:

    im = Image.new(mode="RGB", size=(100, 300))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
-    try:
-        draw.text(
-            (27, 27),
-            "あい",
-            font=ttf,
-            fill=500,
-            direction="ttb",
-            stroke_width=2,
-            stroke_fill="#0f0",
-        )
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    draw.text(
+        (27, 27),
+        "あい",
+        font=ttf,
+        fill=500,
+        direction="ttb",
+        stroke_width=2,
+        stroke_fill="#0f0",
+    )

    target = "Tests/images/test_direction_ttb_stroke.png"
    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, target, 19.4)
@ -219,14 +216,9 @@ def test_getlength(
    im = Image.new(mode, (1, 1), 0)
    d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)

-    try:
-        assert d.textlength(text, ttf, direction) == expected
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if (
-            direction == "ttb"
-            and str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction"
-        ):
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    assert d.textlength(text, ttf, direction) == expected


@pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("L", "1"))
@ -242,17 +234,12 @@ def test_getlength_combine(mode: str, direction: str, text: str) -> None:

    ttf = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/NotoSans-Regular.ttf", 48)

-    try:
-        target = ttf.getlength("ii", mode, direction)
-        actual = ttf.getlength(text, mode, direction)
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    target = ttf.getlength("ii", mode, direction)
+    actual = ttf.getlength(text, mode, direction)

-        assert actual == target
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if (
-            direction == "ttb"
-            and str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction"
-        ):
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    assert actual == target


@pytest.mark.parametrize("anchor", ("lt", "mm", "rb", "sm"))
@ -265,11 +252,9 @@ def test_anchor_ttb(anchor: str) -> None:
    d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
    d.line(((0, 200), (200, 200)), "gray")
    d.line(((100, 0), (100, 400)), "gray")
-    try:
-        d.text((100, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction="ttb", font=f)
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    if not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    d.text((100, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction="ttb", font=f)

    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, path, 1)  # fails at 5

@ -310,10 +295,12 @@ combine_tests = (

 # this tests various combining characters for anchor alignment and clipping
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "name, text, anchor, dir, epsilon", combine_tests, ids=[r[0] for r in combine_tests]
+    "name, text, anchor, direction, epsilon",
+    combine_tests,
+    ids=[r[0] for r in combine_tests],
 )
 def test_combine(
-    name: str, text: str, dir: str | None, anchor: str | None, epsilon: float
+    name: str, text: str, direction: str | None, anchor: str | None, epsilon: float
 ) -> None:
    path = f"Tests/images/test_combine_{name}.png"
    f = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/NotoSans-Regular.ttf", 48)
@ -322,11 +309,9 @@ def test_combine(
    d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
    d.line(((0, 200), (400, 200)), "gray")
    d.line(((200, 0), (200, 400)), "gray")
-    try:
-        d.text((200, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction=dir, font=f)
-    except ValueError as ex:
-        if str(ex) == "libraqm 0.7 or greater required for 'ttb' direction":
-            pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    if direction == "ttb" and not has_feature_version("raqm", "0.7"):
+        pytest.skip("libraqm 0.7 or greater not available")
+    d.text((200, 200), text, fill="black", anchor=anchor, direction=direction, font=f)

    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, path, epsilon)

--- a/Tests/test_imagemath_lambda_eval.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagemath_lambda_eval.py
@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 from typing import Any

-from PIL import Image, ImageMath
+import pytest
+
+from PIL import Image, ImageMath, _imagingmath


 def pixel(im: Image.Image | int) -> str | int:
@ -498,3 +500,31 @@ def test_logical_not_equal() -> None:
        )
        == "I 1"
    )
+
+
+def test_reflected_operands() -> None:
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 + args["A"], **images)) == "I 2"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 - args["A"], **images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 * args["A"], **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 / args["A"], **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 % args["A"], **images)) == "I 0"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 ** args["A"], **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 & args["A"], **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 | args["A"], **images)) == "I 1"
+    assert pixel(ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: 1 ^ args["A"], **images)) == "I 0"
+
+
+def test_unsupported_mode() -> None:
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="unsupported mode: RGB"):
+        ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["im"] + 1, im=im)
+
+
+def test_bad_operand_type(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.delattr(_imagingmath, "abs_I")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="bad operand type for 'abs'"):
+        ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: abs(args["I"]), I=I)
+
+    monkeypatch.delattr(_imagingmath, "max_F")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="bad operand type for 'max'"):
+        ImageMath.lambda_eval(lambda args: args["max"](args["I"], args["F"]), I=I, F=F)
--- a/Tests/test_imagemorph.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagemorph.py
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import pytest

 from PIL import Image, ImageMorph, _imagingmorph

-from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper
+from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper, timeout_unless_slower_valgrind


 def string_to_img(image_string: str) -> Image.Image:
@ -266,16 +266,18 @@ def test_unknown_pattern() -> None:
        ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name="unknown")


-def test_pattern_syntax_error() -> None:
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "pattern", ("a pattern with a syntax error", "4:(" + "X" * 30000)
+)
+@timeout_unless_slower_valgrind(1)
+def test_pattern_syntax_error(pattern: str) -> None:
    # Arrange
    lb = ImageMorph.LutBuilder(op_name="corner")
-    new_patterns = ["a pattern with a syntax error"]
+    new_patterns = [pattern]
    lb.add_patterns(new_patterns)

    # Act / Assert
-    with pytest.raises(
-        Exception, match='Syntax error in pattern "a pattern with a syntax error"'
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match='Syntax error in pattern "'):
        lb.build_lut()


--- a/Tests/test_imagestat.py
+++ b/Tests/test_imagestat.py
@ -57,3 +57,13 @@ def test_constant() -> None:
    assert st.rms[0] == 128
    assert st.var[0] == 0
    assert st.stddev[0] == 0
+
+
+def test_zero_count() -> None:
+    im = Image.new("L", (0, 0))
+
+    st = ImageStat.Stat(im)
+
+    assert st.mean == [0]
+    assert st.rms == [0]
+    assert st.var == [0]
--- a/Tests/test_numpy.py
+++ b/Tests/test_numpy.py
@ -28,15 +28,13 @@ def test_numpy_to_image() -> None:
            a = numpy.array(data, dtype=dtype)
            a.shape = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE
            i = Image.fromarray(a)
-            if list(i.getdata()) != data:
-                print("data mismatch for", dtype)
+            assert list(i.getdata()) == data
        else:
            data = list(range(100))
            a = numpy.array([[x] * bands for x in data], dtype=dtype)
            a.shape = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0], TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1], bands
            i = Image.fromarray(a)
-            if list(i.getchannel(0).getdata()) != list(range(100)):
-                print("data mismatch for", dtype)
+            assert list(i.getchannel(0).getdata()) == list(range(100))
        return i

    # Check supported 1-bit integer formats
--- a/Tests/test_pyroma.py
+++ b/Tests/test_pyroma.py
@ -9,9 +9,30 @@ from PIL import __version__
 pyroma = pytest.importorskip("pyroma", reason="Pyroma not installed")


+def map_metadata_keys(md):
+    # Convert installed wheel metadata into canonical Core Metadata 2.4 format.
+    # This was a utility method in pyroma 4.3.3; it was removed in 5.0.
+    # This implementation is constructed from the relevant logic from
+    # Pyroma 5.0's `build_metadata()` implementation. This has been submitted
+    # upstream to Pyroma as https://github.com/regebro/pyroma/pull/116,
+    # so it may be possible to simplify this test in future.
+    data = {}
+    for key in set(md.keys()):
+        value = md.get_all(key)
+        key = pyroma.projectdata.normalize(key)
+
+        if len(value) == 1:
+            value = value[0]
+            if value.strip() == "UNKNOWN":
+                continue
+
+        data[key] = value
+    return data
+
+
 def test_pyroma() -> None:
    # Arrange
-    data = pyroma.projectdata.map_metadata_keys(metadata("Pillow"))
+    data = map_metadata_keys(metadata("Pillow"))

    # Act
    rating = pyroma.ratings.rate(data)
--- a/Tests/test_qt_image_qapplication.py
+++ b/Tests/test_qt_image_qapplication.py
@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union
-
 import pytest

 from PIL import Image, ImageQt
@ -11,18 +8,8 @@ from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, assert_image_similar, hopper

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import PyQt6
-    import PySide6
+    from pathlib import Path

-    QApplication = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QApplication, PySide6.QtWidgets.QApplication]
-    QHBoxLayout = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout, PySide6.QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout]
-    QImage = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QImage, PySide6.QtGui.QImage]
-    QLabel = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QLabel, PySide6.QtWidgets.QLabel]
-    QPainter = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPainter, PySide6.QtGui.QPainter]
-    QPixmap = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPixmap, PySide6.QtGui.QPixmap]
-    QPoint = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QPoint, PySide6.QtCore.QPoint]
-    QRegion = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QRegion, PySide6.QtGui.QRegion]
-    QWidget = Union[PyQt6.QtWidgets.QWidget, PySide6.QtWidgets.QWidget]

 if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
    from PIL.ImageQt import QPixmap
@ -32,11 +19,16 @@ if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
        from PyQt6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion
        from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QHBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
    elif ImageQt.qt_version == "side6":
-        from PySide6.QtCore import QPoint
-        from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion
-        from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QHBoxLayout, QLabel, QWidget
+        from PySide6.QtCore import QPoint  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPainter, QRegion  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        from PySide6.QtWidgets import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            QApplication,
+            QHBoxLayout,
+            QLabel,
+            QWidget,
+        )

-    class Example(QWidget):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    class Example(QWidget):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            super().__init__()

@ -47,9 +39,9 @@ if ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
            pixmap1 = getattr(ImageQt.QPixmap, "fromImage")(qimage)

            # hbox
-            QHBoxLayout(self)  # type: ignore[operator]
+            QHBoxLayout(self)

-            lbl = QLabel(self)  # type: ignore[operator]
+            lbl = QLabel(self)
            # Segfault in the problem
            lbl.setPixmap(pixmap1.copy())

@ -63,7 +55,7 @@ def roundtrip(expected: Image.Image) -> None:
@pytest.mark.skipif(not ImageQt.qt_is_installed, reason="Qt bindings are not installed")
 def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    # Segfault test
-    app: QApplication | None = QApplication([])  # type: ignore[operator]
+    app: QApplication | None = QApplication([])
    ex = Example()
    assert app  # Silence warning
    assert ex  # Silence warning
@ -84,11 +76,11 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        imageqt = ImageQt.ImageQt(im)
        data = getattr(QPixmap, "fromImage")(imageqt)
        qt_format = getattr(QImage, "Format") if ImageQt.qt_version == "6" else QImage
-        qimage = QImage(128, 128, getattr(qt_format, "Format_ARGB32"))  # type: ignore[operator]
-        painter = QPainter(qimage)  # type: ignore[operator]
-        image_label = QLabel()  # type: ignore[operator]
+        qimage = QImage(128, 128, getattr(qt_format, "Format_ARGB32"))
+        painter = QPainter(qimage)
+        image_label = QLabel()
        image_label.setPixmap(data)
-        image_label.render(painter, QPoint(0, 0), QRegion(0, 0, 128, 128))  # type: ignore[operator]
+        image_label.render(painter, QPoint(0, 0), QRegion(0, 0, 128, 128))
        painter.end()
        rendered_tempfile = str(tmp_path / f"temp_rendered_{mode}.png")
        qimage.save(rendered_tempfile)
--- a/Tests/test_qt_image_toqimage.py
+++ b/Tests/test_qt_image_toqimage.py
@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest

 from PIL import ImageQt

 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
    not ImageQt.qt_is_installed, reason="Qt bindings are not installed"
 )
@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def test_sanity(mode: str, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
    src = hopper(mode)
    data = ImageQt.toqimage(src)

-    assert isinstance(data, QImage)  # type: ignore[arg-type, misc]
+    assert isinstance(data, QImage)
    assert not data.isNull()

    # reload directly from the qimage
--- a/Tests/test_shell_injection.py
+++ b/Tests/test_shell_injection.py
@ -2,14 +2,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import shutil
 from io import BytesIO
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import IO, Callable

 import pytest

 from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, JpegImagePlugin

-from .helper import cjpeg_available, djpeg_available, is_win32, netpbm_available
+from .helper import djpeg_available, is_win32, netpbm_available
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from pathlib import Path
+    from typing import IO

 TEST_JPG = "Tests/images/hopper.jpg"
 TEST_GIF = "Tests/images/hopper.gif"
@ -42,11 +46,6 @@ class TestShellInjection:
                assert isinstance(im, JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile)
                im.load_djpeg()

-    @pytest.mark.skipif(not cjpeg_available(), reason="cjpeg not available")
-    def test_save_cjpeg_filename(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-        with Image.open(TEST_JPG) as im:
-            self.assert_save_filename_check(tmp_path, im, JpegImagePlugin._save_cjpeg)
-
    @pytest.mark.skipif(not netpbm_available(), reason="Netpbm not available")
    def test_save_netpbm_filename_bmp_mode(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
        with Image.open(TEST_GIF) as im:
--- a/checks/check_imaging_leaks.py
+++ b/checks/check_imaging_leaks.py
@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 from __future__ import annotations

-from typing import Any, Callable
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any

 import pytest

 from PIL import Image

-from .helper import is_win32
-
 min_iterations = 100
 max_iterations = 10000

-pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+)


 def _get_mem_usage() -> float:
--- a/checks/check_j2k_leaks.py
+++ b/checks/check_j2k_leaks.py
@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+import sys
 from io import BytesIO

 import pytest

-from PIL import Image
-
-from .helper import is_win32, skip_unless_feature
+from PIL import Image, features

 # Limits for testing the leak
 mem_limit = 1024 * 1048576
@ -15,8 +14,10 @@ iterations = int((mem_limit / stack_size) * 2)
 test_file = "Tests/images/rgb_trns_ycbc.jp2"

 pytestmark = [
-    pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS"),
-    skip_unless_feature("jpg_2000"),
+    pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+    ),
+    pytest.mark.skipif(not features.check("jpg_2000"), reason="jpg_2000 not available"),
 ]


--- a/checks/check_jpeg_leaks.py
+++ b/checks/check_jpeg_leaks.py
@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

+import sys
 from io import BytesIO

 import pytest

-from .helper import hopper, is_win32
+from PIL import Image

 iterations = 5000

@ -18,7 +19,9 @@ valgrind --tool=massif python test-installed.py -s -v checks/check_jpeg_leaks.py
 """


-pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(is_win32(), reason="requires Unix or macOS")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform.startswith("win32"), reason="requires Unix or macOS"
+)

 """
 pre patch:
@ -112,10 +115,10 @@ standard_chrominance_qtable = (
    ),
 )
 def test_qtables_leak(qtables: tuple[tuple[int, ...]] | list[tuple[int, ...]]) -> None:
-    im = hopper("RGB")
-    for _ in range(iterations):
-        test_output = BytesIO()
-        im.save(test_output, "JPEG", qtables=qtables)
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
+        for _ in range(iterations):
+            test_output = BytesIO()
+            im.save(test_output, "JPEG", qtables=qtables)


 def test_exif_leak() -> None:
@ -173,12 +176,12 @@ def test_exif_leak() -> None:
       0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Gi
         0                                                                   11.33
    """
-    im = hopper("RGB")
    exif = b"12345678" * 4096

-    for _ in range(iterations):
-        test_output = BytesIO()
-        im.save(test_output, "JPEG", exif=exif)
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
+        for _ in range(iterations):
+            test_output = BytesIO()
+            im.save(test_output, "JPEG", exif=exif)


 def test_base_save() -> None:
@ -207,8 +210,7 @@ def test_base_save() -> None:
         | :@ @@ @ # : : :: :: @:: :::: :::: :::: : : : : : : :::::::::::: :::@:::
       0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Gi
         0                                                                   7.882"""
-    im = hopper("RGB")
-
-    for _ in range(iterations):
-        test_output = BytesIO()
-        im.save(test_output, "JPEG")
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.ppm") as im:
+        for _ in range(iterations):
+            test_output = BytesIO()
+            im.save(test_output, "JPEG")
--- a/checks/check_wheel.py
+++ b/checks/check_wheel.py
@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import platform
 import sys

 from PIL import features
-from Tests.helper import is_pypy


 def test_wheel_modules() -> None:
@ -25,8 +24,7 @@ def test_wheel_modules() -> None:

    elif sys.platform == "ios":
        # tkinter is not available on iOS
-        # libavif is not available on iOS (for now)
-        expected_modules -= {"tkinter", "avif"}
+        expected_modules.remove("tkinter")

    assert set(features.get_supported_modules()) == expected_modules

@ -49,8 +47,6 @@ def test_wheel_features() -> None:

    if sys.platform == "win32":
        expected_features.remove("xcb")
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin" and not is_pypy() and platform.processor() != "arm":
-        expected_features.remove("zlib_ng")
    elif sys.platform == "ios":
        # Can't distribute raqm due to licensing, and there's no system version;
        # fribidi and harfbuzz won't be available if raqm isn't available.
--- a/depends/install_imagequant.sh
+++ b/depends/install_imagequant.sh
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # install libimagequant

 archive_name=libimagequant
-archive_version=4.3.4
+archive_version=4.4.0

 archive=$archive_name-$archive_version

--- a/depends/install_raqm.sh
+++ b/depends/install_raqm.sh
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # install raqm


-archive=libraqm-0.10.2
+archive=libraqm-0.10.3

 ./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz

--- a/depends/install_webp.sh
+++ b/depends/install_webp.sh
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 # install webp

-archive=libwebp-1.5.0
+archive=libwebp-1.6.0

 ./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz

--- a/docs/deprecations.rst
+++ b/docs/deprecations.rst
@ -12,13 +12,6 @@ Deprecated features
 Below are features which are considered deprecated. Where appropriate,
 a :py:exc:`DeprecationWarning` is issued.

-ImageDraw.getdraw hints parameter
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. deprecated:: 10.4.0
-
-The ``hints`` parameter in :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageDraw.getdraw()` has been deprecated.
-
 ExifTags.IFD.Makernote
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@ -59,6 +52,23 @@ another mode before saving::
    im = Image.new("I", (1, 1))
    im.convert("I;16").save("out.png")

+ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name and .product_info
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. deprecated:: 12.0.0
+
+``ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name`` and the corresponding
+``.product_info`` attributes have been deprecated, and will be removed in
+Pillow 13 (2026-10-15). They have been set to ``None`` since Pillow 2.3.0.
+
+Image._show
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. deprecated:: 12.0.0
+
+``Image._show`` has been deprecated, and will be removed in Pillow 13 (2026-10-15).
+Use :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageShow.show` instead.
+
 Removed features
 ----------------

@ -186,6 +196,7 @@ ICNS (width, height, scale) sizes
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

 .. deprecated:: 11.0.0
+.. versionremoved:: 12.0.0

 Setting an ICNS image size to ``(width, height, scale)`` before loading has been
 removed. Instead, ``load(scale)`` can be used.
--- a/docs/handbook/concepts.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/concepts.rst
@ -101,6 +101,28 @@ Palette
 The palette mode (``P``) uses a color palette to define the actual color for
 each pixel.

+.. _colors:
+
+Colors
+------
+
+To specify colors, you can use tuples with a value for each channel in the image, e.g.
+``Image.new("RGB", (1, 1), (255, 0, 0))``.
+
+If an image has a single channel, you can use a single number instead, e.g.
+``Image.new("L", (1, 1), 255)``. For "F" mode images, floating point values are also
+accepted. In the case of "P" mode images, these will be indexes for the color palette.
+
+If a single value is used for an image with more than one channel, it will still be
+parsed::
+
+    >>> from PIL import Image
+    >>> im = Image.new("RGBA", (1, 1), 0x04030201)
+    >>> im.getpixel((0, 0))
+    (1, 2, 3, 4)
+
+Some methods accept other forms, such as color names. See :ref:`color-names`.
+
 Info
 ----

--- a/docs/handbook/third-party-plugins.rst
+++ b/docs/handbook/third-party-plugins.rst
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Here is a list of PyPI projects that offer additional plugins:
 * :pypi:`heif-image-plugin`: Simple HEIF/HEIC images plugin, based on the pyheif library.
 * :pypi:`jxlpy`: Introduces reading and writing support for JPEG XL.
 * :pypi:`pillow-heif`: Python bindings to libheif for working with HEIF images.
-* :pypi:`pillow-jpls`: Plugin for the JPEG-LS codec, based on the Charls JPEG-LS implemetation. Python bindings implemented using pybind11.
+* :pypi:`pillow-jpls`: Plugin for the JPEG-LS codec, based on the Charls JPEG-LS implementation. Python bindings implemented using pybind11.
 * :pypi:`pillow-jxl-plugin`: Plugin for JPEG-XL, using Rust for bindings.
 * :pypi:`pillow-mbm`: Adds support for KSP's proprietary MBM texture format.
 * :pypi:`pillow-svg`: Implements basic SVG read support. Supports basic paths, shapes, and text.
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ Pillow for enterprise is available via the Tidelift Subscription. `Learn more <h
   :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-mingw.yml
   :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Test MinGW)

-.. image:: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Test%20Cygwin/badge.svg
-   :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/test-cygwin.yml
-   :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Test Cygwin)
-
 .. image:: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/workflows/Wheels/badge.svg
   :target: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions/workflows/wheels.yml
   :alt: GitHub Actions build status (Wheels)
--- a/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst
+++ b/docs/installation/building-from-source.rst
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:

 * **libtiff** provides compressed TIFF functionality

-  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **3.x** and **4.0-4.7.0**
+  * Pillow has been tested with libtiff versions **4.0-4.7.0**

 * **libfreetype** provides type related services

@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Many of Pillow's features require external libraries:

 * **libimagequant** provides improved color quantization

-  * Pillow has been tested with libimagequant **2.6-4.3.4**
+  * Pillow has been tested with libimagequant **2.6-4.4.0**
  * Libimagequant is licensed GPLv3, which is more restrictive than
    the Pillow license, therefore we will not be distributing binaries
    with libimagequant support enabled.
@ -276,10 +276,9 @@ Build options

 * Config setting: ``-C parallel=n``. Can also be given
  with environment variable: ``MAX_CONCURRENCY=n``. Pillow can use
-  multiprocessing to build the extension. Setting ``-C parallel=n``
+  multiprocessing to build the extensions. Setting ``-C parallel=n``
  sets the number of CPUs to use to ``n``, or can disable parallel building by
-  using a setting of 1. By default, it uses 4 CPUs, or if 4 are not
-  available, as many as are present.
+  using a setting of 1. By default, it uses as many CPUs as are present.

 * Config settings: ``-C zlib=disable``, ``-C jpeg=disable``,
  ``-C tiff=disable``, ``-C freetype=disable``, ``-C raqm=disable``,
--- a/docs/installation/newer-versions.csv
+++ b/docs/installation/newer-versions.csv
@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-Python,3.13,3.12,3.11,3.10,3.9,3.8,3.7,3.6,3.5
-Pillow >= 11,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,
-Pillow 10.1 - 10.4,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
-Pillow 10.0,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
-Pillow 9.3 - 9.5,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
-Pillow 9.0 - 9.2,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
-Pillow 8.3.2 - 8.4,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
-Pillow 8.0 - 8.3.1,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
-Pillow 7.0 - 7.2,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes
+Python,3.14,3.13,3.12,3.11,3.10,3.9,3.8,3.7,3.6,3.5
+Pillow 12,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,,
+Pillow 11,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,,
+Pillow 10.1 - 10.4,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
+Pillow 10.0,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,,
+Pillow 9.3 - 9.5,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
+Pillow 9.0 - 9.2,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,,
+Pillow 8.3.2 - 8.4,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
+Pillow 8.0 - 8.3.1,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,
+Pillow 7.0 - 7.2,,,,,,,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes
--- a/docs/installation/platform-support.rst
+++ b/docs/installation/platform-support.rst
@ -19,45 +19,45 @@ These platforms are built and tested for every change.
 +==================================+============================+=====================+
 | Alpine                           | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Amazon Linux 2                   | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| Amazon Linux 2                   | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Amazon Linux 2023                | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| Amazon Linux 2023                | 3.11                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Arch                             | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| CentOS Stream 9                  | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| CentOS Stream 9                  | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | CentOS Stream 10                 | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Debian 12 Bookworm               | 3.11                       | x86, x86-64         |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
+| Debian 13 Trixie                 | 3.13                       | x86, x86-64         |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Fedora 41                        | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Fedora 42                        | 3.13                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Gentoo                           | 3.12                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| macOS 13 Ventura                 | 3.9                        | x86-64              |
+| macOS 13 Ventura                 | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| macOS 14 Sonoma                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | arm64               |
-|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
+| macOS 15 Sequoia                 | 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14     | arm64               |
+|                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
 | Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS (Jammy)   | 3.10                       | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.9, 3.10, 3.11,           | x86-64              |
-|                                  | 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, PyPy3    |                     |
+| Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS (Noble)   | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
+|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.12                       | arm64v8, ppc64le,   |
 |                                  |                            | s390x               |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+
-| Windows Server 2022              | 3.9                        | x86                 |
+| Windows Server 2022              | 3.10                       | x86                 |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
-|                                  | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13,    | x86-64              |
-|                                  | 3.14, PyPy3                |                     |
+|                                  | 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14,    | x86-64              |
+|                                  | PyPy3                      |                     |
 |                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
 |                                  | 3.12 (MinGW)               | x86-64              |
-|                                  +----------------------------+---------------------+
-|                                  | 3.9 (Cygwin)               | x86-64              |
 +----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------+


--- a/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ImageDraw.rst
@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ Colors
 ^^^^^^

 To specify colors, you can use numbers or tuples just as you would use with
-:py:meth:`PIL.Image.new` or :py:meth:`PIL.Image.Image.putpixel`. For “1”,
-“L”, and “I” images, use integers. For “RGB” images, use a 3-tuple containing
-integer values. For “F” images, use integer or floating point values.
+:py:meth:`PIL.Image.new`. See :ref:`colors` for more information.

 For palette images (mode “P”), use integers as color indexes. In 1.1.4 and
 later, you can also use RGB 3-tuples or color names (see below). The drawing
--- a/docs/reference/ImageFile.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/ImageFile.rst
@ -74,5 +74,6 @@ Constants
 ---------

 .. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES
+.. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.MAXBLOCK
 .. autodata:: PIL.ImageFile.ERRORS
    :annotation:
--- a/docs/reference/PixelAccess.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/PixelAccess.rst
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Access using negative indexes is also possible. ::

        Modifies the pixel at x,y. The color is given as a single
        numerical value for single band images, and a tuple for
-        multi-band images.
+        multi-band images. See :ref:`colors` for more information.

        :param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y).
        :param color: The pixel value according to its mode,
--- a/docs/reference/internal_modules.rst
+++ b/docs/reference/internal_modules.rst
@ -53,11 +53,6 @@ on some Python versions.

    An object that supports the read method.

-.. py:data:: TypeGuard
-    :value: typing.TypeGuard
-
-    See :py:obj:`typing.TypeGuard`.
-
 :mod:`~PIL._util` module
 ------------------------

--- a/docs/releasenotes/12.0.0.rst
+++ b/docs/releasenotes/12.0.0.rst
@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ TODO
 Backwards incompatible changes
 ==============================

+Python 3.9
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pillow has dropped support for Python 3.9,
+which reached end-of-life in October 2025.
+
 ImageFile.raise_oserror
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

@ -110,10 +116,18 @@ vulnerability introduced in FreeType 2.6 (:cve:`2020-15999`).
 Deprecations
 ============

-TODO
-^^^^
+Image._show
+^^^^^^^^^^^

-TODO
+``Image._show`` has been deprecated, and will be removed in Pillow 13 (2026-10-15).
+Use :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageShow.show` instead.
+
+ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name and .product_info
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.product_name`` and the corresponding
+``.product_info`` attributes have been deprecated, and will be removed in
+Pillow 13 (2026-10-15). They have been set to ``None`` since Pillow 2.3.0.

 API changes
 ===========
@ -134,7 +148,18 @@ TODO
 Other changes
 =============

-TODO
-^^^^
+Python 3.14
+^^^^^^^^^^^

-TODO
+Pillow 11.3.0 had wheels built against Python 3.14 beta, available as a preview to help
+others prepare for 3.14, and to ensure Pillow could be used immediately at the release
+of 3.14.0 final (2025-10-07, :pep:`745`).
+
+Pillow 12.0.0 now officially supports Python 3.14.
+
+ImageMorph operations must have length 1
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Valid ImageMorph operations are 4, N, 1 and M. By limiting the length to 1 character
+within Pillow, long execution times can be avoided if a user provided long pattern
+strings. Reported by Jang Choi.
--- a/patches/iOS/libwebp-1.5.0.tar.gz.patch
+++ b/patches/iOS/libwebp-1.5.0.tar.gz.patch
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# libwebp example binaries require dependencies that aren't available for iOS builds.
-# There's also no easy way to invoke the build to *exclude* the example builds.
-# Since we don't need the examples anyway, remove them from the Makefile.
-#
-# As a point of reference, libwebp provides an XCFramework build script that involves
-# 7 separate invocations of make to avoid building the examples. Patching the Makefile
-# to remove the examples is a simpler approach, and one that is more compatible with
-# the existing multibuild infrastructure.
-# 
-# In the next release, it should be possible to pass --disable-libwebpexamples 
-# instead of applying this patch.
-#
-diff -ur libwebp-1.5.0-orig/Makefile.am libwebp-1.5.0/Makefile.am
--- libwebp-1.5.0-orig/Makefile.am	2024-12-20 09:17:50
-+++ libwebp-1.5.0/Makefile.am	2025-01-09 11:24:17
-@@ -5,5 +5,3 @@
- if BUILD_EXTRAS
-   SUBDIRS += extras
- endif
-
-SUBDIRS += examples
-diff -ur libwebp-1.5.0-orig/Makefile.in libwebp-1.5.0/Makefile.in
--- libwebp-1.5.0-orig/Makefile.in	2024-12-20 09:52:53
-+++ libwebp-1.5.0/Makefile.in	2025-01-09 11:24:17
-@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
-   unique=`for i in $$list; do \
-     if test -f "$$i"; then echo $$i; else echo $(srcdir)/$$i; fi; \
-   done | $(am__uniquify_input)`
-DIST_SUBDIRS = sharpyuv src imageio man extras examples
-+DIST_SUBDIRS = sharpyuv src imageio man extras
- am__DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/Makefile.in \
- 	$(top_srcdir)/src/webp/config.h.in AUTHORS COPYING ChangeLog \
- 	NEWS README.md ar-lib compile config.guess config.sub \
-@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
- top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
- webp_libname_prefix = @webp_libname_prefix@
- ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
-SUBDIRS = sharpyuv src imageio man $(am__append_1) examples
-+SUBDIRS = sharpyuv src imageio man $(am__append_1)
- EXTRA_DIST = COPYING autogen.sh
- all: all-recursive
- 
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 [build-system]
 build-backend = "backend"
 requires = [
+  "pybind11",
  "setuptools>=77",
 ]
 backend-path = [
@ -19,15 +20,15 @@ license-files = [ "LICENSE" ]
 authors = [
  { name = "Jeffrey A. Clark", email = "aclark@aclark.net" },
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 classifiers = [
  "Development Status :: 6 - Mature",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
  "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
  "Topic :: Multimedia :: Graphics",
@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
  "markdown2",
  "olefile",
  "packaging",
-  "pyroma",
+  "pyroma>=5",
  "pytest",
  "pytest-cov",
  "pytest-timeout",
@ -74,9 +75,6 @@ optional-dependencies.tests = [
  "trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12",
 ]

-optional-dependencies.typing = [
-  "typing-extensions; python_version<'3.10'",
-]
 optional-dependencies.xmp = [
  "defusedxml",
 ]
@ -187,8 +185,8 @@ lint.ignore = [
  "PT011",  # pytest-raises-too-broad
  "PT012",  # pytest-raises-with-multiple-statements
  "PT017",  # pytest-assert-in-except
-  "PYI026", # flake8-pyi: typing.TypeAlias added in Python 3.10
  "PYI034", # flake8-pyi: typing.Self added in Python 3.11
+  "UP038",  # pyupgrade: deprecated rule
 ]
 lint.per-file-ignores."Tests/oss-fuzz/fuzz_font.py" = [
  "I002",
@ -205,7 +203,7 @@ lint.isort.required-imports = [
 ]

 [tool.pyproject-fmt]
-max_supported_python = "3.13"
+max_supported_python = "3.14"

 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "-ra --color=auto"
@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ testpaths = [
 ]

 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.9"
+python_version = "3.10"
 pretty = true
 disallow_any_generics = true
 enable_error_code = "ignore-without-code"
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@ -17,9 +17,20 @@ import sys
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Iterator

+from pybind11.setup_helpers import ParallelCompile
 from setuptools import Extension, setup
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext

+configuration: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+
+# parse configuration from _custom_build/backend.py
+while sys.argv[-1].startswith("--pillow-configuration="):
+    _, key, value = sys.argv.pop().split("=", 2)
+    configuration.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+
+default = int(configuration.get("parallel", ["0"])[-1])
+ParallelCompile("MAX_CONCURRENCY", default).install()
+

 def get_version() -> str:
    version_file = "src/PIL/_version.py"
@ -27,9 +38,6 @@ def get_version() -> str:
        return f.read().split('"')[1]


-configuration: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
-
-
 PILLOW_VERSION = get_version()
 AVIF_ROOT = None
 FREETYPE_ROOT = None
@ -386,9 +394,7 @@ class pil_build_ext(build_ext):
            cpu_count = os.cpu_count()
            if cpu_count is not None:
                try:
-                    self.parallel = int(
-                        os.environ.get("MAX_CONCURRENCY", min(4, cpu_count))
-                    )
+                    self.parallel = int(os.environ.get("MAX_CONCURRENCY", cpu_count))
                except TypeError:
                    pass
        for x in self.feature:
@ -1083,11 +1089,6 @@ ext_modules = [
 ]


-# parse configuration from _custom_build/backend.py
-while sys.argv[-1].startswith("--pillow-configuration="):
-    _, key, value = sys.argv.pop().split("=", 2)
-    configuration.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
-
 try:
    setup(
        cmdclass={"build_ext": pil_build_ext},
--- a/src/PIL/FliImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/FliImagePlugin.py
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from ._util import DeferredError

 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
    return (
-        len(prefix) >= 6
+        len(prefix) >= 16
        and i16(prefix, 4) in [0xAF11, 0xAF12]
        and i16(prefix, 14) in [0, 3]  # flags
    )
--- a/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        width = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        height = i32(self.fp.read(4))
        color_depth = i32(self.fp.read(4))
-        if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
+        if width == 0 or height == 0:
            msg = "not a GIMP brush"
            raise SyntaxError(msg)
        if color_depth not in (1, 4):
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
                raise SyntaxError(msg)
            self.info["spacing"] = i32(self.fp.read(4))

-        comment = self.fp.read(comment_length)[:-1]
+        self.info["comment"] = self.fp.read(comment_length)[:-1]

        if color_depth == 1:
            self._mode = "L"
@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ class GbrImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

        self._size = width, height

-        self.info["comment"] = comment
-
        # Image might not be small
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(self.size)

--- a/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GifImagePlugin.py
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 from enum import IntEnum
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, NamedTuple, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple, cast

 from . import (
    Image,
@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ from ._util import DeferredError

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Literal
+
    from . import _imaging
    from ._typing import Buffer

@ -535,7 +537,7 @@ def _normalize_mode(im: Image.Image) -> Image.Image:
    return im.convert("L")


-_Palette = Union[bytes, bytearray, list[int], ImagePalette.ImagePalette]
+_Palette = bytes | bytearray | list[int] | ImagePalette.ImagePalette


 def _normalize_palette(
--- a/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GimpGradientFile.py
@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ See the GIMP distribution for more information.)
 from __future__ import annotations

 from math import log, pi, sin, sqrt
-from typing import IO, Callable

 from ._binary import o8

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import IO
+
 EPSILON = 1e-10
 """"""  # Enable auto-doc for data member

--- a/src/PIL/GimpPaletteFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GimpPaletteFile.py
@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import re
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import IO
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO


 class GimpPaletteFile:
--- a/src/PIL/GribStubImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/GribStubImagePlugin.py
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def register_handler(handler: ImageFile.StubHandler | None) -> None:


 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix.startswith(b"GRIB") and prefix[7] == 1
+    return len(prefix) >= 8 and prefix.startswith(b"GRIB") and prefix[7] == 1


 class GribStubImageFile(ImageFile.StubImageFile):
--- a/src/PIL/Image.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Image.py
@ -38,10 +38,9 @@ import struct
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 from enum import IntEnum
-from types import ModuleType
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, cast
+from typing import IO, Protocol, cast

 # VERSION was removed in Pillow 6.0.0.
 # PILLOW_VERSION was removed in Pillow 9.0.0.
@ -64,6 +63,12 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
    ElementTree = None

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any, Literal
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


@ -98,7 +103,6 @@ try:
        raise ImportError(msg)

 except ImportError as v:
-    core = DeferredError.new(ImportError("The _imaging C module is not installed."))
    # Explanations for ways that we know we might have an import error
    if str(v).startswith("Module use of python"):
        # The _imaging C module is present, but not compiled for
@ -1730,9 +1734,10 @@ class Image:
        details).

        Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
-        containing pixel values.  The method then fills the region
-        with the given color.  When creating RGB images, you can
-        also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
+        containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
+        with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
+        also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module. See
+        :ref:`colors` for more information.

        If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
        indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
@ -1988,7 +1993,8 @@ class Image:
        sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
        sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.

-        :param data: A flattened sequence object.
+        :param data: A flattened sequence object. See :ref:`colors` for more
+            information about values.
        :param scale: An optional scale value.  The default is 1.0.
        :param offset: An optional offset value.  The default is 0.0.
        """
@ -2047,7 +2053,7 @@ class Image:
        Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
        a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
        multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
-        accepted for P and PA images.
+        accepted for P and PA images. See :ref:`colors` for more information.

        Note that this method is relatively slow.  For more extensive changes,
        use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
@ -2694,7 +2700,9 @@ class Image:
        :param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
        """

-        _show(self, title=title)
+        from . import ImageShow
+
+        ImageShow.show(self, title)

    def split(self) -> tuple[Image, ...]:
        """
@ -3123,12 +3131,12 @@ def new(
    :param mode: The mode to use for the new image. See:
       :ref:`concept-modes`.
    :param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels.
-    :param color: What color to use for the image.  Default is black.
-       If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value
-       for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value
-       per band).  When creating RGB or HSV images, you can also use color
-       strings as supported by the ImageColor module.  If the color is
-       None, the image is not initialised.
+    :param color: What color to use for the image. Default is black. If given,
+       this should be a single integer or floating point value for single-band
+       modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value per band). When
+       creating RGB or HSV images, you can also use color strings as supported
+       by the ImageColor module. See :ref:`colors` for more information. If the
+       color is None, the image is not initialised.
    :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
    """

@ -3632,9 +3640,8 @@ def alpha_composite(im1: Image, im2: Image) -> Image:
    """
    Alpha composite im2 over im1.

-    :param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA.
-    :param im2: The second image.  Must have mode RGBA, and the same size as
-       the first image.
+    :param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA or LA.
+    :param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as the first image.
    :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
    """

@ -3860,6 +3867,7 @@ def register_encoder(name: str, encoder: type[ImageFile.PyEncoder]) -> None:
 def _show(image: Image, **options: Any) -> None:
    from . import ImageShow

+    deprecate("Image._show", 13, "ImageShow.show")
    ImageShow.show(image, **options)


@ -4281,6 +4289,8 @@ class Exif(_ExifBase):
            del self._info[tag]
        else:
            del self._data[tag]
+            if tag in self._ifds:
+                del self._ifds[tag]

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]:
        keys = set(self._data)
--- a/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageCms.py
@ -23,9 +23,10 @@ import operator
 import sys
 from enum import IntEnum, IntFlag
 from functools import reduce
-from typing import Literal, SupportsFloat, SupportsInt, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal, SupportsFloat, SupportsInt, Union

 from . import Image
+from ._deprecate import deprecate
 from ._typing import SupportsRead

 try:
@ -233,9 +234,7 @@ class ImageCmsProfile:
            low-level profile object

        """
-        self.filename = None
-        self.product_name = None  # profile.product_name
-        self.product_info = None  # profile.product_info
+        self.filename: str | None = None

        if isinstance(profile, str):
            if sys.platform == "win32":
@ -256,6 +255,13 @@ class ImageCmsProfile:
            msg = "Invalid type for Profile"  # type: ignore[unreachable]
            raise TypeError(msg)

+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if name in ("product_name", "product_info"):
+            deprecate(f"ImageCms.ImageCmsProfile.{name}", 13)
+            return None
+        msg = f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object has no attribute '{name}'"
+        raise AttributeError(msg)
+
    def tobytes(self) -> bytes:
        """
        Returns the profile in a format suitable for embedding in
--- a/src/PIL/ImageDraw.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageDraw.py
@ -34,20 +34,23 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import math
 import struct
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from types import ModuleType
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Union, cast
+from typing import cast

 from . import Image, ImageColor
-from ._typing import Coords
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any, AnyStr
+
+    from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont
+    from ._typing import Coords

 # experimental access to the outline API
 Outline: Callable[[], Image.core._Outline] = Image.core.outline

-TYPE_CHECKING = False
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont
-
-_Ink = Union[float, tuple[int, ...], str]
+_Ink = float | tuple[int, ...] | str

 """
 A simple 2D drawing interface for PIL images.
--- a/src/PIL/ImageFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFile.py
@ -46,6 +46,18 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 MAXBLOCK = 65536
+"""
+By default, Pillow processes image data in blocks. This helps to prevent excessive use
+of resources. Codecs may disable this behaviour with ``_pulls_fd`` or ``_pushes_fd``.
+
+When reading an image, this is the number of bytes to read at once.
+
+When writing an image, this is the number of bytes to write at once.
+If the image width times 4 is greater, then that will be used instead.
+Plugins may also set a greater number.
+
+User code may set this to another number.
+"""

 SAFEBLOCK = 1024 * 1024

--- a/src/PIL/ImageFilter.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFilter.py
@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import abc
 import functools
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from types import ModuleType
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast
+from typing import cast

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import ModuleType
+    from typing import Any
+
    from . import _imaging
    from ._typing import NumpyArray

--- a/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageFont.py
@ -671,11 +671,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
        :returns: A list of the named styles in a variation font.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
-        try:
-            names = self.font.getvarnames()
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
+        names = self.font.getvarnames()
        return [name.replace(b"\x00", b"") for name in names]

    def set_variation_by_name(self, name: str | bytes) -> None:
@ -702,11 +698,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
        :returns: A list of the axes in a variation font.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
-        try:
-            axes = self.font.getvaraxes()
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
+        axes = self.font.getvaraxes()
        for axis in axes:
            if axis["name"]:
                axis["name"] = axis["name"].replace(b"\x00", b"")
@ -717,11 +709,7 @@ class FreeTypeFont:
        :param axes: A list of values for each axis.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
-        try:
-            self.font.setvaraxes(axes)
-        except AttributeError as e:
-            msg = "FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required"
-            raise NotImplementedError(msg) from e
+        self.font.setvaraxes(axes)


 class TransposedFont:
--- a/src/PIL/ImageMath.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageMath.py
@ -17,11 +17,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import builtins
-from types import CodeType
-from typing import Any, Callable

 from . import Image, _imagingmath

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from types import CodeType
+    from typing import Any
+

 class _Operand:
    """Wraps an image operand, providing standard operators"""
--- a/src/PIL/ImageMorph.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageMorph.py
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class LutBuilder:

        # Parse and create symmetries of the patterns strings
        for p in self.patterns:
-            m = re.search(r"(\w*):?\s*\((.+?)\)\s*->\s*(\d)", p.replace("\n", ""))
+            m = re.search(r"(\w):?\s*\((.+?)\)\s*->\s*(\d)", p.replace("\n", ""))
            if not m:
                msg = 'Syntax error in pattern "' + p + '"'
                raise Exception(msg)
--- a/src/PIL/ImageQt.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageQt.py
@ -19,23 +19,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
-from typing import Any, Callable, Union

 from . import Image
 from ._util import is_path

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import PyQt6
-    import PySide6
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import Any

    from . import ImageFile

    QBuffer: type
-    QByteArray = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QByteArray, PySide6.QtCore.QByteArray]
-    QIODevice = Union[PyQt6.QtCore.QIODevice, PySide6.QtCore.QIODevice]
-    QImage = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QImage, PySide6.QtGui.QImage]
-    QPixmap = Union[PyQt6.QtGui.QPixmap, PySide6.QtGui.QPixmap]

 qt_version: str | None
 qt_versions = [
@ -49,11 +44,15 @@ for version, qt_module in qt_versions:
    try:
        qRgba: Callable[[int, int, int, int], int]
        if qt_module == "PyQt6":
-            from PyQt6.QtCore import QBuffer, QIODevice
+            from PyQt6.QtCore import QBuffer, QByteArray, QIODevice
            from PyQt6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba
        elif qt_module == "PySide6":
-            from PySide6.QtCore import QBuffer, QIODevice
-            from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba
+            from PySide6.QtCore import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                QBuffer,
+                QByteArray,
+                QIODevice,
+            )
+            from PySide6.QtGui import QImage, QPixmap, qRgba  # type: ignore[assignment]
    except (ImportError, RuntimeError):
        continue
    qt_is_installed = True
@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ def _toqclass_helper(im: Image.Image | str | QByteArray) -> dict[str, Any]:

 if qt_is_installed:

-    class ImageQt(QImage):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    class ImageQt(QImage):
        def __init__(self, im: Image.Image | str | QByteArray) -> None:
            """
            An PIL image wrapper for Qt.  This is a subclass of PyQt's QImage
--- a/src/PIL/ImageSequence.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageSequence.py
@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 ##
 from __future__ import annotations

-from typing import Callable
-
 from . import Image

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+

 class Iterator:
    """
--- a/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
+++ b/src/PIL/ImageStat.py
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Stat:
    @cached_property
    def mean(self) -> list[float]:
        """Average (arithmetic mean) pixel level for each band in the image."""
-        return [self.sum[i] / self.count[i] for i in self.bands]
+        return [self.sum[i] / self.count[i] if self.count[i] else 0 for i in self.bands]

    @cached_property
    def median(self) -> list[int]:
@ -141,13 +141,20 @@ class Stat:
    @cached_property
    def rms(self) -> list[float]:
        """RMS (root-mean-square) for each band in the image."""
-        return [math.sqrt(self.sum2[i] / self.count[i]) for i in self.bands]
+        return [
+            math.sqrt(self.sum2[i] / self.count[i]) if self.count[i] else 0
+            for i in self.bands
+        ]

    @cached_property
    def var(self) -> list[float]:
        """Variance for each band in the image."""
        return [
-            (self.sum2[i] - (self.sum[i] ** 2.0) / self.count[i]) / self.count[i]
+            (
+                (self.sum2[i] - (self.sum[i] ** 2.0) / self.count[i]) / self.count[i]
+                if self.count[i]
+                else 0
+            )
            for i in self.bands
        ]

--- a/src/PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py
@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ def _i(c: bytes) -> int:
    return i32((b"\0\0\0\0" + c)[-4:])


-def _i8(c: int | bytes) -> int:
-    return c if isinstance(c, int) else c[0]
-
-
 ##
 # Image plugin for IPTC/NAA datastreams.  To read IPTC/NAA fields
 # from TIFF and JPEG files, use the <b>getiptcinfo</b> function.
@ -100,16 +96,18 @@ class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        # mode
        layers = self.info[(3, 60)][0]
        component = self.info[(3, 60)][1]
-        if (3, 65) in self.info:
-            id = self.info[(3, 65)][0] - 1
-        else:
-            id = 0
        if layers == 1 and not component:
            self._mode = "L"
-        elif layers == 3 and component:
-            self._mode = "RGB"[id]
-        elif layers == 4 and component:
-            self._mode = "CMYK"[id]
+            band = None
+        else:
+            if layers == 3 and component:
+                self._mode = "RGB"
+            elif layers == 4 and component:
+                self._mode = "CMYK"
+            if (3, 65) in self.info:
+                band = self.info[(3, 65)][0] - 1
+            else:
+                band = 0

        # size
        self._size = self.getint((3, 20)), self.getint((3, 30))
@ -124,39 +122,44 @@ class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        # tile
        if tag == (8, 10):
            self.tile = [
-                ImageFile._Tile("iptc", (0, 0) + self.size, offset, compression)
+                ImageFile._Tile("iptc", (0, 0) + self.size, offset, (compression, band))
            ]

    def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
-        if len(self.tile) != 1 or self.tile[0][0] != "iptc":
-            return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
+        if self.tile:
+            args = self.tile[0].args
+            assert isinstance(args, tuple)
+            compression, band = args

-        offset, compression = self.tile[0][2:]
+            self.fp.seek(self.tile[0].offset)

-        self.fp.seek(offset)
-
-        # Copy image data to temporary file
-        o = BytesIO()
-        if compression == "raw":
-            # To simplify access to the extracted file,
-            # prepend a PPM header
-            o.write(b"P5\n%d %d\n255\n" % self.size)
-        while True:
-            type, size = self.field()
-            if type != (8, 10):
-                break
-            while size > 0:
-                s = self.fp.read(min(size, 8192))
-                if not s:
+            # Copy image data to temporary file
+            o = BytesIO()
+            if compression == "raw":
+                # To simplify access to the extracted file,
+                # prepend a PPM header
+                o.write(b"P5\n%d %d\n255\n" % self.size)
+            while True:
+                type, size = self.field()
+                if type != (8, 10):
                    break
-                o.write(s)
-                size -= len(s)
+                while size > 0:
+                    s = self.fp.read(min(size, 8192))
+                    if not s:
+                        break
+                    o.write(s)
+                    size -= len(s)

-        with Image.open(o) as _im:
-            _im.load()
-            self.im = _im.im
-        self.tile = []
-        return Image.Image.load(self)
+            with Image.open(o) as _im:
+                if band is not None:
+                    bands = [Image.new("L", _im.size)] * Image.getmodebands(self.mode)
+                    bands[band] = _im
+                    _im = Image.merge(self.mode, bands)
+                else:
+                    _im.load()
+                self.im = _im.im
+            self.tile = []
+        return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)


 Image.register_open(IptcImageFile.format, IptcImageFile)
--- a/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py
@ -18,11 +18,15 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import io
 import os
 import struct
-from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import IO, cast
+from typing import cast

 from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette, _binary

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import IO
+

 class BoxReader:
    """
--- a/src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py
@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import warnings
-from typing import IO, Any

 from . import Image, ImageFile
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@ -53,6 +52,8 @@ from .JpegPresets import presets

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Any
+
    from .MpoImagePlugin import MpoImageFile

 #
@ -845,16 +846,6 @@ def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
    )


-def _save_cjpeg(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str | bytes) -> None:
-    # ALTERNATIVE: handle JPEGs via the IJG command line utilities.
-    tempfile = im._dump()
-    subprocess.check_call(["cjpeg", "-outfile", filename, tempfile])
-    try:
-        os.unlink(tempfile)
-    except OSError:
-        pass
-
-
 ##
 # Factory for making JPEG and MPO instances
 def jpeg_factory(
--- a/src/PIL/PcdImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PcdImagePlugin.py
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PcdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
        assert self.fp is not None

        self.fp.seek(2048)
-        s = self.fp.read(2048)
+        s = self.fp.read(1539)

        if not s.startswith(b"PCD_"):
            msg = "not a PCD file"
@ -46,14 +46,13 @@ class PcdImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
            self.tile_post_rotate = -90

        self._mode = "RGB"
-        self._size = 768, 512  # FIXME: not correct for rotated images!
+        self._size = (512, 768) if orientation in (1, 3) else (768, 512)
        self.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("pcd", (0, 0) + self.size, 96 * 2048)]

    def load_end(self) -> None:
        if self.tile_post_rotate:
            # Handle rotated PCDs
            self.im = self.im.rotate(self.tile_post_rotate)
-            self._size = self.im.size


 #
--- a/src/PIL/PcfFontFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PcfFontFile.py
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 import io
-from typing import BinaryIO, Callable

 from . import FontFile, Image
 from ._binary import i8
@ -27,6 +26,11 @@ from ._binary import i16le as l16
 from ._binary import i32be as b32
 from ._binary import i32le as l32

+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import BinaryIO
+
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # declarations

--- a/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix[0] == 10 and prefix[1] in [0, 2, 3, 5]
+    return len(prefix) >= 2 and prefix[0] == 10 and prefix[1] in [0, 2, 3, 5]


 ##
--- a/src/PIL/PdfParser.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PdfParser.py
@ -8,7 +8,15 @@ import os
 import re
 import time
 import zlib
-from typing import IO, Any, NamedTuple, Union
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO
+
+    _DictBase = collections.UserDict[str | bytes, Any]
+else:
+    _DictBase = collections.UserDict


 # see 7.9.2.2 Text String Type on page 86 and D.3 PDFDocEncoding Character Set
@ -251,13 +259,6 @@ class PdfArray(list[Any]):
        return b"[ " + b" ".join(pdf_repr(x) for x in self) + b" ]"


-TYPE_CHECKING = False
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    _DictBase = collections.UserDict[Union[str, bytes], Any]
-else:
-    _DictBase = collections.UserDict
-
-
 class PdfDict(_DictBase):
    def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
        if key == "data":
--- a/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PngImagePlugin.py
@ -38,9 +38,8 @@ import re
 import struct
 import warnings
 import zlib
-from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import IO, Any, NamedTuple, NoReturn, cast
+from typing import IO, NamedTuple, cast

 from . import Image, ImageChops, ImageFile, ImagePalette, ImageSequence
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
@ -53,6 +52,9 @@ from ._util import DeferredError

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from typing import Any, NoReturn
+
    from . import _imaging

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
--- a/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ MODES = {


 def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
-    return prefix.startswith(b"P") and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"
+    return len(prefix) >= 2 and prefix.startswith(b"P") and prefix[1] in b"0123456fy"


 ##
--- a/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
+++ b/src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py
@ -47,22 +47,24 @@ import math
 import os
 import struct
 import warnings
-from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
 from fractions import Fraction
 from numbers import Number, Rational
-from typing import IO, Any, Callable, NoReturn, cast
+from typing import IO, Any, cast

 from . import ExifTags, Image, ImageFile, ImageOps, ImagePalette, TiffTags
 from ._binary import i16be as i16
 from ._binary import i32be as i32
 from ._binary import o8
-from ._typing import StrOrBytesPath
 from ._util import DeferredError, is_path
 from .TiffTags import TYPES

 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from ._typing import Buffer, IntegralLike
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+    from typing import NoReturn
+
+    from ._typing import Buffer, IntegralLike, StrOrBytesPath

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

--- a/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py
+++ b/src/PIL/WalImageFile.py
@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ class WalImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):

        # strings are null-terminated
        self.info["name"] = header[:32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]
-        next_name = header[56 : 56 + 32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]
-        if next_name:
+        if next_name := header[56 : 56 + 32].split(b"\0", 1)[0]:
            self.info["next_name"] = next_name

    def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess | None:
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More