.. py:module:: PIL.Image .. py:currentmodule:: PIL.Image :py:mod:`~PIL.Image` Module =========================== The :py:mod:`~PIL.Image` module provides a class with the same name which is used to represent a PIL image. The module also provides a number of factory functions, including functions to load images from files, and to create new images. Examples -------- Open, rotate, and display an image (using the default viewer) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The following script loads an image, rotates it 45 degrees, and displays it using an external viewer (usually xv on Unix, and the Paint program on Windows). :: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: im.rotate(45).show() Create thumbnails ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The following script creates nice thumbnails of all JPEG images in the current directory preserving aspect ratios with 128x128 max resolution. :: from PIL import Image import glob, os size = 128, 128 for infile in glob.glob("*.jpg"): file, ext = os.path.splitext(infile) with Image.open(infile) as im: im.thumbnail(size) im.save(file + ".thumbnail", "JPEG") Functions --------- .. autofunction:: open .. warning:: To protect against potential DOS attacks caused by "`decompression bombs`_" (i.e. malicious files which decompress into a huge amount of data and are designed to crash or cause disruption by using up a lot of memory), Pillow will issue a ``DecompressionBombWarning`` if the number of pixels in an image is over a certain limit, :py:data:`MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS`. This threshold can be changed by setting :py:data:`MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS`. It can be disabled by setting ``Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = None``. If desired, the warning can be turned into an error with ``warnings.simplefilter('error', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)`` or suppressed entirely with ``warnings.simplefilter('ignore', Image.DecompressionBombWarning)``. See also `the logging documentation`_ to have warnings output to the logging facility instead of stderr. If the number of pixels is greater than twice :py:data:`MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS`, then a ``DecompressionBombError`` will be raised instead. .. _decompression bombs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb .. _the logging documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module Image processing ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. autofunction:: alpha_composite .. autofunction:: blend .. autofunction:: composite .. autofunction:: eval .. autofunction:: merge Constructing images ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. autofunction:: new .. autofunction:: fromarray .. autofunction:: frombytes .. autofunction:: frombuffer Generating images ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. autofunction:: effect_mandelbrot .. autofunction:: effect_noise .. autofunction:: linear_gradient .. autofunction:: radial_gradient Registering plugins ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. autofunction:: preinit .. autofunction:: init .. note:: These functions are for use by plugin authors. They are called when a plugin is loaded as part of :py:meth:`~preinit()` or :py:meth:`~init()`. Application authors can ignore them. .. autofunction:: register_open .. autofunction:: register_mime .. autofunction:: register_save .. autofunction:: register_save_all .. autofunction:: register_extension .. autofunction:: register_extensions .. autofunction:: registered_extensions .. autofunction:: register_decoder .. autofunction:: register_encoder The Image Class --------------- .. autoclass:: PIL.Image.Image An instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class has the following methods. Unless otherwise stated, all methods return a new instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` class, holding the resulting image. .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.apply_transparency .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.convert The following example converts an RGB image (linearly calibrated according to ITU-R 709, using the D65 luminant) to the CIE XYZ color space:: rgb2xyz = ( 0.412453, 0.357580, 0.180423, 0, 0.212671, 0.715160, 0.072169, 0, 0.019334, 0.119193, 0.950227, 0) out = im.convert("RGB", rgb2xyz) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.copy .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.crop This crops the input image with the provided coordinates:: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: # The crop method from the Image module takes four coordinates as input. # The right can also be represented as (left+width) # and lower can be represented as (upper+height). (left, upper, right, lower) = (20, 20, 100, 100) # Here the image "im" is cropped and assigned to new variable im_crop im_crop = im.crop((left, upper, right, lower)) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.draft .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.effect_spread .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.entropy .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.filter This blurs the input image using a filter from the ``ImageFilter`` module:: from PIL import Image, ImageFilter with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: # Blur the input image using the filter ImageFilter.BLUR im_blurred = im.filter(filter=ImageFilter.BLUR) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.frombytes .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbands This helps to get the bands of the input image:: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: print(im.getbands()) # Returns ('R', 'G', 'B') .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getbbox This helps to get the bounding box coordinates of the input image:: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: print(im.getbbox()) # Returns four coordinates in the format (left, upper, right, lower) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getchannel .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getcolors .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getdata .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getexif .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getextrema .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpalette .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getpixel .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.getprojection .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.histogram .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.paste .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.point .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putalpha .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putdata .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpalette .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.putpixel .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.quantize .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.reduce .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.remap_palette .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.resize This resizes the given image from ``(width, height)`` to ``(width/2, height/2)``:: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: # Provide the target width and height of the image (width, height) = (im.width // 2, im.height // 2) im_resized = im.resize((width, height)) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.rotate This rotates the input image by ``theta`` degrees counter clockwise:: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: # Rotate the image by 60 degrees counter clockwise theta = 60 # Angle is in degrees counter clockwise im_rotated = im.rotate(angle=theta) .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.save .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.seek .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.show .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.split .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tell .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.thumbnail .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobitmap .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.tobytes .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transform .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.transpose This flips the input image by using the :data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT` method. :: from PIL import Image with Image.open("hopper.jpg") as im: # Flip the image from left to right im_flipped = im.transpose(method=Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT) # To flip the image from top to bottom, # use the method "Image.Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM" .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.verify .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.load .. automethod:: PIL.Image.Image.close Image Attributes ---------------- Instances of the :py:class:`Image` class have the following attributes: .. py:attribute:: Image.filename :type: str The filename or path of the source file. Only images created with the factory function ``open`` have a filename attribute. If the input is a file like object, the filename attribute is set to an empty string. .. py:attribute:: Image.format :type: Optional[str] The file format of the source file. For images created by the library itself (via a factory function, or by running a method on an existing image), this attribute is set to :data:`None`. .. py:attribute:: Image.mode :type: str Image mode. This is a string specifying the pixel format used by the image. Typical values are “1”, “L”, “RGB”, or “CMYK.” See :ref:`concept-modes` for a full list. .. py:attribute:: Image.size :type: tuple[int] Image size, in pixels. The size is given as a 2-tuple (width, height). .. py:attribute:: Image.width :type: int Image width, in pixels. .. py:attribute:: Image.height :type: int Image height, in pixels. .. py:attribute:: Image.palette :type: Optional[PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette] Colour palette table, if any. If mode is "P" or "PA", this should be an instance of the :py:class:`~PIL.ImagePalette.ImagePalette` class. Otherwise, it should be set to :data:`None`. .. py:attribute:: Image.info :type: dict A dictionary holding data associated with the image. This dictionary is used by file handlers to pass on various non-image information read from the file. See documentation for the various file handlers for details. Most methods ignore the dictionary when returning new images; since the keys are not standardized, it’s not possible for a method to know if the operation affects the dictionary. If you need the information later on, keep a reference to the info dictionary returned from the open method. Unless noted elsewhere, this dictionary does not affect saving files. .. py:attribute:: Image.is_animated :type: bool ``True`` if this image has more than one frame, or ``False`` otherwise. This attribute is only defined by image plugins that support animated images. Plugins may leave this attribute undefined if they don't support loading animated images, even if the given format supports animated images. Given that this attribute is not present for all images use ``getattr(image, "is_animated", False)`` to check if Pillow is aware of multiple frames in an image regardless of its format. .. seealso:: :attr:`~Image.n_frames`, :func:`~Image.seek` and :func:`~Image.tell` .. py:attribute:: Image.n_frames :type: int The number of frames in this image. This attribute is only defined by image plugins that support animated images. Plugins may leave this attribute undefined if they don't support loading animated images, even if the given format supports animated images. Given that this attribute is not present for all images use ``getattr(image, "n_frames", 1)`` to check the number of frames that Pillow is aware of in an image regardless of its format. .. seealso:: :attr:`~Image.is_animated`, :func:`~Image.seek` and :func:`~Image.tell` Classes ------- .. autoclass:: PIL.Image.Exif :members: :undoc-members: :show-inheritance: .. autoclass:: PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler .. autoclass:: PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler Constants --------- .. data:: NONE .. data:: MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS Set to 89,478,485, approximately 0.25GB for a 24-bit (3 bpp) image. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.open` for more information about how this is used. Transpose methods ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Used to specify the :meth:`Image.transpose` method to use. .. autoclass:: Transpose :members: :undoc-members: Transform methods ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Used to specify the :meth:`Image.transform` method to use. .. py:class:: Transform .. py:attribute:: AFFINE Affine transform .. py:attribute:: EXTENT Cut out a rectangular subregion .. py:attribute:: PERSPECTIVE Perspective transform .. py:attribute:: QUAD Map a quadrilateral to a rectangle .. py:attribute:: MESH Map a number of source quadrilaterals in one operation Resampling filters ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ See :ref:`concept-filters` for details. .. autoclass:: Resampling :members: :undoc-members: :noindex: Dither modes ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Used to specify the dithering method to use for the :meth:`~Image.convert` and :meth:`~Image.quantize` methods. .. py:class:: Dither .. py:attribute:: NONE No dither .. py:attribute:: ORDERED Not implemented .. py:attribute:: RASTERIZE Not implemented .. py:attribute:: FLOYDSTEINBERG Floyd-Steinberg dither Palettes ^^^^^^^^ Used to specify the palette to use for the :meth:`~Image.convert` method. .. autoclass:: Palette :members: :undoc-members: Quantization methods ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Used to specify the quantization method to use for the :meth:`~Image.quantize` method. .. py:class:: Quantize .. py:attribute:: MEDIANCUT Median cut. Default method, except for RGBA images. This method does not support RGBA images. .. py:attribute:: MAXCOVERAGE Maximum coverage. This method does not support RGBA images. .. py:attribute:: FASTOCTREE Fast octree. Default method for RGBA images. .. py:attribute:: LIBIMAGEQUANT libimagequant Check support using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with ``feature="libimagequant"``.